ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT REPORT
930 MW Kirthai – II Hydro Electric Project
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Sector 1 (c) (i), Category A
March, 2021
Project Proponent:
Jammu & Kashmir State Power
Development Corporation Limited,
Jammu & Kashmir
Prepared By:
EQMS INDIA PVT LTD. (INDIA)
304-305, 3rd Floor, Plot No. 16, Rishabh Corporate Tower,
Community Centre, Karkardooma, Delhi – 110092
Phone: 011-43062757
Website: www.eqmsindia.com, E-mail – eqms@eqmsindia.org
NABET Certificate No: NABET/EIA/1619/SA 070
UID: EQMS/EIA/K2HEP/1(c)A/PR374/032021
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Declaration by the Project Proponent
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
2
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Declaration of Experts Contributing in EIA
1.
Declaration by Experts contributing to the EIA: Kirthai - I Hydro-electric Project (930 MW),
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir.
2.
I, Yamesh Sharma, hereby certify that I was a part of the EIA team in the following capacity
that developed the above EIA.
EIA coordinator
Name:
Yamesh Sharma
Signature
Period of Involvement:
1st Jan 2013 to March 2021
Contact Information:
yamesh70@gmail.com
S.N
.
Functional
Areas
Name of experts
1
AP
S K Jain
2
WP
S K Jain
3
SHW
S K Jain
4
SE
Anil Kumar
5
EB
Ratnesh Kotiyal
6
HG
Yamesh Sharma
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Functional area experts
Involvement
(period and task)
Signature and
date
October 2013 to March 2021
Air pollution monitoring. Identification &
assessment of quantum of emission and its
mitigation measures.
October 2013 to March 2021
Water Quality monitoring network designing.
sampling of water samples. Monitoring of
water quality. Identification & assessment of
quantum of water pollution and its mitigation
measures.
October 2013 to March 2021
Identification of hazardous and non-hazardous
wastes. Reuse and recycling of solid wastes
October 2013 to March 2021
Baseline socio economic survey
Evaluation of socio-economic development
status of the area. impact identification and
mitigation measures.
October 2016 to March 2021
Conducted Ecological survey & preparation of
ecology report. Identification & assessment of
ecological impact due to proposed project and
its mitigation measures.
October 2013 to March 2021
Surface hydrology and Hydro geological inputs
in respect of project and impacts due to
3
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
barrage construction on river and hydrology
and ecological flows
7
GEO
Hardik Patel
8
SC
Manoj Sharma
9
AQ
Sanjeev Sharma
10
NV
Sanjeev Sharma
11
LU
Anil Kumar
12
RH
S K Jain
October 2013 to May 2020
Regional and project geology aspects/inputs
October 2014 to May 2020
Site Visit, soil sampling plan, identification of
impact and mitigation measures including
preparation of FAE report.
October 2013 To August 2019
Meteorological parameter measurement.
Air Quality modelling to determione GLC due to
project construction and suggest mitigation
measures.
October 2013 to August 2020
Monitoring of noise levels of the project site
and surrounding area. Assessment of noise
level and vibration potential due to proposed
project and its mitigation measures.
October 2013 to March 2021
Development of land use maps of study area
using GIS / related tools, site visit for ground
truth survey, finalization of land use maps
October 2013 to March 2021
Functional Area Associates
October 2013 to March 2021
As support for Socio-economic report and R&R
* At the start of project Mr. Sunil Bhatt (Cat-A FAE EB) & Mr. Yamesh Sharma (Cat -A FAE LU) worked
on this study
Support (FAA): Socio-Economics (SE): Kaleem Qureashi
Support (FAA): Noise & vibration (NV): Shweta Gupta
1
SE
Kaleem Qureshi
Declaration of association in the EIA
Declaration by the Head of the accredited consultant organization/ authorized person
I, S.K. Jain hereby, confirm that the above-mentioned experts prepared the ‘EIA/EMP Report of
Kirthai – I HEP (930 MW) in District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir’. I also confirm that the consultant
organization shall be fully accountable for any mis-leading information mentioned in this statement.
Signature:
Name:
Designation:
Name of the EIA Consultant organization
NABET Certificate No.
Issue Date:
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
S.K. Jain
Director, Technical
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd.
NABET/EIA/SA-225
11th May, 2018
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 14
1.1.
Background.................................................................................................. 14
1.2.
Power Scenario of India - Present and Future .................................................. 14
1.3.
Power Scenario in Northern Region ................................................................ 18
1.4.
Hydro Power Development of Jammu & Kashmir............................................. 20
1.5.
Cascade Development of Hydro Power in Chenab Basin ................................... 24
1.6.
Necessity & Justification for Implementing the Project ..................................... 25
1.7.
Purpose of Report ........................................................................................ 26
1.8.
Project Proponent ........................................................................................ 27
1.9.
Brief Description of Nature, Size, Location and Importance .............................. 27
1.10. Site Description ............................................................................................ 28
1.11. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ................................................... 29
1.12. Scoping of the Project ................................................................................... 30
1.13. Compliance of the ToR .................................................................................. 30
1.14. Structure of Report ....................................................................................... 38
Chapter 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................... 39
2.1.
Introduction ................................................................................................. 39
2.2.
Need of Project ............................................................................................ 39
2.3.
Project Location ........................................................................................... 39
2.4.
Project Description ....................................................................................... 40
2.5.
Brief Description of Process and Technology ................................................... 44
2.6.
Size or Magnitude of Operation ..................................................................... 45
2.7.
Schedule for Project Implementation ............................................................. 47
2.8.
Project Cost ................................................................................................. 47
Chapter 3. DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENT ............................................. 48
3.1.
Introduction ................................................................................................. 48
3.2.
Study Area ................................................................................................... 48
3.3.
Methodology of Conducting Bassline Study ..................................................... 48
3.4.
Physico-Chemical Environment ...................................................................... 60
3.5.
Meteorology, Air and Nose ............................................................................ 68
3.6.
Soil .............................................................................................................. 79
3.7.
Water Quality .............................................................................................. 85
3.8.
Water Environment and Hydrology ................................................................ 93
3.9.
Biological Environment ............................................................................... 109
3.10. Socio Economic Environment....................................................................... 148
Chapter 4. IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION & EVALUATION OF IMPACTS ..................... 162
4.1.
Introduction ............................................................................................... 162
4.2.
Impacts on Land Environment ..................................................................... 162
4.3.
Impacts on Air Environment ........................................................................ 165
4.4.
Impact on Noise Environment and Vibration ................................................. 173
4.5.
Impacts on Water Environment ................................................................... 181
4.6.
Impacts on Flora ......................................................................................... 186
4.7.
Impacts on Fauna ....................................................................................... 186
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
4.8.
Impacts on Aquatic Fauna ........................................................................... 187
4.9.
Aquatic Ecology .......................................................................................... 189
4.10. Impacts on River Ecology ............................................................................. 191
4.11. Impacts on the Socio-economics .................................................................. 192
4.12. Summary of Positive and Negative Impacts ................................................... 196
4.13. Impact Matrix ............................................................................................ 196
Chapter 5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ................................................................. 205
5.1.
Introduction ............................................................................................... 205
5.2.
Project Alternative...................................................................................... 205
5.3.
No Project Scenario .................................................................................... 205
5.4.
Alternative Studies for Siting and Project Component and Tunnelling .............. 208
Chapter 6. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN .................................................. 211
6.1.
Introduction ............................................................................................... 211
6.2.
Areas of Concern ........................................................................................ 211
6.3.
Environmental Monitoring .......................................................................... 211
6.4.
Equipment Required for Monitoring ............................................................. 216
6.5.
Monitoring of Erosion & Siltation ................................................................. 217
6.6.
Environment Monitoring Through Remote Sensing Technology ...................... 217
6.7.
Ecosystem Studies ...................................................................................... 218
6.8.
Monitoring of Muck Disposal. ...................................................................... 218
6.9.
Monitoring of Socio-Economic Structure....................................................... 218
6.10. Sharing of Monitoring Results ...................................................................... 218
6.11. Cost of Environment Monitoring Programme ................................................ 219
Chapter 7. ADDITIONAL STUDIES .......................................................................... 221
7.1.
General ..................................................................................................... 221
7.2.
Public Hearing ............................................................................................ 221
7.3.
Risk Assessment ......................................................................................... 225
7.4.
Possible Hazards......................................................................................... 226
7.5.
Disaster Management Plan During Construction ............................................ 227
7.6.
Disaster Management Plan During Operation ................................................ 228
Chapter 8. PROJECT BENEFITS............................................................................... 229
8.1.
General ..................................................................................................... 229
8.2.
Increased Power Generation ....................................................................... 229
8.3.
Free Power to State .................................................................................... 229
8.4.
Contribution to Development ...................................................................... 229
8.5.
Employment Potential / Fisheries ................................................................. 229
8.6.
Guaranteed Energy and Price Stability .......................................................... 229
8.7.
Flexibility to Utilise Other Renewable Source of Energy .................................. 230
8.8.
Tourism/Recreation Facilities....................................................................... 230
8.9.
Fundamental Instrument for Sustainable Development .................................. 230
8.10. Increased Green Cover ................................................................................ 230
8.11. Improvement in Lifestyle, Social Status and Confidence Building ..................... 230
8.12. Solution of The Problem of Migration ........................................................... 230
Chapter 9. : ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS .......................................... 231
9.1.
General ..................................................................................................... 231
Chapter 10. : ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .............................................. 232
10.1. Catchment Area Treatment Plan .................................................................. 232
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
10.2. Compensatory Afforestation Scheme ........................................................... 278
10.3. Wildlife and Biodiversity Management Plan .................................................. 282
10.4. Fisheries Management Plan ......................................................................... 287
10.5. Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan ........................................................... 293
10.6. Green Belt Development Plan ...................................................................... 303
10.7. Reservoir Rim Treatment Plan ..................................................................... 307
10.8. Muck Management Plan ............................................................................. 315
10.9. Restoration Plan for Quarry Sites ................................................................. 333
10.10. Disaster Management Plan .......................................................................... 339
10.11. Water Air and Noise Management Plan ........................................................ 351
10.12. Public Health Delivery Plan .......................................................................... 356
10.13. Labour Management Plan for Health &Safety Plan......................................... 360
10.14. Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Plan............................................... 378
10.15. Local Area Development Plan ...................................................................... 385
10.16. Environmental Safeguards During Construction ............................................. 390
10.17. Energy Conservation Measures .................................................................... 394
10.18. Summary of Cost Estimates Under EMP ........................................................ 396
Chapter 11. : SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ............................................................ 398
11.1. Background................................................................................................ 398
11.2. Need for The Project ................................................................................... 398
11.3. Location and Approach ............................................................................... 398
11.4. Project Features ......................................................................................... 399
11.5. Environment Impact Assessment ................................................................. 399
11.6. Existing Status of Environment..................................................................... 399
11.7. Identification, Prediction and Evaluation of Impacts....................................... 403
11.8. Impact Management .................................................................................. 407
Chapter 12. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT .............................................................. 408
12.1. Brief Profile of Company ............................................................................. 408
12.2. Team of Professional .................................................................................. 408
List of Tables
Table 1.1 : Region wise Breakup of Hydropower Potential in the Country ......................... 14
Table 1.2 : Total Installed Capacity (MW) of Power Station of the Country........................ 15
Table 1.3 : All India Power Supply Position Energy-Wise & Peak-Wise .............................. 15
Table 1.4 : Power Supply Position During April 2012- March 2013 ................................... 16
Table 1.5 : Growth of Installed Capacity (MW) Since 6th Plan .......................................... 17
Table 1.6 : Region wise Long-Term Forecast for Electrical Energy and Peak Load ............... 17
Table 1.7 : State Wise Power Generation in Northern Region (MW) ................................. 18
Table 1.8 : Energy requirement for Northern Region (TWh) ............................................ 19
Table 1.9 : Peak Load Demand for Northern Region (GW) ............................................... 20
Table 1.10 : Peak Load Demand for Northern Region (GW) ............................................. 20
Table 1.11 : Basin-wise Hydro Potential and Development .............................................. 21
Table 1.12 : Basin-wise Hydropower Development......................................................... 22
Table 1.13 : Upcoming Hydroelectric Projects ................................................................ 23
Table 1.14 : Hydro-Electric Projects Taken-up for Development....................................... 23
Table 1.15 : Hydro-Power Potential of the Chenab Basin ................................................ 24
Table 1.16 : Storage Limitations Imposed by the IWT ..................................................... 24
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Table 1.17 : Cascade of identified Hydropower Project in Chenab Basin ........................... 25
Table 1.18 : Key Environmental Sensitive Receptors ....................................................... 28
Table 1.19 : Key Environmental Legislations .................................................................. 29
Table 1.20 : Compliance of ToR .................................................................................... 31
Table 2.1 : Salient Features .......................................................................................... 42
Table 2.2 : Requirement of Plant and Machinery ............................................................ 45
Table 3.3 : General Regional Geological / Tectonic Stratigraphic Sequence ....................... 62
Table 3.4 : Earthquakes of Magnitude 4.0 and above on Richter Scale.............................. 64
Table 3.5 : Land Use Details of the Study Area ............................................................... 67
Table 3.6 : Climatic Data of IMD Bhadarwah, J & K (1981-2010)....................................... 69
Table 3.7 : Average Monthly Rainfall in cm. In Chenab Catchment ................................... 69
Table 3.8 : Av. Monthly Precipitation Observed at Nearby Rain gauges (mm) .................... 70
Table 3.9 : Mean Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature ........................................ 71
Table 3.10 : Location of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations .................................... 73
Table 3.11 : Ambient Air Quality Status (year-2014) ....................................................... 74
Table 3.12 : Ambient Air Quality Status (Pre-monsoon 2019) .......................................... 75
Table 3.13 : Location of Noise Monitoring ..................................................................... 77
Table 3.14 : Noise Level of the Study Area (Pre-monsoon, 2014) ..................................... 77
Table 3.15 : Noise Level of the Study Area (Monsoon, 2014) ........................................... 77
Table 3.16 : Noise Level of the Study Area (Post-monsoon, 2014) .................................... 78
Table 3.17 : Noise Level of the Study Area (Pre- monsoon 2019) ..................................... 78
Table 3.18 : Traffic volume counts at Kishtwar -Gulabgarh road at Dam Site ..................... 79
Table 3.19 : Location of Soil Quality Monitoring Stations ................................................ 82
Table 3.20 : Physical & Chemical Characteristics of Soil (Pre-monsoon, 2014) ................... 82
Table 3.21 : Physical & Chemical Characteristics of Soil (Monsoon, 2014) ......................... 83
Table 3.22 : Physical & Chemical Characteristics of Soil (Post Monsoon, 2014) .................. 84
Table 3.23 : Physical & Chemical Characteristics of Soil (Pre monsoon, 2019) ................... 84
Table 3.24 : Location of Ground Water Quality Monitoring Stations (Premonsoon 2019) ... 86
Table 3.25 : Location of Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations (Premonsoon 2019) ... 86
Table 3.26 : Physico-chemical Characteristics of Ground Water in Pre-monsoon 2019 ....... 87
Table 3.27 : Physico-chemical Characteristics of Surface Water in Pre-monsoon 2019 ....... 88
Table 3.28 : Location of Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations ................................. 90
Table 3.29 : Physico-chemical Characteristics of Water in the Study Area (2014) ............... 91
Table 3.30 : Basin Characteristics of Different Sub-watersheds ........................................ 94
Table 3.31 : Period of availability of discharges at different G & D sites ............................ 97
Table 3.32 : Coefficient of correlations for different season ............................................ 98
Table 3.33 : Ten Daily Flow Series at Dam Site ............................................................... 99
Table 3.34 : Computation of different dependable year ................................................ 101
Table 3.35 : 10-daily mean flows in different dependable years ..................................... 101
Table 3.36 : Flow Duration Pattern (1967-68 to 2009-10) .............................................. 102
Table 3.37 : Daily Discharge Data of River Chenab (2013) .............................................. 103
Table 3.38 : Daily Discharge Data of River Chenab (2014) .............................................. 104
Table 3.39 : Average Annual Sediment Rate at Different Sites ....................................... 105
Table 3.40 : Computation of Minimum Flow During Lean Period ................................... 107
Table 3.41 : Computation of Minimum Flow During Non-Lean & Non-Monsoon.............. 107
Table 3.42 : Computation of Minimum Flow During Monsoon Months ........................... 108
Table 3.43 : Percentage of Inflow Available at Dam Toe During 90% Dependable Year ..... 108
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Table 3.44 : Forest Type Groups in Jammu & Kashmir ................................................... 111
Table 3.45 : Forest Types Present in the Kishtwar Forest Division .................................. 113
Table 3.46 : List of Flora present in Study Area............................................................. 115
Table 3.47 : Sampling Location of Floristic Survey ........................................................ 119
Table 3.48 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2014) ......... 120
Table 3.49 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2019) ......... 121
Table 3.50 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2014) ......... 122
Table 3.51 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2019) ......... 123
Table 3.52 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2014) ......... 124
Table 3.53 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2019) ......... 125
Table 3.54 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2014) ......... 126
Table 3.55 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2019) ......... 127
Table 3.56 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2014) ......... 128
Table 3.57 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2019) ......... 129
Table 3.58 : Seasonal variation in floral species composition ......................................... 131
Table 3.59 : List of Microflora recorded during primary study........................................ 132
Table 3.60 : Economically Important Plant of the study area ......................................... 133
Table 3.61 : Horticulture Crops observed in the study area ........................................... 135
Table 3.62 : Sampling Transects for Faunal Surveys ...................................................... 135
Table 3.63 : List of Mammalian Species Recorded (Direct or Indirect) ............................. 136
Table 3.64 : List of Avifauna recorded from study area ................................................. 138
Table 3.65 : List of Herpetofauna recorded from the study area .................................... 138
Table 3.66 : List of Insects and Butterflies recorded from the study area ........................ 139
Table 3.67 : Distribution of phytoplankton at different study periods ............................. 144
Table 3.68 : Density of Plankton community in different study periods .......................... 144
Table 3.69 : Taxonomic composition of phytoplankton community in different study periods
......................................................................................................................... 145
Table 3.70 : Distribution of Benthic Flora in Chenab ..................................................... 145
Table 3.71 : Fish Fauna of Chenab River in Kishtwar District .......................................... 147
Table 3.72 : General Environmental Features of the Study Sites .................................... 147
Table 3.73 : General Profile of District ......................................................................... 148
Table 3.74 : Block Wise Details of Population, Households and Sex Ratio in District ......... 149
Table 3.75 : Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribe Population of District Kishtwar .............. 150
Table 3.76 : Cast-wise Population Distribution of Study Area Villages ............................. 150
Table 3.77 : Cast-Literacy Level in Study Area .............................................................. 152
Table 3.78 : Occupational Pattern in the Study Area Villages ......................................... 153
Table 3.79 : Area Sown Under Different Crops During Rabi and Kharif Seasons ............... 156
Table 3.80 : Crop Calendar ......................................................................................... 157
Table 3.81 : Accessibility to The Social and Physical Infrastructure ................................. 157
Table 3.82 : Land use of the study area ....................................................................... 158
Table 3.83 : Demographic Profile of Project Affected Villages ........................................ 159
Table 3.84 : Literacy Rate ........................................................................................... 160
Table 3.85 : Workers Scenario .................................................................................... 160
Table 3.86 : Village wise Project Affected Families ....................................................... 161
Table 4.1 : Maximum Concentration at Receptors ........................................................ 167
Table 4.2 : Resultant Levels at Dam Complex and Nearby Villages (µg/m3)) .................... 168
Table 4.3 : Emissions Limits for DG Sets....................................................................... 170
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Table 4.4 : Emission factors by vehicle type (gm/km/vehicle) ........................................ 171
Table 4.5 : Receptor Locations and Model Results (Worst Case Wind Angle) ................... 172
Table 4.6 : Standard Values of Noise Levels ................................................................. 174
Table 4.7 : Modelling Output ..................................................................................... 175
Table 4.8 : Predicted Noise Levels at Auxiliary Powerhouse ........................................... 177
Table 4.9 : Predicted Noise Levels at Main Powerhouse ................................................ 177
Table 4.10 : Computation of Peak Particle Velocity at Nearest Settlement ...................... 179
Table 4.11 : Predicted Air overpressure ....................................................................... 180
Table 4.12 : Computation of Peak Particle Velocity at Nearest Settlement ...................... 180
Table 4.13 : Effluent Discharge Standard .................................................................... 184
Table 4.14 : Volume Capacity Ratio and LOS in Pre & Post Project Scenario .................... 195
Table 4.16 : Major Positive and Negative Environmental Impacts .................................. 199
Table 4.17 : Major Short-term and Long-term Environmental Impacts ........................... 200
Table 4.18 : Major Reversible and Irreversible Environmental Impacts ........................... 201
Table 4.19 : Major Direct and Indirect Environmental Impacts....................................... 202
Table 4.20 : Impact Matrix During Construction & Operation Phase (Without EMP) ........ 203
Table 4.21 : Impact Matrix of During Construction & Operation Phase (With EMP).......... 204
Table 5.1 : Alternative Analysis for Proposed Project .................................................... 206
Table 5.2 : Comparison of Tunnelling Techniques ........................................................ 209
Table 6.1 : National River Water Quality Standards for Different Uses* ......................... 213
Table 6.2 : Water Quality parameters to be monitored periodically. .............................. 216
Table 6.3 : List of Equipment ...................................................................................... 216
Table 10.1 : Basin Characteristics of Different Sub-watersheds ...................................... 234
Table 10.2 : Land use Details of Sub-watersheds in the Free Draining Catchment ............ 240
Table 10.3 : Slope Ranges showing the intensity of catchment area ............................... 241
Table 10.4 : Slope Classes for Study Area..................................................................... 242
Table 10.5 : Delivery Ratio (DR) Criteria....................................................................... 244
Table 10.6 : SYI and Priority Rating as per Erosion Intensity ........................................... 246
Table 10.7 : Erosion Intensity & Weightages ................................................................ 247
Table 10.8 : Erosion Intensity Categories in Sub-Watersheds (ha) .................................. 248
Table 10.9 : Per Ha. Cost Norms for Model Plantation Works ........................................ 253
Table 10.10 : Cost Estimate for Afforestation Measures ................................................ 255
Table 10.11 : Cost Analysis per ha. of Enrichment Plantation ......................................... 255
Table 10.12 : Cost Estimate for Enrichment Plantation ................................................. 257
Table 10.13 : Cost Analysis per ha. of High-Density Energy Plantation ............................ 257
Table 10.14 : Cost Estimate for High Density Energy Plantation ..................................... 259
Table 10.15 : Cost Analysis of Treatment of Alpine Pasture ........................................... 260
Table 10.16 : Cost Estimate for Treatment of Alpine Pastures ....................................... 262
Table 10.17 : Cost Estimates for Implementing Nursery Support.................................... 262
Table 10.18 : Cost Analysis per ha of Bio-Engineering Works ......................................... 263
Table 10.19 : Cost Estimate for Bio-Engineering Works ................................................. 265
Table 10.20 : Cost Analyses of Structures .................................................................... 266
Table 10.21 : Abstract of Works under Civil Structures.................................................. 269
Table 10.22 : Cost of private land treatment ................................................................ 270
Table 10.23 : Cost Estimate for Support Infrastructure ................................................. 270
Table 10.24 : Break-up of Cost under Different Fuel Saving Devices ............................... 271
Table 10.25 : Cost Estimate of CAT Plan ...................................................................... 275
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Table 10.26 : Year wise Break-up of Funds CAT Plan ..................................................... 276
Table 10.30 : Financial Abstract for Activities under the plan ......................................... 287
Table 10.31 : Abstract of Cost for Development of Trout Hatchery ................................ 293
Table 10.32 : Village-wise details of PAF ...................................................................... 294
Table 10.33 : Village-wise details of Assets to be Acquired ............................................ 295
Table 10.34 : Compensation due to Acquisition of Houses ............................................ 300
Table 10.35 : Compensation due to Acquisition of Properties ........................................ 300
Table 10.36 : Compensation For land Acquisition ......................................................... 301
Table 10.37 : Compensation For land Acquisition ......................................................... 301
Table 10.38 : Total Cost under R&R Plan ..................................................................... 303
Table 10.39 : Suggested Plant Species for Green Belt Development ............................... 305
Table 10.40 : Summary of Cost for Green Belt Development ......................................... 307
Table 10.41 : Details of Nadi / Nala into which the Reservoir Extends ............................ 308
Table 10.42 : Details of Proposed Engineering and Biological Control Measures .............. 309
Table 10.43 : Village wise length of RCC Wall Protection ............................................... 313
Table 10.44 : Cost of Protection Walls ......................................................................... 313
Table 10.45 : Cost Estimate of Mouth Treatment of Stream .......................................... 314
Table 10.46 : Total Cost of Reservoir Rim Treatment .................................................... 315
Table 10.47 : Component Wise Details of the Muck Generated and its Management ...... 316
Table 10.48 : Muck Disposal Site Details ...................................................................... 317
Table 10.49 : Name of the Plant Species ...................................................................... 330
Table 10.50 : Cost Estimate for Muck Disposal Plan ...................................................... 330
Table 10.51 : Cost Model for Plantation on Muck Dumping Sites (Per hectare) ............... 331
Table 10.52 : Quantity of Various Materials ................................................................. 333
Table 10.53 : Cost estimates for restoration of borrow areas ........................................ 338
Table 10.54 : Cost Estimate for Landscaping Plan ......................................................... 339
Table 10.55 : Flood Crest Summary............................................................................. 343
Table 10.56 : Status of Emergency .............................................................................. 346
Table 10.57 : Cost Estimate for Implementing DMP ...................................................... 351
Table 10.58 : Emission Limits for DG Sets Prescribed By CPCB ....................................... 352
Table 10.59 : Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA ........................................ 355
Table 10.60 : Cost of Mitigative Measures ................................................................... 356
Table 10.61 : Existing Health Facilities in the Project Affected Area ................................ 356
Table 10.62 : Summary of Diseases Prevalent in the Study Area .................................... 357
Table 10.63 : Budget Estimate of Health Management Plan ......................................... 360
Table 10.64 : International standards of Health & Safety.............................................. 360
Table 10.65 : Schedule of Medical Check-up ................................................................ 365
Table 10.66 : Cost Estimate for OHS ............................................................................ 366
Table 10.67 : Cost Estimate for Safety Against Common Hazards ................................... 377
Table 10.68 : Cost Estimate of OHS & Safety of Labour ................................................. 377
Table 10.69 : Solid Waste Generated from Project Colony (kg dry weight) ...................... 380
Table 10.70 : Cost Estimate for Solid Waste Management Plan ..................................... 383
Table 10.71 : Cost Estimate for Waste Management Plan ............................................. 384
Table 10.72 : Committee for Administration of Fund .................................................... 386
Table 10.73 : Budget Estimate for LADP ...................................................................... 388
Table 10.74 : Year Wise Break-up of Funds for LADP..................................................... 389
Table 10.75 : Details of expenditure for implementation of measures for management... 394
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
11
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Table 10.76 : Cost of Providing Fuel Wood Substitute ................................................... 396
Table 10.77 : Summary of Total Cost Estimate ............................................................. 396
Table 11.1 : Village wise Project Affected Families ....................................................... 403
Table 11.2 : Summary of Total Cost Estimate ............................................................... 407
Table 12.1 : Qualification and Area of Expertise of Professional ..................................... 409
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 : Cascade Development of Hydropower ......................................................... 25
Figure 1.2 : Forecast of Electrical Energy and Peak Load of J&K ....................................... 26
Figure 2.1 : Location Map of the Project ........................................................................ 39
Figure 2.2 : General Layout Plan of the Project .............................................................. 41
Figure 3.1 : Satellite Image of Study Area ...................................................................... 60
Figure 3.2 : Land Form Types of J & K Region ................................................................. 61
Figure 3.3 : Seismic map of India / J&K showing propose project site ............................... 65
Figure 3.4 : Major Tectonic Features in the Region of KHEP-II .......................................... 66
Figure 3.5 : Land use map of the study area ................................................................... 67
Figure 3.6 : Mean Monthly Rainfall ............................................................................... 70
Figure 3.7 : Mean Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature at Dhamkund ................... 71
Figure 3.8 : Mean Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature at Sirsi ............................. 72
Figure 3.9 : Mean Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature at Tillar ........................... 72
Figure 3.10 : Location of Air Quality Monitoring Stations ................................................ 74
Figure 3.11 : Location of Air Quality Monitoring Stations ................................................ 77
Figure 3.12 : Soil Map of the Study Area ........................................................................ 81
Figure 3.13 : Locations of the Soil Sampling Stations....................................................... 82
Figure 3.14 : Locations of the Water Sampling Stations (Pre monsoon 2019) .................... 87
Figure 3.15 : Locations of the Water Sampling Stations (year 2014) ................................. 90
Figure 3.17 : Drainage Map of the study area ................................................................ 96
Figure 3.18 : Locations of different G&D sites ................................................................ 97
Figure 3.19 : Flow Duration Curve............................................................................... 103
Figure 3.20 : Kishtwar Forest Division ......................................................................... 112
Figure 3.21 : Proposed Dam Site (Kirthai-II HEP) ........................................................... 118
Figure 3.22 : UPstream Area of Kirthai-I HEP ................................................................ 119
Figure 3.23 : Diversity and Species Richness at different sampling locations ................... 131
Figure 3.24 : Percentage Composition of different Orders in Study area ......................... 137
Figure 3.25 : Male-Female wise Population Distribution ............................................... 151
Figure 3.26 : SC Population in Study Area .................................................................... 151
Figure 3.27 : ST Population in Study Area .................................................................... 152
Figure 3.28 : Male-Female wise Distribution of Literates & Illiterates ............................. 153
Figure 3.29 : Workers Scenario ................................................................................... 154
Figure 3.30 : Distribution of Composition of Main Workers Population .......................... 154
Figure 3.31 : Distribution of Composition of Marginal Workers ..................................... 155
Figure 4.1 : Isopleth of Maximum Predicted 24 hourly Ground Level Concentrations ....... 168
Figure 4.2 : Noise Graphical Results ............................................................................ 176
Figure 5.1 : Layout Plan Showing Various Alternatives .................................................. 209
Figure 10.1 : Free Draining Catchment of the Study Area .............................................. 235
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
12
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Figure 10.2 : Map Showing Location of Sub-watersheds ............................................... 235
Figure 10.5 : Land use Map of Free Draining Catchment Area ........................................ 241
Figure 10.6 : Slope Map of Free Draining Catchment .................................................... 243
Figure 10.7 : Erosion Intensity Map of Free Draining Catchment Area ............................ 248
Figure 10.8 : Bhut Nala near Village Matti and confluence with the Chenab river ............ 289
Figure 10.9 : Honser Stream near Kejai village ............................................................. 290
Figure 10.10 : Location of Landslide Zone .................................................................... 311
Figure 10.11 : Pictorial view of Land Slides .................................................................. 313
Figure 10.12 : Location of Dumping ............................................................................ 317
Figure 10.13 : General View of Dumping Site D-1 ......................................................... 318
Figure 10.14 : Typical cross section of Dumping Site D-1 ............................................... 319
Figure 10.17 : General View of Dumping Site D-3 ......................................................... 321
Figure 10.18 : Typical cross section of Dumping Site D-3 ............................................... 322
Figure 10.19 : General View of Dumping Site D-4 ......................................................... 323
Figure 10.20 : Typical cross section of Dumping Site D-4 ............................................... 324
Figure 10.21 : General View of Dumping Site D-5 ......................................................... 324
Figure 10.22 : Typical cross section of Dumping Site D-5 ............................................... 325
Figure 10.23 : General View of Dumping Site D-6 ......................................................... 326
Figure 10.24 : Typical cross section of Dumping Site D-6 ............................................... 326
Figure 10.25 : General View of Dumping Site D-7 ......................................................... 327
Figure 10.26 : Typical cross section of Dumping Site D-7 ............................................... 328
Figure 10.27 : Location Plan of the Quarry/Mining Sites ................................................ 334
Figure 10.28 : The General View of the Quarry Site Q-1 ................................................ 335
Figure 10.29 : The General View of the Quarry Site Q-2 ................................................ 336
Figure 10.30 : The General View of the Quarry Site Q-2 ................................................ 336
Figure 10.31 : General View of the Quarry Site Q-3 ...................................................... 337
Figure 10.32 : Combined Discharge Outflow hydrograph .............................................. 344
Figure 10.33 : Combined Stage Hydrograph ................................................................. 345
List of Annexure
Annexure – I: Certificate of Accreditation .................................................................... 412
Annexure- II: Copy of ToR .......................................................................................... 413
Annexure-III: List of PAF ............................................................................................ 425
Annexure-IV: Public Hearing ...................................................................................... 444
Annexure-V- Dam Break ............................................................................................ 471
Annexure-VI: Lab Certificate ...................................................................................... 476
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
13
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
CHAPTER 1.
1.1.
INTRODUCTION
Background
Geo-morphologically, India offers great sources of hydropower with well-defined regions,
which are topographically favorable for the run-of-the-river hydro development. As per
Central Electricity Authority (CEA), the hydro power potential of the country has been
assessed as 84044 MW (at 60% plant load factor) which corresponds to an installed capacity
of 148700 MW. However, the total hydro installed capacity as on 31.03.2013 is only 39788
MW, being 26.8% of the capacity identified. The economic development in the country in
recent times has resulted in widening of the gap between the demand and the supply of
power. It was planned to make power available to all by 2012 with the increased total
planned installed capacity to about 210000 MW. For which, the central government along
with state governments that have rich water resources have taken significant initiatives for
development of power projects involving both public and private sectors. Special emphasis is
being made for development of hydropower potential of the country to keep a balanced mix
of thermal and hydro power generation. The region wise hydro power potential of the
country is depicted in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 : Region wise Breakup of Hydropower Potential in the Country
Region
Potential at
60% load
factor, MW
Feasible
Installed
Capacity, MW
Potential in
billion,
KWH/year
Pumped Storage
Feasible Installed
Capacity, MW
Small Hydro
(up to 15 MW
Potential),
MW
Northern
30155
Western
5697
53405
225
13065
3180
8928
31.4
39684
661
Southern
10768
16446
61.8
17750
801
Eastern
5590
10965
42.5
9125
530
North
Eastern
31857
58956
239.3
16900
1610
Total
84044
148700
600
95524
6782
Considering the vast and untapped potential and availability, of the hydro resources in India,
the development of hydro power projects is thus required to be explored fully. Power
generation from such projects is also comparatively less damaging for the environment.
Though power production from hydro resources does have its environmental concerns such
as large inundations, disposal of muck and rehabilitation and resettlement (R&R) problems,
they can be suitably handled with appropriate plans for e.g. the problem of muck disposal is
always resolvable if the restoration of disposal areas is carried out in a scientific way. It
would also be appropriate to state here that the problems related to large inundations and
R&R may be tackled by going in for run-of-the-river schemes in place of large reservoir
schemes as the quantum of inundation and displacement will be much less in run-of-theriver scheme projects.
1.2.
Power Scenario of India - Present and Future
1.2.1. Installed Power Capacity of Country
The electrical energy may be generated from fossil fuels, thermal power, nuclear energy,
and hydropower or from renewable sources like solar or wind energy. Deriving electrical
energy from fossil fuels like coal is becoming increasingly unmanageable because of
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
14
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
environmental implications. Gaseous emissions from the operation of thermal plants cause
irreparable damage to the environment, contributing to climate change and global warming.
