Republic of the Philippines
DR. EMILIO B. ESPINOSA, SR. MEMORIAL
STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
 Cabitan, Mandaon, Masbate
http://debesmscatgradschool.weebly.com
GRADUATE SCHOOL
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
EDUC 201
Name: GIEFE S. TERANA
Date: 17 APRIL 2021
I. DIRECTION: Read and analyze the statement carefully. ENCIRCLE THE LETTER and write a BRIEF
EXPLANATION inside the box based on your answer. Your discussion may include ONLY ONE in any of the following:
a theory, psychologists, principles, family-life experiences, work-based experiences and or real-life experiences that
addresses the concept of human development.
1. It is a social concept that recognizes the dignity of an individual.
a. Human Rights
b. Human Capability
c. Human Freedom
A. Human Rights.
Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth until
death. They apply regardless of where you are from, what you believe or how you choose to live your life.
They can never be taken away, although they can sometimes be restricted – for example if a person breaks
the law, or in the interests of national security. These basic rights are based on shared values like dignity,
fairness, equality, respect and independence. These values are defined and protected by law.
2. The components of human development includes;
a. equality, sustainability, productivity, empowerment
b. human rights, human capability, empowerment, social development
c. environmental, social, human freedom, social responsibility
A. Equality, sustainability, productivity, empowerment
The term ‘human development’ may be defined as an expansion of human capabilities, a widening of choices,
‘an enhancement of freedom, and a fulfilment of human rights. Human development is the process
characterized by the variation of material conditions. These conditions influence the possibilities of satisfying
needs and desires. They also explore and realize the physical and psychic, biological and cultural, individual
and social potentials of each person. It is also the name of the science that seeks to understand how and why
the people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time. It involves studies of the
human condition with its core being the capability approach. The inequality adjusted Human Development
Index is used as a way of measuring actual progress in human development by the United Nations. It is an
alternative approach to a single focus on economic growth, and focused more on social justice, as a way of
understanding progress.
3. Early adulthood is a period of ______________.
a. “problem age, emotional tension, social isolation”
b. “transition time, time of stress, time of evaluation”
c. “period of decline, aging, mental distress”
b. “transition time, time of stress, time of evaluation”
Late teens, twenties, and thirties are often thought of as early adulthood (students who are in their mid to late
30s may love to hear that they are young adults!). It is a time when we are at our physiological peak but are most
at risk for involvement in violent crimes and substance abuse. It is a time of focusing on the future and putting a
lot of energy into making choices that will help one earn the status of a full adult in the eyes of others. Love and
work are the primary concerns at this stage of life. In recent decades, it has been noted (in the U.S. and other
developed countries) that young adults are taking longer to “grow up.” They are waiting longer to move out of
their parents’ homes, finish their formal education, take on work/careers, get married, and have children. One
psychologist, Jeffrey Arnett, has proposed that there is a new stage of development after adolescence and before
early adulthood, called “emerging adulthood,” from 18 to 25 (or even 29) when individuals are still exploring their
identities and don’t quite feel like adults yet. Cohort, culture, time in history, the economy, and socioeconomic
status may be key factors in when youth take on adult roles.
4. Human development is a complex interplay between biology, psychology and ______.
a. cultural
b. ecological
c. social
C. Social
Human development – or the human development approach - is about expanding the richness of human life,
rather than simply the richness of the economy in which human beings live. It is an approach that is focused on
people and their opportunities and choices.
5. If Freud is to Psychosexual theory ; Piaget is to _______.
a. Moral Development Theory
b. Cognitive Development Theory
c. Psychosocial Development Theory
b. Cognitive Development Theory
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of mental
development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on
understanding the nature of intelligence.1 Piaget's stages are:
Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years
Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7
Concrete operational stage: ages 7 to 11
Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up
Piaget believed that children take an active role in the learning process, acting much like little scientists as they
perform experiments, make observations, and learn about the world. As kids interact with the world around them,
they continually add new knowledge, build upon existing knowledge, and adapt previously held ideas to
accommodate new information.
6. The oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital are five psychosexual stages. If a child ages 3-6 years old, he or she belongs to
______.
a. Phallic stage
b. Anal Stage
c. Latent stage
A. Phallic Stage
The Phallic Stage
Age Range: 3 to 6 Years
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
Freud suggested that during the phallic stage, the primary focus of the libido is on the genitals. At this age, children
also begin to discover the differences between males and females.
Freud also believed that boys begin to view their fathers as a rival for the mother’s affections. The Oedipus complex
describes these feelings of wanting to possess the mother and the desire to replace the father. However, the child
also fears that he will be punished by the father for these feelings, a fear Freud termed castration anxiety.
The term Electra complex has been used to describe a similar set of feelings experienced by young girls. Freud,
however, believed that girls instead experience penis envy.
