APPENDIX B CADH Referencing Style Guidelines for Writing a Paper CADH requires students to follow the format outlined below when submitting papers. Unless faculty states otherwise, all papers turned into the faculty should be done in a twelve point font, typed, doubled spaced and have one inch margins from the top, bottom, left and right sides. General Information There are different types of papers that you may be required to write during the course of your studies at CADH (i.e., essays, reports, journals, etc.). Please refer to your faculty and/or Communication Techniques course for specific directions. Students should be using various reputable resources to support their position within the paper. Some reputable resources can be found using search engines and databases (e.g., EbscoHost, Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, etc.). In some cases, websites devoted to specific topics, government documents, LISTSERVs or discussion groups, newspapers, journals, and magazines may be acceptable. If in doubt about the reliability and/or credibility of a source or document, please consult with the faculty member who assigned the paper. **Please note that Wikipedia should be used only as a general resource to gather initial information on a subject so you can become familiar with the subject area. Wikipedia CANNOT be used as a reliable referenced resource. Referencing Style There are many styles for referencing, however, the Vancouver style is the one that is usually used in medical and scientific journals. Punctuation marks, spaces, and abbreviations are crucial in any style of referencing, thus, you are required to follow the referencing rules adopted by CADH. In your papers, you have to reference all ideas that are not yours; information that is not considered common knowledge (e.g., the sky is blue, Justin Trudeau is Prime Minister, etc.), statistics, figures, tables, graphs, etc., must be appropriately referenced unless you have done them yourself. Sources of information must be cited both in-text and on the literature cited page. If you fail to document these references within the text, as well as in the literature cited section, your assignment /paper will be considered to include plagiarized content. In-Text Citations: NB: In-text citations are not italicized. Italics are used here for illustrative purposes only. 1. Citing a source written by one author when the author’s work is paraphrased: RULES: In brackets, use the last name of the author and the publication date. There is only one space between the last name of the author and the year of publication and there are no punctuation marks between them. Since you paraphrase and do not quote directly, the page number is not required. The punctuation comes after closing the brackets. Example: The most effective methodology for fluoride application is foam used in trays (Smith 2004). 2. Citing a source written by two to four authors when the work is paraphrased: RULES: In brackets, use the last name of the authors (beginning with the primary author) and the publication date. There is a comma and space between each author except the last two authors. Put the word “and” between the last two authors. Leave one space between the last author and the year of publication. Please note that there is no punctuation between the last author and the year of publication. Since you paraphrase and do not quote directly, the page number is not required The punctuation comes after closing the brackets. You must use this same format every time you cite this work throughout your paper. Example: The types of discipline that result from unethical conduct most reported to the College of Dental Hygienists include taking a mandatory course on ethical behaviour and losing registration to practice (Smith, Kline, Patel and Gargovski 2005). 3. Citing a source written by five or more authors when the work is paraphrased: RULES: The first time it is cited in your paper, all authors must be included using the same rules as in #2. Example: There is a lower incidence of dental caries in areas with fluoridated water (Smith, Kline, Patel, Gargovski and DePalma 2005). For any subsequent citations of this same work, only the first author is noted, with et al. and the publication date. - In parentheses, use the last name of the primary (first) author followed by a space and then et al. - Use all other rules outlined in #2 for punctuation and brackets. Example: Children in non-fluoridated area have a higher incidence of dental caries (Smith et al. 2005). 4. Citing a source when starting a sentence with the author(s’) name(s) when a work is paraphrased: When there is one author: RULES: - Include the author and then the publication date is added immediately after the author’s name. - All other punctuation rules are the same as noted in #2. Example: Smith (2004) described the most effective methodology for fluoride application. When there are five or more authors: i. For the first citation: RULES: Include the authors and then the publication date is added at the end of the list in parentheses. Example: Smith, Kline, Patel, Gargovski and DePalma (2005) reported there was a decrease in the incidence of dental caries in fluoridated areas. ii. For subsequent citations: RULES: List the last name of the first author followed by a space, then et al. and then a space, and then the date in parentheses. 