The nuclear power projects are basically cost intensive and the risk element related to
leakage of nuclear radiations is extremely high. The scenario of renewable resources is
uncertain because the sector is still in the development stage and the cost of technology
involved in renewable power generation is extremely high. So, the power generated from
renewable resources such as wind, solar power, bio-gas etc. cannot really take care of the
demands of the booming industry. The region wise all India installed capacity of power
stations working on different modes as on 31st March 2013 is presented in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2 : Total Installed Capacity (MW) of Power Station of the Country
Thermal
Gas
Diesel
Total
Nuclear
Hydro
(Renewable)
RES**
(MNRE)
Grand
Total
12.99
38467.75
1620
15569.75
5643.6
61301.1
8988.31
17.48
60050.3
1840
7465.5
9401.5
78757.3
25782.5
4962.78
939.32
31684.6
1320
11398.03
12420.56
56823.19
24077.88
190
17.2
24285.08
0
4113.12
459.91
28858.11
North-Eastern
60
1208.5
142.74
1411.24
0
1242
252.68
2905.92
Sub-Total (Region)
134388.4
20380.85
1129.55
155899
4780
39788.4
28178.25
228645.6
Islands
0
0
70.2
70.02
0
0
6.1
76.12
Grand Total
134388.4
20380.85
1199.75
155969
4780
39788.4
28184.35
228721.7
% of Total
58.76
8.91
0.52
68.19
2.09
17.40
12.32
100
Region
Northern
Coal
33423.5
5031.26
Western
51044.51
Southern
Eastern
Thus, it is evident that, about 68.2% of India's total installed capacity is thermal based (Table
1.2). However, expansion of this energy source is encountering difficulties because of the
burden it places on the infrastructure for supply (mines) and transportation (railways) of
coal. Considering that the capacity of Indian Railways is limited and the additional tracks are
required and the coal is of low quality and it is costly to transport over long distances, it
appears logical to develop thermal projects in specific areas, e.g. in Bihar, Orissa, Madhya
Pradesh, and surrounding areas. There is urgent need to tap the hydro potential available in
the mountainous region of the country to meet the rising demand of power.
1.2.2. Energy Requirement and Peak Load Demand and its Status
As per the studies report captioned as “Growth of Electricity Sector in India from 1947 to
2011” published by Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority of India, New Delhi, June
2011 the energy and peak load deficit in 1947 were 6.70% and 11.66% respectively which at
the end of 2010-2011 stands at 8.50% and 9.84% respectively. The year wise data of energy
and peak load requirement and their availability for all India basis are presented in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3 : All India Power Supply Position Energy-Wise & Peak-Wise
Year
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
Requirement
(GWh)
155432
170746
192356
210993
223194
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Energy
Availability
(GWh)
145013
157262
174276
187976
205909
Deficit
(GWh)
10419
13484
18080
23017
17285
Deficit
(%)
6.70
7.90
9.40
10.91
7.74
Demand
(MW)
25810
28090
30850
31990
36245
Peak Demand
Availability Deficit
(MW)
(MW)
22800
3010
24215
3875
26924
3926
28242
3748
31713
4532
Deficit
(%)
11.66
13.79
12.73
11.72
12.50
15
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
247762
267632
288974
305266
228151
246560
266432
279824
19611
21072
22542
25442
7.92
7.87
7.80
8.33
40385
44005
48055
52805
33658
37171
39027
41984
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
323252
352260
389721
413490
424505
446584
480430
507216
522537
545674
559264
591373
631757
690587
739343
777039
830594
861591
299494
327281
354045
365900
390330
420235
450594
467409
483350
497589
519398
548115
578819
624495
666007
691038
746644
788355
23758
24979
35676
47590
34175
26349
29836
39807
39187
48085
39866
43258
52938
66092
73336
7.35
7.09
9.15
11.51
8.05
5.90
6.21
7.85
7.50
8.81
7.13
7.31
8.38
9.57
9.92
11.07
10.11
8.50
54875
57530
60981
63853
65435
67905
72669
74872
78441
81492
84574
87906
93255
100715
108866
109809
119166
122287
44830
48066
49836
52376
58042
58445
63691
65628
69189
71547
75066
77652
81792
86818
90793
96785
104009
110256
86001
83950
73236
6727
6834
9028
10821
10045
9464
11145
11477
7393
9460
8978
9244
9252
9945
9508
10254
11463
13897
18073
13024
15157
12031
16.66
15.53
18.79
20.49
18.31
16.45
18.28
17.97
11.30
13.93
12.35
12.35
11.79
12.20
11.24
11.66
12.29
13.80
16.60
11.86
12.72
9.84
The demand for electricity, which is considered as prime mover has been growing at an
exponential rate in the country due to overall economic development as well as growth in
population. It has been estimated that the country needs to add about 9 % of its installed
capacity every year in next decade or so to meet the ever-increasing power demand.
However, the capacity addition program has not been as per target. It is now estimated that
in the terminal year of current plan i.e. 2013; the shortage of peak load demand and energy
requirement is to the extent of 9 % and 8.7 % respectively in the country (Table 1.4).
Table 1.4 : Power Supply Position During April 2012- March 2013
Energy Surplus /
Deficit (-)
-9.2
-3.3
-15.5
Peak Demand
requirement
(MW)
45,860
40,075
37,638
Peak
Demand
Availability
(MW)
41,790
39,486
31,586
-4.6
-7.3
-8.7
16,655
1,998
1,35,453
15,415
1,864
1,23,294
Energy
Availability
(MU)
273082
2,84,138
2,37,998
(MU)
(%)
Region
Northern
Western
Southern
Energy
requirement
(MU)
300616
2,93,929
2,81,792
-27534
-9,791
-43,794
Eastern
N-E
Total
1,07,573
11,590
9,95,500
1,02,614
10,742
9,08,574
-4,959
-848
-86,926
Peak Demand
Surplus / Deficit (-)
MW
%
-4,070
-589
-6,052
-8.9
-1.5
-16.1
-1,240
-134
-12,159
-7.4
-6.7
-9
* Provisional (Source: CEA, GOI)
1.2.3. Growth of Installed Capacity in India
The installed capacity of power from all sources in India has increased from 1362 MW in
1947 to 42585 MW towards end of 6th plan. i.e. 31.03.85. There has been study growth of
installed capacity since 6th plan and the capacity now stand at 199877 MW towards the end
of the 11th Plan (31.03.2012). During the period from 1947 to 2006-07 i.e. end of 10th FYP,
the energy jumped from 4073 GWh to 670654 GWh. However, despite that appreciable
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
16
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
growth, power demand has almost throughout outstripped the supply. The Growth of power
in India has been phenomenal as is evident from Table 1.5 which shows plan wise growth
since 6th Five Year Plan.
Table 1.5 : Growth of Installed Capacity (MW) Since 6th Plan
Thermal
Plan / Year
Nuclear
Hydro
RES
(Renewable) (MNRE)
Total
Coal
Gas
Diesel
Total
End of 6th Plans
(31.03.85)
26310.83
541.50
177.37
27029.70
1095.00
14460.02
0.00
42584.72
End of 7th Plan
(31.03.90)
41237.48
2343.00
165.09
43745.57
1565.00
18307.63
18.14
63636.34
End of 2nd Plans
(31.03.92)
44791.48
3095.00
167.52
48054.00
16.585.00 19194.31
31.88
69065.19
End of 8th Plan
(31.03.97)
54154.48
6561.90
293.90
61010.28
2225.00
21658.08
902.01
85795.37
End of 9th Plan
(31.03.02)
62130.88
11163.10
1134.83 74428.81
2720.00
26268.76
1628.39
105045.96
March, 2003
63950.88
11633.20
1178.07 76762.15
2720.00
26766.83
1628.39
107877.37
March, 2004
64955.88
11839.82
1172.83 77968.53
2720.00
29506.84
2488.13
112683.50
March, 2005
67790.88
11909.82
1201.75 80902.45
2770.00
30942.24
3811.01
118425.70
March, 2006
68518.88
12689.91
1201.75 82410.54
3360.00
32325.77
6190.86
124287.17
End of 10th Plan
(31.03.07)
71121.38
13691.71
1201.75 86014.84
3900.00
34653.77
7760.60
132329.21
March, 2008
76048.88
14656.21
1201.75 91906.84
4120.00
35908.76
11125.41 143061.01
End of 11 Plan
(31.03.12)
112022.38
18381.05
1199.75 131603.18
4780.00
38990.40
24503.45 199877.03
End of March 13
130220.89
20109.85
1199.75 151530.49
4780.00
39491.40
27541.71 223343.60
th
(Source: CEA, GOI)
1.2.4. Long Term Energy and Peak Load Forecast
In order to cater the future power requirement of various sectors of electricity consumption,
a realistic forecast is an important ingredient of the planning of the power sector. The 17th
Electrical Power Survey (EPS) conducted by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) to project
the perspective electricity demand for the terminal years of 12th and 13th Five Year Plans
i.e. year 2016-17 and 2021-2022. The electricity demand forecast has been made on
optimistic consideration so as to achieve and sustain GDP growth rates of 8-10% during the
11th plan period. Region-wise forecast for all India for electrical energy requirement and
peak demand is given in Table 1.6.
Table 1.6 : Region wise Long-Term Forecast for Electrical Energy and Peak Load
Electrical Energy Requirement (GWH)
Peak Electric Load (MW)
Region
2011-12
2016-2017
2021-2022
2011-2012
2016-2017
2021-2022
Northern
294841.333
411513.161
556767.632
48136.901
66582.928
89912.79
Western
294859.697
409805.046
550021.724
47108.381
64348.65
84778.064
Southern
253442.99
380068.15
511658.908
40367.135
60432.58
80484.967
Eastern
111802.293
168941.67
258215.949
19088.442
28400.908
42711.602
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
17
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
North Eastern
Sub Total All
Regions
13328.511
21143.26
3699.022
2536.31
3759.804
6179.947
968274.823
1391471.29
1913661.24
152657.74
218073.04
298102.3
Islands
383.72
594.76
846.998
88.36
135.55
150.937
Grand Total (India)
968658.543
1392066.05
1914508.23
152746.1
218208.59
298253.24
1.3.
Power Scenario in Northern Region
1.3.1. Installed Power Capacity of the Northern Region
For planning purposes, it is therefore necessary to study the installed capacity of various
power stations, energy and power requirements and forecast of the Northern region as a
whole, since the region will be the recipient of any hydropower project likely to be
developed in J & K State in particular and all other states of the region in general. On the
basis of the addition of capacity during the 12th Plan period, the CEA has estimated the state
wise power generation from all sources in the northern region as shown in Table 1.7. It is
evident that the contribution of Thermal, Nuclear and Hydropower mode of power
generation is 62.13%, 2.7% and 25.83% respectively.
The northern region as a whole is under severe power shortage and the situation is likely to
deteriorate further unless additional schemes are taken up immediately for implementation
to derive timely benefits. Since hydro power is only source of generating energy in all the hill
state of the region at present, therefore, there is urgent need to set up more hydro
generating stations in the state.
Table 1.7 : State Wise Power Generation in Northern Region (MW)
State
Delhi
Ownership
Sector
State
Private
Central
Sub-total
Haryana
State
Private
Central
Sub-total
Himachal
Pradesh
Jammu
&
Kashmir
Punjab
State
Private
Central
Sub-total
State
Private
Central
Sub-total
State
Private
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Thermal
Diese
l
0
0
Coal
135
0
4355.4
1
4490.4
1
Gas
1550.4
108
207.61
1866.0
1
0
3160
1620
25
0
3.92
0
1174
535.29
0
5954
0
0
135.16
135.16
0
0
296.51
296.51
2630
360
560.29
0
0
61 .88
61 .88
175
0
129.14
304.14
25
0
3.92
0.13
0
0
0.13
8.94
0
0
8.94
0
0
0
Total
Therm
al
1685.4
108
4563.0
2
6356.4
2
3188.9
2
1620
1709.2
9
6518.2
1
0.13
0
197.04
197.17
183.94
0
425.65
609.59
2655
360
Grand
Total
Mode wise breakup
Hydro
RES **
Nuclea (Renewable) (MNRE
)
r
0
0
0
0
0
18.56
1685.4
126.56
122.08
666.12
0
5351.22
122.08
666.12
18.56
7163.18
0
0
884.51
0
70.1
5310
4143.53
1673.1
109.16
478.67
0
2297.12
109.16
0
0
34.08
34.08
0
0
77
77
0
0
1363.18
393.6
1748
809.34
2950.94
780
0
796.43
1576.43
2230.23
0
123.2
587.91
0
0
587.91
130.53
0
0
130.53
244.5
143.08
8113.75
981.64
1748
1040.46
3770.1
1094.47
0
1299.08
2393.55
5129.73
503.08
18
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Central
Sub-total
State
Private
Rajasthan
Central
Sub-total
State
Private
Uttar
Pradesh
Central
Sub-total
State
Private
Central
Sub-total
State
Chandigarh
Private
Central
Sub-total
Central Unallocate
d
Total
State
Northern
Private
Region
Central
Uttaranchal
Grand Total
619.54
3609.5
4
3615
1380
263.92
288.92
0
0
553.8
0
0
0
957.1
221.23
0
5952.1
775.03
0
4923
3090
2749.9
0
0
549.97
0
0
0
10762.
9
0
0
280.88
280.88
0
0
29.81
29.81
902.19
549.97
14463
0
0
69.35
69.35
0
0
15.32
15.32
290.35
2329.2
6450
108
11500.
5
32413.
5
2344.0
6
4781.2
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12.99
0
0
12.99
883.46
3898.4
6
4168.8
1380
208.04
208.04
284.66
3014.89
0
387.58
1876.16
7508.97
0
0
987.96
0
5187.01
4677.3Z
1178.3
3
6727.1
3
4923
3090
3299.8
7
11312.
87
0
0
350.23
350.23
0
0
45.13
45.13
1192.5
4
573
539.84
30.25
3297.3
7
0
573
1527.8
0
0
335.72
524.1
0
1297.32
3327.6
2
25.1
798.88
0
12155.5
5
5472.2
3888.88
4932.91
335.72
1821 .42
0
0
22.28
22.28
0
0
8.84
8.84
129.8
1252.15
400
346.03
1998.18
0
0
51.74
51.74
497.05
823.98
174.82
15.05
0
189.87
0
0
0
0
14293.9
9
1426.97
415.05
718.54
2560.56
0
0
105.71
105.71
1819.39
0
16805.
19
0
6558
0
2148
1620
6267.2
0 00
15467.75
5589.2
5
13844.
5
37207.
75
2291.17
7052.55
1620
1263.2
1
4326.0
4
25120.9
5
13032.0
4
21731.7
6
59884.7
5
(Source: CEA, GOI)
1.3.2. Energy and Peak Load Demand in Northern Region
The electrical energy requirement at power stations bus bars and peak load requirement
from 2004 to 2011-12 has been presented in Table 1.8 and Table 1.9 respectively. The peak
load demand of J&K which stood at 1316 MW (1.316 GW) during 2004-05 has increased to
2063 MW (2.063 GW) during 2011-12. During the identical period, the energy requirement
rose from 8.138 TWh to 11.202 TWh
Table 1.8 : Energy requirement for Northern Region (TWh)
Electrical Energy Requirement at Power Station Bus Bars (Utilities only) (In TWh)
State/UT
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Delhi
21.157
22.853
24.684
26.662
28.799
31.107
33.600
Haryana
21.801
23.890
25.858
27.989
30.295
32.791
35.493
Himachal Pradesh
4.516
5.022
5.585
6.212
6.909
7.684
8.545
Jammu & Kashmir
8.138
9.450
9.722
10.001
10.289
10.585
10.889
Punjab
35.861
38.642
41.639
44.868
48 347
52.096
56.136
Rajasthan
30.392
32.530
34.819
37.268
39.890
42.697
45.701
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
2011-12
36.293
38.417
9.504
11.202
60.489
48.916
19
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Uttar Pradesh
Uttaranchal
Chandigarh
Sub Total (NR)
53.033
5.010
1.295
181.203
56.167
5.398
1.407
195.359
59.486
5.816
1.528
209.137
63.002
6.267
1.659
223.928
66725
6.752
1.802
239.807
70.668
7.275
1.957
256.859
74.845
7.838
2.125
275.171
79.268
8.445
2.308
294.841
2010-11
5.657
6.343
1.451
1.977
10.435
7.927
12.896
1.428
0.389
44.496
2011-12
6.092
6.839
1.611
2.063
11.000
8.482
13.947
1.533
0.420
48.137
Table 1.9 : Peak Load Demand for Northern Region (GW)
State/UT
Delhi
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Punjab
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Uttaranchal
Chandigarh
Sub Total (NR)
Peak Load at Power Station Bus Bars (Utilities only) (in GW)
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
3.626
3.905
4.205
4.529
4.877
5.253
4.037
4.353
4.693
5.060
5.456
5.883
0.772
0.858
0.953
1.059
1.176
1.306
1.316
1.600
1.669
1.741
1.817
1.895
7.605
8.016
8.451
8.908
9.390
9.899
4.967
5.650
6.046
6.469
6.923
7.408
8.057
8.714
9.425
10.193
11.024
11.923
0.914
1.000
1.074
1.153
1.238
1.330
0.248
0.267
0.288
0.311
0.335
0.361
27.759
30.030
32.487
35.145
38.021
41.131
1.3.3. Long Term Forecast for Energy/Peak Load Requirement for Northern Region
In order to cater the future power requirement of various sectors of electricity consumption,
a realistic forecast is an important ingredient of the planning of the power sector. The 17th
Electrical Power Survey (EPS) conducted by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) to project
the perspective electricity demand for the terminal years of 12th and 13th Five Year Plans
i.e. year 2016-17 and 2021-2022. The electricity demand forecast has been made on
optimistic consideration so as to achieve and sustain GDP growth rates of 8-10% during the
11th plan period. The state/union territory wise forecast for Northern region for electrical
energy requirement and peak demand is given in Table 1.10.
Table 1.10 : Peak Load Demand for Northern Region (GW)
Electrical Energy Requirement (GWH)
State/UT
2011-12
2016-17
2021-22
Peak Electric Load (MW)
2011-12
2016-17
2021-22
Delhi
36292.545
52762.386
73481.328
6092.409
8728.832
12069.05
Haryana
38417.069
54304.879
73828.162
6839.158
9375.16
12557.464
Himachal
9503.908
13135.52
17657.4
1611.109
2194.159
2906.958
J&K
11202.446
15271.949
21282.743
2062.737
2789.568
3856.642
Punjab
60488.861
82571.657
107342.309
11000.469
14441.277
18351.77
Rajasthan
48915.759
67767.236
92376.811
8482.079
11404.49
15100.779
Uttar Pradesh
79267.68
110664.947
150157.415
13947.013
19622.53
26833.528
Uttaranchal
8444.717
11667.894
16191.306
1533.337
2085.41
2849.272
Chandigarh
2308.347
3366.693
4440.158
419.542
602.307
782.095
294841.333
411513.161
556767.632
48136.901
66582.928
89912.79
Sub Total (NR)
1.4.
Hydro Power Development of Jammu & Kashmir
Jammu & Kashmir is predominantly a mountainous state located in north-west of the
country, bounded on the south by Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, on west and south by
Pakistan and on the north by China and Turkistan and on the east by China (Tibet). The state
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
20
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
comprises mostly mountains terrain rising in several tiers from the plain in the south to high
altitude valleys with average altitude El. 1800 masl with mountains rising up to 5000 masl
and above. A small hydropower plant, Mohora Hydro Power Station, 2 x 4.5 MW on Jhelum
River was the first major hydropower development in 1905 in the then princely state of J &
K. After independence, the hydropower development got some momentum albeit very
slow. In 1955-56, Ganderbal hydropower station of installed capacity 15 MW (2 x 3 + 2 x 4.5)
was constructed in Jhelum basin. Another hydropower project at Rajouri of installed capacity
0.70 MW (2 X 0.35) was commissioned, in 1960, in the Chenab basin which was followed by
a Chenani-I with installed capacity 23.30 MW which was commissioned in 1971-72. Upper
Sindh Hydropower Plant, installed capacity 22.6 MW (2 x 11.3) in Jhelum basin was
commissioned in 1973-74, followed by commissioning of Lower Jhelum (105 MW) in the year
1978-79. The development of hydropower got momentum in mid-1990 when major projects
viz. Salal 690 MW (6 x 115) and Uri-1, 480 MW (4 x 120) were commissioned in 1994-1997
and 1997-98 respectively in the Central Sector. In Jhelum basin, Upper Sindh-II, 105 MW was
developed in State Sector and commissioned in 2002-03. With the commissioning of Dul
Hasti (390 MW) and Baghlihar-I (450 MW) in Central and State sector, the total installed
capacity of the commissioned plants stands at 2318.70 MW
1.4.1. Hydro Power Potential of Jammu & Kashmir
The state of Jammu & Kashmir, located in the north-western corner of India between 32° 17’
and 37° 05’ N latitude and 72°26’ and 80°30’ E longitude, covers an area of 22.2 Mha being
6.7% of the total geographic area of the country. The J & K region consists of four prominent
mountain ranges of the Great Himalayas, the Karakoram, the Ladakh, the Zanskar and Pir
Panjal. Between these ranges are the longitudinal valleys of the Gilgit, the Shyok, the Indus
and the Jhelum. South of Pir Panjal is the Siwalik range, comparatively much lower in
elevation and known as Jammu hills, further south there is a narrow strip of foot-hill plains
(25 km wide) merging into plains.
The altitude ranges from 366 to 7980 masl at Jammu and Nanga Parbat respectively. The
state is blessed with abundant water resource in its three major rivers viz. the Indus, the
Jhelum and the Chenab and their tributaries, which emanate from the Western Himalayas
and flow through the state. These snows fed rivers and their tributaries carry copious
discharge all the year round, which can be exploited for power generation. Roads and other
communication networks connect all the river basins and valleys.
The identified hydropower generation potential of the state is 18200 MW, being about
21.7% of the total hydel potential of the country i.e. 84044 MW, out of which only around
2318.70 MW stand harnessed so far. The balance potential (85.7%), if harnessed
expeditiously in a judicious and eco-friendly manner, can provide adequate resources to the
state to promote its development activities. The basin wise total hydropower potential
identified including their operation shown in Table 1.11.
Table 1.11 : Basin-wise Hydro Potential and Development
Sl. No.
Name of Basin
1.
2.
3.
4.
Jhelum
Chenab
Indus
Ravi
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Hydro-power Potential, MW
Identified
Developed
3560
10360
2060
2220
18200
732.60
1563.80
13.30
9.00
2318.70
21
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
The break-up of the commissioned schemes in the state and the central sector is presented
under Table 1.12.
Table 1.12 : Basin-wise Hydropower Development
Sl. No.
Name of HEP
Configuration
Installed Capacity (MW)
Lower Jhelum
3 x 35
105.00
2.
Upper Sindh-I
2 x 11.3
22.60
3.
Ganderbal
2 x 3 + 2 x 4.5
15.00
4.
Upper Sindh-II
3 x 35
105.00
5.
Pahalgam
2 x 1.5
3.00
6.
Karnah
A. State Sector
Jhelum Basin
1.
2x1
Sub-Total
2.00
252.60
Chenab Basin
1.
Chenani-I
5 x 4.66
23.30
2.
Chenani-II
2x1
2.00
3.
Chenani-III
3 x 2.5
7.50
4.
Bhaderwah
2 x 0.5
1.00
5.
Baglihar
3 x 150
450.00
Sub-Total
483.80
Ravi Basin
1.
Sewa-III
3x3
Sub-Total
9.00
9.00
Indus Basin
1.
Iqbal
3 x 1.25
3.75
2.
Hunder
2 x 0.2
0.40
3.
Sumoor
2 x 0.05
0.10
4.
Igo-mercellong
2 x 1.50
3.00
5.
Haftal
2 x 0.5
1.00
6.
Marpachoo
3 x 0.25
0.75
7.
Bazgo
2 x 0.15
0.30
8.
Stakna
2x2
4.00
Sub-Total
13.30
Total State Sector
758.70
B. Central Sector
1.
Salal
6 x 115
690.00
2.
Uri-I
4 x 120
480.00
3.
Dul-Hasti
3 x 130
390.00
Total Central Sector
1560.00
Grand Total (A) + (B)
2318.70
Basin-wise break-up of the upcoming and the projects taken up for development in state/
central sector is shown in Table 1.13 and Table 1.14 respectively.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
22
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Table 1.13 : Upcoming Hydroelectric Projects
Sl. No.
A. State Sector
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Name of HEP
Installed Capacity (MW)
Baglihar-II
Pahalgaon (3rd Unit)
Matchil
Baderwah (3rd Unit)
Sanjak
450.00
1.50
0.35
0.50
1.26
Sub-Total (A)
B. Central Sector
1.
Uri-II
2.
Sewa-II
3.
Nimo Bazgo
4.
453.61
240.00
120.00
45.00
Chutak
44.00
Sub-Total (B)
449.00
Grand Total (A) + (B)
1002.61
Table 1.14 : Hydro-Electric Projects Taken-up for Development
Sl. No.
Name of HEP
A. State Sector
1.
Swalikot I & II
2.
Lower Kalnai
3.
Kirthai-I
4.
Kirthai-II
5.
Kiru
6.
Rattle
7.
Kawar
8.
Parnai
9.
New Ganderbal
B. Central Sector
1.
Pakal Dul
2.
Bursar
3.
Kishan ganga
4.
Ujh Multipurpose Project
Name of Basin
Estimated
Capacity
(MW)
Chenab
Chenab
Chenab
Chenab
Chenab
Chenab
Chenab
Jhelum
Jhelum
Sub-total (A)
1200.00
48.00
390.00
930.00
600.00
690.00
520.00
37.50
93.00
4508.50
Chenab
Chenab
Jhelum
Ravi
Sub-Total (B)
Grand Total (A) + (B)
1000.00
1020.00
330.00
280.00
2630.00
7138.50
1.4.2. Hydro Power Potential of Chenab Basin
In view of the Chenab, which has its genesis in the confluence of the Chandra and the Bhaga,
which emanates from the opposite faces of Bara lacha Pass in Lahul and Spiti part of the
Zaskar range and flow through Himachal Pradesh before entering Jammu and Kashmir State,
the hydro potential of the river has been studied in toto. The hydro-power potential of
Chandrabhaga or Chenab draining about 7844 sq. km upper catchment of Chenab, lying in
Himachal Pradesh, has been estimated as 2728.30 MW out of which 5.30 MW has so far
been harnessed in state sector through throat HEP (4.50 MW) and four other micro hydel
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
23
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
schemes. The balance potential of 2723 MW, in respect of 15 other identified schemes, is
proposed to be developed in private sector.
The hydro-power potential of the Chenab and its tributaries has been assessed as 10360
MW out of which 1563.80 MW stand harnessed. The total hydro-power potential of the
Chenab and its tributaries in the two states and its utilization is shown in Table 1.15, which
reveals that only 12% identified potential has been harnessed thus far.
Table 1.15 : Hydro-Power Potential of the Chenab Basin
Sl. No.
Name of State
1.
Himachal Pradesh
Identified
Potential (MW)
2728.30
2.
Jammu & Kashmir
10360.00
1563.80
15.09
13088.30
1569.10
12
Total
1.5.
Capacity Utilized
(MW)
5.30
% Utilization
1.94
Cascade Development of Hydro Power in Chenab Basin
The Chenab, in its 535 km long journey from source to the international border with
Pakistan, flows through high cliffs except for a small river stretch between Reasi and
Akhnoor, where it flows through flat terrain. The main river and the several tributaries
contributing to it have their origin in glaciated areas, are therefore, perennial in nature and
flow with copious discharge around the year. The main Chenab, having its course mostly cut
through deep gorges and steep bed slope due to altitudinal variation of 5350 m in its bed
level within its course in India coupled with enormous discharge, presents umpteen
locations for cascade development of hydro-power within the ambit and frame work of the
existing Indus Water Treaty, 1960, signed between India and Pakistan. With a view to
harness the enormous power potential of the river, Chenab Coordination Committee was
constituted to identify the potential hydro-electric schemes within the constraints laid down
in the Indus Water Treaty, in general, and the proviso set out under Annexure ‘D’ and ‘D’ of
the Article III of the Treaty, the former enunciates the major design aspects whereas the
latter deals with the provisions regarding storage capacity of water on the Western Rivers
elucidated in Table 1.16.
Table 1.16 : Storage Limitations Imposed by the IWT
Sl.
No.
River System
1.
2.
The Indus
The Jhelum (excluding the
Jhelum Main)
The Jhelum main
3.
4.
5.
The Chenab (excluding the
Chenab Main)
The Chenab Main
General Storage
Capacity (millionacre feet)
0.25
0.50
Power Storage
Capacity (millionacre feet)
0.15
0.25
Flood Storage
Capacity (millionacre feet)
Nil
0.75
Nil
Nil
0.50
0.60
As provided in
paragraph
Nil
Nil
0.60
Nil
The Coordination Committee, after having identify 14 (fourteen) major schemes, entrusted
the ambitious task of investigation of 06 (six) schemes to CWC, New Delhi, 03 (three) and 05
(five) to J & K and Himachal Pradesh respectively. The schemes delineated for the cascade
development of the power in the Chenab basin with their preset status, have been
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
24
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
enumerated in Table 1.17 and schematic view of the cascade of hydropower development is
manifested in Figure 1.1.
Table 1.17 : Cascade of identified Hydropower Project in Chenab Basin
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Hydro Project
Chhatru (120 MW)
Telling (69 MW)
Khoksar (90 MW)
Gyspa (240 MW)
Tandi (150 MW)
Rasil (150 MW)
Bardang (114 MW)
Miyar (120 MW)
Tinget (81 MW)
Pa tarn (60 MW)
Seli (400 MW)
Reoli-Dugli (420 MW)
Purthi (300 MW)
Sachkhas (149 MW)
Dugar (236 MW)
Shou (230 MW)
S. No.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Hydro Project
Barinium (240 MW)
Kirthai-I (390 MW)
Bhutnallah (338 MW)
Kirthai-ll (930 MW)
Naunatoo-Naigad (400 MW)
Kiru (600 MW)
Kwar (520 MW)
Dulhasti (390 MW) - commissioned
Pakul Dul (1000 MW)
Bursar (1020 MW)
Ratle (850 MW)
Lower Kalnai (48 MW)
Baglihar I & II (450 + 450 MW) -Stage I
commissioned
Swalkot (1200 MW)
Salal (690 MW) - commissioned
Figure 1.1 : Cascade Development of Hydropower
1.6.
Necessity & Justification for Implementing the Project
Comparing the projected growth of peak demand and anticipated increase in the generating
capacity based on new projects proposed and/or under construction / consideration during
12th and 13th Five Year Plans, it is evident that there is a dire need to provide additional
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
25
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
power to the Northern Grid to meet the increasing demand of power. New schemes must be
taken up immediately and implemented to derive timely benefits. The most important
source of power development in the Northern region is hydroelectric power located in
Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
The demand scenario for the period 2011-2012, 2016-2017 and 2021-2022 (end of 13th FYP)
as projected by the CEA in the 17th Electric Survey Report with respect to Northern region is
presented in Table 1.10 and depicted in Figure 1.2 for the J&K State. It can be observed that
energy requirements have increased during the period 2011-2012 from 11202 GWh to
21283 GWh in 2021-22, and the peak load demand also increased from 2063 MW to 3857
MW during the same span.
Thus, there is a dire need to provide additional capacity to the state to meet the increasing
demand of the energy. Thus, new scheme has to be taken up immediately and implemented
to drive timely benefits for the local and regional development. Because, the most important
source of clean power development in the Northern region lies in the Himalayan states like
J&K for better utilization for sustainable management.
The need for the Kirthai HEP, Stage-II, installed capacity 930 MW, in the lower reach of the
Chenab Basin, which stores 10360 MW power potential being 85.7% of the total hydropower
potential of the state, has therefore been considered in context of power shortage in the
Northern region in general and in the country as whole. The project has been conceptualized
as a run-of-the-river under the ambitions cascading development programme of
hydropower in the Chenab basin, is an upstream development of the proposed Kiru HEP
(600MW) and is on the downstream of the proposed Kirthai HEP, Stage-I, installed capacity
390 MW. Thus, Kirthai HEP, Stage-II, installed capacity 930 MW, shall have 17 MCM live
storage at FRL El 1764 mamsl for the peaking purpose. It presents itself as techno-viable and
an attractive scheme for statutory clearance and development.
Figure 1.2 : Forecast of Electrical Energy and Peak Load of J&K
1.7.
Purpose of Report
The purpose of environmental impact assessment of the proposed Hydro-electric project is
to identify and evaluate the nature, magnitude and significance of the potential adverse
environmental impacts arising during construction and operation of the project and
formulation of site specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) shall for avoiding,
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
26
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
mitigating, checking the adverse impacts envisaged during EIA studies on various
environmental components during construction and operational phase of the project.
1.8.
Project Proponent
The Government of J&K established the Jammu & Kashmir State Power Development
Corporation Limited (JKSPDCL) which has been incorporated as Private limited company on
16th February 1995. The Corporation was incorporated to takeover, execute, complete,
operate and maintain all power stations and power projects of the State. The assets of all
the power projects in the State, both existing and under implementation were transferred to
the Corporation. The Corporation presently has 20 hydroelectric projects with installed
capacity of 758.70MW located in various districts of Jammu & Kashmir including 450MW
Baglihar Hydro Electric Project. In accordance with the State Hydel Policy, 2003 JKSPDC has
allotted 10 small HEPs with a total capacity of 110.50 MWs under IPP phase-I.
Towards achieving the objective of increasing the installed capacity to meet the electrical
energy and peak load requirement, JKSPDCL is engaged with development of several power
projects in various parts of the state, which inter-alia include Kirthai I HEP (390MW).
1.8.1. EIA Consultant
The task of preparation of EIA/EMP report of the project has been awarded to M/s EQMS
India Pvt. Ltd., 304-305, 3rd floor, Rishabh Corporate Tower, Community Center,
Karkardooma, Delhi-110092. The organization is accredited with NABET/ Quality Control of
India to conduct the Environment Impact Assessment Studies for river valley projects among
others (NABET/EIA//1619/SA (Annexure-I).
1.9.
Brief Description of Nature, Size, Location and Importance
1.9.1. Brief Description of Nature of Project
Project, encompassing a 121-m high concrete gravity dam, has been contemplated as a run
of the river scheme on the Chenab near Kidur,District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir. It
envisages utilization of river water through average net head of 220.62 m for generation of
annual energy of 3466.19 GWh at 90% dependability, through an underground powerhouse
(6x140MW) to be located on the left bank of the Chenab and auxiliary power house of
90MW on right bank.
1.9.2.
Sector Classification
As regards the hydroelectric power generation, the project activities are covered under river
valley project S.N.I(c)(i).
1.9.3. Size of Project
As regards the hydroelectric power generation, the project activities are covered under river
valley project S.N.I(c)(i) and projects with threshold limit >50 MW hydroelectric power
generation are categorized as ‘A”. In so far as hydroelectric power generation from the
project shall 930 MW ,it falls under project category “A”.
In terms of IS 11223-1985 the dam comes under the category of ‘Larger Dams’ because its
height is more than 30m.
1.9.4. Location
The proposed diversion dam on the Chenab shall be located near kidur about 13.5 km d/s of
Gulabgarh in Tehsil Paddar District of Kishtwar of Jammu & Kashmir .