Eventually, the child begins to identify with the same-sex parent as a means of vicariously possessing the other
parent. For girls, however, Freud believed that penis envy was never fully resolved and that all women remain
somewhat fixated on this stage.
Psychologists such as Karen Horney disputed this theory, calling it both inaccurate and demeaning to women.
Instead, Horney proposed that men experience feelings of inferiority because they cannot give birth to children, a
concept she referred to as womb envy.
7. In cognitive development, if a child ages 2-7, he or she belongs to _____.
a. sensorimotor stage
b. Pre-operational stage
c. Concrete operational stage
b. Pre-operational stage
The Preoperational Stage
Ages: 2 to 7 Years
Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:
Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects.
Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others.
While they are getting better with language and thinking, they still tend to think about things in very concrete terms.
The foundations of language development may have been laid during the previous stage, but it is the emergence of
language that is one of the major hallmarks of the preoperational stage of development.3
Children become much more skilled at pretend play during this stage of development, yet continue to think very
concretely about the world around them.
At this stage, kids learn through pretend play but still struggle with logic and taking the point of view of other people.
They also often struggle with understanding the idea of constancy.
For example, a researcher might take a lump of clay, divide it into two equal pieces, and then give a child the choice
between two pieces of clay to play with. One piece of clay is rolled into a compact ball while the other is smashed into
a flat pancake shape. Since the flat shape looks larger, the preoperational child will likely choose that piece even
though the two pieces are exactly the same size.
8. The process of taking in new information into one already existing schemas is known as _____.
a. Accommodation
b. Equilibration
c. Assimilation
c. Assimilation
Assimilation is the cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding of the world.
Essentially, when you encounter something new, you process and make sense of it by relating it to things that you
already know. Assimilation refers to a part of the adaptation process initially proposed by Jean Piaget. Through
assimilation, we take in new information or experiences and incorporate them into our existing ideas. The process is
somewhat subjective, because we tend to modify experience or information to fit in with our pre-existing beliefs.
Assimilation plays an important role in how we learn about the world around us. In early childhood, children are
constantly assimilating new information and experiences into their existing knowledge about the world. However,
this process does not end with childhood. As people encounter new things and interpret these experiences, they
make both small and large adjustments to their existing ideas about the world around them.
9. Erickson’s stages of psychosocial development that is Initiative vs. Guilt; Intimacy vs. Isolation then; Integrity vs.
_______.
a. Role Confusion
b. Inferiority
c. Despair
c. despair
During the integrity versus despair stage, people reflect back on the life they have lived and come away with either a
sense of fulfillment from a life well lived or a sense of regret and despair over a life misspent.
10. The author of Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.
a. Robert Sternberg
b. Howard Gardner
c. Charles Spearman
A. Robert Sternberg
The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence or Three Forms of Intelligence, formulated by psychometrician Robert Sternberg,
aims to go against the psychometric approach to intelligence and take a more cognitive approach, which leaves it to
the category of the cognitive-contextual theories. The three meta components are also called triarchic components.
Sternberg's definition of human intelligence is "(a) mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to,
selection and shaping of, real-world environments relevant to one's life".Thus, Sternberg viewed intelligence as how
well an individual deals with environmental changes throughout their lifespan. Sternberg's theory comprises three
parts: componential, experiential, and practical.
11. He is best known in his theory of Multiple Intelligences.
a. Robert Sternberg
b. Howard Gardner
c. Charles Spearman
b. Howard Garner
Howard Gardner of Harvard University originally identified seven distinct intelligences. According to Gardner, this
theory, which emerged from cognitive research, “documents the extent to which students possess different kinds of
minds and therefore learn, remember, perform, and understand in different ways.”
12. One who created and introduce the first scale of general intelligence.
a. The Binet-Simon Scale
b. The Binet-Spearman Scale
c. The Binet-Cattell Scale
A. Binet-Simon Scale
This first intelligence test, referred to today as the Binet-Simon Scale, became the basis for the intelligence tests still
in use today. However, Binet himself did not believe that his psychometric instruments could be used to measure a
single, permanent, and inborn level of intelligence.
Binet stressed the limitations of the test, suggesting that intelligence is far too broad a concept to quantify with a
single
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a. Fluid Intelligence
b. Crystallized Intelligence
c. Creative Intelligence
A. Fluid Intelligence
Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to reason, analyze, and solve problems. When we use fluid intelligence, we
aren’t relying on any pre-existing knowledge. Instead, we are using logic, pattern recognition, and abstract thinking
to solve new problems.We use fluid intelligence when we encounter novel, often nonverbal tasks, such as math
problems and puzzles. Fluid intelligence also plays a role in the creative process, as when someone picks up a
paintbrush or starts plucking on a piano with no prior training. Fluid intelligence is rooted in physiological
functioning. As a result, these abilities start to decline as people age, sometimes starting as early as their 20s.