5. Quoting directly from the text: RULES: Enclose your direct quote in quotation marks. Do not include the citation within the quotation marks. Your must identify the page number the direct quote came from. - After the citation, put a comma, then a space, then p., then a space, and then the page or page numbers. All rules outlined in #1-4 apply when quoting work. Examples: “The limited number of baccalaureate dental hygiene programs may partially account for the small population of baccalaureate dental hygienists” (Imai, Smith, Kline and Craig 2005, p. 117). Smith, Kline, Patel, Gargovski and DePalma (2005) reported “fifteen percent of children in nonfluoridated areas had rampant decay” (p. 18). “Children provided with fluoride supplements had a ten percent reduction in caries” (Smith et al., p. 20). 6. Citing an idea or information that you found in more than one source. All the sources referenced must be included in the citation. RULES: All rules outlined in #1-4 apply when quoting work. List the sources in chronological order (i.e., start with the oldest source and end with the most recent). Between each of the sources, place a semi-colon. Example: The most effective application for fluoride application is foam used in trays (Patel 1999; Manning and Connor 2000; Smith, Connor, Patel, Manning and Heath 2005). 7. When citing CADH documents in-text (e.g., Clinic Manual): When referencing CADH documents, be sure to include the page number of the document. For our purposes, it is not sufficient to simply cite the clinic manual - we want to know where you got the information from. Example: CADH students are required to be on time for all clinical sessions and to effectively manage their clinical time. Failure to do so may result in a “time mismanagement” warning (CADH 2016, p. 108). LITERATURE CITED page ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A literature cited page will be required using the CADH Vancouver style. The title for the reference page will be LITERATURE CITED. Margins of one inch should be used from top, bottom, left and right sides. The second line of each reference should be indented half an inch. List the literature in alphabetical order by primary author or authoring organization. If multiple resources by the same author or organization are used, present them in the following manner on the literature cited page: - If the author has authored more than one paper or book, etc., use the date of publication as the next indication for order of presentation. List in chronological order by year of publication. - If the same author has more than one paper or book, etc. in the same year, use either A or B immediately after the year of publication (based on the order the reference was used in the paper). For example, the first work cited in the paper would be “A” and the second work cited would be “B”. Literature Cited At CADH, we will only be using a LITERATURE CITED page. An example of a literature cited page is provided at the end of this appendix. When you reference your sources in the literature cited page, you have to follow these instructions: Books 1. Last name (1 space) 2. Initial/s (period, 1 space) If you have more than one author, a comma between the names is required. Also, notice that there should be no spaces or punctuation marks between the initials. 3. Title (period, 1 space) Do not underline the title of the book or write it in italics. Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title of the book or article and other words that are usually capitalized. 4. Edition (period, 1 space) The word edition is to be abbreviated to ed. Remember not to confuse it with the word “editor”. When you are using any edition of the book other than the first, you add the number of the edition. e.g.: 3rd ed. Example: Blenkinsopp A, Paxton P. Symptoms in the pharmacy: a guide to the management of common illness. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1998. 5. Place of publication (colon, 1 space) The name of the city of publication has to be written in full. If the name is not well known, add a comma and 1 space and the write the country. For places in the United States, you have to add a comma and 1 space then write the two letter postal code for the state. Both letters have to be capitalized. e.g.: Hartford, CN (CN stands for Connecticut) 6. Publisher (semi-colon, 1 space) The name of the publisher has to be spelt in full. e.g.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; Oxford University Press; 7. Pages (p. , period, 1 space, page numbers, 1 space) Write the pages only if applicable. Abbreviate the word page to p. Do not repeat digits of pages. e.g.: p. 122-9 (meaning: from page 122 to page 129) The following is an example of citing a book: Lodish H, Baltimore D, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P, Darnell J. Molecular cell biology. 3rd ed. New York: Scientific America; 1995. Edited Books: If you are using an edited book, follow the previously mentioned format used with the names of author(s) but write the names of the editor(s) instead, followed by the word editor/s. After the name of the editor there should be a comma then one space and then the word editor followed by a period. Notice that the word editor has to be written in full and in lower case. Also, do not confuse it with the ed. for edition. Example: Millares M, editor. Applied drug information: strategies for information management. Vancouver, WA: Applied Therapeutics, Inc.; 1998. When using a chapter in an edited book: It has to be formatted as follows: Porter RJ, Meldrum BS. Antiepileptic drugs. In: Katzung BG, editor. Basic and clinical pharmacology. 6th ed. Norwalk, CN: Appleton and Lange; 1995. p. 361-80. Articles with unknown authors but are sponsored by an institution, an organization or a corporation: In this case, the name of the author is replaced by the name or organization. Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council. Integrated best practice model for medication management in residential aged care facilities. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service; 1997. Citing a Journal Article: Follow the same format of citing a book to write the name of the author and the title of the article. Title of journal (1 space) The title of the journal has to be abbreviated with no punctuation marks for the abbreviation and each word of the title has to be capitalized. For a list of journal abbreviations: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov o Click “Journals in NCBI Databases” in the right sidebar o Or see the NLM Catalog: Journals referenced in the NCBI Databases page at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/journals e.g.: Journal of pre-hospital care is J Prehospital Care Date of publication: Year (1 space) Month (1 space) Day (semi-colon, no space) e.g.: 2006 Jun 5; Volume number (no space) You can also add the issue number, between brackets, if necessary Page numbers (period) Example of citing a journal article: Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitro enzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem Pharmacol 1998 Mar 1;55(5):697-701. If the name of the author is not mentioned, the source should be cited as illustrated below: Coffee drinking and cancer of the pancreas [editorial]. BMJ 1981;238-628. If the journal has continuous page numbering (most journals do), then you can omit the month, day and issue number. Journal on the Internet: Follow the format of citing a regular journal but add [internet] after the title of the journal, number of screens after the date, the website and the date it was accessed. Example: Smith D, Jones GA. Factors in the emergence of infectious disease. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2006 Jul 4 [cited 2008 Jan 9];145(1):62-9. Available from: http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/145/1/62.pdf Note that there are no punctuation marks between the title of the journal and [internet], between the year and months, or between date of issue and date of citation. There is also no space between the issue number and the number of screens. Website: Example: Ontario Dental Hygienists’ Association. Suggested fee guide for dental hygienists. Available at: https://odha.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Fee-Guide-2017-with-claim-form-final.pdf. Accessed April 4, 2017. NB. **Information obtained from the Internet must come from a credible source. Information that is found, but does not possess an author or is supported by an institution/organization is not considered a credible source, cannot, therefore, be used as a reference in an academic paper. CADH documents (e.g., Clinic Manual): When referencing CADH documents, be sure to include the page number of the document. For our purposes, it is not sufficient to simply cite the clinic manual - we want to know where you got the information from. Example: Canadian Academy of Dental Health and Community Sciences. Clinic manual. Mississauga, ON; 2017:108 This referencing methodology was developed using the University of Missouri Kansas City Dental School Clinic Manual. One inch margins from top, bottom, right and left margins LITERATURE CITED 2 spaces (12 font) 2 spaces (12 font) Aday LA, Forthofer RN. A profile of black and Hispanic subroups’ access to dental care: findings from the National Health Interview Survey. J Public Health Dent 1992 Summer;52(4):210-5. 1 space (12 font) American Dental Association. Survey Center. Distribution of Dentists in the United States by Region and State, 1995. Chicago: American Dental Association, 1997a. American Dental Association. Survey Center. 1996/97 Survey of Allied Dental Education. Chicago: American Dental Association, 1997b. Astone B, Nunez-Wormack E. Population trends, socioeconomic status, and geographic distribution. In Stage FK, Anaya GL, Bean, JP, Hossler D, Kuh GD, editors. College students: The evolving nature of research. Needham Heights MA: Simon and Schuster, 1996:4-17. Canadian Academy of Dental Health and Community Sciences. Clinic manual. Mississauga, ON; 2017:108 Goldman HM, Cohen DW. Periodontal therapy. 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1973. Lee G. Hospitalizations tied to ozone pollution: Study estimates 50,000 admissions annually. The Washington Post 1996 Jun 21;Sect. A:3 (col.5). Ontario Dental Hygienists’ Association. Suggested fee guide for dental hygienists. Available at: https://odha.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Fee-Guide-2017-with-claim-formfinal.pdf. Accessed April 4, 2017. Perrott DJ, Gotcher J, Gerard D, Hefti A. Loaded endosseous implants affect bone turnover. Abstract 1073. J Dent Res 1991:70(Spec Issue):400. Stewart JL: Physician. Personal communication. Kansas City (MO); 18 April 1974. Thomas RG. A comparative study of forces in the anterior retraction [thesis]. Kansas City (MO): University of Missouri – Kansas City, School of Dentistry; 1971. Walsh MM, Ishida H. Trends in dental hygiene applicant pool size and characteristics of students upon entry over three decades. J Dent Educ 1990 Oct;54(10):602-8. Wassel JR, Mauriello SM, Weintraub JA. Factors influencing the selection of dental hygiene as a profession. J Dent Hyg 1992 Feb;66(2):81-8. Wenneker MB, Epstein AM. Racial inequalities in the use of procedures for patients with ischemic heart disease in Massachusetts. JAMA 1989 Jan 13;261(2):253-7.