1.9.5. Importance of Project to the Country/Region
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
27
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
The importance for the Kirthai HEP, Stage-II, installed capacity 930 MW, in the lower reach
of the Chenab basin, has been considered in context of power shortage in the Northern
region in general and in the country as whole.
1.10. Site Description
1.10.1. History
It is a green field project and shall be developed as intervention on Chenab river (as a
cascade development for harnessing unutilised hydro power potential of the river.
1.10.2. Topography
The project and the study area lie in Lesser Himalayas, while, a big portion of the free
draining catchment lies in Greater Himalayas.
1.10.3. Geological Setup and Seismicity
All the components of the project are located on the Pias Granite which is intruded within
the Kishtwar Window. The Kishtwar Window is a conspicuous structural element of Higher
Himalaya. It exposes Dul Quartzite enveloped by Salkhala Formation. As per seismic zoning
map of India (IS 1893:2002), the project falls within Zone IV.
1.10.4. Archaeological / Religious / Historical Monuments
No archaeological monument of national importance either lies in the project area or in its
submergence area. There is also no structure of national heritage in the area.
1.10.5. Sensitive Area
No National Park, Sanctuary, Defense Establishments, Archeological Monuments, Notified
Eco-sensitive areas or protected area under Wildlife (Protection) Act exists within the project
area or within 15 km distance from it. The description of sensitive ecological Features and
receptors is given in Table 1.18.
Table 1.18 : Key Environmental Sensitive Receptors
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Sensitive Ecological Features
National Park/Wildlife Sanctuary
Tiger Reserve/Elephant Reserve
Core Zone of Biosphere Reserve
Stream/Rivers
Estuary/Sea
Mangroves
Mountains/Hills
Notified Archaeological sites
Industries/Thermal Power Plants
Defense Installation
Airports
Railway Lines
National Highway/State Highway
Nearest School
Nearest Hospital
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Name
Kishtwar N.P.
None
None
Chenab
None
None
Western Himalayas
None
None
None
Jammu
Udhampur
NH-1 B
Primary Gulabgarh
PHC Atholi
Aerial Distance
(km.) from
project
boundary
22
0.00 km
315
255
65
4.0
10.0
28
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
1.11. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
The emerging environmental scenario calls for requisite attention on conservation and
proper use of natural resources and development without destruction. There is a need to
integrate the environmental consequences of the development activities and to planning
suitable mitigation measures in order to ensure sustainable development in the region. The
environmental considerations in any development process have become a necessity for
achieving sustainable development. To achieve these goals, the Govt. of India, Ministry of
Environment & Forests, and the state of J & K has enacted Acts, Legislations, Guidelines and
Standards from time to time in this context.
The regulation of environmental acts, legislation, guidelines and standards is the
responsibility of different government agencies. The principal environmental regulatory
agency in India is the Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Delhi. MoEFCC formulates
environmental policies and accords environmental clearances for different projects. The
important environmental legislations as applicable in J & K are given in Table 1.19.
Table 1.19 : Key Environmental Legislations
Name
Scope and Objective
Key Areas
Water
(Prevention
and
Control
of
Pollution) Act, 1974
To provide for the
prevention and control
of water pollution and
enhancing the quality of
water
To provide for the
prevention and control
of air pollution
To
consolidate
acquisition of common
property such as forests,
halt
India’s
rapid
deforestation
and
resulting environmental
degradation
Control sewage and
industrial
effluent
discharges
Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution)
Act, 1982
Forest (Conservation)
Act, 1997
Control emissions of
air pollutants
State Pollution Control
Board
State Government
Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1978
To protect wildlife
Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986
To provide for the
protection
and
improvement
of
environment
Regulates access to
natural
resources,
state has a monopoly
right
over
land,
categories
forests,
restriction on dereservation and using
forest for non-forest
purpose
Creates
protected
areas (national parks /
sanctuaries) categories
of wildlife which are
protected
An
umbrella
legislation,
supplements pollution
laws
EIA Notification 14th
Sep 2006 and its
amendments
Ancient Monuments
and
Archaeological
sites & Remain Act,
1958
Environment
Assessment
Environmental
Protection
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Impact
To
protect
ancient
monuments of national
heritage / importance
Operational Agencies
/ Key Players
State Pollution Control
Boards
Conservation
of
cultural and historical
remains found in India
Wildlife
Advisory
Boards, Central zoo
Authorities
Central government
nodal agency, MoEFCC
can delegate powers
to state departments
of environment
Project Development,
State and Central
Government
Archaeological Survey
of India
29
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Solid
Wastes
Management Rules,
2016
Hazardous&
other
Wastes (Management
&Transboundary
Movement)
Rules
,2016.
Biomedical
Waste
(Management
&
Handling) Rules ,2016
Biological
Act, 2002
Diversity
International
Environmental
(regulation in which
India is a signatory)
J&K Land Acquisition
Act,1990.
Right
to
Compensation
Transparency in
Acquisition,
Rehabilitation
Resettlement
2013
Fair
and
Land
and
Act,
To provide rules for
collection,
storage,
segregation,
transportation,
processing and disposal
of
municipal
solid
wastes
Health and safety
Assessment
of
generation of solid
waste materials &
management
technique.
Central and State
Pollution
Control
Board
Assessment
of
hazardous materials
and management
Central and State
Pollution
Control
Board
Health and safety
Assessment
of
biomedical
waste
materials
and
management
Disclosure of species
survey or collection
activities
to
the
National Biodiversity
Authority
International
environmental issues
such as emission of
greenhouse gases
For determining the
amount
of
compensation to be
made on account of
such acquisition.
Central and State
Pollution
Control
Board
Fair compensation to
the assets acquired
and
proper
rehabilitation
and
resettlement of PAFs
with improvement in
post-acquisition social
and economic status
Central and
Government
Biodiversity
conservation
Control and reduction of
greenhouse gases
To expedite the process
for the acquisition of
land, needed for public
purposes, within the
territories
comprising
the Jammu and Kashmir
State
The new legislation will
guide
all
land
acquisitions of central
and state governments,
bringing
in
stricter
norms and increasing
landowners’
compensation
significantly.
MoEFCC, New Delhi
and
State
Forest
Departments
Govt. of India
J&K
State
Kirthai HEP, Stage-II, having installed capacity of 930 MW is a river valley project falling
under project category with threshold limit “A”, and as such the environmental clearance
shall have to be sought from the MoEFCC.
1.12. Scoping of the Project
In consonance with the provision under section-6 of the MoEFCC notification, dated 14th
September 2006, the project proponent moved an application, to the MoEFCC, in the
prescribed Form-I duly filled along a copy of the DPR of the project. The proposal was
considered by the EAC in its 63rd meeting held on 1st February 2013. The MoEF issued ToR
vide letter no. J-12011/6/2012-IA-1, dated 5th June 2013 (Annexure-II).
1.13. Compliance of the ToR
The point wise compliance of the ToR made-out in Table 1.20.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
30
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Table 1.20 : Compliance of ToR
Point
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Comment
Baseline Data
Geological and Geophysical Aspects and Seismo-Tectonics:
• Physical Geography, Topography, Regional Geological aspects
and structure of the catchment.
• Tectonics, Seismicity and History of past earthquakes in the area.
A site-specific study of earthquake parameters will be done. The
results of the site-specific earthquake design shall be sent for
approval of the NCSDP (National Committee of Seismic design
parameters, Central Water Commission, New Delhi for large
dams.
• Landslide zone or area prone to landslide existing in the study
area should be examined.
• Presence of important economic mineral deposit, if any.
• Justification for location & execution of the project in relation to
structural components (dam height).
• Impact of project on geological environment.
Meteorology, Air and Noise
• Meteorology (viz., Temperature, Relative Humidity, wind
speed/direction etc.) to be collected from nearest IMD station.
• Ambient Air Quality with parameters viz., Suspended Particulate
Matter (SPM), Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM)
i.e., suspended particulate materials <10-microns, Sulphur
Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), in the study area at 06
locations.
• Existing noise levels and traffic density in the study area at 06
locations.
Soil Characteristics
• Soil classification, physical parameters (viz., texture, porosity,
bulk density and water holding capacity) and chemical
parameters (viz. pH, electrical conductivity,
Magnesium, calcium, total alkalinity, chlorides, sodium, potassium,
organic carbon, available potassium, available phosphorus, SAR,
nitrogen and salinity, etc.,) (at 6 locations).
Remote sensing and GIS Studies
• • Generation of thematic maps viz., slope map, drainage map,
soil map, land use and land cover map, etc. Based on these,
thematic maps, an erosion intensity map should be prepared.
Water Quality
• History of the ground water table fluctuation in the study area.
• Water quality for both surface water and ground water for
(i)Physical parameters'(pH, temperature, electrical conductivity,
TSS);
(ii)Chemical parameters (Alkalinity, Hardness, BOD, COD, NO2,
PO4, CI, SO4, Na, K, Ca Mg, Silica, Oil & Grease, phenolic
compounds, residual sodium carbonate);
(iii) Bacteriological parameters (MPN, Total coliforms) and (iv)
Heavy Metals (Pb, As, Hg, cd, cr-6, total Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe) (6
locations).
• Delineation of sub and micro-watersheds, their locations and
extent based on the All India Soil and Land Use Survey of India
(AISLUS), Department of Agriculture, Government of India.
Erosion levels in each micro-watershed and prioritization of
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Compliance
Section 3.4.1,3.4.2,
3.4.4
Section 3.4.5 & 3.4.6
3.4.3,
Section 10.7.3
Section 3.4.9
Section 5.4.5
Section 4.2.4
Section 3.5.1 through 3.5.4
Section 3.5.5
Section 3.5.6 and 3.5.7
Section 3.6
Fig. 10.1.3 through 10.1.6
Section 3.8.15
Section 3.7
Section 10.1.4 and 10.1.9.1
31
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Point
No.
B
C
Comment
micro-watershed through silt yield index (SYI) method of AISLUS.
Water Environment & Hydrology
• Hydro-Meteorology of the project viz. precipitation (snowfall,
rainfall), temperature, relative humidity, etc. Hydrometeorological studies in the catchment area should be
established along-with real time telemetry and data acquisition
system for inflows monitoring.
• Run-off, discharge, water availability for the project,
sedimentation rate, etc.
• Basin characteristic’s
• Catastrophic events like cloud bursts and flash floods, if any,
should be documented.
• For estimation of Sedimentation Rate, direct sampling of river
flow is to be done during the EIA study. The study should be
conducted for minimum one year. Actual silt flow rate to be
expressed in ha-m km2 year-I.
• Set-up a G&D monitoring station and a few rain gauges stations
in the catchment area for collecting data during the
investigation.
• Flow series, 10 daily with 90%, 75% and 50% dependable years
discharges.
• Information on the 10-daily flow basis for the 90% dependable
year the flow intercepted at the dam, the flow diverted to the
powerhouse and the spill comprising the environmental flow
and additional flow towards downstream of the dam for the
project may be given.
• The minimum environmental flow shall be 20% of the flow of
four consecutive lean months of 90% dependable year, 30% of
the average monsoon flow.
• The flow for remaining months shall be in between 20-30%,
depending on the site-specific requirements. A site-specific study
shall be carried out by an expert organization.
• Hydrological studies/data as approved by CWC shall be utilized
in the preparation of EIA/EMP report. Actual hydrological annual
yield may also be given in the report.
• Sedimentation data available with CWC may be used to find out
the loss in storage over the years.
• A minimum of 1.0-km distance from the tip of the reservoir to
the tail race tunnel should be maintained between upstream and
downstream projects.
Biological Environment
Besides primary studies, review of secondary data/literature
published for project area on flora & fauna including RET species shall
be reported in EIA/EMP report.
Compliance
Section 3.8.1.3
Section 3.8.4
Section 3.8.1 & 3.8.2
Section 3.8.9
Section 3.8.6
Section 3.8.4
Section 3.8.5 and 3.8.6
Section3.8.4.2 & Table 3.29
Section 3.8.8 & Table 3.35 and
Table 3.37
Section 3.8.8 & Table 3.36
Table 3.30
Section 3.8.6
Section 5.4.4
Section 3.9.1 through 3.9.3
Flora:
• Characterization of forest types (as per Champion and Seth
method) in the study area and extent of each forest type as per
the Forest Working Plan.
• Documentation of all plant species i.e. Angiosperm,
Gymnosperm, Pteridophytes, Bryophytes (all groups).
• General vegetation profile and floral diversity covering all groups
of flora including lichens and orchids. A species wise list may be
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
32
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Point
No.
Comment
provided.
Assessment of plant species with respect to dominance, density,
frequency, abundance, diversity index, similarity index,
importance value index (IVD, Shannon Weiner index etc. of the
species to be provided. Methodology used for calculating various
diversity indices along with details of locations of quadrates, size
of quadrates etc. to be reported within the study area in
different ecosystems.
• Existence of National park, Sanctuary, Biosphere Reserve etc. in
the study area, if, any, should be detailed.
• Economically important species like medicinal plants, timber,
fuel wood etc.
• Details of endemic species found in the project area.
• Flora under RET categories should be documented using
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources (IUCN) criteria and Botanical Survey of India's Red
Data list along-with economic significance. Species diversity
curve for RET species should be given.
• Cropping pattern and Horticultural practices in the study area.
Fauna:
Fauna study and inventorisation should be carried out for all groups of
animals in the study area. Their present status along with Schedule of
the species.
• Documentation of fauna plankton (Phyto and zooplankton),
periphyton, benthos and fish should be done and analyzed.
• Information (authenticated) on Avi-fauna and wildlife in the
study area.
• Status of avifauna their resident/ migratory/ passage migrants
etc.
• Documentation of butterflies, if any, found in the area.
• Details of endemic species found in the project area.
• RET species-voucher specimens should be collected along-with
GPS readings to facilitate rehabilitation. RET faunal species to be
classified as per IUCN Red Data list and as per different schedule
of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
• Existence of barriers and corridors, if any, for wild animals.
• Compensatory afforestation to compensate the green belt area
that will be removed, if any, as part of the proposed project
development and loss of biodiversity.
• Collection of primary data on agricultural activity, crop and their
productivity and irrigation facilities components.
• For categorization of sub-catchment into various erosion classes
and for the consequent CAT plan, the entire catchment (Indian
Portion) is to be considered and not only the directly the
draining catchment.
Aquatic Ecology
• Documentation of aquatic fauna like macro-invertebrates,
zooplankton, Phyto-planktons, benthos etc.
• Fish and fisheries, their migration and breeding grounds.
• Fish diversity composition and maximum length & weight of the
measured populations to be studied for estimation of
environmental flow.
• Conservation status of aquatic fauna.
• Sampling for aquatic ecology and fisheries and fisheries must be
Compliance
•
D
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Section 3.9.4 and 3.9.6
Section 3.9.5
33
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Point
No.
E
7
Comment
conducted during three seasons-Pre-monsoon (summer),
monsoon and winter. Sizes (length & weight) of important fish
species need to be collected and breeding and feeding grounds
should also be identified along the project site or in vicinity.
Socio-economic
• Collection of baseline data on human settlements, health status
of the community and existing infrastructure facilities for social
welfare including sources of livelihood, job opportunities and
safety and security of workers and surroundings population.
• Collection of information with respect to social awareness about
the developmental activity in the area and social welfare
measures existing and proposed by project Proponent.
• Collection of information on sensitive habitat of historical,
cultural and religious and ecological importance.
• The socio-economic survey/ profile within 10 km of the study
area for demographic profile; Economic Structure;
Developmental Profile; Agricultural Practices; Infrastructure,
education facilities; health and sanitation facilities; available
communication network etc.
• Documentation of demographic, Ethnographic, Economic
Structure and development profile of the area.
• Information on Agricultural Practices, Cultural and aesthetic
sites, Infrastructure facilities etc.
• Information on the dependence of the local people on minor
forest produce and their cattle grazing rights in the forest land.
• List of all the Project Affected Families with their name, age,
educational qualification, family size, sex, religion, caste, Sources
of income, land & house holdings, other properties, occupation,
source of income, house/land to be acquired for the project and
house/land left with the family, any other property, possession
of cattle, type of house etc.
• Special attention has to be given to vulnerable groups like
women, aged persons etc. and to any ethnic/indigenous groups
that are getting affected by the project.
Impact Prediction and Mitigation Measures
The adverse impact due to the proposed project should be assessed
and effective mitigation steps to abate these impacts should be
described.
Air Environment
• Changes in ambient and ground level concentrations due to total
emissions from point, line and area sources.
• Effect on soil, material, vegetation and human health.
• Impact of emissions from DG set used for power during the
construction, if any, on air environment.
• Pollution due to fuel combustion in equipment and vehicles
• Fugitive emissions from various sources
Water Environment
• Changes in surface and ground water quality.
• Steps to develop pisci-culture and recreational facilities
• Changes in hydraulic regime and downstream flow.
• Water pollution due to disposal of sewage
• water pollution from labor colonies/ camps and washing
equipment.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Compliance
Section 3.10
Section 4.3.2
Section 4.3.3
Section 4.3.4
Section 4.3.5
Section 4.3.6
Section 4.4.1
Section 4.4.2
Section 4.5.1
Section 4.5.9
Section 4.5.10
34
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Point
No.
Comment
Land Environment
• Adverse impact on land stability, catchment of soil erosion,
reservoir sedimentation and spring flow (if any) (a) due to
considerable
road
construction/widening
activity
(b)
interference of reservoir with the inflowing stream (c) blasting
for commissioning of HRT, TRT and some other structures.
• Changes in land use / land cover and drainage pattern
• Immigration of labour population
• Quarrying operation and muck disposal
• Changes in land quality including effects of waste disposal. •
River bank and their stability
• Impact due to submergence.
Biological Environment:
• Impact on forests, flora, fauna including wildlife, migratory avifauna rare and endangered species, medicinal plants etc.
• Pressure on existing natural resources.
• Deforestation and disturbance to wildlife, habitat fragmentation
and wild animal's migratory corridors.
• Compensatory afforestation-identification of suitable native tree
species for compensatory afforestation and green belt.
• Impact on fish migration and habitat degradation due to
decreased flow of water.
• Impact on breeding and nesting grounds of animals and fish.
Socio-economic Aspects:
• Impact on local community including demographic profile.
• Impact on socio-economic status.
• Impact on economic status.
•
8
i)
Impact on human health due to water / water borne disease •
Impact on increase traffic.
• Impact on Holy Places and Tourism.
• Impacts of blasting activity during project construction which
generally destabilize the land mass and leads to landslides,
damage to properties and drying-up of natural springs and cause
noise pollution will be studied. Proper record shall be
maintained of the baseline information in the post project
period.
• Positive and negative impacts likely to be accrued due to the
project are listed.
Environmental Management Plans
Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan should be prepared microwatershed wise. Identification of free draining/ directly draining
catchment based upon Remote Sensing and Geographical Information
System (GIS) methodology and Sediment Yield Index (SYI) Method of
AISLUS, Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of India coupled with ground
survey. Areas or watersheds falling under 'very severe' and 'severe'
erosion categories should be provided and required to be treated.
Both biological as well as engineering measures should be proposed in
consultation with State Forest Department for areas requiring
treatment. Year-wise schedule of work and monetary allocation
should be provided. Mitigation measures to check shifting cultivation
in the catchment area with provision for alternative and better
agricultural practices should be included.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Compliance
Section 4.2.2& 4.2.7
Section 4.2.1
Section 4.2.5
Section 4.2.3
Section 4.2.4
Section 4.2.5
Section 4.2.6
Section 4.6 through 4.9
Section 4.11.1
Section 4.11.2
Section 4.11.3
Section 4.11.4
Section 4.11.5
Section 4.11.6 &4.10
Section 4.11.12
Section 10.1
35
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Point
No.
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
Comment
Compensatory Afforestation shall be prepared by the State Forest
Department in lieu of the forest land proposed to be diverted for
construction of the project as per the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
Choice of plants for afforestation should include native and RET
species, if any. This will be a part of the forest clearance proposal.
Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation and Management Plan for the
conservation and preservation of rare, endangered or endemic
floral/faunal species or some National Park/Sanctuary/Biosphere
Reserve or other protected area is going to get affected directly or
indirectly by construction of the project then suitable conservation
measures should be prepared in consultation with the State Forest
Department and with the physical and financial details. Suitable
conservation techniques (in-situ/ex-situ) will be proposed under the
plan and the areas where such conservation is proposed will be
marked on a project layout map.
Fisheries Conservation and Management Plan-a specific fisheries
management measures should be prepared for river and reservoir. If
the construction of fish ladder/ fish-way etc. is not feasible then
measures for reservoir fisheries will be proposed. The plan will detail
out the number of hatcheries, nurseries, rearing ponds etc. proposed
under the plan with proper drawings. If any migratory fish species is
getting affected then the migratory routes, time/season of upstream
and downstream migration, spawning grounds etc. will be discussed
in details.
Resettlement & Rehabilitation Plan needed to be prepared on the
basis of findings of the socio-economic survey coupled with the
outcome of public consultation held. The R&R package shall be
prepared after consultation with the representatives of the project
affected families and the State Government. Detailed budgetary
estimates are to be provided.
Resettlements site should be identified. The plan will also incorporate
community development strategies.
Green Belt Development Plan along the periphery of the reservoir,
approach roads around the colonies and other project components,
local plant species must be suggested with physical and financial
details. A layout map showing the proposed sites for developing the
green belt should be prepared.
Reservoir Rim Treatment Plan for stabilization of land slide / Iand slip
zones, if any, around the reservoir periphery is to be prepared based
on detailed survey of geology of the reservoir rim area. Suitable
engineering and biological measures for treatment of identified slip
zones to be suggested with physical and financial Schedule. Layout
map showing the landslide/landslip zones shall be prepared and
appended in the chapter.
Mick Disposal PIan suitable sites for dumping of excavated materials
should be identified in consultation with State Pollution Control Board
and State Forest Department. All muck disposal sites should be
minimum 30-m away from the HFL of river. The quantity of muck to
be generated and the quantity of muck proposed to be utilized shall
be calculated in consultation with the project authorities. Details of
each dumping site viz. area, capacity, total quantity of muck that can
be dumped etc. should be worked out and discussed in the plan. Plan
for rehabilitation of muck disposal sites should also be given. The Lsection / cross section of muck disposal site-s and approach roads
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Compliance
Section 10.2
Section 10.3
Section 10.4
Section 10.5
Section 10.6
Section 10.7
Section 10.8
36
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Point
No.
ix)
x)
xi)
xii)
xiii)
xiv)
xv)
xvi)
xvii)
xviii)
xix)
Comment
should be given. The plan shall have physical and financial details of
the measures proposed. Layout map showing the dumping sites vis-avis other project components will be prepared and appended in the
chapter.
Restoration Plan for Quarry Sites and landscaping of colony areas,
working areas, roads etc. Details of the coarse/fine aggregate clay etc.
required for construction of the project and the rock/clay
quarries/river shoal sites identified for the project should be
discussedal6ng-with the Engineering and Biological measures
proposed for the restoration with physical and financial details.
Layout map showing quarry sites vis-a-vis other project components
should be prepared.
Dam Break Analysis and Disaster Management Plan The outputs of
dam break model should be illustrated with appropriate graphs and
maps clearly bringing out the impact of Dam Break scenario. To
identify inundation areas, population and structures likely to be
affected due to catastrophic floods in the event of dam failure. DMP
will be prepared with the help of Dam Break Analysis. Maximum
water level that would be attained' at various points on the
downstream in case of dam break will be marked on a detailed
contour map of the downstream area, to show the extent of
inundation. The action plan will include Emergency Action and
Management plan including measures like preventive action
notification, warning procedure and action plan for co-ordination with
various authorities.
Water, Air and Noise Management Plans to be implemented during
construction and post construction periods.
Public Health Delivery Plan including the provisions of drinking water
supply for local population shall be in the EIA/EMP Report.
Status of the existing medical facilities in the project area shall be
discussed. Possibilities of strengthening of existing medical facilities,
construction of new medical infrastructure etc. will be explored after
assessing the need of the labour force and local populace.
Labour Management Plan for their Health and Safety.
Sanitation and Solid-waste management plan for domestic waste
from colonies and labour camps etc.
CER PIan to be formulated in consultation with the Revenue officials,
and Village Panchayats. Appropriate schemes shall be prepared under
EMP for the Local Area Development Plan with sufficient financial
provisions
Environmental Safeguards during construction activities including
Road Construction.
Energy Conservation Measures for the work force during construction
with physical and financial details. Alternatives will be proposed for
the labour force so that the exploitation of the natural resource
(wood) for the domestic and commercial use is curbed.
Environmental Monitoring Programme-to monitor the migratory
measures implemented at the project site is required will be
prepared. Provision for Environment Management Cell should be
made. The plan will spell out the aspects required to be monitored,
monitoring indicators/parameters with respect to each aspect and the
agency responsible for the monitoring of that aspect throughout the
project implementation.
A Summary of Cost Estimates for all the plans, cost for implementing
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Compliance
Section 10.9
Section 10.10
Section 10.11
Section 10.12
Section 10.13
Section 10.14
Section 10.15
Section 10.16
Section 10.17
Chapter-6
Section 10.18
37
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Point
No.
Comment
Compliance
all the Environmental Management Plans.
1.14. Structure of Report
Generic structure of environmental impact assessment Document as mentioned in
Appendix-III of EIA Notification, dated 14.9.2006, has been followed and report has been
compiled in one volume.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
38
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
CHAPTER 2.
2.1.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Introduction
The project, a green field project, is an intervention in Chenab river for harnessing vast
power potential of river for generation of hydro power by diverting water from dam into
water conductor system and utilizing the available/regulated discharge and available head at
powerhouse.
2.2.
Need of Project
The need for the Kirthai HEP, Stage-II, installed capacity 930 MW, in the lower reach of the
Chenab Basin, which stores 10360 MW power potential being 85.7% of the total hydropower
potential of the state, has therefore been considered in context of power shortage in the
Northern region in general and in the country as whole.
2.3.
Project Location
The project is in Tehsil Paddar; with headquarter at Atholi, of newly created district of
Kishtwar of Jammu & Kashmir. The proposed diversion dam on the Chenab shall be located
near Kidur about 13.5 km downstream of Gulabgarh at longitude 760 04’ 37” E and latitude
330 18’ 41” N. The underground powerhouse shall be located on left bank of the Chenab
near Lidrari Nalla. The project site is accessible by NH-1A up to Batote and beyond it up to
Kishtwar by NH–1B and then up to Gulabgargh by black topped road being manned by the
BRO who are entrusted with the work of connecting this highway with Himachal Pradesh
through Pangi valley. The location map of the project is shown in Figure 2.1.
R
GA
INA
SR
KIRTHAI PROJECT
STAGE - II
RI
N
R-
IND
US
N
KIRTHAI
H.E.PROJECT
STAGE -I
KI
YE
R
N
TO
KIRTHAI
H.E.PROJECT
STAGE
-II
JAMMU & KASHMIR
AKH
NOO
R
CHIN
AB R
IVER
MANAW
ART TA
MI
CHENAB
PULWAMA
BARAMULLA
R - JHELUM
KARGIL
LEH
URI
DODA
REASI
VAISHNO DEVI
BATOTE
PREMNAGAR
BHADERWAH
UDHAMPURI
UR
KID
KISHTWAR
TAW
I RIV
ER
H.P
MANAWART TAMI
LADAKH
KUPWARA
JAMMU & KASHMIR
POONCH
JAMMU
ANANTNAG
DODA
TO
KIRTHAI
N
A
AG
BH
REASI
JAMMU
PAKISTAN
RA
VI
-R
CH
AM
BA
-N
ONG
KEYL
KIK
SA
R
US
ND
-I
RYA
MA
UDHAMPUR
R
CH
EN
AB
RIV
ER
KISHWAR
PA
TH
AN
KO
T
CHAN
DRA
NAHA
LI
KULL
U
HIMACHAL PRADESH
PUNJAB
AJ SUTL
R
INDEX LOCATION PLAN OF KIRTHAI H.E. PROJECTS STAGE - II
Figure 2.1 : Location Map of the Project
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
39
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
2.4.
Project Description
Kirthai HEP, Stage-II, has been contemplated as a run of the river scheme on the Chenab. It
envisages utilization of river water through average net head of 225.0 m for generation of
annual energy of 3159.72 MU at 90% dependability, through an underground powerhouse
(6X140MW) to be located on the left bank of the Chenab near Lidrari Nalla and a dam toe
power house with average net head of 99.95m for generation of annual energy of 307.19
MU, thereby resulting into an annual generation of 3466.19 MU. The project comprises of
121 m high concrete gravity dam (from deepest foundation level), with overall length 219.80
m at top i.e. El 1766 mamsl and consisting of 93 m long over flow section. The sluice
spillway, with 5 bays fitted with radial gates(9mx11.5m), with crest at El 1712.5 mamsl, has
been designed to pass the PMF of 9600 cumec. A power intake with invert level at El
1731.80 mamsl shall convey the regulated discharge four desilting chambers
(440mx19mx24.87m) which in turn are joined to four flushing tunnels/ducts (3.6mx2.5m) to
escape silt laden water into the river. Appropriate HRT manifold shall be provided from
which 10.5 m diameter 4.289 km long HRT, with invert level at the start El 1725.00 mamsl,
shall take off to convey 421.87 cumec discharge to 31.6 m diameter surge shaft connected at
its lower end to concrete lined steel liner pressure shafts (3 No,5.25m diameter,827m long),
each further bifurcating to unit penstocks to feed six number generating units of 140 MW
capacity each under average net rated head of 220.62 m and housed in an underground
power house of cavity size 187.5 m X 22 m X 49.7m on the left bank of the Chenab. The
discharge through draft tubes shall be led to the river through 10.5m diameter352.5m long
circular tunnel with average outfall at El 1530 mamsl. For dam toe powerhouse a Power
intake shall be provided in the dam block-9 to exploit the environmental flow release of
99.71 cumec at a net head of 99.43 m at the dam toe power house. The water from the
powerhouse shall be conveyed through 51m long TRC.
The reservoir FRL has been fixed at El 1764 mamsl from the consideration of submergence
alone. The Minimum Draw Down Level (MDDL) has been estimated at 1750.75 m, from
consideration of the live storage of 17 MCM, available between the proposed FRL and
MDDL, to be adequate for peaking operation of the station for about 44 hours in a week
with flows corresponding to the minimum mean discharge (MMD) and releases within the
daily volume restrictions of 50% to 130% of the corresponding daily inflows permissible
within the scope of the Indus Water Treaty. The average load factor of the operation of the
main power house during lean period would be about 10.1%% ensuring peak operation of
the power house for about 2.4 hours daily. Annual Plant Load factor of the main station
would be about 43.00%. The firm power from the project shall be118.8 MW. The power
generated will be helpful in mitigation of the power shortage in Northern Grid. The project,
proposed to be completed in five years’ time frame, shall require 2100 persons including
professionals, technical, skilled and unskilled labours during the peak construction stage. The
general layout plan of the project is shown in Figure 2.2.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
40
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
240
0
N
2700
U/S COFFER DAM
DIVERSION TUNNEL
11.25
2223
ASILT FLUSHING TUNNEL
CADIT PORTAL EL 1720.61
2500
2600
2400
2200
2100
2000
2300
2200
2550
50
19
1900
1850
1800
1750
2850
ADIT PORTAL
EL 1714.50
CONSTRUCTION ADIT 7X7M D-SHAPE L 391.5
00
22
2050
2477
ADIT TO BOTTOM OF
DESILTING CHAMBER L
-361 M
ADIT TO TOP OF
DESILTING CHAMBER
L -420 M
ACCESS TO GATE CHAMBER
L - 540.2 M EL 1768
2500
2240
H R T STARTS RD 0.0
INVERT EL 1722.50
D/S COFFER DAM
2400
2600
2600
3150
3000
2800
3030
3217
H R T MANIFOLD
POWER INTAKE
CONCRETE DAM
CH
AN
DR
A
2750
2400
ØHE
AD R
ACE
TUN
NEL
00
22
1850
BH
AG
A
23
00
O
R
G
AD
O
R
2850
0
220
2300
AXIS OF DAM
2700
240
0
245
0
4 NOS.DESILTING
CHAMBERS
4 NOS. INTAKE TUNNELS
2700
22
SHIRIR
00
26
POWER INTAKE
3200
00
2400
3300
3350
27
50
3350
2657
ACCESS TUNNEL TO TOP OF
SURGE SHAFT L 230.M
ADIT TO BOTTOM OF PS
L 317.5 M
RI
VE
R
M.A.N ACCESS TUNNEL
L 394 M
2250
ADIT PORTA
EL 1706.05
ADIT 7.0 X 7.0M D - SHAPE
L- 469.9 M
ADIT TO TOP PF P S
L - 399M
PRESSURE SHAFT 5.6 MØ
2117
TRT OUT FALL
EL 1523.00
11.250 TAIL RACE TUNNEL
CONSTRUCTION ADIT CUM VENTILATION TUNNEL
7.0X 7.0 M D - SHAPE
L- 186.53
POWER HOUSE 9142.5 M X
22 M)
TRANSFORMER VAVERN
MANTEC CONSULTANTS PVT
LTD.
GENRAL LAYOUT PLAN OF
THE KIRTHAI HEP STAGE - II
FIGURE NO.