14. It is considered as one factor that affects IQ.
a. Genetic
b. maternal
c. mental stress
a. Genetic
Our genes do influence intelligence and IQ. Different studies have placed the genetic component at different
levels ranging from 30-80%, but it is agreed that the level of genetic influence increases with age, at least
from childhood through to early adulthood. Studies also agree that the proportion of the variability of IQ
between adult individuals that can be accounted for by genes is 60-80% . Our brain structure and
functionality -contribute to our level of intelligence. Specific features that may affect IQ include the size and
shape of the frontal lobes, the amount of blood and chemical activity in the frontal lobes, the total amount of
gray matter in the brain, the overall thickness of the cortex and the glucose metabolic rate. Well-functioning
pathways correlate to better brain functioning, brain efficiency and information processing, which all point to
better IQ scores. It should be noted that the correlation with brain size is not simple. Autism is also correlated
with brain size in ways that are likely controlled by genes, although there are of course disturbed neuronal
pathways in autism.
15. Other term for intellectual disability (Id).
a. mental retardation
b. mental block
c. mental disorder
a. mental retardation
Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability and formerly mental retardation (MR), is
a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive
functioning. Mental retardation (MR) refers to substantial limitations in present functioning. It starts before
age 18 and is characterized by significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with
related limitations in two or more of the following applicable adaptive skill areas: communication. self-care.
II. Direction: SELF-REFLECTION
1. As future educational leaders, does having covid-19 vaccine regardless of ages would contribute positive or negative
effects in human development especially in the teaching-learning process.
In my opinion, Covid-19 Vaccines would contribute positive effects in human development especially in the
teaching-learning process.
Yes, even though COVID-19 vaccines are being developed as rapidly as possible, they must go through rigorous
testing in clinical trials to prove that they meet internationally agreed benchmarks for safety and effectiveness. Only if they
meet these standards can a vaccine receive validation from WHO and national regulatory agencies. Based on what we know
about vaccines for other diseases and early data from clinical trials, experts believe that getting a COVID-19 vaccine also
helps keep you from getting seriously ill even if you do get COVID-19. Wearing masks and staying 6 feet apart from others
help reduce your chance of being exposed to the virus or spreading it to others, but these measures are not enough. Vaccines
will work with your immune system so it will be ready to fight the virus if you are. A growing body of evidence suggests
that fully vaccinated people are less likely to be infected without showing symptoms (called an asymptomatic infection)
and potentially less likely to spread the virus that causes COVID-19 to others. However, further investigation is ongoing.
Stopping a pandemic requires using all the tools we have available. As experts learn more about how COVID-19 vaccination
may help reduce spread of the virus that causes COVID-19, CDC will continue to update its recommendations to protect
communities using the latest science.
With these facts from the WHO, in due time education will be back on track and continue to deliver the basic education.
2. Cite one example of TV commercial or adds that addresses one stage of human development either from conception to
old age.
Wyeth Nutrition Philippines broadcasted a 30-second advertisement on March 16, 2016 designed to promote their product
made specifically for 3 years old and above called Bonakid Pre-School.
The said advertisement features a group of kids painted with blue and white warpaint on their cheeks. The color blue
symbolizes trust, loyalty, wisdom, confidence, intelligence, faith, courage, and strength while the color white represents
perfection, safety, purity and the absence of disease.
The commercial starts off with the kids singing and dancing to the rhythmic song. The rhythmic song, though, only contained
8 words, was looped in order to gain attention and to make it more appealing to the viewers. Aside from that, the producer
of the advertisement also included some graphical effects as to give indirect boost to the product. For example, when the
child drank his milk, his warpaint glows as if he became a stronger version of himself.
Although letting a nutrition expert explain the product qualities might be a more coherent idea, having the kids perform the
jingle implies that it is certainly targeting the type of audience that can easily understand shallow words and actions. It
actually markets more than having deep scientific words that can’t just be grasped by layman’s.
The only thing that is missing from this advertisement is the tradition to put at the very end the “Doctors recommends
exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months and continued breastfeeding for as long as possible”. This is very crucial since
it is not formulated for infants.
The advertisement above got viral in social media for its remarkable jingle it presents. Even a large number of Facebook
personalities joined the bandwagon and posted their own versions of the hype. To name a few are Marlou Arizala and Lloyd
Cadena.s
GOOD LUCK!
Thank you and God Bless!
Prepared by:
JUDITH M. LOYOLA, EdD
Associate Professor V
Noted:
ROCEL A. TURCO, MAT
MAED, Program Chair
Approved:
MILAGROS A. CELEDONIO, PhD
Dean, Graduate School