GENRAL LAYOUT PLAN OF THE KIRTHAI HEP STAGE - II
Figure 2.2 : General Layout Plan of the Project
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
41
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
2.4.2. Salient Features
The salient features of project as contained in DPR are elucidated in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 : Salient Features
1
2
3
4
5
6
Name of the project
Location
a) Village/Tehsil
b) District
c)State/UT
d) Country
e) River Basin/River
f)Location of Head-works
(i) Longitude
(ii) Latitude
g) Location of Power House
(i) Longitude
(ii) Latitude
h) Project area reference to
i) Access to the project
Name
a) Airport
Jammu
b) Rail head
Udhampur
Hydrology
a) Catchment area at headwork site
b) Design Flood (m3/s)
c) Mean Minimum Discharge (m3/s)
Reservoir
a) Full Reservoir Level (FRL)
b) Minimum Draw Down Level (MDDL
c) Invert Level for Power Intake
d) Free board (m)
e) Live Storage/length of reservoir
Diversion Arrangement
U/S Coffer Dam
a) Height of U/S coffer dam (m)
b) EL of top (m)
D/S Coffer Dam
a) Height of D/S coffer dam
b) EL of top (m)
Diversion tunnels
a) Total number of diversion tunnels
b) Diameter of each diversion tunnel (m)
c) Length of diversion tunnel (m)/ diversion
discharge (cumec)
Dam & Spillway
Dam
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Kirthai Hydroelectric Project- II
Kirthai/Padder
Kishtwar
Unoion Territory of Jammu & Kashmir
India
Chandra Bhaga (Chenab)/Chenab
760 - 04' - 37" E
330 - 18' - 41" N
760 - 00' - 52" E
330 - 19' - 20" N
Degree Sheet SOI No. 52C/3
Distance
298 km
232 km
9987 km2
9600
58.22
1764.00 m
1750.75 m
1731.80 m
2
17 MCM/9.8km
25.50
1680.10
10.50
1662.10
One
10.50
600.20/1216 cumec
42
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
a) Type of dam
b) Height from deepest foundation level (m)
c) EL of Dam at top (m)
d) Length of Dam at top (m)
e) Length of Dam at the river bed (m)
f) Width of Dam at Top (m)
Spillway (overflow section)
a) Location of spillway
b) Type of spillway
c) Length (m)
e) Max height above deepest foundation (m)
f) Crest level (EL-m) lower/upper level
g) Number of gates
h) Type of gate
i) Size of gate (mxm)
j) Energy dissipation arrangement
Power Intake
a) No. of Intakes
b) Invert Level (EL-m)
c) Design Discharge per intake (m3/s)
d) Size of opening (m)
e) Design head (m)
Desilting Chamber
a) No. of Desilting Chambers
b) Size (m)
c) Design discharge each (cumec)
Silt Flushing Tunnels
a) No. of Silt Flushing Tunnels
b) Opening Size
Head Race Tunnel
a) Number and Type
b) Size (m)
c) Length (m)
d) Design Discharge (cumecs)
Surge shaft
a) Nos. & Type
b) Type, height (m), & size (m)
c) Top level (EL-m)/ Bottom level (EL-m)
d) Chamber size
Pressure shaft
a) Number &Type
b) Diameter(m)
c) Length(m)
d) Design discharge(cumec)
e) Velocity (m/s)
Penstock
a) Number &Type
b) Diameter(m)
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Concrete
121.00
1766.00
219.80
68.00
11.50
In Dam Body
Sluice Spillway
93
121
1711.75 /1712.50
5
Radial
9 x 11.5
Ski-Jump type
Main PH
04
1731.80
124.04
5.785x 6.40
32.2
Dam-toe PH
01
1737.10
100.29
4.555/5.80
26.90
Four
440 x19 x 24.874(depth)
124.04
Four
3.6 m x 2.5 m
01, Circular
10.5 Ø
4289
421.87
One, Underground
Circular, 91.875 m high & 31.6 Ø
1800.00/1723
94mx12mx20.875m
Main PH
Dam-toe PH
3, Steel liner
1, Steel liner
5.25
5.8
827
140.62
100.29
6.5
3.80
Main PH
Dam-toe PH
6, Steel liner
2, Steel liner
3.75
5.1 ((bifurcateing into 2
penstocks of 3.6 m each)
43
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
14
15
16
2.5.
Power House
a) Type
b) Size (m)
c) Number of Units/types
d) Unit installed capacity (MW)
e) Unit discharge(m3/s)
Main PH
Underground
187.5x22x49.70
6, Francis
140
70.31
f) Av.Net Head (m)
g) Head Loss(m)
h) Normal TWL (EL-m)
i) Minimum/Max.TWL (EL-m)
Tail Race Tunnel/Channel
a) Number &Type
b) Diameter(m)
c) Design Discharge (cumec)
d) Length(m)
e) Design head(m)
f) No of gates &size
220.62
11.46
1530.00
1527.5/1532.5
Estimated Cost of Project at August 2015 PL
(In Crores) including IDCand FC
Rs 5989.75 Crores
1, Circular
10.5m
421.87
352.5
11.0
02,6mx10.5m
and 2.7 m (bifurcates into 2
penstocks of 1.8 m each)
Dam-toe PH
Surface
78.525x24x36.5
4, Francis
2X35+2X10
38.3 cumecs for 35MW
units &11.14 cumecs for
10MW unit
99.43
4.15
1657.15
1656/1658.3
1, Open Channel
100.29
51.0
16.3
04 Nos., 02 Nos of 3.60 m x
2.30m for each l0 MW unit
and 02 Nosof 6.30 m x 2.30
m for each 35MW unit
Brief Description of Process and Technology
The project has been conceived with chief aim of utilizing vast power potential of Chenab
river for generation of hydro power by diverting water from intake into water conductor
system and utilizing the available/regulated discharge and available head at surface
powerhouse. The principle of hydropower is that the potential energy of the water stored at
great heights in the dam is converted into kinetic energy by allowing the water to flow at
high speed. Then the kinetic energy of flowing water used to generate electricity. In
hydroelectric power station, the flowing water is stopped in high altitude rivers by
constructing dams and is stored in huge reservoir behind the dam. The water stored
possessed very large amount of potential energy. Then the water is made to fall through
pipes on the blades of big water called turbines. These turbines are connected to electric
generators. When the shaft of the turbines rotates, the generator coil also rotates rapidly
and produce electricity.
In present case the potential energy of 220.62 m average net head of water stored behind
dam shall be changed into kinetic energy by conducting it through closed water conductor
system to impinge on blades of Francis turbines at main and auxiliary power house to rotate
shaft to rotate generator coil and produce annually electricity 3466.19 MU in in 90%
dependable year.
The operating process involved shall be regulation of dam, as per regulation manual, by
gradually operating the gates to store water in the reservoir without exceeding the FRL, and
by surpassing the flood waters through operation of gates without bringing a sudden
drawdown in the reservoir. Utmost round the clock vigil shall be carried out during monsoon
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
44
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
season by inspecting the spillway, cistern, flow pattern of the river on upstream and
regulating gates. The regular inspection of dam and appurtenant works shall be carried out.
Regular watch and ward and maintenance of hydro-dynamic and electro-mechanical
equipment/power plant besides structures shall be conducted.
2.5.1. Material Balance
Hydro power projects are renewable energy projects which are based on non-consumptive
use of water and after utilizing the potential energy of water into kinetic energy to generate
electricity release it into river through powerhouse and finally through Tail race Tunnel into
the river.
2.6.
Size or Magnitude of Operation
The best indicator for defining the size or magnitude of a project construction activities
involved in river valley project are the quantum of excavation involved, numbers of different
equipment and machinery deployed, and the volume of concreting involved.
For construction of different components of project, excavation for foundation of dam,
Intake besides substantial underground excavation in over burden and rock for diversion
tunnel, headrace tunnel, adit, underground powerhouse and TRT would be required. In the
present case, the total quantity of muck / debris, to be generated due to the project, shall be
42.97 lakh cum, out of which 30.07 lakh cum shall be consumed on project work leaving
12.90 lakh cum to be disposed-of away from sites so as to make available the clear site for
construction activities. The muck which is suitable for use as aggregate material for concrete
on non-wearing surface, backfill concrete and for widening of the road shall be properly
stacked. The muck unsuitable for use in concrete etc. shall be dumped on slopes and treated
to mix and match with the surrounding environment with least change in landscape. The
muck shall be carried and disposed at dumping sites by deploying combination of 2 cum
loader 15/18-ton dumpers.
Besides excavation of concrete of different grades shall have to be poured in construction of
dam, intake, water conductor, powerhouse and TRT etc. For production of concrete
construction material like coarse aggregates and fine aggregates shall have to be required.
For this aggregating crushing and processing plants shall be established at dam site, intake
and near TRT. For production of concrete batching plant of capacity 220cum/h shall be
established within a radius of 1 km from the dam on both banks for easy movement of peak
requirement of concrete. Batching plant shall be established near intake structure and TRT,
The plant and machinery required in construction of various project components, which is
an indicator of the magnitude of work involved, is shown in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 : Requirement of Plant and Machinery
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Plant /Machinery
Hydraulic Excavator
Front End Wheel Loader
Side Dump Loader
Rear Dumper
Tipper
Crawler Dozer
Wheel Dozer
Motor Grader
Vibratory Roller
Crawler/Wagon Drill
Jack Hammer
Diamond Core drilling M/c
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Capacity
2.0 cum.
3.0 cum.
2.3 cum
18/20 T
4.5cum/10T
180hp
90hp
145hp
10 T
120cfm
45
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
2-Boom Hyd.Drill Jumbo
Rock-Bolting Jumbo
Shotcrete M/c with Robot Arm
Shotcrete Machine
Hydraulic Rock breaker
Aggregate Processing Plant
Aggregate Processing Plant
Aggregate Processing Plant
Batching &Mixing Plant
Batching &Mixing Plant
Batching &Mixing Plant
Concrete Mixer
Transit mixers
Crawler Crane
Tower crane
Concrete pump with Boom Truck
Concrete Pump
Concrete Bucket
Concrete Bucket
Grout Pump
Flat Bed Trailers
Flat Bed Trailers
Flat Bed Trailers
Air Compressor
Truck
Electric Winch
Mobile Crane
10cum/hr
6cum/hr
500 TPH
200 TPH
100 TPH
220cum/hr
90cum/hr
60cum/hr
14/10 cft
4.5 cum
20 T
10T
25cum/hr
25cum/hr
9 cum
93cum
30 T
20 T
10 T
1000cfm
8/10T
20 T
20 T
2.6.2. Construction Material Requirement
The requirement of construction material for the project has been worked out after
incorporating the consumptive use of excavated material. Estimated requirement of coarse
aggregate, fine aggregate (sand) shall be 20.76 lakh cum, 10.38 lakh cum respectively.
Besides this requirement of rock fill material, graded filter and impervious material shall be
1.64 lakh cum, 0.22 lakh cum and 0.30 lakh cum respectively.
2.6.3. Land Requirement for the Project
For execution of the project 225.25 ha land, falling in Tehsil Paddar of District Kishtwar, shall
be required of which the apportionment between State, Private and Reserved forest land
shall be 40.00 ha, 43.00 ha, 142.25 ha respectively.
2.6.4. Manpower Requirement
About 2100 workers (labour and staff) would be engaged temporarily during peak
construction period. After completion of the project about 250 staff shall be permanently
required for operation of project.
2.6.5. Water Requirement
The quantity of water required during construction is estimated as 800 kld which shall be
drawn from the river water can be pumped and stored in a tank at higher elevation. Treated
drinking water shall be supplied to project and labour colony.
2.6.6. Construction Power Requirement
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
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The total requirement of construction power will be about 12 MVA which shall be required
at different consumption points. In emergent situation resulting due to grid failure or load
shedding diesel generator sets (10x 500KVA) shall be deployed for captive power generation
2.7.
Schedule for Project Implementation
The project has been planned to be completed in five years’ time frame from the date of
start including the period required for testing and commissioning of the power plant
equipment. The works shall be carried on contractual basis.
2.8.
Project Cost
Cost of the project is estimated as Rs 5989.75 Cr. The levelized cost of generation is Rs. 2.06
per kwh.
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CHAPTER 3.
3.1.
DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENT
Introduction
As a precursor for the prediction of various types of environmental impacts likely to arise
due to implementation of this project, it is essential to establish the base line environmental
status of the physio-chemical, biological and socio-economic parameters in the project area
and within the project influence area.
3.2.
Study Area
The study area for evaluating physical environment comprises of area within 10 km radius
from the dam and includes the submergence area and the free draining catchment. The
physical environment of the study area was evaluated in the light of its climate, topography,
geology, slope, seismicity, soil and land use / land cover etc.
The catchment area of the Chenab river up to the proposed diversion dam of Stage II (9987
sq. km) is characterized by diversified climate zones. The catchment, therefore, has variable
physiography, climate, geology, slope, soil types and land use / land cover. While evaluating
the land environment these parameters were analyzed in detail and the environmental
impacts were predicted accordingly.
3.2.1.
Study Period
To establish the base line environmental status of the physico-chemical, biological and socioeconomic parameters in the project area and within the project influence area the baseline
study and primary data collection has been carried out for pre-monsoon, monsoon and
winter season covering period May- 2014 to December 2014, in accordance with the
approved ToR. Further as per the minutes of 16th meeting of EAC held on 27-07-2018,
additional one season baseline data of air, water, noise and soil was again collected during
summer season 2019 and incorporated in this EIA report
3.3.
Methodology of Conducting Bassline Study
The guiding factors for the present baseline study are the Ministry of Environment, Forests &
Climate Change’s (MoEF&CC) requirements for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
notification and local regulations and directives. The studies were conducted by considering
the following:
• The various environmental attributes were divided into primary and secondary studies.
Primary attributes such as air environment, water, soil, noise, flora and fauna, and
Socio- economic were assessed by conducting field studies, on-site monitoring and
review of the past studies conducted.
• Baseline data on environmental attributes (Air, Noise, Water and Soil) have been
collected for 3 seasons in the study area. The data has been collected by the EIA
Consultant by engaging J P Test & Research Centre, Sahibabad Industrial Area,
Ghaziabad, a NABL accredited laboratory for monitoring of ambient air, ambient noise
and collecting samples of surface water, ground water and soil.
• Secondary attributes such as land use studies, geology, physiological characteristics, and
socio-economic environment have been assessed by literature review of previous
studies conducted by various government publications.
• An interdisciplinary team through discussions, criteria questions and professional
judgement formulated the scoping and the extent of data generation. The baseline
studies started with site visits and reconnaissance survey in the study area for fixing the
monitoring locations for the primary data. As a secondary data review, various
Government agencies were approached for procuring information and relevant data of
the area.
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3.3.1.
Physical Environment Study
The study related to physical environment shall be conducted through both site visits and
review of the secondary sources like the DPR and other published peer information in
respect of the topographical and physiographical features, regional and the local geology of
the project area, climatology and seismicity. Soil characteristics shall be establishing through
physio-chemical tests of the soil samples revalidated though the published literature while
land use and land cover, slope of the study area shall be establishing through remote sensing
by using GIS tools.
3.3.1.1
Land use – Landcover Classification
Prior to ground truthing, the satellite data shall be classified using unsupervised classification
technique. Further, after collecting ground truth details maximum likelihood classification
based on supervised classification method shall be used with remote sensing image data.
After the supervised classification procedure, a land use map shall be prepared and verified
in field, and errors or omissions identified.
A reclassification of the land use categories implementing the details and corrections, if any,
shall be made. The reclassification output shall be used for the preparation of the final land
use classification map. This map after due verification shall be composed and printed, as
desired.
3.3.1.2
Slope
Slope is a measure of change in the value of altitudes over distance, which is expressed in
degrees or as a percent. The first step in generation of slope map is to create surface using
the elevation values stored in the form of contours or points. Surface is a representation of
geographic information as a set of continuous data in which the map features are not
spatially discrete, i.e., between any two locations, there are no clear or well-defined breaks
between possible values of the map features. Models built from regularly or irregularly
spaced sample points on the surface can represent the surface.
3.3.1.3
3.3.1.4
•
Slope map of the study area shall be prepared using the elevation information for
the area from contour heights.
•
A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the area shall be prepared
Soil
•
Based on a 3-tier approach (Landform analysis, field survey and laboratory
investigation) soil resource map of study area shall be prepared.
•
The results shall be superimposed with the soil map of UP/Uttarakhand and
Himachal Pradesh (NBSS Publication 68 and 57, Soil of India series), prepared by
National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land use Planning.
•
The taxonomy of soils, as per USDA system of soil classification, shall be adopted.
•
The soil map thus prepared shall be used as base map for further analysis.
•
Air, Noise and Water Environment Study
Air Quality Assessment
Under the provisions of the Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, the CPCB has
notified fourth version of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in 2009 (Table
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3.1). Ambient air is defined as any unconfined part of the Earth’s atmosphere, that the
surrounding outdoor air in which humans and other organisms live and breathe.
The “Respirable Dust Sampler shall be used for air monitoring. The dust particulate matter is
collected on glass micro fiber filter paper (size GF/A20.3x25.4 cm) and dust cup and the
gaseous pollutants collected simultaneously by a known volume of air through a number of
bubblers of different flow rate through appropriate solution for absorbing different gases.
The collected samples are analyzed according to standard method for different pollutants.
The particulate matters were analyzed by Gravimetric method (by weighing the mass of
particle). The SO2 was analyzed by Colorimetric method by estimating absorbance of SO2
from the exposed absorbing reagent at 540 nm using spectrophotometer. The NOx was
analyzed by Colorimetric method by reacting the nitrite ions with phosphorous acid
sulphanilamide, and NEDA solution by measuring absorbance of NOx from the exposed
absorbing reagent at 540 nm using spectrophotometer.
Table 3.1 : National Ambient Air Quality Standards (2009)
Pollutants
Time
weighted
average
Annual*
Industrial,
Residential,
Rural and
Other Area
50
Ecologically
sensitive area
(notified by
Central Govt.)
20
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), μg/m3
24 hours**
Annual*
80
40
80
30
24 hours**
Annual*
80
60
80
60
24 hours**
Annual*
100
40
100
40
24 hours**
8 hours **
1 hour **
60
100
180
60
100
180
Annual*
24 hours**
0.5
0.5
8 hours**
1 hour**
Annual*
24 hours**
2
4
100
400
2
4
100
400
Benzene (C6H6) μg/m3
Annual*
5
5
Benzo (a) Pyrene (BaP)
particulate phase only ng/m3
Arsenic (As) ng/m3
Annual*
1
1
Annual*
6
6
Nickel (Ni) ng/m3
Annual*
20
20
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2),
μg/m3
Particulate Matter (size less
than 10μm) or PM10μg/m3
Particulate Matter (size less
than2.5μm)
or
PM2.5
μg/m3
Ozone (O3) μg/m3
Lead (Pb) μg/m
3
Carbon Monoxide (CO)mg/m3
Ammonia (NH3) μg/m3
Method of Measurement
-Improved West and Geake
-Ultraviolet fluorescence
Jacob & Hochheiser Modified
(NaOH-NaAsO2) Method
-Gas Phase Chemiluminescence
-Gravimetric
-TOEM
-Beta attenuation
-Gravimetric
-TOEM
-Beta attenuation
-UV photometric
-Chemiluminescence
-Chemical method
-ASS / ICP method after sampling on
EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper
ED – XRF using Teflon filter
-Non-Dispersive Infra-RED (NDIR)
Spectroscopy
-Chemiluminescence
-Indophenol
blue method
-Gas chromatography based continuous
analyzer
-Adsorption
and
desorption
followed by GC analysis
-Solvent extraction followed by HPLC / GC
analysis
-AAS / ICP method after sampling on
EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper
-AAS / ICP method after sampling on EPM
2000 or equivalent filter paper
* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at
uniform intervals.
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** 24 hourly or 8 hourly or 1 hourly monitored value, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2%
of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
Note: Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutive days of monitoring exceed the limits specified
above for the respective category, it shall be considered adequate reason to institute regular or continuous
monitoring and further investigation.
Guidelines for manual sampling and analyses (Volume-1) issued by CPCB IN May,2011, shall
be followed for assessment of air quality irrespective of land use pattern.
Sampling and analysis of sulphur dioxide (Improved West and Geake method)
Sulphur dioxide from air is absorbed in a solution of potassium tetra chloro mercurate
(TCM). A di chloro sulphito mercurate complex, which resists oxidation by the oxygen in the
air, is formed. Once formed, this complex is stable to strong oxidants such as ozone and
oxides of nitrogen and therefore, the absorber solution may be stored for some time prior to
analysis. The complex is made to react with para-rosaniline and formaldehyde to form the
intensely coloured para rosaniline methyl sulphonic acid. The absorbance of the solution is
measured by means of a suitable spectrophotometer.
Calculation
C (SO2 µg/m3 )= (As – Ab) x CF x Vs/ Va x Vt
Where, C SO2 = Concentration of Nitrogen dioxide, µg/m3
As = Absorbance of sample
Ab = Absorbance of reagent blank
CF = Calibration factor
Va
= Volume of air sampled, m3
Vs
= Volume of sample, ml
Vt
= Volume of aliquot taken for analysis, ml
Sampling and analysis of NOx (Modified Jacob and Hochheiser Method)
Ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is collected by bubbling air through a solution of sodium
hydroxide and sodium arsenite. The concentration of nitrite ion (NO-2) produced during
sampling is determined colorimetrically by reacting the nitrite ion with phosphoric acid,
sulfanilamide, and N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine di-hydrochloride (NEDA) and measuring
the absorbance of the highly coloured azo-dye at 540 nm.
Calculation
C (NO2 µg/m3) = (As – Ab) x CF x Vs/ Va x Vt x 0.82
Where, C NO2 = Concentration of Nitrogen dioxide, µg/m3
As = Absorbance of sample
Ab = Absorbance of reagent blank
CF = Calibration factor
Va
= Volume of air sampled, m3
Vs
= Volume of sample, ml
Vt
= Volume of aliquot taken for analysis, ml
0.82 = Sampling efficiency
Sampling and analysis of PM10 (Gravimetric Method)
Air is drawn through a size-selective inlet and through a 20.3 X 25.4 cm (8 X 10 in) filter at a
flow rate, which is typically 1132 L/min. Particles with aerodynamic diameter less than the
cut-point of the inlet are collected, by the filter. The mass of these particles is determined
by the difference in filter weights prior to and after sampling. The concentration of PM10 in
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the designated size range is calculated by dividing the weight gain of the filter by the volume
of air sampled.
Calculation
C PM10 µg/m3 = (Wf – Wi) x 106 / V
Where,
C PM10 = Concentration of PM10, µg/m3
Wf
= Initial weight of filter in g
Wi
= Initial weight of filter in g
106 = Conversion of g to µg
V
= Volume of air sampled, m3
Sampling and analysis of PM2.5 (Gravimetric Method)
An electrically powered air sampler draws ambient air at a constant volumetric flow rate
(16.7 lpm) maintained by a mass flow / volumetric flow controller coupled to a
microprocessor into specially designed inertial particle-size separator (i.e. cyclones or
impactors) where the suspended particulate matter in the PM2.5 size ranges is separated for
collection on a 47 mm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter over a specified sampling period.
Each filter is weighed before and after sample collection to determine the net gain due to
the particulate matter. The mass concentration in the ambient air is computed as the total
mass of collected particles in the PM2.5 size ranges divided by the actual volume of air
sampled and is expressed in μg/m3. The microprocessor reads averages and stores fiveminute averages of ambient temperature, ambient pressure, filter temperature and
volumetric flow rate. In addition, the microprocessor calculates the average temperatures
and pressure, total volumetric flow for the entire sample run time and the coefficient of
variation of the flow rate.
3.3.1.5
Noise Level Measurement
The noise monitoring shall be done following CPCB protocol of Noise Monitoring, July2015,
which inter alia include the following cardinal principles:
3.3.1.6
•
The Noise measurements shall be made with a Type 1 integrating sound level meter.
The station should be located at the ambient level i.e. away from the direct source,
away from any vibration and any obstruction.
•
Microphone must be placed 1.2 -1.5m above the ground level.
•
The instrument should be isolated from strong vibration and shock.
•
The monitoring should be carried out minimum 75% of the prescribed Day time
(06.00 am to 22.00 pm) and Night time (22.00 pm to 06.00 am).
•
During ambient noise monitoring sound comes from more than one direction, it is
important to choose a microphone and mounting which gives the best possible omni
directional characteristics.
•
Noise measurements should not be made in fog and rain.
•
A wind shield will always be used to prevent interference of reflecting noise.
Protocol for Soil Quality Assessment
Methods Manual of Soil Testing in India, Department of Agriculture& Cooperation, Ministry
of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi, shall be followed for collection of soil
samples, its preparation for testing and analysing various physico-chemical properties of soil.
Soil Sampling
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Soils vary from place to place. In view of this, efforts should be made to take the samples in
such a way that it is fully representative of the field. Scrap away surface litre; obtain a
uniformly thick slice of soil from the surface to the plough depth from each place. A Vshaped cut is made with a spade to remove 1 to 2 cm slice of soil. The sample may be
collected on the blade of the spade and put in a clean bucket. In this way collect samples
from all the spots marked for one sampling unit. In case of hard soil, samples are taken
with the help of augur from the plough depth and collected in the bucket. Pour the soil from
the bucket on a piece of clean paper or cloth and mix thoroughly. Spread the soil evenly and
divide it into 4 quarters. Reject two opposite quarters and mix the rest of the soil again.
Repeat the process till left with about half kg of the soil, collect it and put in a clean cloth /
polyethylene bag. Each bag should be properly marked to identify the sample
Storage Technique
Collected Samples are immediately transported to the laboratory. They are shade dried in
wooden or enamelled trays (except for the analysis of moisture content) and stored. The
dried soils are ground using mortar and pestle (taking care to break only the clods but not
the sand and gravel particles) and sieved through a 2mm mesh sieve.
Soil Quality Parameters and Method of Analysis
The analysis of soil properties shall be done as per standard methods as described in the
Methods Manual of Soil Testing in India, Department of Agriculture& Cooperation, Ministry
of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi (Table 3.2).
Table 3.2 : Methods for Analysis of Soil Properties
S, N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
3.3.1.7
Parameters
Methods of Analysis
Physical Parameters
Moisture content (%)
Gravimetric
Water Holding Capacity (%)
Gravimetric
Bulk Density (%)
Gravimetric
Texture
Hydrometer Method
Chemical Parameters
pH
Electrometric (pH meter)
EC (μS/m)
Electrometric
Acidity (mg/kg)
Titrimetric
Alkanity (mg/kg)
Titrimetric
Chloride(mg/kg)
Titrimetric
Calcium (mg/kg)
Titrimetric
Magnesium (mg/kg)
Titrimetric
Sodium(mg/kg)
Flame Photometer
Potassium(mg/kg)
Flame Photometer
Available Potassium(mg/kg)
Flame Photometer
Sulphate(mg/kg)
Spectrophotometer
Nitrate(mg/kg)
Kjedahl
Phosphate(mg/kg)
Bray’s Extractant
Available Phosphorus(mg/kg)
Spectrophotometer
Organic Carbon (%)
Wet Digestion
Water Quality Assessment
For assessment of baseline data of water quality status, general reconnaissance survey of
Chenab River upstream and downstream of proposed dam site will be done. “Protocol for
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Water Quality Monitoring” notified by Govt of India in conjunction with CPCB Guidelines for
Water Quality Monitoring, ,2007-08, shall be followed.
Criteria for Sampling Site Selection
Sampling stations should be located upstream and downstream of significant pollution
outfalls like city sewage drains and industrial effluent outfalls. Drinking water intake points,
bathing ghats, irrigation canal off-take points should be considered for monitoring.
Additional downstream stations are necessary to assess the extent of the influence of an
outfall and locate the point of recovery. Stations on both sides downstream are useful to
make an estimate of the extent of the mixing zone. In case of groundwater sampling only
tube wells, dug-wells and handpumps which are in use should be selected.
Sampling Frequency
For assessment of baseline data of water quality status of perennial river, a frequency of
three to four time a year shall suffice whereas for seasonal rivers 3-4 times (at equal spacing)
during flow period. For lakes a frequency of four time a year shall suffice. For ground water
the frequency shall be twice a year in pre and post monsoon season.
General Guidelines for Sampling
Grab samples will be collected from well-mixed section of the river (mainstream) 30 cm
below the water surface. Samples from reservoir sites will be collected from the outgoing
canal, power channel or water intake structure. DO is determined in a sample collected in a
DO bottle using a DO sampler. The DO in the sample must be fixed immediately after
collection, using chemical reagents. Weighted sample bottle should be used to collect
sample from an open well about 30 cm below the surface of the water. Samples from the
production tube wells will be collected after running the well for about 5 minutes. Some
parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, conductivity and turbidity should be
analysed in situ.
Sample Preservation and Transport
Samples for BOD and bacteriological analyses should be stored at a temperature below 4oC
and in the dark as soon as possible after sampling by placing them in an insulated cool box
together with ice or cold packs. Samples collected for chemical oxygen demand (COD)
should be preserved below pH 2 by addition of concentrated sulphuric acid. Samples which
are to be analysed for the presence of heavy metals, should be acidified to below pH 2 with
concentrated nitric acid.
Samples should be transported to concerned laboratory as soon as possible, preferably
within 48 hours. Analysis of bacteriological samples should be started and analysed within
24 hours of collection. If samples are being brought to the laboratory, they should be
transported in less than 24 hours.
Parameters Considered for Analysis
In general list of parameters to be considered for analysis and frequency of sampling is
provided in the “Protocol for Water Quality Monitoring” notified by Govt of India should be
followed. In case the specific water quality parameter to be analysed have been prescribed
in the ToR, they should be analysed.
3.3.1.8
Water Quality Analysis
The selection of sites for water sampling shall be done considering the location of different
project components, junction of streams and river course, spots of high-water velocity and
some of the stagnated pools along with the areas having human interference. The sampling
shall be carried out for three seasons. The limnological parameters are recorded mainly
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following the standard methods described by Welch (1948), CSIR (1974). Mackereth et.al.
(1978) and APHA, AWWA, WPCF (1995) as following:
Parameters Instrumentation
Ambient temperature
: Digital thermometer (stainless steel
Sensor probe)
Transparency
: Seehi disc method (Weleh 1948)
Water velocity
: EMCON digi current meter
Turbidity
: Nephelometer
Total Dissolved Solids
: Titration method
pH
: Digi pH meter (HANNA)
Alkalinity, Acidity, Chlorides,
Silicates, DO, Free CO2, Zn,
Si, Fe and Nutrients
(Phosphorus, Sulphates)
: Aquamerck / Aquaquant kits
Total Ca and Mg Hardness – EDTA
: Titrametric methods (Natarajan and
Jhingran 1988)
Inorganic phosphates
: Colorimetric Methods
BOD
: Titration
E-Coli and Total Coliform
: MacConkey broth
3.3.1.9
Aquatic Environment
Data on existing aquatic environmental conditions in and around proposed project shall be
generated as per following:
•
Biological characteristics of river water.
•
Inventorization of Phyto benthos and Zoobenthos
•
Estimation of coliform organisms.
•
Present status of riverine fish fauna: Identification of obligate fish species.
•
Their Migratory pattern, diseases, feeding and breeding grounds.
Evaluation of Phyto benthos
Samples of periphyton shall be obtained by scraping off 3 sq. cm area of the boulders and
preserving it in 1 ml of Lugol’s solution. The upper surface of boulders shall be scraped with
the help of sharp razor. Three replicates shall be obtained and integrated. Thus, the total
area sampled amounts to 9 sq. cm. Sedge Wick-Rafter cell counts (APHA 1992) shall be made
and density recorded as cell mm2. For qualitative studies, the keys of Trivedi and Goel
(1984) and Ward and Whipple (1959) are being used for identifying the filamentous and
non-filamentous algae.
However, for identifying diatoms, permanent mounts shall be prepared and identified. For
computing abundance (as %) 300-400 diatom cells shall be identified in each sample (with
BX-40).
Evaluation of Benthic Macro-Invertebrates
Benthic macro-invertebrates shall be collected from the designated sampling sites in Pabbar
and Tons using Surber’s square foot sampler (Welch, 1948) adopting random sampling
device. All collected specimens shall be preserved in 8% formalin solution and identified up
to the generic level with the aid of keys given by Usinger (1950), Ward and Whipple (1959),
Needham and Needham (1962), Macan (1979), Tonapi (1980) and Edington and Hildrew
(1995). The density of benthic macro invertebrates shall be expressed as unit per meter
square (unit/m2).
Benthic macro-invertebrates shall be sampled from an area of one ft2. All the stones of the
area shall be collected in a bucket with as little disturbance as possible and washed
thoroughly. Three replicates shall be obtained and integrated. The samples were sieved and
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preserved in 70% alcohol for further analysis. The benthic macro-invertebrates could be
identified up to order/family/genus level with the help of keys given by Edmondson (1959)
and Pennak (1953). Counts of the identified organisms made in each sample and density
recorded as individual’s m-2. The spatial variations in community structure shall be recorded
by computing percentage abundance.
Evaluation of Total Coliform
To assess the quality of water in terms of pathogenic and parasitic organisms, the use of
indicator system is the best method. The coliform organisms are the best indicators of
pathogenic organisms. The standard test for the estimation of number of coliform groups is
being carried out generally by multiple tube dilution technique which gives most probable
number (MPN) of bacteria. A selective medium is used to develop only coliform bacteria.
Coliform ferments lactose and produce acid and gas that could be detected by uplifting of
Durham’s tube by vision. MPN is not an actual enumeration of coliform bacteria but merely
an index of the probable.
Culture Media
A. MacConkey Broth: For Presumptive Test of Coliform
Peptone 20 g.
Lactose 10 g.
Sodium chloride 5 g.
Bile salt 5 g. (may be replaced by sodium taurocholate
or sodium taurogly – chocholate)
Distilled water 1000 ml.
B. EC Medium: This medium is used for the test of presence of coliform group of fecal
origin.
Tryptose or trypton
: 20 g.
Lactose
: 5 g.
Bile salt mixture
: 1.5 g.
Bile salt No. 3
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
: 4 g. KH2PO4
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
: 1.5 g. KH2PO4
Sodium chloride
: 5 g.
Distilled water
: 1 lit.
C. Buffered Dilution Water: To prepare stock phosphate buffer solution 34 g of potassium
dihydrogen phosphate is to be dissolved in 500 ml distilled water at pH 7.2 with 1N NaOH
and be diluted in 1 lit with distilled water. 1.25 ml stock phosphate buffer solution will be
added to 1-lit distilled water. Dispense in amounts that will provide 9 ml in 150 x 25 mm test
tubes sterilized autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min.
Calculation: Coliform density is determined by using a standard MPN Table. It is convenient
to express the results of the examination of replicate tubes and dilution in terms of the Most
Probable Number (MPN). In usual practice, the results are expressed in terms of MPN
index/100 ml of various combinations of +ve and -ve results generally given in most of the
microbiological manuals.
Faecal Coliform (MPN) procedure: For separation of coliform organisms of faecal origin from
that of non-faecal, elevated temperature tests is used. Gas formation in subculture of the
+ve tubes from presumptive tests of coliform in EC medium at 44.5 ±0.2 0C for 24 hrs gives
the + ve test of faecal coliform.
Total Count: Total bacterial count is indicative of the presence of chemosynthetic
heterotrophic group of bacteria (Exotic) and is often performed in conjunction with total
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coliform (MPN) in waters. The test is not differential between pathogens and indicator
organisms but is considered affirmative to population.
Total count is often performed to assess:
1. Progress of self-purification in rivers, ponds and lakes in time and space.
2. Efficiency of bacterial removal during storage and treatment processes.
3. Ascertaining quality in general.
Culture Media
Nutrient Agar
Beef extract 3 g.
Peptone 5 g.
Agar 15 g.
3.3.2.
Biological Environment
3.3.2.1
Floral Study
The floristic composition along with frequency, density, abundance, relative values of
frequency, density and abundance for each species is calculated by quadrats method. The
quadrats are laid out at pre-selected sites to cover different altitudinal zones as also to
represent the existing variables within the area.
To study the Phyto-sociological attributes of the area, quadrats of 10m x 10m are laid for
tree composition, 5m x 5m for shrubs and quadrats of 1m X 1m for herbs. The Phytosociological parameters of different recorded species shall be calculated using the following
formulae (Phillips, 1959; Misra, 1966)
Frequency
It is defined as the chance of finding a species in a particular area in a particular trial sample.
Thus, a higher frequency value shows a greater uniformity of its spread or dispersion
(Ambasht and Ambasht, 2002).
No. of quadrats in which the species occur
Frequency = ----------------------------------------------------- x 100
Total number of quadrats studied
Density
It is, expressed as a numerical strength of a species. However, density is an indicator of the
abundance of the species; it does not indicate the distribution of species with regard to
space. It helps to identify the dominant and rare species and is also an indicator of the
standing biomass and productivity of the region (Ambasht & Ambasht, 2002)
Total no. of individuals of a species in all quadrats
Density = ---------------------------------------------------------------------Total number of quadrats studied
Abundance
It is the number of species occurring in a particular site. It does not give a total picture of the
numerical strength of a species in an area because only quadrats of occurrence are taken
into consideration (Ambasht & Ambasht, 2002). Abundance is analysed to get an idea of
distribution pattern of the species.
No. of individuals of the species in all quadrats
Abundance = -----------------------------------------------------------------Number of quadrats in which the species occur
Relative values
The relative values of frequency, density and dominance are calculated to understand the
ecological importance of the species within the community (Phillips, 1959; Mishra 1968).
No. of quadrats of occurrence of a species
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Relative Frequency = ------------------------------------------------------ x 100
Number of occurrences of all species
No. of individuals of the species in all quadrat’s species
Relative Density = -------------------------------------------------------------------- x 100
Total number of quadrats studied
Abundance of a species
Relative Abundance = ------------------------------------------------------ x 100
Sum of Abundance of all the Species
Basal area of a species
Relative dominance= -------------------------------------------------- X 100
Total basal area of all the species
Importance Value Index (I.V.I)
IVI is a statistical quantity, which gives an overall picture of the importance of the species in
the plant community. Since the above relative parameters give clues individually, all the
parameters are summed up in order to provide the total picture of sociological structure of a
species in the community and called as Importance Value Index (IVI). It incorporates three
important parameters that are measures of diversity and productivity of every species. -The
sum of the IVI of all the species in a forest should not exceed 300.
The Importance Value Index (IVI) for different species is sum of relative frequency, relative
density and relative basal cover of each species. (Curtis, 1959).
OR
Importance value Index (IVI) = Relative frequency + Relative density + Relative dominance.
The vegetational data collected are used to calculate following indices for each site. The
importance value index (IVI) is calculated by adding relative frequency (RF), relative density
(RD) and relative abundance (RA) of the species (Philips, 1959).
IVI = RF + RD + RA
Where,
RF = (Frequency of a species / sum frequencies of all species) × 100,
RD = (Number of individuals of a species / total number of individuals) × 100.
RA = (Abundance of a species / sum abundances of all species) × 100
For the present study Philips, 1959 method is used
Circumference at breast height (CBH)
Circumference of individual tree species in the quadrat, shall be measured at breast height
(1.37m) above ground level. In case of shrub and herb species circumference is measured at
root collar height.
Diversity indices
The floral diversity of the study area varies gradually with the altitude. It is a measure of
information in a group of species, which have different probabilities of being represented
and is based on the assumption that individuals are randomly sampled from an infinitely
large population. The species diversity is computed using (Shannon- Weiner, 1963)
information index as
Shannon- Wiener diversity index (H’)
The index of diversity is computed using Shannon-Wiener information index (ShannonWiener, 1963) as:
H’= ∑ (Ni/N)2 log (Ni/N)
Where, N is total number of species.
Ni is individuals of a species.
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3.3.2.2
•
•
•
•
•
3.3.2.3
Faunal Study
Ground surveys shall be carried out by trekking the impact zone for identification of
important animal groups such as butterflies (insects), birds, mammals, reptiles, and some
fishes inhabiting the area, along the riverbanks, adjoining forest on the slopes, nallahs,
hilltop and agricultural fields.
For sampling butterflies, the standard ‘Pollard Walk’ methodology is used by recording all
the species encountered while trekking along the foot trails between the two sites, daily.
Voucher specimens of species were collected by means of a butterfly net for only those
species that could not identified in the field besides photographing them for the same
purpose. Sampling was done for 1 hour in a stretch on each transect (n = 4).
For sampling birds ‘point sampling’ along the fixed transects (foot trails) shall be carried out
to record all the species of birds observed with the help of binoculars; field guides and
photography for 1 hour on each transect (n=4).
For sampling mamals, ‘direct count on open width (20m) transect’ is used on the same
transects (n=4) for 1 hour in each transect. Besides, information on recent sightings/records
of mamals by the villagers and locals shall also be considered.
‘Reptiles’ mainly lizards shall be sampled by ‘direct count on open width transects’ (n = 4) for
1 hour in each transect.
Seasonal variation in species diversity of different groups of animals (butterflies and birds),
shall be evaluated using Shannon-diversity Index (H’) to know the season of peak diversity in
the area.
H’ = -ΣN
1 Pi In Pi
(From species 1 to n; n= total number of species)
Where, Pi is the proportion of the individual species in the total population.
Aquatic Fauna
Evaluation of Aquatic Fauna
An extensive survey of Chenab on upstream and downstream of diversion site shall be
carried out with the intention to examine aquatic animal species such as fishes, insects,
arthropods, amphibians, snakes, water-birds, otters etc.
3.3.3.
Socio-Economic Study
Secondary information shall be collected from different government and non- government
offices. The data proposed to be collected is mainly of secondary nature and involves
information regarding access to facilities such as PHC’s, schools, bus services, LPG
distribution centres, type of roads, livestock information, land utilization, demographic
profile of the villages, location and distribution of villages with respect to Project. Public
consultation, primarily with stack-holders, shall be conducted.
In order to gather information on public perception of the proposed project the
attitude/psychology survey was carried out which depicts the prevailing awareness and
acceptance/no-acceptance about the project. Total number of families fully or partially
affected by the project, approached for collecting socioeconomic data. All the families
present in the villages during the study period were interviewed.
3.3.4.
Sources of Secondary Data
India Metrological Department
Survey of India
Botanical Survey of India
Revenue Department
Fisheries Department
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Climatic data
Topo sheet
Floral characteristics/vegetation of Chenab Valley
Land data / Circle Rates
Fish and Fisheries in area
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Forest Department
PHC, Atholi
3.4.
Forest Working Plan
Health Status of people of area
Physico-Chemical Environment
3.4.1. Geography and Topography of The Study Area
The project area lies in the Lesser Himalayas. At the project site, the river flows in a very
deep gorge having mean elevation of 1650 mamsl. The river bed at dam site is about 68 m
wide and the abutments are steep sloping on the left bank at angles of about 600 to 650 and
on the right bank slope is 400 up to the proposed dam top. The elevation of the study area
varies from El. 1650 mamsl at dam site to El. 6722 mamsl in the free draining catchment
area covered under SWS, Bhujas nadi. On the left bank of the Chenab River from Kirthai up
to Gulabgarh very fertile agriculture terraces exist in the Paddar valley. Fertile terraced fields
in small chunks have also been observed on both banks of Bhut nala up to Machel. The
satellite imagery of the study area is shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1 : Satellite Image of Study Area
3.4.2. Physiography, Relief & Drainage
The J & K region consists of four great mountain ranges of Himalayas, the Karakoram, the
Ladakh, the Zanskar and Pir Panjal. Between these ranges are the longitudinal valleys of the
Gilgit, the Shyok, the Indus and the Jhelum. South of Pir Panjal is the Siwalik range,
comparatively much lower in elevation and known as the Jammu hills; further south there is
a narrow strip of foot-hill plains (25 km wide) merging into Punjab plains. The state can be
divided into five physiographic regions viz. Trans Himalayas, Greater Himalayas, Lesser
Himalayas, Shivalik’s and Plains, which have been further subdivided into 9 landform types
shown in Figure 3.2. The brief description of these is given below.
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•
Trans Himalayas: - These are prominent ranges in the Trans-Himalayan region with
peaks ranging in elevation from 5000 to 6000 m but some exceed 8000 m. The
Ladakh range is situated between Indus and Shyok rivers.
•
Greater Himalayas: - Greater Himalayas include ranges of Karakoram, Ladakh,
Zanskar and Himadri. The large number of peaks range from 4500-6000 m but some
exceeds 7500 m in their elevation.
•
Lesser Himalayas: - It comprises Vale of Kashmir and Pir Panjal ranges. Kashmir
valley represents an old lacustrine bed and it stands 1600 m above sea level in the
Jhelum flood plain. The elevation of Pir Panjal ranges varies from 3500-5000 m.
•
Shivalik’s: - The tract lying between Chenab and Ravi rivers is mostly ravine land
locally known as Kandi areas of Jammu and Kashmir. The Jammu hills rise above the
Punjab plain with gentle slope and follow a succession of narrow parallel ridges
separated by valleys. They attain an altitude ranging from 1600-2400 m.
•
Plains: - The narrow strip of plain bounded by Jhelum and Ravi rivers is situated in
the south-western part of Jammu & Kashmir where it marks the border with
Pakistan. In general, slope is towards southwest and is dissected by tributaries of
Chenab and Ravi rivers.
Ladakh region is drained by river Indus and its tributaries like Shyok, Shigar, Gilgit and Astor.
Jhelum River drains out vale of Kashmir while the Chenab River drains the eastern section of
southern slopes of the Pir Panjal, Jammu hills and the foothill plains. The parts of Jammu
region adjoining Punjab and Himachal Pradesh are drained by river Ravi and its tributaries.
The project and the study area lie in Lesser Himalayas, while, a big portion of the free
draining catchment lies in Greater Himalayas.
Figure 3.2 : Land Form Types of J & K Region
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3.4.3. Regional Geology and Tectonic Stratigraphic sequence
The entire stretch of river Chenab is cutting across different geological formations ranging in
age from Proterozoic to Quaternary. In the upper reaches, river Chenab is flowing through
Himachal Pradesh and cutting across different litho units as Krol Group, Chail Formation and
granite and gneiss of different ages. In middle reaches (J&K) and also in upper reaches to
some extent phyllite, quartzite, granite – gneiss and schist of Salkhala formation and Dogra
Slates with gypsum and crystalline limestone of Ramban formation are exposed. In the lower
reaches the river traverses through the formations belonging to Sirban Group, Eocenes
(Subathu), Murree Group and Siwalik Group of rocks. A general regional geological / tectonic
stratigraphic sequence worked out for Chenab valley has been given in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3 : General Regional Geological / Tectonic Stratigraphic Sequence
3.4.4. Local Geology of Project Area
All the components of the project are located on the Pias Granite which is intruded within
the Kishtwar Window. The Kishtwar Window is a conspicuous structural element of Higher
Himalaya. It exposes Dul Quartzite enveloped by Salkhala Formation, which is tectonically
overlain by the high grade metamorphites (Central Crystalline rocks) along the trace of Main
Central Thrust. The rocks of Kishtwar Window are overriding the younger Salkhala Formation
along Kiaji Thrust.
River width along the dam axis is about 85 m. River bed level as observed on the right bank
is about 1660 m above m. s. l. Left side hill slope up to road level i.e., RL 1717 m is almost
vertical and 15 m from the slope edge, slope is slightly less steep (65°). Right bank abutment
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slope is comparatively less steep (40°) up to dam top. Above the dam top slope is steep and
high.
Headrace tunnel (HRT) is proposed through left bank ridge made up of jointed to massive
granite gneisses. Underground powerhouse will be in granite gneisses with 352.50 m long
Tail Race Tunnel (TRT) located on the right bank of Lidrari nala near its confluence with river
Chenab. Investigation of the area has indicated that rocks are traversed by thick shear zones
varying in width from 20 cm to 3.30m. These shear zones are associated with clay gauge and
fault breccias.
Dam Complex
The large-scale geological mapping in and around the dam site was carried out on 1:1000
scale covering dam, coffer dam, diversion tunnel, intake and desilting chamber. At the dam
site, granite gneisses with thin to thick pegmatite veins intruded in the rocks of Kishtwar
Window are exposed. The rocks are generally fresh, massive and hard. Four set of joints
have been recorded in the area but no major structural discontinuity in the form of thrust or
fault has been noticed at dam site. The dam axis is aligned in N 83°W to S 83°E direction. The
dip and strike of the foliation in the rock units along the dam axis is N35 0W-S350E and dip
450towards NE.
Diversion Tunnel
600.20 m long diversion tunnel with a diameter of 10.5 m is proposed to divert water of the
Chenab River during the construction of the dam. It is aligned through a ridge along right
bank near the dam axis. The hill slope towards the river varies from 50° to as steep as 70°.
The area along the proposed tunnel is occupied by granite gneisses with thin partings of
schistose rock. The general trend of the foliations varies from N15°W-S15°E to N55°W-S55°E
dipping 30° to 70° North-Easterly. The tunnel alignment will follow the strike of the foliations
of rock mass, due to which the rock exposed at the inlet portal may continue for the major
part of the tunnel except near the out let portal where the tunnel makes a bend. Reversal of
the dip has also been recorded in the area due to folding
Head Race Tunnel
Studies reveal that 4.289 km long HRT along the left bank of Chenab river is aligned in
favorable Geological condition, almost cutting across the foliation / bedding trend of the
rock units represented by granite gneisses of Pias Granite, phyllites and quartzite of Kishtwar
Window exposed along the tunnel alignment. Two thick bands of quartzite and phyllites of
Kishtwar Window measuring 290 m and 950m are exposed along the HRT after crossing the
Kidur nala and near Shasho village. The minimum cover over HRT under Kidur nala is about
50 m and maximum cover is in the order of 950 m. No major problem is anticipated during
the excavation of the tunnel except some wedge failures due to the presence of shear seams
which may cause over break. Water seepage problem where the alignment is passing below
perennial nalas cannot be ruled out. These rock units are traversed by number of joint sets.
Underground Power House
The area around the proposed power house has exposed granite gneisses. These rock units
are traversed by several joint sets. Bore hole, drilled at the proposed underground power
house location with a total depth of 130.49 m has encountered bed rock at a depth of 3.68
m which is continuous for the entire depth with thin phyllitic partings at certain depths. The
core is broken along joint planes and along phyllitic partings. Though the rocks are hard and
fresh, wedge failure due to cross cut relationship of the point planes and presence of shear
zone cannot be ruled out which needs special attention. As such provisions of rock bolting
and shotcreting may be kept in the design.
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Left bank terrace about 550m downstream of dam axis offer prospective location of surface
power house but due to constraints imposed by the topographic conditions only one vertical
drill hole made up to 58m depth has encountered only overburden material. The
overburden comprises the sub rounded to sub angular pieces of granite, quartzite, mica
schist, basic rock with sand and silt
3.4.5.
Seismotectonic and Seismicity
As per seismic zoning map of India (IS 1893:2000), Figure 3.3 the project area falls within
Zone IV. Therefore, suitable seismic factor in design of structure would be kept under
consideration. As the project area lies in Zone-IV, the design of dam and all other structures
including building structures with their foundation should carried out as per provision of
IS:1893:2000, the Indian Standards for “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures”. The general principles and design criteria given under para-6 of the code should
be adhered to. In case of the buildings the provision under para-7 should be followed.
The site lies between isoseismics VI and VII of Chamba earthquake (1947) of 6 magnitudes.
The Gulabgarh dam site (Kirthai Stage-I) is located in close vicinity (less than 5 km) of main
Central Thrust (MCT) which is interpreted to be seismically active. In addition, the site is
located between Zanskar Thrust towards north (125 km) and Panjal Thrust towards south
(65 km). Further, a number of major thrust / line cements are disposed within 200 km radius
of the site. These include the Indus Suture Zone, Shyok Suture Zone, Murree Thrust, Digdaul
thrust, Main Boundary Fault (MBF) etc.
Important earthquakes, magnitude 4 and above which have occurred in J & K and nearby
Himachal Pradesh, are shown in Table 3.4.
Table 3.4 : Earthquakes of Magnitude 4.0 and above on Richter Scale
Date
Lat-Long
Mag.
Location
6 June 1828
340.08’N, 740.833’E
6.0
Srinagar area (Jammu & Kashmir)
1873
-
7.0
Near Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir)
7.3
8.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.3
6.1
6.1
6.0
NW of Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir)
Kangra (H.P.)
Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir)
Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir)
Northern Ladakh (Indo-China Border region)
Chamba (H.P.)
Near Padua, Kathwa District, J&K (H.P.-J&K)
Near Padua, Kathwa District, J&K (H.P.-J&K)
Gilgit Wazarat (P.O.K.)
Chamba-Udhampur Districts (H.P.-J&K)
Udhampur District (Jammu & Kashmir)
Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir)
Gilgit (P.O.K.)
NE of Malakhand, NWFP
Kinnaur (H.P.)
Aksai Chin (Indo-China Border region)
Gilgit Wazarat (P.O.K.)
Xizang (Indo-China Border region)
Gilgit Wazarat (P.O.K.)
30 May 1885
4 April 1905
17 May 1917
11 Nov 1921
15 Nov 1937
22 June 1945
10 July 1947
12 Aug 1950
12 Aug 1950
12 Sept 1951
17 June 1962
22 June 1965
20 Feb 1967
28 Dec 1974
January 1975
28 April 1975
12 Sept 1981
6 July 1986
5 March 1990
0
0
34 .60’N, 74 .38’E
340.20’N, 770.50’E
340.20’N, 770.50’E
350.10’N, 780.10’E
320.599’N, 750.90’E
320.599’N, 750.90’E
320.599’N, 750.90’E
360.20’N, 730.00’E
330.30’N, 760.50’E
330.30’N, 760.20’E
360.30’N, 770.70’E
350.054’N, 720.870’E
350.819’N, 790.915’E
350.693’N, 730.594’E
340.424’N, 800.161’E
360.907’N, 730.021’E
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25 March 1990
19 Nov 1996
28 Jan 2002
1 Nov 2002
3 Nov 2002
20 Nov 2002
8 Oct 2005
23 Oct 2005
28 July 2011
26 July 2012
3 October 2012
01 May 2013
370.034’N, 720.942’E
350.345’N, 780.133’E
330.100’ N, 750.987’ E
350.361’ N, 740.718’E
350.359’ N, 740.636’ E
350.34’5 N, 740.592’ E
340.432’ N, 730.537’ E
340.884’ N, 73.024’ E
75o55’ E to 77 o48’ E
75o55’ E to 77 o48’ E
75o55’ E to 77 o48’ E
75o55’ E to 77 o48’ E
6.3
6.9
5.3
5.3
5.3
6.3
7.6
5.3
4.5
4.4
4.1
5.6
Gilgit Wazarat (P.O.K.)
Aksai Chin (Indo-China Border region)
Kithar, Jammu & Kashmir
Astore Valley, P.O.K
Astore Valley, P.O.K
Astore Valley, P.O.K
Kashmir-Kohistan, Pakistan-India border
Kashmir-Kohistan
Kishtwar
Kishtwar
Kishtwar
Bhaderwah - Kishtwar
Proposed
Project Site
Proposed
Project Site
Figure 3.3 : Seismic map of India / J&K showing propose project site
3.4.6. Seismic Features
The major tectonic features in the region of KHEP-II are shown in Figure 6-1, which includes
the Karakoram fault, Indus and Shyok suture zones, various Himalayan thrusts and various
surrounding faults and lineaments (GSI, 2000). In the western portion of the region around
the site, from north to south three main thrusts, separating the major tectono- stratigraphic
belts, are present. The Northernmost is the Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT) which separates
the Hindukush-Karakoram belt from the island arc of Kohistan. Towards south, the latter is
separated from Peshawar and Kashmir basins by the Main Mantle Thrust (MMT), below
which is the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) which separates the main Himalayan package
from the sedimentary sequence of the frontal belt. Among the major neotectonics faults,
the Jhelum Fault is regionally the most extensive. It is a N-S trending left lateral wrench fault
which separates Peshwar Basin from the Kashmir Basin. Its conjugate set is the Mangla Fault
which is a right lateral wrench fault. Below lies the Northerly dipping Salt Range Thrust and
Resai Thrust. The latter is the Eastern extension of the Jwalamukhi Thrust. The Salt Range
Thrust has a configuration approximately parallel to the Jhelum course. The Major tectonic
features in the region of KHEP-II site, Jammu and Kashmir are shown in Figure 3.8
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Figure 3.4 : Major Tectonic Features in the Region of KHEP-II
3.4.7. Seismic Studies of Earthquake Parameters
Seismic studies to evaluate the response spectra for this project have been carried out in
association with CWPRS, Pune. The report was submitted on February 2012 but again
CWPRS was requested in 2014 to revise the report based on new guidelines. CWPRS
submitted the revised report based on new guidelines in August 2014. Site-specific design
ground motion has been estimated for earthquake resistant design of the Kirthai Hydro
Electric Project Stage-II, Jammu and Kashmir using regional data on tectonic features,
seismicity and local geotechnical characteristics in the region. Both deterministic and
probabilistic approaches have been applied to arrive at the Maximum Credible Earthquake
(MCE) and Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) levels of ground motion. The deterministic spectra
are found to be governed by the MCE magnitude of 8.0, on the MBT. The site-specific
horizontal design seismic coefficient for the project is found to be 0.219g and corresponding
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vertical design seismic coefficient is found to be 0.146g. The seismic coefficients computed
from the seismic zone (of the relevant seismic code) in which the site falls are recommended
to be used if they are higher than the values computed from the site-specific spectra. Since
the project site falls in seismic zone IV of the IS code, the horizontal design seismic
coefficient works out to be 0.15 and the vertical seismic coefficient taken as 2/3rds of it, is
found to be 0.1.
3.4.8. Land Use and Land Cover of Study Area
The modern technique of satellite remote sensing facilitates such type of studies. As already
stated under physiography that the catchment area is characterized by steep hills and deep
valleys, the dominating classes are snow / glacier, river body, dense forest, open forest,
waste land, agriculture & settlement patches. The land use pattern of study area is
enumerated in Table 3.5 and its disposition in Figure 3.5.
Table 3.5 : Land Use Details of the Study Area
Class
Dense forest
Open forest
Agricultural land
Settlement
Water body
Barren land
Snow cover
Total
Area (Sq. km)
153.95
165.96
12.79
1.54
7.43
3.85
68.42
413.94
% of Total Area
37.19
40.09
3.09
0.37
1.79
0.93
16.53
100.00
Figure 3.5 : Land use map of the study area
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3.4.9. Cropping Pattern
Despite situational problems, the study area has good scope of growing of cereals, fruits and
vegetables. In the lower portion of Padder valley, during kharif crops like maize, paddy,
pulses and buck wheat are grown, whereas, during rabi season emphasis is laid on growing
of wheat, barley, oil seeds and vegetables. The area is known for its high-quality rajma,
apricot, kala zeera and buck wheat. In addition, small millets like cheena, kangni and finger
millets are cultivated in draught prone areas. In high altitude, mono-cropping i.e. growing of
single crop like maize or paddy in a year is practiced.
3.4.10. Presence of Economically Important Mineral Deposit
No major occurrence of economic deposit has been found in the reservoir area, except
materials like boulder, shingle pebbles, sand which bears no economic mineral importance,
save as the construction material.
3.4.11. Archaeological / Religious / Historical Monuments
No archaeological monument of national importance either lies in the project area or in its
submergence area. There is also no structure of national heritage in the area. The only place
of importance in the Padder valley, though 40 km away from the dam site, is shrine of
Chandi Mata at Machel, where the famous “Machel Yatra”, which commences from
Bhadarwah and ends at the shrine.
3.4.12. Sensitive Areas
No National Park, Sanctuary, Defense Establishments, Archeological Monuments, Notified
Eco-sensitive areas or protected area under Wildlife (Protection) Act exists within the project
area or within 15 km distance from it. No Building, Monument or place of worship lies in the
reservoir area behind the dam.
3.5.
Meteorology, Air and Nose
To understand the average weather of a place, it is important that the climatological normal,
based on 30 years data, are considered. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
defines climatological normal as arithmetic averages of the climatological data computed for
consecutive period of thirty years. These constitute pivotal statistics tools to describe the
average weather of a location and sets a benchmark for comparing current climatic
conditions with it. The climatological normal are Pivotal Statistics tools to describe the
average weather of a location and sets a benchmark for comparing current climatic
conditions with it.
The meteorological data reported in EIA report has been abstracted from the latest
available/ printed Climatological Normals,1981-2010, published by the Ministry of Earth
Sciences, India Meteorological Department. It is in line with the requirement of ToR which
states that Meteorology (viz., Temperature, Relative Humidity, wind speed/direction etc.)
shall be collected from nearest IMD station (Bhadarwah). Data based on Climatological
Normal,1981-2010, related to monthly mean maximum temperature; monthly mean
maximum temperature; monthly rainfall and RH at 8:30 and 17:30 hours, monthly average
wind velocity was described in Table 3.6.
At the station, the extreme minimum temperature -10.8° C was observed on 14.01.2002
while the extreme maximum temperature 39.4° C was observed on 12.07.1999. Heaviest
rainfall recorded in 24-hour duration is 225.8mm (16.01.2005). Wettest month during winter
(Western Disturbance) is 454.7mm during March 1979 and during S.W. Monsoon during
September 1988 is 518.7mm.
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Table 3.6 : Climatic Data of IMD Bhadarwah, J & K (1981-2010)
Month
Average Monthly
Temp. 0C
Max.
Min.
Relative Humidity (%)
08:30 Hrs.
17:30 Hrs.
Monthly
Rainfall (mm)
Mean Wind
Speed Kmph
January
12.1
-1.0
77
63
125.3
1.8
February
March
13.1
18.2
0.2
3.5
80
74
64
57
170.9
171.5
1.8
201
April
23.4
1.2
67
51
123.8
2.1
May
27.3
10.1
65
51
94.1
1.6
June
30.5
13.9
66
51
74.8
1.5
July
30.5
16.9
78
64
141
1.0
August
29.8
16.5
82
68
121
0.9
September
28.4
12.4
79
60
92.2
1.1
October
24.6
6.6
72
51
38.8
1.4
November
20.1
3.0
67
54
36.9
1.5
December
14.8
0.4
69
58
72.5
1.6
Mean
Annual Total
22.7
7.5
73
58
1.5
1262.6
*Source: India Meteorological Department, Climatologically Tables (1981-2010)
3.5.1.
Rainfall in Chenab Catchment
The average annual rainfall in the Chenab basin is about 121.17 cm. The average monthly
rainfall at various places in the main Chenab catchment area is given in Table 3.7.
Table 3.7 : Average Monthly Rainfall in cm. In Chenab Catchment
Month
Keylong
Kishtwar
Bhadarwah
Ramban
Reasi
Akhnoor
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
7.1
7.2
9.7
8.0
6.6
2.8
3.5
11.3
12.0
14.4
11.0
6.2
4.3
8.4
12.5
17.1
17.2
12.4
9.4
7.5
14.1
17.0
15.6
14.4
9.3
5.0
5.3
15.5
10.6
9.8
9.4
5.6
3.5
8.8
45.3
6.4
5.7
5.8
3.0
1.9
5.6
31.3
August
September
October
November
December
Total Annual
3.7
4.9
1.3
0.9
2.5
58.2
7.5
5.2
3.5
2.0
6.4
92.3
12.1
9.2
3.9
3.7
7.3
126.3
13.7
6.9
2.8
1.8
8.4
115.7
48.9
16.0
2.5
1.0
4.7
166.1
35.4
12.8
1.2
0.5
3.5
113.1
Under the aegis of Central Water Commission, a good network comprising of 21 rain gauge
and snow fall stations besides 9 hydrological observations sites and 08 silt observation sites
is functioning in the basin. The mean annual precipitation over the basin up to Kirthai dam is
750 mm. In winter, the precipitation is attributed to western disturbances and during
summer it is caused by south west monsoon. Average monthly precipitation for the period
1967-2006 at three of the rain gauge / snow gauge stations near to the site is shown in Table
3.8 and presented in Figure-3.5.
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Table 3.8 : Av. Monthly Precipitation Observed at Nearby Rain gauges (mm)
Month
January
Kishtwar
(El. 1615 masl)
108
Ohli
(El. 1585 masl)
92
Mou
(El. 2900 masl)
104
February
151
115
136
March
120
159
135
April
72
101
89
May
49
68
71
June
33
41
44
July
50
75
80
August
56
46
68
September
48
49
47
October
29
23
27
November
22
17
32
December
61
41
70
Average Annual
Precipitation
Maximum one day
785
797
903
360
(29-12-1994)
798.4
(December 1994)
1959
(1994)
277.7
(2005)
215.1
(08-05-1979)
776.0
(March 1979)
1908
(2005)
369.0
(2000)
222
(29-12-1990)
655.3
(December 1990)
1830
(1989)
377
(1982)
Maximum Monthly
Maximum Yearly
Minimum Yearly
Kishtw ar (El. 1615 masl)
Ohli (El. 1585 masl)
Mou (El. 2900 masl)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
No
ve
m
be
r
De
ce
m
be
r
O
cto
be
r
Se
pt
em
be
r
Au
gu
st
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
M
ay
Ap
ril
M
ar
ch
Fe
br
ua
ry
Ja
nu
ar
y
0
Figure 3.6 : Mean Monthly Rainfall
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3.5.2.
Temperature
The Central Water Commission has been manning three climatological stations in Chenab
basin viz. Sirshi, Dhamkund and Tillar. The latter has now become defunct. The data in
respect of temperature is presented in Table 3.9 and shown station-wise in Figure 3.6 to 3.8.
Table 3.9 : Mean Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature
S. N.
Month
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average Annual
Dhamkund
(El. 640 masl)
Max., 0C
Min., 0C
15.8
17.4
23.5
28.2
33.1
35.2
32.8
32.1
31.5
29.2
33.0
16.7
27.38
5.6
6.9
11.3
16.9
18.9
21.5
22.6
22.0
19.5
14.6
9.2
6.0
14.58
Sirsi
(El. 1675 masl)
Max., 0C
Min., 0C
9.5
11.4
16.4
23.4
26.7
30.8
30.2
29.9
28.5
23.4
19.5
13.6
21.94
Dhamkund (El. 640 masl) Max., 0C
1.5
2.4
5.3
9.1
11.4
14.5
17.6
17.2
14.6
8.6
4.5
2.2
9.08
Tillar
(El. 2130 masl)
Max., 0C
Min., 0C
4.1
5.1
10.8
16.8
20.7
27.3
26.3
25.6
24.0
20.1
14.5
8.1
16.95
-2.8
-2.8
-0.3
4.1
7.2
10.5
14.0
14.0
9.0
3.5
0.2
-2.4
4.52
Dhamkund (El. 640 masl) Min. , 0C
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
February
January
0
Figure 3.7 : Mean Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature at Dhamkund
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Sirsi (El. 1675 masl) Max. , 0C
Sirsi (El. 1675 masl) Min. , 0C
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
February
January
0
Figure 3.8 : Mean Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature at Sirsi
Tillar (El. 2130 masl) Max. , 0C
Tillar (El. 2130 masl) Min. , 0C
30
25
20
15
10
5
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
February
-5
January
0
Figure 3.9 : Mean Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature at Tillar
3.5.3.
Relative Humidity
The monthly mean relative humidity data (0830 and 1730 hrs.) observed at IMD station
Bhadarwah that is very near to the study area have already been depicted in Table-3.1. The
data shows that relative humidity varies from 50 % to 82 %. The month of May and June are
observed to have the lowest humidity whereas the maximum humidity is observed during
month of February due to rainfall caused by disturbances in Arabian Sea.
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3.5.4.
Wind Speed / Direction
The nearest meteorological station to the project site where wind is recorded is at
Bhadarwah. The predominant wind direction during Jan-March is from South East followed
by South-West whereas during May-June is from South West. The predominant wind
direction during July - August is from SW and NW. during October to December the
predominant winds are from SE and SW. Winds are generally moderate throughout the
season and the average wind velocity varies between 1.4 to 2.7 km/hr.
3.5.5.
Air Environment
Air pollution can cause significant effects on the environment and subsequently on human,
animals, vegetation and materials. In most cases, air pollution aggravates pre-existing
diseases or degrades health status, making people easily susceptible to other infections and
development of chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Further, environmental
impacts from air pollution can include acidic deposition and reduction in visibility.
The objective of the study is to analyze the existing ambient air quality within the study area
and compare it with the NAAQ standards specified by CPCB to know about the pollution
status of air in and around the project area. To quantify the impact of the construction
activities on the ambient air quality at the construction site and its surrounding area, it is
necessary to evaluate the existing ambient air quality in those areas.
3.5.5.1
Causes Attributing to Air Pollution in and Around Project Area
The existing causes of air pollution in and around project area are due to construction
activities i.e. excavation, vehicular movement, dust arising from unpaved village roads and
domestic fuel burning and forest fire. At present neither any new road is under construction
in study area nor any widening of road is underway. There is no mining activity within the
study area except for lifting of boulder and sand from riverbed at some places. The study
area also does not house any air pollution intensive industry. The proposed project is hydroelectric project where no air pollution is envisaged during operation phase. During
construction phase, minor air pollution may occur due to excavation, quarrying, blasting,
drilling, vehicle and D.G set operation.
3.5.5.2
Rationale for Selecting Monitoring Station
Since the proposed site has no pollution intensive activities in its vicinity, six sampling
stations located within 10.0 km of the site was considered to provide the surrounding
baseline air quality. For the selection of the monitoring locations, long-term meteorological
trends were taken into consideration to obtain the predominant wind direction during the
sampling period. The monitoring station were selected keeping in view the sites where
extensive construction activities like excavation, operation of stone crushing plant for
production of aggregates and concrete batching plant shall be operative besides to and fro
movements of trippers for carrying muck and construction material. The ambient air quality
monitoring locations are detailed in Table 3.10 and shown in Figure3.10.
Table 3.10 : Location of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
Location
Code
A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
Station Name
Arthal Village
Kirthai Village
Quarry site Q-2
Dam site
TRT Outfall
Naunut Village
Direction/Distance w.r.t. Dam
Site
SE (9.0 km)
SE (6 km)
SE (2.2 km)
W (6 km)
W (9 km)
Environmental Sensitivity
Rural / Residential
Rural / Residential
Rural
Rural
Rural / Residential
Rural / Residential
Source : Monitoring Plan
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Figure 3.10 : Location of Air Quality Monitoring Stations
3.5.5.3
Ambient Air Quality Analysis
A well-designed monitoring programme was carried out to assess the status of ambient air
quality in the project area. The parameters studied were PM10, SO2 and NOx. Ambient air
quality, for the three seasons, was monitored during May 2014 to December 2014 at all six
stations. AAQ monitoring at same locations was again repeated as per the requirement of
EAC during pre-monsoon season-2019. The 24 hrs. monitoring have been carried out
covering PM10, SO2, and NOx. The monitoring was done by using Respirable Dust Sampler.
The samples were collected and analyzed as per methods specified by Bureau of Indian
Standards (IS: 5182). The objective was to assess the existing level of air pollutants. 24
hourly sampling for two consecutive days was done at each station. The ambient air quality
results observed for three seasons of year 2014 are presented in Table 3.11 and in
compliance of MoEF observation, additional for one more season (pre-monsoon season
2019) in Table 3.12.
Table 3.11 : Ambient Air Quality Status (year-2014)
Station Code
A1
A2
A3
Range
Max
Min
Mean
Max
Min
Mean
Max
Min
Mean
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Pre-Monsoon 2014
PM10
SO2
NOx
56.6
6.3
12.5
37.1
<5.0
9.8
45
5.1
10.8
52.4
6.7
14.2
36.6
<5.0
10.5
48.5
4.9
12.1
49.5
6.2
13
26.5
<5.0
10.1
39
4.8
11.5
Monsoon 2014
PM10
SO2
NOx
52.1
5.9
11.2
33.4
<5.0
7.7
43.5
4.9
9.3
53
5.8
12.2
37
<5.0
8.6
43.8
4.7
10.8
50.2
5.8
11.7
33.1
<5.0
8.6
42.1
3.9
10.3
Post-Monsoon 2014
PM10
SO2
NOx
55.2
6.6
13
36.5
<5.0
9.5
46.6
5.6
11.1
56.1
6.5
14.0
40.1
<5.0
10.4
46.9
5.4
12.6
53.3
6.5
13.5
36.2
<5.0
10.4
45.2
4.6
12.1
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Max
Min
Mean
Max
A5
Min
Mean
Max
A6
Min
Mean
NAAQS for 24 hrs
52.1
33.5
47.5
51.6
39.4
45.3
52.2
36.9
45.2
100
A4
6.1
<5.0
5.1
6.9
<5.0
5.6
6.8
<5.0
5.1
80
12.7
10.3
12.1
13.1
8.1
11.2
12.9
10.1
11.1
80
50.5
29.3
43.8
50.6
33.5
43.1
50
31
42.1
100
5.5
<5.0
3.9
6.1
<5.0
5.3
6.4
<5.0
5.1
80
10.8
8.3
9.5
10.1
7.1
8.1
11.4
7.2
8.4
80
58.3
35.9
51.2
58.5
35.3
47.1
53.6
38.6
47.3
100
6.5
<5.0
5.4
7.4
<5.0
5.9
7.9
<5.0
5.9
80
13.1
10.5
11.5
15.7
8.6
12.5
13.6
10.5
11.8
80
Source: Primary Data Collection and Sampling Analysis
Table 3.12 : Ambient Air Quality Status (Pre-monsoon 2019)
Pollutants (µg/m3)
Code
Location
Arthal
A1
Kirthai Village
A2
Quarry site Q-2
A3
Dam site
A4
Power House site
A5
Naunut Village
A6
Range
Max
Min
Mean
98 Percentile
Max
Min
Mean
98 Percentile
Max
Min
Mean
98 Percentile
Max
Min
Mean
98 Percentile
Max
Min
Mean
98 Percentile
Max
Min
Mean
98 Percentile
NAAQS for 24 hr.
PM10
PM 2.5
SO2
NOx
58.7
42.5
49.6
57.5
60.8
43.7
51.8
59.3
50.6
35.1
43.9
50.5
55.9
38.3
46.1
54.8
52.9
35.3
45.6
52.7
55.8
40.2
47.3
54.4
100
37.0
26.8
31.3
36.2
38.3
27.5
32.6
37.3
31.9
22.1
27.6
31.8
35.2
24.1
29.1
34.5
33.3
22.2
28.7
33.2
35.2
25.3
29.8
34.3
60
6.9
<5.0
5.7
13.0
7.1
<5.0
5.2
7.1
6.8
<5.0
5.7
6.7
7.1
<5.0
5.8
7.0
7.4
<5.0
6.0
7.3
7.2
<5.0
5.7
7.0
80
13.0
9.2
11.2
13.0
15.9
10.0
12.7
15.4
13.2
9.4
11.3
13.0
13.7
9.8
11.5
13.4
13.2
10.1
11.9
13.2
13.6
10.5
12.0
13.5
80
Source: Primary Data Collection and Sampling Analysis
3.5.5.4
Interpretation of Results of Ambient Air Quality (2014)
The monitoring results of ambient air quality were compared with the National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS) prescribed by MoEF; GoI Notification dated 16.11. 2009.The
maximum concentration of PM10, NOX and SOx was 58.5µg/m3, 15.7µg/m3,7.9 µg/m3
respectively. Thus, it was found that concentration of pollutants was within the limits of
standards prescribed by NAAQS, 2009.
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It is evident from the above that the air quality in the proposed project area and its
surroundings is pollution free. The pollutant concentration in the air is well below the
permissible limit as there are no industries in the area and the density of vehicular traffic is
not alarming. The forest cover in and around the site is quite dense and serves as a carbon
sink. All the pollutant gases in the atmosphere are also within safe limits. In addition to this
there are plenty of water vapours in the air, acting as dilutant and do not allow dust to
scatter much. The phenomenon like smog and acid rains has not been observed in these
areas and neither do such conditions are likely to occur.
3.5.5.5
Interpretation of Results of Ambient Air Quality (Pre-monsoon,2019)
The monitoring results of ambient air quality were compared with the National Ambient
Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) prescribed by MoEF; GoI Notification dated 16.11. 2009.The
maximum concentration of PM10, PM2.5, NOX and SOx observed was 60.8µg/m3,
38.3µg/m3, 15.9 µg/m3 and 7.4 µg/m3 respectively. Thus, it was found that during
additional season too, the concentration of pollutants was within the limits of standards
prescribed by NAAQS, 2009 and no substantial variation was observed in ambient air
quality of the study area.
3.5.6. Noise Environment
Noise is an important pollutant, which affects the environment and poses health and
communication hazards. The intensity of noise is measured in decibel (dB). The intensity of
more than 65 dB becomes alarming from pollution point of view. At the construction sites,
the intensity of noise will usually be much higher for which safeguard measures will be
adopted so that the noise pollution can be controlled.
The noise levels have been expressed as an equivalent noise level (Leq) which is the
measurement duration of sound pressure level as the averaging time. It is calculated as
follows:
Leq = 10 Log10 [ n 1]
Li n10n/10
Where, Li = Instantaneous sound intensity level dB (A)
n = No. of observations
3.5.6.1
Noise Monitoring Location and Monitoring
The monitoring station were selected keeping in view the sites where extensive construction
activities like excavation, operation of stone crushing plant for production of aggregates and
concrete batching plant shall be operative besides to and fro movements of trippers for
carrying muck and construction material. The monitoring site at Gulabgarh market were
selected due to increase in vehicular movement due to project and being nearest to dam site
and to meet the different land use pattern as specified in the standard. The locations have
been selected covering all the categories i.e. residential, commercial and sensitive except
the industrial locations, as there are no industrial activities surrounding the proposed
project. Six locations were selected for the 24-hourly day and night noise monitoring are
presented in Table 3.13 and shown in Figure 3.11. One full day data was collected at each of
the locations for each season i.e., during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon ,2014
and monitoring results have been detailed in Table 3-14 through Table 3.16. Again, in
compliance of MoEF observation, additional monitoring for one more season (pre-monsoon
season 2019) was carried out and results placed in Table 3.17.
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Table 3.13 : Location of Noise Monitoring
Location
Code
N-1
N-2
N-3
N-4
N-5
N-6
Station Name
Arthal Village
Kirthai Village
Quarry site Q-2
Dam site
Power House site
Naunut Village
Direction/Distance w.r.t. Dam
Site
SE (9.0 km)
SE (6 km)
SE (2.2 km)
W (6 km)
W (9 km)
Environmental Sensitivity
Residential
Residential
Rural
Rural
Rural
Residential
Source : Monitoring Plan
Figure 3.11 : Location of Air Quality Monitoring Stations
Table 3.14 : Noise Level of the Study Area (Pre-monsoon, 2014)
Location
Location Code
Day dB(A)
Night dB(A)
Max
Min
Leq
Max
Min
Leq
Leq
Day & Night
Arthal Village
N-1
56.0
44.5
53.2
46.0
40.2
42.9
51.6
Kirthai Village
N-2
56.7
45.2
52.6
45.7
39.4
42.5
51.0
Quarry Site Q-2
N-3
68.0
60.4
64.1
61.2
56.0
59.0
63.0
Dam Site
N-4
71.5
66.8
69.4
70.5
67.7
69.1
69.3
Power House site
N-5
70.7
66.2
68.3
68.0
64.2
66.7
67.8
Naunut Village
N-6
57.6
46.3
53.4
47.2
41.0
44.1
51.9
Source: Primary Data Collection and Sampling Analysis
Table 3.15 : Noise Level of the Study Area (Monsoon, 2014)
Location
Location Code
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Day dB(A)
Night dB(A)
Leq
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Max
Min
Leq
Max
Min
Leq
Day & Night
Arthal Village
N-1
54.5
51.3
53.5
51.5
37.3
42.8
51.9
Kirthai Village
N-2
52.3
46.5
50.5
49.2
36.8
42.1
49.0
Quarry Site Q-2
N-3
65.2
57.3
61.5
61.8
60.2
61.1
61.4
Dam Site
N-4
72.7
70.3
71.8
69.5
67.3
68.5
71.0
Power House site
N-5
68.2
65.2
66.9
63.8
60.2
61.9
65.8
Naunut Village
N-6
53.2
47.3
50.1
49.5
37.5
43.4
48.8
Source: Primary Data Collection and Sampling Analysis
Table 3.16 : Noise Level of the Study Area (Post-monsoon, 2014)
Location
Location Code
Day dB(A)
Night dB(A)
Arthal Village
N-1
56.2
48.8
52.5
52.9
40.4
44.4
Leq
Day & Night
49.7
Kirthai Village
N-2
54.7
46.4
50.6
51.2
37
42.5
49.2
Quarry Site Q-2
N-3
66.5
60.3
63.1
64.4
59.5
61.8
62.5
Dam Site
N-4
70.6
65.3
68.4
69.5
63.8
66.4
67.3
Power House site
N-5
69.0
63.5
66.6
66.0
61.2
63.5
65.6
Naunut Village
N-6
54.2
47.6
50.5
51.7
36.3
42.3
48.1
Max
Min
Leq
Max
Min
Leq
Source: Primary Data Collection and Sampling Analysis
Table 3.17 : Noise Level of the Study Area (Pre- monsoon 2019)
Location Code
Day dB(A)
Night dB(A)
Max
Min
Leq
Max
Min
Leq
N-1
56.0
44.5
53.2
46.0
40.2
42.9
51.6
CPCB Noise
Standards,2000
Leq dB(A)
Day
Night
55
45
N-2
56.7
45.2
52.6
45.7
39.4
42.5
51.0
55
45
N-3
68.0
60.4
64.1
61.2
56.0
59.0
63.0
55
45
45
Leq
Day & Night
dB(A)
N-4
70.3
65.2
68.5
68.4
63.0
67.6
68.2
55
N-5
69.1
66.1
67.7
67.4
63.9
66.7
67.4
55
45
N-6
56.5
46.3
53.4
46.8
40.8
43.7
51.9
55
45
Source: Primary Data Collection and Sampling Analysis
3.5.6.2
Interpretation of Results
The noise monitoring shows that day and night time noise levels exceed prescribed limit at
dam site, TRT outfall and quarry site due to flow of river. The major source of the noise in
the study area is the flow of river, community noise and vehicular movement. The ambient
air quality standards in respect of noise are 75, 65, 55 and 50 dB (A) Leq in day time and 70,
55, 45 and 40 dB (A) Leq during night time for industrial, commercial, residential and silence
zone respectively. The day time noise level measured during 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. and
night-time measured from 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. The noise level is within the prescribed
limit in all other monitoring stations.
3.5.7. Traffic Density
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The traffic survey is essential to realistically and accurately assess the prevailing traffic
volumes and travel characteristics by undertaking classified volume count. The objective of
traffic volume count survey is to assess the traffic intensity on the most vulnerable section of
the road under question. Two – days, 24 hrs., continuous volume counts were manually
undertaken during November 2014 at Dam site for capturing the realistic picture of the
current volume and composition of traffic motorized i.e. passenger vehicles (two-wheeler,
three-wheeler, bicycle, passenger car); utility vehicles (Jeep, Van, Mini Bus, Standard Bus);
Goods vehicles – LCV (Freight), MCV (2 axle rigid chassis), MCV (3 axle rigid chassis), MAV
and tractor trailer and non-motorized like animal driven cart. The survey work was
conducted by engaging educated people familiar with traffic characteristics. Before the start
of survey, the enumerated engaged were briefed and trained by an expert supervisor about
the task.
The analysis of traffic counts provides an estimate of average daily traffic (ADT). To convert
recorded vehicles into a common scale, the passenger car units (PCU) equivalent factor as
per IRC:64 -1990 has been adopted. The Table 3.18 reveals that the total ADT at Gulabgarh
on roads were 167 in terms of number which translates into 208 in terms of PCU.
Table 3.18 : Traffic volume counts at Kishtwar -Gulabgarh road at Dam Site
S. No.
Nomenclature of Vehicle
PCU factor
No. of Vehicles / day
25
No. of PCU / day
25
1
Car / Jeep / Van
1.0
2
Two-Wheelers
0.5
50
25
3
Three - Wheelers
1.0
0
0
4
Mini- Bus
1.5
0
0
5
Bus
3.0
20
60
6
Tempo / LCV
1.5
6
9
30
7
Two Axle Truck
3.0
10
8
Three Axle Truck
3.0
10
30
9
More than 3 Axle Truck
4.5
0
0
10
Tractor
1.5
6
9
11
Cycle
0.5
40
20
167
208
Total
3.6.
Soil
The soil resource map of J & K (NBSS Publication No 62) has been used in the present study.
The soil is predominantly fine to coarse loamy soil. The soil map of the free draining
catchment is presented in Figure 3.12 reveals that the soil of the area belongs to those of
great Himalayas and lesser Himalayas having map units, 108, 107, 89, 90, 53, 52, 27, 36, 20,
21, 22 being soil of side and reposed slopes and also lesser Himalayas in soil of map units 53.
The characteristics of these soils are described here under:
•
Soils on fluvial valley
Soil belonging to map unit 108 are soils on fluvial valley of Chenab river in project area.
These soils are deep somewhat excessively drained, fine loamy, calcareous soil on moderate
slopes with loamy surface, moderate erosion and slide stoniness associated with coarse
loamy surface moderate erosion and moderate stoniness.
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Soil belonging to map unit 107 are soils on side / reposed slopes on right side of the Bhut
nala and right bank of Chenab River. These soils are medium deep well drained fine loamy
soils on gentle slopes with loamy surface and slight erosion; associated with deep well
drained fine loamy calcareous soil with loamy surface and slide to moderate erosion.
Soil belonging to map unit 90 are soils on side / reposed slopes on left bank of Chenab d/s of
dam to power house site and further below. These soils are medium deep excessively
drained coarse loamy soil on steep slopes, severe erosion and moderate stoniness;
associated with deep well drained fine loamy soils with moderate erosion.
Soil belonging to map unit 89 are soils on left bank of Chenab covering area of Kirthai to
Arthal u/s of dam. These soils are soils on side / reposed slope and are shallow excessively
drained, loamy soils on steep slopes, severe erosion and moderate stoniness; associated
with medium deep, excessively drained fine loamy soils with severe erosion.
Soil belonging to map unit 86 are soils on left bank of Chenab covering area of the upper
portion of sub-watershed Kirthai. These are basically rock outcrops associated with shallows,
excessively drained, loamy soils on moderately step slopes with loamy surface, moderate
erosion and moderate stoniness.
Soil belonging to map unit 85 are soils on left bank of Chenab covering area of the
uppermost portion of sub-watershed Kirthai. These soils belong to thermic temperature
regime. These are deep, well drained, thermic, fine loamy, soils on moderate slope with
loamy surface, moderate erosion and slight stoniness associated with fine loamy, moderate
erosion and moderate stoniness.
•
Soils on Lower Piedmont Plains
Soil belonging to map unit 82 are soils on left bank of Chenab situated above the extremity
of soils of map units 89 and 90. These soils are deep, imperfectly drained, fine silt soils on
very gentle slopes with loamy surface, slight erosion and moderately deep ground water.
•
Soils on Glacio-fluvial Valleys and Moraine
Soil, belonging to map unit 53, cover larger portion of Bhut Nala on either side. These soils
are deep, somewhat excessively drained, coarse loamy soil on moderate slopes with loamy
surface, moderate erosion and moderate stoniness associated with well drained coarse
loamy soils with moderate erosion.
Soil, belonging to map unit 52, cover left bank of Bhut Nala from Machel. These soils are
deep, somewhat excessively drained, coarse loamy soil on gentle slopes with loamy surface,
moderate erosion and moderate stoniness associated with well drained coarse loamy soils
with moderate erosion.
Soil, belonging to map unit 36, cover left bank of Bhut Nala from confluence with Chenab to
Machel and cover area above the mapping unit 53. These are soil on side / reposed slopes
and are mainly rock out crops associated with deep excessively drained, sandy skeletal soils
on steep slopes with sandy surface with very severe erosion and moderate stoniness.
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Soil belonging to map unit 27 are soils on side/reposed slopes and are mainly rock out crops
associated with deep, excessively drained, mesic, loamy skeletal soils on steep slopes with
loamy surface with severe erosion and strong stoniness.
Soil belonging to map unit 22 are soils on side/reposed slopes and are mainly rock out crops
associated with medium deep, excessively drained, loamy skeletal soils on very steep slopes
with loamy surface with severe erosion and strong stoniness.
Soil belonging to map unit 21 are soils on side/reposed slopes and are dominantly rocky
landscape associated with very shallow, excessively drained, fragmented soils on very steep
slopes with loamy surface, very severe erosion and strong stoniness.
•
Soils on Mountain and Valley Glacier
Soil belonging to map unit 20 pertains to dominantly glaciers and rock out crops associated
with medium deep, excessively drained, sandy skeletal, soils on very steep slopes with sandy
surface and moderate stoniness.
Soil belonging to map unit 19 pertains to dominantly glaciers and rock out crops associated
with shallow, excessively drained, sandy skeletal, soils on very steep slopes with severely
eroded sandy surface and moderate stoniness.
Figure 3.12 : Soil Map of the Study Area
3.6.1.
Soil Characteristics (Physical & Chemical)
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The slope soils are composed of silt and are good for vegetation. The texture varies from fine
to course loamy. Soil samples from various locations in the study area were collected; the
sample locations have been selected to represent the area characteristics based on geology,
land use and floristic pattern. The samples have been collected from fourteen locations for
soil quality in project area at three different depths from 5 to 15 cm and well mixed. The
location of the soil samples is presented in Table 3.19 and in Figure 3.12. The physical and
chemical analysis results of the soil samples collected at site during Pre-monsoon, Monsoon
and Post Monsoon (May 2014 to December 2014) and again repeated for pre monsoon
season 2019. The analysis results for three seasons of year 2014 and pre-monsoon year 2019
are presented in Table 3.20. through 3.23.
Table 3.19 : Location of Soil Quality Monitoring Stations
S. No.
Sampling Location
Sampling Station Code
1
2
3
4
5
6
Gulab Garh
Atholi
Kirthai
Laie Village
Kidur
Naunut
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Distance from
Dam Site (km)
9.2
9.0
6.0
5.0
0.75
9.0
Environmental
Settings
Agriculture Land
Forest Land
Agriculture Land
Agriculture Land
Forest Land
Agriculture land
Source : Monitoring Plan
Figure 3.13 : Locations of the Soil Sampling Stations
Table 3.20 : Physical & Chemical Characteristics of Soil (Pre-monsoon, 2014)
S. N.
Parameter
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
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Post Monsoon-2014
(S1)
(S2)
(S3)
(S4)
(S5)
(S6)
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1
Particle Size Distribution
i).
Sand
%
74
72
77
76
75
78
ii).
Clay
%
10
12
10
12
13
10
iii).
Silt
%
16
16
13
12
12
12
Texture
-
3.
4.
5.
6.
Bulk Density
Porosity
WHC
gm/cm3
%
%
Sandy
Loam
1.57
40.8
11.2
Sandy
Loam
1.54
41.9
14.3
Sandy
Loam
1.58
40.2
11.2
Sandy
Loam
1.55
41
14.8
Sandy
Loam
1.54
42
15.3
Sandy
Loam
1.58
40
11.3
pH
-
7.46
7.38
7.28
6.68
7.28
7.28
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15
Conductivity
Sodium
Potassium
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
OC
Ca
Mg
µS/cm
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
%
mg/kg
mg/kg
208
16.2
46.8
50
5.4
0.85
428
13.3
180
13.3
22.8
30
4.1
1.6
309
20.8
168
18.2
58.6
88
9.5
2.1
455
28.3
232
16.1
51.3
90
9.1
1.69
445
23.1
220
17.3
49.9
70
7.8
1.8
519
25.3
204
18.8
49.8
85
8.1
1.85
432
24.9
SAR
-
0.21
0.2
0.22
0.2
0.2
0.24
2
Source: Primary Data Collection and Sampling Analysis
Table 3.21 : Physical & Chemical Characteristics of Soil (Monsoon, 2014)
S. N.
Parameter
Unit
Post Monsoon-2014
(S1)
(S2)
(S3)
(S4)
(S5)
(S6)
1
Particle Size Distribution
i).
Sand
%
74
71
76
78
76
76
ii).
Clay
%
12
14
12
12
12
8
iii).
Silt
%
14
15
12
10
12
16
Texture
-
3.
4.
5.
6.
Bulk Density
Porosity
WHC
gm/cm3
%
%
Sandy
Loam
1.55
41
12.6
Sandy
loam
1.52
41.6
15.2
Sandy
loam
1.55
40.5
11.5
Sandy
Loam
1.56
41.1
10.5
Sandy
loam
1.55
41.5
11.3
Sandy
loam
1.61
39.2
10.4
pH
-
7.68
7.44
7.3
7.28
7.4
7.78
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15
Conductivity
Sodium
Potassium
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
OC
Ca
Mg
µS/cm
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
%
mg/kg
mg/kg
213
15.7
45.2
54
5.2
0.8
412
13.6
187
12.3
21.8
28
3.8
1.5
318
20.5
163
17.8
59.4
90
9.6
2
460
27.2
214
16.7
52.8
95
9.3
1.71
472
23.8
224
15.3
50.4
73
7.3
1.9
510
24.1
194
19.3
48.4
78
7.8
1.8
446
25.3
SAR
-
0.21
0.18
0.21
0.2
0.18
0.24
2
Source: Primary Data Collection and Sampling Analysis
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Table 3.22 : Physical & Chemical Characteristics of Soil (Post Monsoon, 2014)
S. N.
Parameter
Unit
Post Monsoon-2014
(S1)
(S2)
(S3)
(S4)
(S5)
(S6)
1
Particle Size Distribution
i).
Sand
%
70
67
73
75
69
67
ii).
Clay
%
14
15
13
12
14
15
iii).
Silt
%
16
18
14
13
17
18
Texture
-
3.
4.
5.
6.
Bulk Density
Porosity
WHC
gm/cm3
%
%
Sandy
Loam
1.59
43.0
13.2
Sandy
loam
1.55
40.2
15.8
Sandy
loam
1.6
42.5
12.3
Sandy
Loam
1.62
43.3
11.6
Sandy
loam
1.58
40.5
11.0
Sandy
loam
1.63
38.8
11.7
pH
-
7.53
7.28
7.41
7.38
7.43
7.58
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15
Conductivity
Sodium
Potassium
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
OC
Ca
Mg
µS/cm
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
%
mg/kg
mg/kg
220
16.1
40.6
48.0
5.5
1.3
375
12.5
205
12.5
24.4
37.0
4.2
1.6
324
18.3
172
17.2
55.6
66.0
8.8
2.2
436
285.8
217
15.4
50.8
90.0
8.2
1.5
428
24.2
212
16.0
51.3
77
7.6
1.6
464
25.6
188
18.5
45.2
70.0
6.5
2.0
430
23.3
SAR
-
0.25
0.18
0.22
0.18
0.23
0.25
2
Source: Primary Data Collection and Sampling Analysis
Table 3.23 : Physical & Chemical Characteristics of Soil (Pre monsoon, 2019)
S.
No.
Parameters
Unit
1.
i).
ii).
iii).
2
Particle Size Distribution
Sand
Silt
Clay
%
%
%
Texture
-
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Bulk Density (BD)
Porosity
WHC
pH
Conductivity (EC)
Sodium as Na
Potassium as K
Nitrogen as N
Phosphorus as P
Organic Carbon
Calcium as Ca
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gm/cm3
%
%
µmhos/cm
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
%
mg/kg
(S-1)
Pre-monsoon season-2019
(S-2)
(S-3)
(S-4)
(S-5)
(S-6)
71
12
17
Sandy
Loam
1.53
42.3
29.5
7.42
205.6
18.6
48.6
56.2
6.9
0.68
548.5
78
11
11
Sandy
Loam
1.58
40.3
28.8
7.36
187.6
15.5
32.7
32.8
5.8
0.75
562.2
80
9
11
Sandy
Loam
1.61
39.2
28.9
7.18
203
17.9
52.4
91.6
9.9
0.55
588.5
75
12
13
Sandy
Loam
1.55
41.5
29.6
7.24
174
19.8
60.4
94.2
10.2
0.79
668.4
72
14
14
Sandy
Loam
1.54
41.9
30.5
6.98
229
19.2
50.6
95.2
9.8
0.65
558.8
73
12
15
Sandy
Loam
1.51
43.0
29.2
7.25
224
17.4
53.1
69.4
8.4
0.52
576.2
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14.
15
Magnesium as Mg
SAR
mg/kg
-
24.6
0.36
34.6
0.29
40.3
0.34
35.6
0.35
41.2
0.31
34.6
0.33
Source: Primary Data Collection and Sampling Analysis
3.6.2. Soil reaction classes and critical limits for Macro and Micro-nutrients in soil
According to Soil Survey Manual (IARI, 1970), the soils are grouped under different soil
reaction classes viz; extremely acidic (pH<4.5), very strongly acidic (pH 4.5-5.0 ), strongly
acidic (pH 5.1-5.5), moderately acidic (pH 5.6-6.0), slightly acidic (pH 6.1-6.5), neutral (pH
6.6-7.3), slightly alkaline (pH 7.4-7.8), moderately alkaline (pH 7.9-8.4), strongly alkaline (pH
8.5-9.0).The soils are rated as low (below 0.50 %), medium (0.50-0.75 %) and high (above
0.75 %) in case of organic carbon, low (<280-kg/ha-1), medium (280 to 560-kg/ha-1) and
high (>560-kg/ha-1) in case of available Nitrogen, low (<10-kg/ha-1), medium (10 to 25kg/ha-1) and high (>25-kg/ha-1) for available Phosphorus, low (<108-kg/ha-1), medium (108
to 280-kg/ha-1) and high (>280-kg/ha-1) for available Potassium and low (<10-mg/kg-1),
medium (10-20-mg/kg-1) and high (>20-mg/kg-1) for available Sulphur (Singh et. al. 2004,
Mehta et. al.1988). Critical limits of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B, which separate deficient from nondeficient soils followed in India, are 4.5, 2.0, 0.5, 0.2 and 0.5-mg/kg-1 respectively. (Follet &
Lindsay-1970 and Berger & Truog-1940)
3.6.3. Interpretation of Soil Characteristics (2014)
The soil texture is Sandy loam. The soil pH ranges from 6.8 to 7.78, thereby indicating the
soil is neutral to slightly alkaline. The organic carbon content of soil varied from 0.8% to
2.2%, thereby implying that soils are high in organic content. Available nitrogen content in
the surface soils ranges between 28 to 95 mg/kg (64.0 kg/ha to 222kg/ha) thereby indicating
that soils are low in available nitrogen content. Available phosphorus content ranges
between 3.8 to 9.6 mg/kg (8.7 kg/ha to 22.3 kg/ha) thereby indicating that soils are low to
medium in available phosphorus. Available potassium content in these soil ranges between
21.8 to 59.4mg/kg (49.7 kg/h to 138.1 kg/ha) thereby indicating that the soils are low to
medium in potassium content.
3.6.4. Interpretation of Soil Characteristics (summer season 2019)
As per triangular classification of soil texture, the soil texture is Sandy loam. The soil pH
ranges from 6.98 to 7.42, thereby indicating the soil is neutral to slightly alkaline. The
Organic Carbon content of soil varied from 0.52% to 0.79%, thereby implying that soils are
medium to high in organic content. Available nitrogen content in the surface soils ranges
between 32.8 to 95.2 mg/kg (77.7 kg/ha- 220kg/ha) thereby indicating that soils are low in
available nitrogen content. Available phosphorus content ranges between 5.8 to 9.9 mg/kg
(13.8 kg/ha-23.9 kg/ha) thereby indicating that soils are medium to high in available
phosphorus. Available potassium content in these soil ranges between 32.7 to 60.4mg/kg
(77.5 kg/ha-140.4 kg/ha) thereby indicating that the soils are low to medium in potassium
content.
3.7.
Water Quality
The catchment of the Chenab up to the dam site is characterized by many snow-fed springs
fed river / hill torrents. The attitudinal gradient of the drainage basin from higher reaches to
project site shows height difference from El 1620 masl to 6722 masl. The water is not
polluted and bears a lot of dissolved oxygen in it. The natural treatment of water current
takes place for a considerable length in upper reaches where the ultraviolet radiation due to
sun is quite high. In addition to this the water of the river is not exposed to sewerage in
general although some sewerage during monsoon is brought by different streams passing
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through the inhabitation, during high fold season. The area is free of industrial pollutants as
the industrial base is non-existent. In view of the above, the water environment of the
Chenab up to the project site is benign.
3.7.1. Water Quality Assessment
The quality of water is of vital concern for mankind since it is directly linked with human
welfare. Water quality characteristics of aquatic environments arise from multitude of
physical, chemical and biological interactions. The water bodies are continuously subjected
to dynamic state of changes with respect to their geo-chemical characteristics. The dynamic
balance in aquatic ecosystem is upset by human activities, resulting in pollution which is
obvious by bad taste of drinking water, offensive odour and unchecked growth of aquatic
weeds to decrease in number of fish and oil and grease floating on water bodies. These
disturb the normal uses of water for public water supply, industry, agriculture etc.
3.7.2. Reconnaissance Survey (Pre monsoon season-2019)
After studying the drainage pattern of the entire catchment area. Six ground water and six
surface water sample wer collected from the study area. Ground water samples were
collected from springs and surface water samples were collected from river Chenab and its
tributaries joining the river. The location details of the surface and ground water monitoring
stations for pre monsoon season 2019 are presented in Table 3.24 and Table 3.25.
Monitoring locations are shown in Figure 3.12.
Table 3.24 : Location of Ground Water Quality Monitoring Stations (Premonsoon 2019)
Station
Code
SW1
SW2
SW3
SW4
SW5
SW6
Station Name
Bhut Nala
Honser Nala
Chenab River at Dam Site
Kuheg Nala
Chenab River Power House Site
Sungala nala
Location w.r.t. Dam Site
Distance (km)
Direction
9.35
6.5
3.75
6.0
2.82
SE
SE
NW
W
SE
Source : Monitoring Plan
Table 3.25 : Location of Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations (Premonsoon 2019)
Station
Code
GW1
GW2
GW3
GW4
GW5
GW6
Station Name
Tattapani (Hot spring) near Kundal
Spring near CharwasPuheli
Spring near Halwa
Spring near Lai
Spring near Chauki
Spring near Sangul
Location w.r.t. Dam Site
Distance (km)
Direction
8.02
9.38
6.87
4.90km
5.82
6.75
SE
SE
SE
SE
NW
SE
Source : Monitoring Plan
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Figure 3.14 : Locations of the Water Sampling Stations (Pre monsoon 2019)
Water quality analysis results for the water samples collected for premonsoon season 2019
are presented in Table 3.26.
Table 3.26 : Physico-chemical Characteristics of Ground Water in Pre-monsoon 2019
S.N.
1
2
Parameters
pH Value
Conductivity,
mhos/cm
GW1
GW2
GW3
GW4
GW5
GW6
Acceptable/Permissible
Limit
(IS 10500:2012)
7.52
7.62
7.45
7.50
7.54
7.64
6.5-8.5/No relax
152
148
204
210
152
188
--
3
Turbidity NTU
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
1/5
4
TDS mg/l
102
98
132
138
100
124
500/2000
5
TSS mg/l
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
--
6
TH as CaCO3 mg/l
46
45
60
63
44
56
200/600
7
Chloride as Cl mg/l
16
16
18
14
12
14
250/1000
8
Total Alkalinity mg/l
34
38
50
54
36
46
200/600
9
Sulphates as SO4 mg/l
4.4
3.6
4.9
5.2
2.8
4.3
200/400
10
Nitrates as NO3 mg/l
1.3
1.2
2.0
1.5
1.1
1.3
45/No relax.
11
Fluoride as F mg/l
0.54
0.34
0.39
0.48
0.40
0.42
1/1.5
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12
Iron as Fe mg/l
0.12
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.11
0.3/No relax.
13
Zinc as Zn mg/l
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
5/15
14
Calcium as Ca mg/l
9.4
9.6
14
15
11
14
75/200
15
Magnesium as Mg,
5.6
5.2
6.1
6.2
4.1
5.0
30/100
16
Cadmium as Cd mg/l
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
0.003/No relax
17
Copper as Cu mg/l
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.05/1.5
18
Nickel as Ni mg/l
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.02/No relax.
19
Lead as Pb mg/l
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01/No relax.
20
Mercury as Hg mg/l
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.001/0.001
21
T Chromium as Cr
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.5/No relax.
22
Arsenic as As mg/l
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
0.01/0.05
23
Cyanide as mg/l
< 0.01
< 0.0)
<0.01
<0.01
< 0.01
<0.01
0.05/No relax.
24
Phenolic
mg/l
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.001/0.002
25
Oil & grease
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
--
26
Total Coliform
MPN/100ml
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Shall not be detectable
in any 100 ml sample
compound
Source: Primary Data Collection and Sampling Analysis
Table 3.27 : Physico-chemical Characteristics of Surface Water in Pre-monsoon 2019
S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Parameters
pH
Conductivity, mhos/cm
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l
Turbidity (NTU)
Total Dissolved solids, mg/l
Total Suspended solids, mg/l
Total Hardness as Caco3 mg/l
Calcium as Ca, mg/l
Magnesium as Mg, mg/l
BOD, mg/l
COD, mg/l
Chlorides as Cl, mg/l
Sulphates as SO4, mg/l
Nitrates as NO3, mg/l
Fluoride as F, mg/l
Total Iron as Fe, mg/l
Lead as Pb, mg/l
Copper as Cu, mg/l
Mercury as Hg, mg/l
Nickel as Ni, mg/l
Zinc as Zn, mg/l
Chromium (Total as Cr), mg/l
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
SW-1
7.60
80
8.8
7
53
4
19
4.8
1.7
0.6
2.5
10
2.8
1.8
0.66
0.37
<0.01
<0.01
<0.003
<0.1
0.28
<0.1
SW-2
7.62
94
8.4
4
62
6
16.5
4.8
1.1
0.9
2.8
14
4.2
2.2
0.68
0.35
<0.01
<0.01
<0.003
<0.1
0.45
<0.1
Pre-Monsoon, 2019
SW-6
SW-3
SW-4
SW-5
7.62
7.60
7.70
7.52
143
102
123
150
8.5
8.1
8.5
7.8
6
7
6
5
96
72
85
100
5
7
6
5
36.1
38.9
46
43.0
9.8
8.2
8.5
9.6
4.5
3.8
4.3
5.2
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.5
2.9
3.2
2.9
2.2
20.8
14
16
20
5.8
4.8
4.6
3.8
2.1
1.8
2.0
1.6
0.58
0.64
0.60
0.56
0.38
0.45
0.36
0.40
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01 <0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01 <0.01
<0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.34
0.24
0.38
0.32
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
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23
24
25
26
27
Arsenic as As, mg/l
Manganese as Mn, mg/l
Cadmium as CD, mg/l
Oil and Grease
Total Coliform, MPN/100 ml
<0.05
<0.1
<0.003
NIL
45
<0.05
<0.1
<0.003
NIL
60
<0.05
<0.1
<0.003
NIL
50
<0.05
<0.1
<0.003
NIL
65
<0.05 <0.05
<0.1
<0.1
<0.003 <0.003
NIL
NIL
55
54
Source: Primary Data Collection and Sampling Analysis
3.7.3.
Interpretation of Water Quality (Pre-monsoon,2019)
Ground water Quality:
The analysis results indicate that the pH ranged between 7.45 to 7.64, and within the
acceptable limit (6.5 to 8.50. Total TDS recorded ranged between 98 to 138 mg/l, which is
within the acceptable limit (500 mg/l) at all locations Total hardness was recorded to range
from 44 to 63 mg/l, which is within the acceptable limit (200 mg/l) at all locations. Chlorides
at all the locations were within the acceptable limit (250 mg/l) as it ranged between 12 to18
mg/l. Sulphates at all the locations were within the acceptable limit (200 mg/l) as it ranged
between 2.8 to 5.2 mg/l. Nitrates at all the locations were within the acceptable limit (45
mg/l) as it ranged between 1.1 to 2.0 mg/l. Iron at all the locations were within the
acceptable limit (1.0 mg/l) as it ranged between 0.08 to 0.12 mg/l. Fluoride at all the
locations were within the acceptable limit (1.0 mg/l) as it ranged between 0.34 to 0.54 mg/l.
Bacteriological studies reveal that no coliform bacterial are present in the samples. The
heavy metal contents were observed to be in below acceptable limits. All physical and
general parameters were observed within the desirable limit as per IS10500:2012 (Second
Revision).
Surface Water Quality:
The analysis results have been compared with the drinking water quality standard (IS 10500
:2012) reference values and also in respect of CPCB Water Quality Criteria for designated
best use. The pH values of all analyzed samples ranged between 7.52 to 7.62 and are within
the acceptable limit (6.5-8.5). The TDS levels ranged from 53 to 100 mg/l and were less than
the desirable limit of 500 mg/l. Total hardness levels ranged from 16.5 to 43 mg/l and were
well below the acceptable limit of 200 mg/l. The dissolved oxygen values ranged between
7.8 to 8.8 mg/l and were more than 6mg/l, i.e., the limit under CPCB Water Quality Criteria
for designated best use (A). The chlorides level in surface water samples ranged from 10 20.8 mg/l and were below the acceptable limit of 250 mg/l. The sulphates level ranged from
2.8 to 5.8 mg/l and were below the acceptable limit of 200 mg/l. Nitrates at all the locations
were within the acceptable limit (45 mg/l) as it ranged between 1.6 to 2.2 mg/l. The fluoride
content in water ranged between 0.56 to 0.78 mg/l i.e., within the tolerance limit (1.5 mg/l).
The heavy metal content was found below detectable limits.
The BOD values ranged between 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l and were within the CPCB criteria of less
than 2mg/l for Class A water. The Total Coliform level were less than 500 MPN/100ml, the
limits specified for Class B water under CPCB Water Quality Criteria for designated best use.
The water is suitable for meeting drinking water requirements after conventional treatment
and disinfection.
3.7.4. Reconnaissance Survey (year 2014)
A reconnaissance survey of the site and the surroundings was conducted for complete three
seasons during the year 2014. After studying the drainage pattern of the entire catchment
area, five surface water samples and one ground water sample were collected from river
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Chenab and its tributaries joining the river. The location details of water sampling stations
are presented in Table 3.28 and shown in Figure 3.15.
Table 3.28 : Location of Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations
Station
Code
Station Name
SW1
Bhut Nala
SW2
Honser Nala
SW3
Chenab River at Dam Site
SW4
Kuheg Nala
SW5
Chenab River Power House Site
GW1
Tattapani
Source : Monitoring Plan
Location w.r.t. Dam Site
Distance (km)
Direction
8.5
6.5
3.75
6.0
7.5
u/s
u/s
u/s
d/s
u/s
Figure 3.15 : Locations of the Water Sampling Stations (year 2014)
3.7.5. Water Quality of the Study Area
The water samples were collected for three seasons during 2014 . The water quality analysis
results for year 2014 are presented in Table 3.29.
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Table 3.29 : Physico-chemical Characteristics of Water in the Study Area (2014)
S.N
Parameters
SW1
SW2
Pre-Monsoon-2014
SW3
SW4
SW5
GW1
SW1
SW2
Monsoon-2014
SW3
SW4
SW5
GW1
SW1
SW2
Post Monsoon-2014
SW3
SW4
SW5
GW1
1
pH
7.42
7.62
7.55
7.56
7.65
7.7
7.47
7.6
7.4
7.66
7.53
7.6
7.54
7.7
7.3
7.54
7.4
7.62
2
Conductivity, m mhos/cm
79
85
126
93
118
142
84
90
132
97
128
135
95
1
138
84
125
144
3
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l
9
8.5
8.1
8.2
8.4
7.1
9.2
8.8
8.5
8.5
8.8
7.6
9.5
9
8.4
8.2
8.5
7.3
4
Turbidity (NTU)
7
3
8
6
7
5
10
4
10
8
9
6
11
6
8
10
9
8
5
Total Dissolved solids, mg/l
51
54
80
60
75
92
55
57
85
64
82
86
60
63
88
61
81
90
6
Total Suspended solids, mg/l
6
5
8
9
7
6
8
9
12
10
14
8
8
10
12
10
13
9
7
Total Hardness as Caco3 mg/l
38
36
55
52
58
75
43
40
60
55
62
72
62
55
78
64
82
77
8
Calcium as Ca, mg/l
13
11
17
14
18
17
14
12
15
15
16
16
12
9.5
14
15
17
14
9
Magnesium as Mg, mg/l
1.2
1.2
2.4
2.3
2.6
2.8
1.4
1.3
2.4
2.3
2.3
3
3.4
4
5.2
1.1
3.4
5.1
10
BOD, mg/l
0.6
0.3
0.6
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.6
0.8
0.8
11
COD, mg/l
8
8
12
8
10
8
10
9
12
10
14
10
8
5
9
7
9
11
12
Chlorides as Cl, mg/l
6
9
12
8
11
16
8
11
11
11
10
15
9
8
10
9
11
14
13
Sulphates as SO4, mg/l
5.5
6
7.5
7.4
8.5
17
6
7
7
7.8
7.2
15
5.8
6.5
7.1
7.5
7
10.4
14
Nitrates as NO3, mg/l
1.5
1.5
2
2
2.4
3
1.7
1.6
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.7
1.8
1.6
2
2.3
2.1
2.4
15
Fluoride as F, mg/l
0.65
0.6
0.76
0.06
0.73
0.6
0.63
0.7
0.72
0.062
0.75
0.64
0.65
0.73
0.7
0.6
0.83
0.62
16
Total Iron as Fe, mg/l
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.035
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.032
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.035
0.042
0.037
0.033
0.044
17
Lead as Pb, mg/l
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Copper as Cu, mg/l
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Mercury as Hg, mg/l
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
20
Nickel as Ni, mg/l
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
21
Zinc as Zn, mg/l
1.7
1.1
2
0.7
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.2
1.6
0.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.8
1.3
1.9
2
Chromium (Total as Cr), mg/l
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
23
Arsenic as As, mg/l
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
24
Manganese as Mn, mg/l
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
18
19
22
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
<0.01
<0.003
<0.1
<0.01
<0.003
<0.1
<0.01
<0.003
<0.1
<0.01
<0.003
<0.1
<0.01
<0.003
<0.1
91
<0.01
<0.003
<0.1
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
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25
Cadmium as Cd, mg/l
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
26
Oil and Grease
Nil
Nil
0.08
Nil
0.03
Nil
Nil
Nil
0.06
Nil
0.07
Nil
Nil
Nil
0.06
Nil
0.07
Nil
27
Total Coliform, MPN/100 ml
27
28
40
40
35
20
25
33
36
35
38
22
30
38
33
41
38
26
Source: Primary Data Collection and Sampling Analysis
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3.7.6. Interpretation of Surface Water Quality
Three seasons, 2014
The analysis results have been compared with the drinking water quality standard (IS 10500
:2012) reference values and also in respect of CPCB Water Quality Criteria for designated
best use.
The pH values of all analyzed samples ranged between 7.3 to 7.7 and are within the
acceptable limit (6.5-8.5). The TDS levels ranged from 51 to 92 mg/l and were less than the
desirable limit of 500 mg/l. Total hardness levels ranged from 36 to 82 mg/l and were well
below the acceptable limit of 200 mg/l. The dissolved oxygen values ranged between 8.1 to
9.5 mg/l and were more than 6mg/l, i.e., the limit under CPCB Water Quality Criteria for
designated best use (A). The chlorides level in surface water samples ranged from 6 -16 mg/l
and were below the acceptable limit of 250 mg/l. The sulphates level ranged from 5.5 to 17
mg/l and were below the acceptable limit of 200 mg/l. Nitrates at all the locations were
within the acceptable limit (45 mg/l) as it ranged between 1.5 to 3.0 mg/l. Iron at all the
locations were within the acceptable limit (1.0 mg/l) as it ranged between 0.03 to 0.04 mg/l.
The fluoride content in water ranged between 0.06 to 0.83 mg/l i.e., within the tolerance
limit (1.5 mg/l). The heavy metal content was found below detectable limits. The BOD values
ranged between 0.3 to 1.0 mg/l and were within the CPCB criteria of less than 2mg/l for
Class A water. The Total Coliform level were less than 50 MPN/100ml, the limits specified for
Class A water under CPCB Water Quality Criteria for designated best use. The water is
suitable for meeting drinking water requirements after conventional treatment and
disinfection.
3.8.
Water Environment and Hydrology
The project area interacts with river Chenab which is one of six major components of the
Indus drainage system, is one of the largest drainage systems of the world. To conduct EIA
studies of Kirthai HEP, stage-II, proposed on lower segment of the Chenab, also known as
Chandra Bhagha, about 6 km south of Kirthai village, in district Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir,
baseline data pertaining to water environment of the project up to the next upstream
development viz. proposed Kirthai HEP, stage-I (390 MW) and on the downstream up to Kiru
HEP (600MW) has been collected. The baseline data was studied for evaluating the basin
characteristics, drainage pattern, hydrology, ground water regime and downstream water
use. The existing physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters were also analyzed for the
river and its tributaries at different sites.
3.8.1. Basin Characteristics of the Chenab
The Chenab emanates from Baralacha pass in the Lahul and Spiti part of the Zaskar Range in
Himachal Pradesh. Two small streams viz. the Chandra and the Bhaga rising from the southwest and north-west faces of the pass respectively, from its headwaters at about El 4890
masl. The Chandra flow south-east for initial 88 km, after traversing 125 km confluence with
the other limb, the Bhaga, at Tandi. The latter negotiates a total river course of 80 km with
an average fall of about 24 m/km. The united stream, called the Chandrabhaga or Gador,
flowing northwesterly for 46 kms. is joined on its right bank by the Miyar Nala. The
Chandrabhaga, after flowing in general northwest direction almost parallel to the Pir Panjal
range, crosses at El. 1838 masl the Pangi valley of Himachal Pradesh to enter Padder block of
newly formed district Kishtwar of Jammu and Kashmir.
After entering the J & K, the Chadrabhaga continues to flow northwest for 56 km and receive
at Bhandalkot on its right bank, the Marusudar, one of its biggest tributaries. In this section,
it also meets Sansari, Kaban and Bhut Nala on its right bank. Near Kishtwar, it cuts a deep
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
gorge, sometime 1000m deep. Flowing further downstream south wards for 34 km up to
Thathri and is joined by Niru Nala on its left flank. Thereafter flowing generally in northwest
direction for another 41 km it receives Bichleri, a right bank tributary, and continues to flow
westwards for about 50 km reach where it is joined by small streams viz. Cheneni, Talsuen,
Yabu and Ans on the right bank besides Katu Nala, Mandial and Painthal Khad on the left
bank. After the confluence with river Ans, the Chenab changes its course to southerly
direction for about 45 km and debouches into plains near Akhnoor in Jammu and Kashmir.
Thereafter it swings to the South-West through the plains of Pakistan Punjab for a distance
of 644 km to reach Panchand where it joins the Satluj after receiving waters of the Jhelum
and the Ravi. The total length of the river from the confluence with the Chandra and Bhaga
up to Akhnoor is about 410 km whereas the total length up to the point of confluence with
the Satluj is 1108 km. the catchment area of the Chenab basin up to international border
with Pakistan is 29050 Sq.km out of which 6242 Sq.km area is under perpetual snow.
3.8.2. Basin Characteristic of Free Draining Catchment of KHEP-II
The total catchment area of the Chenab up to the proposed Kirthai HEP, Stage-II is 9987 sq.
km out of which the catchment area up to the next upstream project viz. Kirthai HEP, StageI, is 8530 sq. km. Thus, the free draining catchment of the Chenab extended to the next
upstream proposed development is 1457 Sq. km. which is largely contributed by Bhut Nala, a
right bank tributary of the Chenab which confluences with the latter at Gulabgarh at El 1779
mamsl. The altitude in the free draining catchment area varies from El 1620 mamsl, at dam
site, to El 6722 mamsl. The average river bed slope in between the two stages of
development is 10 m/km being gentle up to Kirthai and steeper thereafter.
As per nomenclature contained in Water Atlas of India, Edition 1993, the free draining
catchment under the study area lies in Water Resource Region-I (Indus); basin 1D (Chenab),
Catchment 1D! (Whole Chenab), sub-catchment 1D1D (Middle Chenab from Marau
confluence to Bhaga) and covered in parts under watershed 1D1D1 (left bank Chenab),
1D1D2 (Bhut nala) and 1D1D3 (Dharlang). The free draining catchment has been further subdivided into -sub-watersheds. The basin characteristics of different sub-watersheds are
illustrated in Table 3.30. The location map of different sub-watersheds is shown in Figure
3.15.
Table 3.30 : Basin Characteristics of Different Sub-watersheds
S. N.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Sub-watersheds
No.
Name
1D1D3(1)
Dharlang Nadi
1D1D3(2)
Bhuzas nadi
1D1D3(3)
Bharaj Nala
1D1D3(4)
Bhazun Nala
1D1D2(1)
Ligri
1D1D2(2)
Pilali
1D1D2(3)
Gulabgarh
1D1D2(4)
Machel
1D1D1(1)
Kirthai
Total
Say
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Total catchment area
of SWS (ha.)
43764
26840
12116
23703
6378
11458
5100
7238
9106
145702
1457 sq.km
Altitude of the highest
point in SWS (masl)
6486
6722
6240
5765
4711
6230
6062
6135
5029
94
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Figure 3.16 : Free Draining Catchment Area of the Basin
3.8.3. Drainage Pattern
Drainage is the single most entity, which defines the network antecedent river. The drainage
pattern of the study area exhibits dendritic pattern as shown in Figure 3.17. The rivulets
/nadi in the free draining catchment area confluencing with it from right are Bhut Nadi with
its tributaries viz. Dharlang, Bhuzas, bharaj, Bhazun, Kichar Nala, Sungala whereas Kundal,
Honsar, Aphani and Mutha meet it on the left bank. On downstream of the dam site, in the
impact area, Kidur, Pan Nar, Shishrar, Lidrari and Bargad are major hill torrents / rivulet
confluencing with the Ravi on its left bank whereas Kijai, Kuhag, Hachor and Ral gad
confluence with it on the right bank. The drainage pattern of the area may be classified into
following classes.
3.8.3.1
Gross Trellis
The trellis drainage pattern is normally developed in the hillside slopes and usually aligned
along the strike of the rock formation. The softer rocks like phyletic slates exhibit such
drainage. The trellis drainage pattern is well developed in the terraces and lower most
reaches of the valley. The majority of the area possesses a dendritic to sub-dendritic
drainage containing irregular branching of the smaller tributaries. The closeness of these
small branches is depending on the permeability of the underlying rocks and the amount
and nature of precipitation. It is the most common drainage pattern of hillside slopes of the
study area.
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
3.8.3.2
Gross Radial, Local Annular
The radial drainage pattern is a characteristic feature of the high altitudinal zone specially
the summit surfaces. Litho logically, these areas are constituted by the resistant and
impervious rocks with steep slopes. The sub-parallel drainage pattern comprises a series of
streams which run approximately parallel to each other. They are evolved in areas of
uniformly dipping rocks.
3.8.3.3
Gross Sub-Parallel, Local Sub-Rectangular
The major river in the study area is antecedent in nature. The sinuosity, braiding and
meandering in the river course is generally noticed, although at some places, they are
straight and narrow. Due to the increase of the drainage area and the discharge, the river
valley becomes wider in downstream side with generally flattened gradient.
Figure 3.17 : Drainage Map of the study area
3.8.4. Hydrology
The Chenab, one of the six major components of the Indus drainage system, has its genesis
in the confluence of two legendary snow-fed streams viz. Chandra and Bhaga emanating
from the southwest and northwest faces of Bara Lacha La or Pass (El 4890 masl), connecting
Lahul & Spiti district in Himachal Pradesh to Ladakh in Jammu & Kashmir, situated along NH21. The Bhaga, a tributary of the Chandrabhaga or Chenab, originates from Surya Tal Lake,
which is situated a few kilometers from the pass, runs for about 80 km before confluences at
Tandi with the Chandra which has already traversed 125 km distance from its origin. The
Chandrabhaga after crossing the Pangi valley of Himachal Pradesh enters the Padder block of
district Kishtwar. The major tributaries of the Chandrabhaga are Miyar Nala, Sachkash Nala,
Sansari Nala and Kaban Nala up to the proposed dam site of Kirthai HEP, Stage-I and on its
d/s up to Akhnoor it is joined by major tributaries viz., Bhut Nala, Marusudar, Tawi and
Munawar Tawi. The total catchment area drained by the Chenab in its basin within India
including 10130 sqkm permanently snow fed area, is 29050 sq.km which is spread over
21206 sq.km and 7844 sq.km area in J & K and Himachal Pradesh respectively. Mean annual
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
precipitation over the basin up to Kirthai dam is 750 mm which is mainly attributed due to
southwest monsoon is summer / monsoon and in winter due to the western disturbances.
For a hydro-electric project the important hydrological parameters which have a bearing on
the project and its design are the water availability, occurrence of storms in and around the
basin, the flood estimation and the sediment inflow rate entering into the reservoir. Detailed
Hydrological studies were earlier carried out by Hydrology Directorate of CWC.
3.8.4.1
Water Availability
The total catchment area of the Chenab at dam site measures 9987 sq.km. The entire
catchment comprises of mountainous terrain of Greater & Lesser Himalayas with
characteristic steep hill slopes and sparse population. With snow-bound catchment being
large, the bulk contribution to the discharge is from rainfall from southwest monsoon and is
minimal during winter months from December to February and starts increasing from end of
February due to melting of snow.
Though the daily discharge observation of the Chenab at the proposed dam site were not
carried out, yet the discharge data were available at Arthal, about 10 km u/s of the dam, for
period 1972-1990 and at two other downstream sites viz. Benzwar and Prem Nagar for the
period 1967-2003 and 1967-2010 respectively. The details of the catchment area etc of
these sites are given in Table 3.31.
Table 3.31 : Period of availability of discharges at different G & D sites
S.No.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Name of G & D Sites
Udaipur
Gulabgarh
Arthal
Benzwar
Prem nagar
Catchment area (sq.km.)
5662
8295
9853
10542
16290
Period
Nov. 1973 to Dec. 2010
June 1990 to May 2009
Dec. 1972 to May 1990
June 1967 to May 2003
June 1967 to May 2010
Figure 3.18 : Locations of different G&D sites
Therefore, for establishing long term ten daily flow series at the dam site the following
principles were adopted by the CWC, which are summarized as below.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
•
•
Transference of the flow data of Arthal G & D for period 1973-1990, based on the
catchment area proportion, to the proposed dam site. The discharge calculated at
Arthal has been transferred to the Stage-II dam site by applying multiplication factor
9987/9857 i.e. 1.0132.
By developing suitable regression for common period of observation of data at Arthal
and the data of Benzwar site, extending backward to 1968 and forward to 2002, the
observed data of the Benzwar site to evolve a ten-daily series in respect of Arthal G & D
site. The following form of linear regression equation was used:
QA = C1 x QB + C2
Where, QA is the 10-daily mean discharge at Arthal
QB is the 10-daily mean discharge at Benzwar
C1 & C2 are constants obtained by regression analysis and are shown in Table 3.32.
Table 3.32 : Coefficient of correlations for different season
Period
November to February
March to May
June to October
C1
0.9964
0.9358
0.7603
C2
-11.25
-14.17
58.3680
Co-efficient of Correlation (r)
0.6265
0.9769
0.9670
Based on above principle, water availability studies were carried out by the CWC and a
10-daily flow series have been formulated, after necessary consistency check, for a
period of 43 years i.e. from 1967-68 to 2009-10 and recommended to be adopted for
preliminary planning purpose. The flow series is presented in Table 3.33.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Table 3.33 : Ten Daily Flow Series at Dam Site
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
619.3 719.1 852.5 1171 1194 1432 1068 949.2 741.1 374 454.5 229.3 107.3 80.1 69.2 64.5
929.4 1360 1349 1483 1522 1156 1438 1440 688.3 626.1 582.2 514.7 259.9 141.1 114.7 101.1
661.9 815.5 760.8 1034 1297 1095 1143 1037 630.5 523.9 368.9 270.6 181 138.6 115.4 109.1
530.5 539.9 870.3 1033 908.6 753.8 966.8 787.5 833.3 917.2 540.7 242.3 149.3 136.3 100 78.2
780.4 682 875.7 673.7 787.8 960.5 1039 671.6 718.8 347 206.4 233 159.5 123.1 82.3 69.3
581.1 803.6 987.9 923.2 787.8 885.7 951.7 649.1 630.9 599.6 401.2 174.8 132.6 114.1 105.4 94.3
968.7 1973 1553 1510 1710 1226 1389 944.5 1095 790.1 723.3 448 202.9 135 105.8 89.6
333 551.9 371.7 606.4 1083 842.2 908.1 795.1 757.6 477.3 322 233.8 140.1 109.1 80 66.3
1975-76
1976-77
620.6 930.8 1041 876.4 1757 1111 1082 1384 994.3 754.3 643.4 326.9 253.3 204.2 124.2 94.8 82 67.1 65 60.8 56.9 54.9 51.2 53.8 46.8 58.5 57 65.4 55.7 67.84 85.7 108.3 214.7 236.5 377.3. 529
918.3 651 570.3 1062 1510 1506 1097 988.3 698.4 626.6 335.5 268.4 190.2 120 102.5 92.5 86.6 81.7 73.7 67.7 63.8 64.9 56.9 58.7 59.7 64.3 57.4 57.7 68 80.96 95.1 90.7 114.8 124.3 148.6 328.3
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
504.3 335 1398 1655 1492 1288
1041 924.1 1743 1770 1466 1510
381.2 804.1 1466 1282 1636 1194
688.6 859.6 1197 1294 1497 1170
458.3 499.5 1318 1036 1636 1785
542.2 894.1 758.7 947.1 1042 1461
523.2 565.8 1121 1022 639.6 1587
1141 1044 1114 1005 759.7 1043
703.8 830.8 930.8 1087 1258 1134
75.5
81.9
73.1
76.7
76.9
76.8
78.8
76.3
76.6
73.2
74.8
66.6
70.7
72.3
75.1
73.2
72.8
72.8
72.3
71.6
62.4
67.2
66.5
69.7
67.8
68.7
70.4
66.8
74.5
58.1
50.5
60.2
63.8
65.1
63.1
68.1
58
62.4
58.3
61.7
60.2
65.9
59
58.2
65.2
53.9
59.9
58.8
56
58.4
64
61.8
62.3
61.4
50.6
60.7
50.4
54.2
61.7
58.9
59
60.6
58.7
50.8
57.5
53.4
59.1
61.9
63.3
57.3
60.3
58.4
54.7
57.3
52.2
57.4
57.2
62.2
51.1
59.5
56.7
52.4
56.9
56.6
60.7
59.6
58.13
101.6
60.9
57.2
60.5
35.9
56.1
61.3
64.4
59.7
63.7
64.1
66.1
62.6 83.55 74.9 166.1 169..9 375.8 625.6 776.1
52.6 129 139.8 183.2 264.4 292.9 279.6 264.8
57.7 70.01 79 108.6 156.5 253.8 279.9 376
60.7 77.53 95.9 175.1 261.6 480.1 503.9 680.8
62.8 75.36 89.1 124.2 155.7 261.6 205.4 329
65.1 77.7 119 118.8 149.2 238 367.3 406.5
68.19 83.13 107.1 108 151.5 240 291.2 590
63.8 73.1 73.9 92 123.3 177.1 225.7 538.3
69.8 88.23 91.1 152.8 201.1 241.1 427.1 273.2
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
371.7 918.7 1528 1312 1351 1525 1370 1255 876.2 689.6 332..9 287.7 173.3 150.4 111 101.8 98.2 93.3
723.6 644.1 920.7 1177 1158 1330 1055 1061 1169 915.3 610.2 445.3 252.5 189.8 129 114.4 102.8 94.4
638.6 885.7 1639 1522 1526 1600 1093 997.3 636.5 600.3 533.2 639.4 314.2 204.3 161.7 137.6 117.6 112
1154 817.1 977.2 956.3 1372 1670 960.7 1111 989.2 564.9 564.7 380.8 269 193.1 164.5 142.6 124.9 106.7
725.1 711.3 1744 1639 1215 1150 1419 1016 938.2 787 529.3 380.8 218 168.8 122.3 106.3 98.2 83
889.7 1046 995.6 1357 1297 1227 1007 852.1 885.4 837.9 734.6 346.8 204.9 164.9 135 115 102.9 88.2
546 784.9 945.9 795.6 1067 1177 1002 861.1 877.1 785.9 400 293.5 235.7 189.9 153.9 132.9 122.1 103.1
736.1 780.5 884.9 1332 1155 845.8 849.9 724.6 692.7 671.9 490.3 300 221.5 195.3 142.8 90.2 79.9 99.7
656 704.7 1036 1117 907.1 810 771.7 741 605.7 610.8 432.3 262.6 212.6 173.9 134.2 90.7 76.7 70.6
613 965.1 657.2 986.8 1029 1376 762.4 829.8 627.2 589.7 424.5 369.5 340.2 310.1 258.8 221.6 150.3 116.1
703.4 934.1 929.4 719.3 708.9 723.4 724.3 793.7 759.6 553.5 440.5 379.9 328.5 198.8 127.5 120.4 113.8 100
288.4 342.7 450.2 524.9 672.7 743.3 567.8 595.6 674.8 403 321.4 257.8 195.4 149.9 129.9 120.4 108.6 105
86.8
88.6
99.3
93.4
73.7
79
87.7
94.3
64.2
97.7
92
106
86.5
84.7
89.9
85.6
64.8
74.8
83.5
86.5
57.9
96.3
87.5
100
76.1
82.7
91.8
75.5
61.6
69.6
78.1
80.1
54.8
94.4
84.2
93
73.8
75.3
104.3
76.5
67.9
65.1
79.1
67.2
46.8
91
81.6
85.4
71.1
68.7
96.6
76.3
65
64.5
73.6
56.3
44.8
84.8
79.4
80.4
73
65.6
95
75.7
62.4
62.2
68.2
58.8
45
76.6
78.1
75
68.3
65.2
89
72.6
61.9
62.3
67.6
48.1
44.4
70.7
76.7
64.4
67.6
64.6
89.1
78.7
61.1
64.9
70.3
45.4
43.5
70.7
72
63.4
70.7
60.2
85.6
77.5
65.1
64.1
62.1
50.4
42.9
71.6
68.8
67.7
84.4
60
89.1
71.6
80.9
64.3
65.7
56.5
46.3
74.8
70.2
90.4
85.2
78.6
91.4
84.2
91.7
70.1
78.3
82.1
53.9
65
74.1
86.6
Year
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
1496 1050 952.3 817.7 460.5 272.7 183.3 131.4 118.1 96.5
1526 1348 1133 441 397.8 258.2 188.6 156 96.2 100.9
1516 1146 846.1 765.1 381.9 178 173.1 130 95.2 85.2
1346 763.5 832.8 522.8 359 259 224.6 145.6 107.8 93.3
1438 1245 819.4 583.9 287.4 287.8 149 122.1 105.4 98.2
1631 1204 721.2 629 564.7 261.8 141.1 122.3 108.6 91.17
1884 1407 1458 1131 687.2 405.8 292.8 195.8 118.1 103.2
1225 1196 983.9 666.3 416.9 175.1 119.9 108.8 104.3 90.3
1198 1083 984.2 716.9 423.4 286.6 222.1 126.2 100.2 90.8
Nov.
II
83.2
90.9
98.9
68.1
62.6
82.8
79.8
62.9
80.7
94.9
76.6
84.9
86.4
81.5
91.9
81.6
84.6
III
80.9
82.8
85.2
65.2
60.1
74.6
72.5
62
I
77.7
76.3
79.3
57.6
57.5
70.3
65.7
62.2
Dec.
II
65.7
75.3
89.8
49.2
59
66.4
63.2
57.3
III
58.1
72.3
70.1
46.4
56.5
63.7
58.1
56.7
I
59.7
66.9
61.6
45.8
52.8
60.8
54.6
59
99
Jan.
II
57.7
62.3
61.9
48.6
49.7
64
52.7
57.5
III
46.5
56.2
64.3
49.4
51
55.6
53.1
45.4
Feb.
I
II
109.5 58.3
64.8 62.6
66.1 64.1
52.1 48.3
49.9 47.6
58.7 62.3
49.1 51.4
48.6 40
III
50
65.8
61.1
46.2
51.7
64.7
51.2
54.3
I
65.3
72.9
62.7
49.9
52.3
71.6
55.9
52.5
March
April
May
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
78.7 66.59 78.9 110.7 226.6 211.5 267.4 399.2
90.3 100.3 106.9 161.7 148.8 218.7 277.1 371.8
57.1 67.59 86.5 128 207.4 187.3 372.2 492
68.5 75.36 90.8 101.3 136 139 174.9 386.9
59.7 71.1 68.7 92.6 105 139 174.9 386.9
75.5 112.5 129.2 181.8 458.4 755.9 453.8 622.1
56.3 87.39 95.4 114 159.5 247.6 196.1 197.5
58 74.36 98.8 113.1 164.6 224.1 434.5 526
94.16 113.6 114 195.3 183.9 201.4 378.1
113.5 133.9 310.8 360.9 381.2 545.4 589.3
111 122.4 147.3 171.6 253.6 404.9 684
97.34 111.8 156 210.1 378.9 872.6 791.4
117.8 161.1 136.1 190.9 269.8 418.1 388.1
93.79 114.7 149.2 224.8 239 359.1 452
84.85 101.1 134.3 221.3 388.9 293.2 515.7
95.5 161.2 132.8 158.8 297.6 306.5 507.7
57.59 70.8 70.3 106.3 222.6 451 297.7
116.9 117.9 132.2 268 213.5 260.8 381.2
77.32 80.4 93.6 138.8 172.1 194.3 247.9
136.4 184.2 223.5 280.4 361.2 516.7 668.9
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
635.5 641 887.5 1093 1108 958.8 850.7 819.2 708.5 755.4 772.1 809.4 549.9 320.2 221.2 201.1 176.6 168.5 158.9 143.3 118.8 100.6 93.2 87.6 76.8 71.7
341.7 448.5 561.9 734.3 1031 1182 1357 1096 1156 836.5 624.5 415.5 277.2 205 174.7 167.9 159.2 150.2 126.2 101.4 89.76 78.04 69.06 67.18 65.54 65.5
619.8 595.5 694.7 781.2 938.6 1283 1304 886.4 897.9 734.3 500.4 342.5 276.3 218 208.2 183.5 137.6 118.7 96.5 83.7 76.3 71.2 68.7 66.8 66.8 66.9
488.7 807.4 630.1 772.2 1093 1127 855.9 1053 783.8 557.9 446.1 374.2 304.8 202.5 182.5 161.6 143.3 162 125.2 123.7 116 109.3 108.4 70.3 57.5 58.2
793 921.1 1049 1229 1333 1225 1088 1088 1140 766 435.9 312.8 239.4 209.2 165.9 123.4 106.4 90.4 79.3 76.9 75.5 73 71.8 67.3 64.8 62.2
1228 1104 1181 1110 1037 1105 987.1 783.9 649.1 617.3 458 341.2 227.6 205.9 157.7 93.7 83 75.1 68.8 64.5 59.7 57.1 54.7 51.7 51.9 50.3
436.5 809.3 610.5 959 692 666.7 681.7 753.5 566.7 496.5 518.4 281.9 223.5 160.7 139.5 72.5 64.3 58.1 53.3 49.9 46.2 44.2 42.3 40 40.2 38.9
537.7 685.9 1370 1279 1299 1163 1096 945.2 678.5 738.7 520.6 356.7 293.2 198.5 158.4 100.1 88.7 80.3 73.6 68.9 63.9 61 58.4 55.3 55.4 53.8
628.1 493.9 784.7 1143 879.2 1216 1465 933 786.4 661.4 492.4 280.8 272 218.8 163.6 91.5 81.1 73.3 67.2 63 58.4 55.8 53.4 50.5 50.7 49.1
429.4 684 997.6 898.2 601.1 752.9 731.2 754.7 639.3 548 373.9 281.8 158.8 141.4 105.3 74.4 65.9 59.6 54.7 51.2 47.5 45.3 43.4 41.1 41.2 39.9
729.4 1244 912.8 1016 906.3 874.3 978.7 734.5 668.5 354.3 296.8 214.7 201.1 139.1 118.1 81.3 72 65 59.7 56 51.8 49.5 47.4 44.9 45 43.6
682.3 444.7 838.3 791.6 1183 962.1 1070 1196 743.7 522.3 240.2 349.7 232.4 166.6 165.7 85.9 76.1 68.8 63.1 59.1 54.8 52.3 50.1 47.4 47.6 46.1
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
100
71.1 75.5 81.3 102.5 155.5 174.2 237.8 208.6 261 364
66.23 68.87 74.12 82.02 89.14 98.4 115.4 240.1 811.1 1206
63.9 64.54 64.48 74.7 90.1 106.1 124.8 166.2 281.4 410.2
64.3 70.8 94 134.5 152.8 191.1 217.3 273.9 616.6 642
61 66.8 64.3 89.11 157.9 181.8 284.8 458.3 692.2 788.7
51.6 54.6 85 83.54 131.1 142.5 216.3 218 391.4 389.8
39.9 61.5 100.9 104.4 104.7 150.4 270.8 380.1 340.1 321.1
55.1 53.9 59.7 80.3 100.7 108.7 238.7 420.6 583.4 797.9
50.4 42.9 54.9 121.2 152.5 303.8 305.5 373.1 420.3 295.6
41 86 97.4 62.14 72.5 89.6 102.9 231.4 386.5 452.5
44.7 84.8 80.5 62.53 71.6 101.7 113.2 144.7 225.8 506.3
47.3 90.3 82.8 78.14 71.6 112.3 188.9 314.1 314.4 454.5
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
3.8.4.2
Water availability for different dependability
The Weibull’s distribution method has been used to calculate the dependency where ‘p’
expresses percentage exceedance of occurrence and ‘m’ represents total number of
occurrences. The annual runoff of these 43 years (1967-68 to 2009-10) is arranged in an
order to represent the decreasing pattern of series and then ranked applying Weibull’s
distribution formula. The 50%, 75% and 90% dependable years for this series are selected
according to the rank as shown in Table 3.34.
Table 3.34 : Computation of different dependable year
S.N.
Year
Unrestricted
Energy Potential
(MU)
S.
No.
Year
Unrestricted
Energy Potential
(MU)
1
1973-74
8290.94
23
2001-02
6652.34
2
3
4
5
6
7
1978-79
1988-89
1989-90
1968-69
2002-03
1983-84
8214.22
8096.24
7988.79
7935.22
7840.51
7800.38
24
25
26
27
28
29
1984-85
2006-07
1992-93
1995-96
2000-01
1993-94
6644.96
6581.23
6492.85
6483.96
6368.12
6298.09
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1990-91
1977-78
1987-88
1986-87
1991-92
2005-06
1975-76
7688.05
7637.30
7637.21
7302.63
7288.71
7252.87
7251.50
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
1969-70
1976-77
1967-68
1972-73
2009-10
2008-09
1994-95
6287.18
6270.60
6170.06
6167.84
5968.14
5689.64
5574.10
15
16
17
18
19
20
1999-2000
1980-81
1998-99
1979-80
1981-82
2003-04
7227.60
7191.00
7074.58
7045.18
6960.61
6783.27
37
38
39
40
41
42
1996-97
1970-71
2004-05
1971-72
2007-08
1974-75
5573.83
5562.58
5171.14
5140.60
5115.02
5004.11
21
22
1985-86
1982-83
43
1997-98
4964.44
6719.67
6702.05
90% Dependable Year =
75% Dependable Year =
50% Dependable Year =
(n+1) *0.9 = 39.60 say 40th Year viz. 1971-72
(n+1) *0.7 = 33 Year viz. 1972-73
(n+1) *0.5 = 22 Year viz. 1982-83
The 50%, 75% and 90% dependable year obtained from the developed series are 1982-83,
1972-73and 1971-72 respectively. The 10-daily flows in these years are given in Table 3.35.
Table 3.35 : 10-daily mean flows in different dependable years
Month
Period
Jun
I
II
III
I
Jul
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
90% Dep. Yr.
(1971-72)
780.4
682
875.7
673.7
75% Dep. Yr.
(1972-73)
581.1
803.6
987.9
923.2
50% Dep. Yr.
(1982-83)
542.2
894.1
758.7
947.1
101
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
II
III
Aug
I
II
III
Sep
I
II
III
Oct
I
II
III
Nov
I
II
III
Dec
I
II
III
Jan
I
II
III
Feb
I
II
III
Mar
I
II
III
Apr
I
II
III
May
I
II
III
Annual runoff (MCM)
787.8
960.5
1038.8
671.6
718.8
347
206.4
233
159.5
123.1
82.3
69.3
62.6
60.1
57.5
59
56.5
52.8
49.7
51
49.9
47.6
51.7
52.3
59.7
71.1
68.7
92.6
105
139
284
428.8
11875.30
787.8
885.7
951.7
649.1
630.9
599.6
401.2
174.8
132.6
114.1
105.4
94.3
82.8
74.6
70.3
66.4
63.7
60.8
64
55.6
58.7
62.3
64.7
71.6
75.5
112.5
129.2
181.8
458.4
755.9
453.8
622.1
10928.58
1042
1461
1631
1204
721.2
629
564.7
261.8
141.1
122.3
108.6
91.17
81.5
76.8
75.1
69.7
63.8
65.9
64
58.9
63.3
62.2
58.13
59.7
65.1
77.7
119
118.8
149.2
238
367.3
406.5
9107.62
The flow duration pattern and curve are presented in Table 3.36 and depicted Figure 3.19
respectively.
Table 3.36 : Flow Duration Pattern (1967-68 to 2009-10)
S. N.
Discharge
(Cumec)
Occurrences
%
S. No.
Discharge
(Cumec)
Occurrences
%
1
1973.2
1
0.065
19
800
266
17.2
2
1757
5
0.3
20
750
308
19.9
3
1710
8
0.52
21
700
337
21.8
4
1600
16
1.03
22
650
368
23.8
5
1525
22
1.42
23
600
404
26.1
6
1500
29
1.9
24
550
425
27.5
7
1407
44
2.9
25
500
454
29.33
8
1350
55
3.6
26
450
475
30.7
9
1300
65
4.2
27
400
503
32.5
10
1250
74
4.8
28
350
542
35
11
1200
86
5.6
29
300
574
37.1
12
1150
107
7
30
250
629
40.63
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
102
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
13
1100
125
8.1
31
200
693
44.76
14
1050
146
9.5
32
150
777
50
15
1000
169
11
33
100
940
60.72
16
950
193
12.47
34
75
1138
73.5
17
900
219
14.14
35
50
1494
96.5
18
850
243
15.7
36
35.9
1548
100
Figure 3.19 : Flow Duration Curve
3.8.4.3
Daily Discharge Data of River Chenab
The daily discharge data of river Chenab observed near Gulabgarh G&D site for year 2013
and 2014 is shown in Table 3.37 and 3.38.
Table 3.37 : Daily Discharge Data of River Chenab (2013)
Date
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Jan
173
173
172
154
171
171
170
170
169
169
169
169
171
174
174
172
172
Feb
138
139
139
138
139
136
136
136
138
139
139
138
140
142
142
140
140
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Mar
143
143
143
144
143
143
144
144
144
144
144
144
143
140
140
144
143
Apr
145
145
146
146
147
148
148
147
146
148
146
146
147
147
149
148
147
May
154
152
151
153
153
159
159
162
165
167
176
175
167
168
168
168
232
June
266
269
474
546
553
574
574
620
620
649
688
574
510
467
325
320
281
July
456
463
444
442
462
492
484
453
416
329
329
405
432
439
469
424
431
Aug.
517
502
494
492
465
460
459
478
480
478
473
431
426
420
423
428
300
Sep.
296
275
275
264
223
254
255
252
233
244
244
240
234
245
246
245
245
Oct.
242
242
242
242
242
242
234
235
235
236
226
221
221
202
202
201
199
Nov.
177
176
175
176
176
175
175
174
174
174
173
170
170
162
168
166
166
Dec
160
158
158
158
157
157
155
155
154
154
151
150
147
147
147
147
147
103
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
1 -10
11-20
R-Days.
Av.
172
174
172
172
171
171
171
170
171
171
171
170
169
171
169
172
171
171
140
139
139
139
139
139
138
138
132
132
143
139
140
140
143
143
144
144
143
143
143
145
144
145
145
144
142
144
143
138
140
138
139
147
148
151
150
153
152
152
154
156
156
157
157
154
147
148
154
149
246
250
264
270
278
295
320
322
318
275
218
245
234
234
158
201
274
213
270
281
296
320
325
327
474
468
460
459
446
448
448
515
401
418
444
460
473
461
456
456
476
474
468
469
443
446
467
466
501
444
432
466
448
297
329
299
281
310
315
320
321
327
308
310
320
302
299
483
383
310
389
244
244
243
243
243
242
240
239
240
241
241
241
241
257
243
241
247
196
194
194
189
186
180
180
180
180
177
180
177
178
177
239
206
180
207
166
166
165
163
157
157
157
163
163
163
159
159
159
146
146
145
135
135
135
139
139
138
140
140
140
138
137
157
147
138
147
Nov.
280
268
268
278
278
277
277
277
276
276
275
275
275
275
275
274
274
273
273
273
272
272
272
270
270
270
270
270
269
269
276
274
Dec
268
267
286
266
266
266
263
263
263
265
265
265
265
265
264
264
264
244
243
243
243
243
243
243
243
243
242
242
242
242
242
267
258
175
167
160
167
Table 3.38 : Daily Discharge Data of River Chenab (2014)
Date
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
1 -10
11-20
RDays.
Av.
Jan
133
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
Feb
132
132
132
131
131
132
132
128
123
126
127
134
132
135
133
133
133
133
132
132
132
133
133
133
133
133
133
133
June
630
673
724
657
639
639
596
586
597
597
583
596
596
598
596
598
600
600
639
653
684
712
735
772
738
710
713
723
740
765
135
138
May
146
145
147
151
156
155
150
148
146
146
146
143
143
140
140
139
142
143
149
146
146
150
151
151
151
158
159
167
160
157
159
149
143
135
140
134
138
Apr
135
135
134
134
134
134
135
135
136
136
137
137
137
136
137
138
138
138
142
140
140
139
139
139
138
139
141
141
140
140
130
132
Mar
134
133
133
133
133
132
132
133
132
132
132
132
132
133
133
133
133
134
134
133
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
136
135
133
133
132
133
132
132
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Aug.
1266
1251
1266
1587
1595
1953
1661
1567
1562
1546
1554
1280
1019
1244
1244
1022
1024
1244
1244
1016
871
872
755
755
724
690
662
690
699
738
738
1525
1189
Sep.
755
758
798
742
734
724
738
724
726
725
717
714
708
702
693
685
682
680
678
673
682
682
684
486
482
478
476
476
475
473
634
606
July
705
680
673
713
704
690
706
696
703
702
692
704
684
689
735
765
805
802
1024
986
916
916
891
747
916
1024
1024
1409
1266
1251
1266
697
789
742
693
Oct.
473
473
472
471
470
469
469
469
469
468
466
469
468
468
468
468
469
469
470
470
469
470
469
468
283
283
282
281
281
280
280
470
469
155
729
1057
745
539
350
270
243
149
656
854
1140
658
427
273
256
104
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
3.8.5. Ground Water Regime
The sub-surface geological configuration and aquifer deposition is mainly studied on the
basis of litho logical logs obtained from deep drillings. The project and reservoir area lie in
deep gorge with high mountains on either bank constituting very thick or high-water divide.
In the absence of litho logical logs water regime cannot be established in respect of terraces
in the project area. The project area lies in lesser Himalayas. As stated, that both flanks of
the river u/s and d/s of the project are high cliffs, deep water table is expected. In case of
soils of fluvial valleys encountered in cultivated valleys of Padder valley, the ground water
table is expected to be about 5-6 m below ground level. It is also brought out that due to
creation of reservoir the ground water table in the reservoir area shall raise and effect the
hydraulic gradient to insignificant level as the water divide on both the side is very high and
no seepage to contiguous valleys is expected.
3.8.6. Sedimentation
Sedimentation studies of discharge of river Chenab and its tributaries in upper and lower
reaches of the basin has been carried out by CWC on the basis of sedimentation data
pertaining to ten sites including data of limited period at Stage-I dam site, Gulabgarh. The
average annual sediment rate at different sites is shown in Table 3.39. The sediment rate for
Gulabgarh site has not been adopted as the data is for very limited period. Since, Kirthai H.E.
Project (stage-II) has been planned for a sediment rate of 1.072 mm/yr.; the same rate has
been adopted in this study for Kirthai-I HEP also for computation of sediment volumes for
various time horizons. The annual volume of sediment trapped in the reservoir w.r.t gross
storage is about 4.81% and far exceeds the limit of 0.5%, the sediment problem is classified
as serious. Due to high sedimentation rates the scheme has been designed as run-of-the
river.
Table 3.39 : Average Annual Sediment Rate at Different Sites
S.N.
Site
Stream
CA (sq.km)
Average annual sediment rate
(mm/yr.)
Period of Record
1
2
3
Tandi
Ghousal
Gulabgarh
Bhaga
Chandra
Chenab
1530
2490
8530
0.249
0.320
0.599
1977-78 to 2002-03
1978-79 to 2002-03
1990-91 to 1994-95
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Benzwar
Tillar
Marsurdar
Kuriya
Premnagar
Dhamkund
Akhnoor
Chenab
Marsurdar
-do-doChenab
-do-do-
10687
2800
3335
3960
15490
18750
21808
0.8625
0.301
0.677
0.63
0.974
1.304
0.751
1972-73 to 2002-03
1968-69 to 1994-95
1968-69 to 1994-95
1969-70 to 1989-90
1968-70 to 1989-90
1968-69 to 1994-95
1971-72 to 1994-95
Source: DPR
Initial new zero elevations have been worked in case of scenario with Kirthai – I HEP, out by
Moody’s method for 25 and 70 years of sedimentation and Empirical area reduction method
has been adopted for sediment distribution at different elevations and to arrive at final new
zero elevation and revised area/capacity curves for the project taking the FRL at 1764 M and
deepest bed level as 1650 m. For this study, 25 years and 70 years sediment load has been
considered for distribution. The New Zero Elevation has been worked out as 1716.0 m
corresponding to 25 years sediment load (2725.38 MCM) and 1741.4 m corresponding to 70
years sediment (3846.24 MCM) deposition in the reservoir.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
105
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
3.8.7. Water Use
Kirthai-II HEP is conceived as R-o-R scheme to harness water of River Chenab for nonconsumptive of power generation by diverting water including flushing discharge to pass silt
particles through suitable desilting basin thus leaving 413.47 cumec of water to pass through
10.50 m diameter circular pressure tunnel 4.289 km long for utilizing 225.10 meter net rated
head of water for generating 3157.73 MU power in 90% dependability through underground
power house (main). The dam-toe powerhouse (2X10+2X35MW) shall also release
environmental flow with unit discharge of 11.1 cumec for 10MW machine unit each and 38.8
cumec for 35 MW machine unit each. Thus, it will give a maximum discharge of 99.8 cumec,
with all machines of the dam toe powerhouse under operation.
3.8.7.1
Upstream Water Use
About 13.5 km u/s of the proposed Kirthai HEP, Stage-II, Kirthai HEP Stage – I (390MW) in
J&K State and many more HEP’s on the main river Chenab and its tributaries are proposed
which are under investigation or feasibility report prepared. All these hydro-electric schemes
are based on non-consumptive use of water. Besides these there is neither any industry nor
any lift/flow irrigation or water supply scheme utilizing the direct flow of river Chenab. All
flow irrigation schemes (FIS) and water supply schemes on the upstream of the project takeoff from the local nalas and spring respectively and thus are not dependent upon the
discharge of the Chenab. In the study area, irrigation canal / gules off-take from Honsar Nala,
Kundal Nala, Cahar Nala, Khar Nala and meet the water requirement of crops being raised in
nearby villages like Kirthai, Kijai, Hugai, Lai, Matti etc. The irrigated area is much insignificant
as always is the case in the hill region and the irrigation water requirement is also very little
due to low evapo-transpiration rates and the variety of the crops raised.
3.8.7.2
Downstream Water Use
On the d/s of proposed diversion dam to the point of release of tail race water in about 6 km
length of the Chenab, there are a few perennial hill torrents/ streams which join it from
either of the flanks. In this reach the streams which join the Chenab from right bank are Kijal
Nala, Kuheg Nala and Hachot Nala, which have substantial glaciated catchment area. The
streams which join it from left are Kidur Nala, Pannar, Shirir besides Lidrer Nala, which joins
the river u/s of the proposed TRT. All these streams are perennial streams originating from
glaciated areas.
Immediately d/s of dam and up to Lidrari Nala there is no direct consumptive use of water of
the Chenab either for industry or in irrigation/ water supply scheme and due to sparse
population d/s of the dam, there exist a few small guls, which take off from the hill streams
that drain the catchment downstream of proposed diversion barrage. Since the culturable
area is very limited in the hilly terrain and therefore, minor irrigation schemes mainly small
section kules is generally practiced. Due to high elevation, the evapo-transmission, based net
irrigation water requirement is also very less.
The general altitude of the cultivable area varies between El 1770 masl to 1900 masl, and
the agro-climatic condition in the area is congenial for production of crops like maize, barley,
paddy, pulses, oil seeds, vegetables, millets, potato and fodder. The water requirement for
irrigation is comparatively inconsequential as compared to the flow/yield of the streams
from which kul/gules system off-takes and thus notwithstanding their existence there is not
significant decrease discharge of these streams.
Besides minor gules there are a few small water supply schemes (WSS) which take off from
local springs near the village on left and right bank for which these are implemented. The
water requirement of these schemes is almost in-consequential and these do not have any
effect upon the flow of the Chenab flowing downstream of proposed dam. The daily water
requirement varies from 3000 LPD to 15000 LPD.
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3.8.8. Environmental Flow Requirement
Environmental consideration requires that a minimum flow is always guaranteed into the
river downstream of the diversion structure to meet the requirement of aquatic life, drinking
water, wildlife, fisheries, riparian rights and religious rites of people. In general, there shall
be a minimum of 20% of average discharge during four consecutive months in 90%
dependable year or actual ecological need of the river whichever is more must be
immediately available downstream of the diversion structure of the project. Thus, the
minimum stipulated flow shall have to be worked out on the basis of average of lean months
flow in the months of November to February in 90% dependable year which is year 1971-72
for diversion site. During lean season (December to March) minimum environmental flow
@20% of discharges of these months in 90% dependable year has been assessed as 11.00
cumec (Table 3.40). During non-lean and non-monsoon months (October, November, April
and May) minimum environmental flow @20% of discharges of these months in 90%
dependable year has been assessed as 27.92 cumec (Table 3.41). During monsoon months
(June to September) minimum environmental flow @30% of discharges of these months in
90% dependable year has been assessed as 199.40 cumec (Table 3.42). The environmental
flow during lean months and non-monsoon month shall be met from the release through
dam – toe powerhouse. It emerged during the power studies that the design discharge for
dam powerhouse should be kept in the range of 11.0 cumec to 100 cumec. During monsoon
months, the environmental flow reckoned @ 30% of the 10-daily block shall be met from
release through dam toe powerhouse, flushing discharge and balance if any through the
spillway.
Table 3.40 : Computation of Minimum Flow During Lean Period
Month
Period
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
December
January
February
March
Average
Minimum Flow Requirement @ 20%
90% Dependable year (2000-01)
57.50
59.00
56.50
52.80
49.70
51.00
49.90
47.60
51.70
52.3
59.7
71.1
54.90
10.98
Say 11.00 cumec
Table 3.41 : Computation of Minimum Flow During Non-Lean & Non-Monsoon
Month
October
November
April
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Period
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
90% Dependable year (2000-01)
159.5
123.1
82.3
69.30
62.60
60.10
68.7
92.6
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III
I
II
III
May
105
139
284
428.8
139.58
27.92
Say 27.90 cumec
Average
Minimum Flow Requirement @ 20%
Table 3.42 : Computation of Minimum Flow During Monsoon Months
Month
Period
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
June
July
August
September
90% Dependable year (2000-01)
780.4
682
875.7
673.7
787.8
960.5
1038.8
671.6
718.8
347
206.4
233
664.64
199.39
Say 199.40 cumec
Average
Minimum Flow Requirement @ 30%
The installed capacity for dam power house has been fixed at 90 MW (10 MW X 2 units with
11.14 cumec unit discharge for Lean season and 35MW X 2units with unit discharge 38.3
cumec for Monsoon Period). The percentage of inflow available at dam toe during 90%
dependable year is shown in Table 3.43.
Table 3.43 : Percentage of Inflow Available at Dam Toe During 90% Dependable Year
Month
10-daily
period
June
II
780.4
682
234.1
204.6
546.3
477.4
421.87
421.87
124.43
55.53
875.7
262.7
613
421.87
191.13
202.1
236.4
471.6
551.4
421.87
421.87
49.73
129.53
30
II
673.7
787.8
III
960.5
288.2
672.3
421.87
250.43
I
1038.8
311.7
727.1
421.87
305.23
30
30
II
III
671.6
718.8
201.5
215.6
470.1
503.2
421.87
421.87
48.23
81.33
30
I
III
I
July
Aug
Percentage of
Outflow through
Maximum
outflow at
Inflow
dam toe P/H
Net
design
Excess dam toe power
(cumec)
including
effective
discharge
Discharge
house i/c
flushing
discharge through main through
flushing
available
P/H
spill ways
30
30
30
30
30
I
347
104.1
242.9
242.9
0
30
Sept
II
206.4
61.9
144.5
144.5
0
233
69.9
163.1
163.1
0
Oct
III
I
30
30
159.5
27.9
131.6
131.6
0
17.5
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Nov
Dec
Jan
II
123.1
27.9
95.2
95.2
0
22.7
III
I
82.3
69.3
27.9
27.9
54.4
41.4
54.4
41.4
0
0
33.9
II
62.6
27.9
34.7
34.7
0
44.6
III
60.1
27.9
32.2
32.2
0
I
II
57.5
11
46.5
46.5
0
46.4
19.1
11
11
48
45.5
48
45.5
0
0
18.6
III
59
56.5
I
52.8
11
41.8
41.8
0
20.8
II
49.7
11
38.7
38.7
0
22.1
21.6
Mar
Apr
May
19.5
51
11
40
40.1
0
11
11
38.9
36.6
38.9
36.6
0
0
22.0
II
49.9
47.6
III
51.7
11
40.7
40.7
0
I
52.3
11
41.3
41.3
0
21.3
21.0
II
III
59.7
71.1
11
11
48.7
60.1
48.7
60.1
0
0
18.4
I
68.7
27.9
40.8
40.8
0
40.6
II
92.6
27.9
64.7
64.7
0
III
I
105
27.9
77.1
77.1
0
30.1
26.6
139
284
428.8
27.9
27.9
27.9
111.1
256.1
400.9
111.1
256.1
400.9
0
0
0
III
I
Feb
40.3
II
III
23.1
15.5
20.1
9.8
6.5
3.8.9. Catastrophic Events
Except for the following incidences of Cloud Burst and Flash Floods there have not been many
instances in the Paddar Valley of Kishtwar, Jammu region.
• In an avalanche, in the remote village Ongie in Paddar on 4.3.2011 five houses were
completely gutted.
•
Huge volumes of mud slides triggered after the cloud burst on 10.6.2011 hitting the DodaKishtwar Highway (1B) near Baggar Village, killing 3 people.
•
Cloud Burst in upper catchment of Jansani Nala, a tributary or Bhut Nala in the evening of
20.08.2014, caused flash flood on Machail pilgrimage track in Paddar Block washing away
three persons.
3.9.
Biological Environment
Biodiversity comprises of both plant and animal communities which interact not only within
and between themselves but also with the abiotic environment of the area where they live.
Studies on biological aspects of ecosystems are significant under Environmental Impact
Assessment for protection of natural flora and fauna from project impacted and influenced
zones. Assessment on the impact of environmental pressure on the community structure
serves as an inexpensive and efficient early warning system to check the damage to a
particular ecosystem. The biological environment includes both terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems. A change in the composition and structure of biotic communities are reflected
by a change in the distribution pattern, density, diversity, frequency, dominance and
abundance of natural species of flora and fauna existing in the ecosystem. This document
reports the Baseline Environmental Data on the Flora and Fauna of the study area of 10 km
radial distance around the project site including submergence and influence zones. Field
survey was conducted for baseline study of existing biological resources in three different
seasons and all the data has been gathered by direct inventory as well as through secondary
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information. Thus, both participatory and consultative approaches were followed during this
study.
Study Period: A detailed ecological study was carried out for three seasons i.e. pre monsoon
2014, monsoon season 2014 and post monsoon season 2014 to assess the baseline status of
ecology in the project area. The Ecological study for pre-monsoon season-2019 is once again
repeated for the same locations. Comprehensive study is complied for both the periods and
describes in following sections:
Broad Objective
The primary aim of this biological study was to generate baseline information on existing
biodiversity, to understand the ecological status of existing floral and faunal species and
evaluate the probable impacts on the biological environment in and around project area
during construction and operation of present project.
Study Area
The study area for this study was according to the approved TOR issued by MoEFCC has been
delineated as:
1) Catchment Area up to the Dam Site
2) Submergence Area
3) The project area or the Direct Impact Area (DIA) to be acquired for various project
appurtenances and area within 10 km from main project components (i.e. Dam/Barrage,
Power House etc.)
4) Area downstream of Dam up to the point where Tail Race Tunnel (TRT) meets the river
5) Downstream up to 10 km from tip of Tail Race Tunnel
FLORA (Vegetation)
Vegetation study has been carried out for following objectives:
1) To make an inventory/checklist of plants including angiosperms, Gymnosperms,
Pteridophytes, Bryophytes, Thallophytes and significant Micro flora found in the study
area.
2) To analyze the quantitative and qualitative characters (Frequency/ Density/ Abundance/
IVI/ Shannon diversity etc.) of existing vegetation at different locations of the study area
3) To list out the Economically Important Plant species and RET species (As per IUCN and
BSI) present in the study area.
4) To assess the Cropping and Horticulture Pattern and Practices in the study area.
3.9.1. Forests and Forest Types
Forests are the most important natural resources of Jammu and Kashmir and have a direct
role in supporting rural livelihoods not only by meeting the people’s day to day needs of
fuel, fodder and timber but also by providing employment to the rural population.
Moreover, J & K forests play a crucial role in the ecological security of state, connecting
plains of Punjab and whole country as well.
3.9.1.1
Forest and Forest types in Jammu and Kashmir
The hill state of Jammu and Kashmir lies in the extreme north of the country and has a
geographical area of 2,22,236 km2. The total forest cover of the state is 22,538 km2 (10.14%)
of its geographical area1. There are eight forest type groups existed in the state as per the
Champion and Seth classification which is based on altitudes and the most prominent forest
1
India State of Forest Report, 2013 (Forest Survey of India, Dehraun)
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types are Himalayan Moist Temperate (34.35%), Sub-tropical Chir Pine (14.99%), Sub-alpine
forest (15.03%), Himalayan Dry Temperate Forests (14.71%), Dry alpine scrub (9.72%), and
Tropical Dry Deciduous (7.38%). (Table 3.44)
Table 3.44 : Forest Type Groups in Jammu & Kashmir
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3.9.1.2
Forest Type Groups
Subtropical Pine Forests (Group 9)
Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests (Group 12)
Himalayan Dry Temperate Forests (Group 13)
Sub Alpine Forests (Group 14)
Moist Alpine Scrub (Group 15)
Dry Alpine Scrub (Group 16)
Plantation
Subtropical Dry Evergreen Forests (Group 10)
Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests (Group 5)
Percentage
(%)
14.99
34.35
14.71
15.03
1.84
9.72
1.17
0.81
7.38
Forests and Forests types in the study area
The present study area lies in Kishtwar District and falls under the Paddar Forest Range of
Kishtwar Forest Division (Figure 3.20). It is bounded on the North and North East by the
great Himalayan range separating it from Suru and Zanskar areas of Ladakh District. To the
East Great Himalayan range separates it from Pangi valley of Himachal Pradesh State. Kalnai
Nalla form Southern and South Eastern boundary with Bhaderwah Division in the South. The
entire tract is extremely mountainous bearing very steep slopes pierced by deep valleys
which are devoid of any flat ground. Small river terraces are scattered along the sides of
main valley which have been brought under cultivation. The project area does not have
dense vegetation cover due to the rocky tract and hilly slopes and the vegetation/tree cover
in the area is very sparse or patchy type.
We can classify whole forest area into three different categories on the basis of elevation
and vegetation pattern.
I) at low altitude between 1,900-2,800m masl; the vegetation is typically of Himalayan
Temperate type where Pinus wallichiana, Pinus gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Picea
smithiana, Abies spectabilis, Taxus sp., Juniperus sp., Populus ciliata, Salix viminalis, and Acer
pentapomicum forming the top canopy. Midlle story of the forest is constituted by Fraxinus
xanthoxyloides, Rhus succedana, Quercus baloot, Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, and Olea
ferruginea. Shrubby and scrub elements include species of Berberis lycium, Ribes sp, Rosa sp,
Viburnum cotonifolium, Lonicera quinquelocularis, Hippophae rhamnoides, Myricaria
squamosa, Daphne oleoides, Rubus sp, and Sorbus sp. Rabdosia rugosa, Ephedra gerardiana,
and various species of Artemisia form dense scrubs covering vast tracts of slopes in the
region.
ii) at altitude between 2,800–3,800m masl, the vegetation is subalpine type represented by
Aesculus indica, Corylus jacquemontii, Juglans regia, and Rhododendron campanulatum in
top canopy. Other significant floral species of this zone include Allium humile, Carum carvi,
Geranium wallichianum, Bupleurum falcatum, Heracleum lanatum, Arisaema flavum,
Primula denticulata, P. macrophylla, Saussurea costus, S. auriculata, Tanacetum gracile, T.
tomentosum, Impatiens glandulifera, Arnebia benthamii, Eritrichium canum, Ranunculus
laetus, R. hirtellus, Ribes sp., Polygonatum multiflorum, P. verticillatum, Plantago depressa,
Polygonum sibiricum, Potentilla atrosanguinea, Anemone obtusifolia, Aconitum sp, Picrorhiza
kurroa, and Elymus dahuricus.
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iii) Alpine zone ranging from 3,800m onwards, the vegetation is mainly dominated by species
of Betula utilis, Rhododendron campanulatum, Myricaria squamosa, Capparis himalayensis,
Cassiope fastigiata, S. gossypiphora, Arnebia euchroma, Corydalis meifolia, Iris kumaonensis,
Fritillaria roylei, Polygonum affine, Rhododendron anthopogon, Rheum spiciforme, R.
moorcroftianum, Rhodiola imbricata, Rheum australe, Picrorhiza kurroa, Aconitum
heterophyllum, A. rotundifolium, A. violaceum, A. spicatum, Elymus nutans, E. dahuricus,
Delphinium cashmerianum, D. vestitum, and Nardostachys grandiflora. Other herbaceous
vegetation consists of Saussurea jacea, Triglochin maritima, Aquilegiafragrans, Potentilla sp.,
Geranium wallichianum, Jurinea macrocephela, Picrorhiza kurroa, Dracocephalum
heterophyllum, Impatiens brachycentra, and Primula macrophylla.
Kisthwar Forest Division: It comprises of three Ranges namely Paddar, Nagseni and Kishtwar
and one non-territorial overlapping range of Soil Conservation. The forests of the Division
are predominantly coniferous with intermittent speckles of broad-leaved species. The
conifer trees of economic importance are Deodar (Cedrus deodara), Kail (Pinus wallichiana),
Fir (Abies pindrow), Spruce (Picea smithiana). Chilgoza Pine (Pinus gerardiana), the other
pine endemic to the track is perhaps the only representative patch for the whole state. They
are found populating of Paddar. Associations of Himalayan Yew (Taxus buccata) and traces
of Juniper (Juniperus recurva) are met with locally at higher altitudes. Deodar, as a pure crop
or as an associate of Kail is represented mainly in the Chenab drainage, albeit some stray
patches of it also are conspicuously encountered elsewhere in the Division. Kail constitutes
the main crop in lower elevations. The broad-leaved trees, in more or less pure patches, are
found along nallas, cooler aspects and shady ravines. The Oaks (Quercus baloot, Quercus
leucotrichophora, Q. semicarpifolia), Walnut (Juglans regia), Horse Chest nut (Aesculus
indica), Maples (Acer caesium), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Pohu (Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana)
constitute the main broad-leaved species found in the tract.
The Forests of Kishtwar Forest Division have been categorized and described in the light of
Revised Forest Types of India (1968) by Champion and Seth and the tabulated list of which is
given below, followed by brief description. (Working Plan, Forest Division, Kishtwar (Table
3.45).
Figure 3.20 : Kishtwar Forest Division
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S. N.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Table 3.45 : Forest Types Present in the Kishtwar Forest Division
FOREST TYPE
Classification code
MONTANE SUBTROPICAL FORESTS
Sub-Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests
Himalayan or Montane Chir pine forests
9/C1b
Sub-Tropical dry evergreen Olea cuspidate scrub forest
10/C1a
MONTANE TEMPERATE FORESTS
Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests
Ban oak forest (Quercus incanna)
12/C1a
Moru oak forest (Quercus dilatata)
12/C1b
Moist deodar forest (Cedrus deodara)
12/C1c
Western mixed coniferous forest
12/C1d
Moist temperate deciduous forest
12/C1e
Low level blue pine forest (Pinus wallichiana)
12/C1f
Kharsu oak forest (Quercus semicarpifolia)
12/C2a
Himalayan temperate pastures
12/D S3
Alder forest
12/1S1
Himalayan Dry Temperate Forests
Dry broadleaved and coniferous forest
13/C1
(Quercus ilex / Pinus gerardiana)
West Himalayan high-level dry blue pine forest
13/C4
(Pinus wallichiana)
SUB ALPINE FORESTS
Birch / fir forest
14/C1b
ALPINE SCRUB
Moist Alpine Scrub
Birch / Rhododendron scrub forest
15/C1
Alpine pastures
15/C3
Himalayan or Montane Chir pine forests (9/C 1b)
Pinus roxburghii (Chir) is the dominate species of this type of forest. This type of forest is
observed in area near Bhumsheru with young to middle aged crop. Pinus wallichiana and
Quercus baloot (Heru Oak) occur at upper and lower limit respectively. Sporadically
Dalbergia sissoo occurs in the lower drier parts.
Sub-Tropical Dry Evergreen Olea cuspidata Scrub Forest (10/C 1a)
Olea cuspidata (Kahu) is the chief species of this forest. This sub-type occurs along the lower
limits of the Division in the narrow valleys and extends in the higher reaches until it is
replaced by Quercus species. It occurs in pure patches and is under heavy anthropogenic
pressure. The common associates are the Punica granatum, Pistachia integerrima, Pine sp,
Dalbergia sissoo, Myrsine africana, Daphne oleoides and Plectranthus sp.
Montane temperate Forests
Ban Oak forest (12/C 1a)
This sub type is feebly represented in the area and is only found along the transitional belt
between Deodar, Kail and Quercus sp or Chir in Bunjwar Dool between 1600 to 1800 meters.
This type of forest occupies shallow and hotter stretches, mostly on southern and south
western aspects receiving good amount of monsoon rains. This type represents climatic subclimax. Being close to the habitation, Ban Oak is heavily lopped for fodder and also cut for
firewood. Pyrus pashia, Celtis sp, Indigofera sp, Berberis sp, Daphne oleoides, Myrsine
africana, and Hedera helix are the associate species.
Moru Oak Forests (12/C 1b)
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Quercus semicarpifolia (Moru) is the index species although it does not occur gregariously, it
is found as widely distributed, usually as an under-story crop with Kail and Deodar. This type
of forest is mostly developed in Nagseni region and extends between 1700 to 2000 meters.
Common associates are Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana, Quercus incana, Ulmus
wallichiana, Fraxinus excelsior, Cedrela serrata and Alnus nitida.
Moist Deodar Forests (12/C 1c)
Cedrus deodara is the characteristic species of this type of forest and it often occurs as pure
but sometimes mixed with blue pine, Fir and Spruce. It occurs in the altitudinal zone of 1700
m to 2300 m generally but descends to lower levels on cooler Northern aspects and is
replaced here by Kail. The common associates are Pinus wallichiana, Abies pindrow, Picea
smithiana, Quercus sp, Rhus succeanea, Prunus padus, Fraxinus floribanda, Aesculus indica,
Rhododendron arboreum, Celtis australius, Populus ciliata and Alnus nitida. Such kind of
forests is common in Paddar, Nagseni & Kishtwar Ranges.
Western Mixed Coniferous Forests (12/C 1d)
This type refers to the main community of Abies pindrow and Picea smythiana, (Spruce)
mixed at places with Deodar and Kail. Fir occurs on cooler portions, kail on hotter and spurs
and Deodar on steep slopes as well as on shallow and rapidly drained soils. This type of
forest is well developed between 2400 to 3000 meters altitude. Taxus baccata forms a
common associate and in the upper limits is replaced by Beula utilis (Birch) throughout
cooler aspects. Betula is conspicuously absent on hotter southern aspects where Juniperus
recurve replaces these forests. This type of forest is best developed in Nagseni and Kishtwar
Ranges and poorly represented in Paddar Range.
Moist Temperate Deciduous Forests
This type of forest covers a wide altitudinal range and occurs in the both Moist Deodar and
western mixed conifer forest types. These forests are found often pure but usually in
association with other conifers. Moisture loving and shade bearing shrubby flora like
Vibrunum, Spirea and even Parroti-opsis are very common. Juglans regia, Aesculus sp, Acer
pictum, Corylus colurna, Populus ciliata, Ulmus wallichiana, Prunus padus, Fraxinus
floribunda, Viburnum foetens, Sarocococca saligna, Skimmia laureola, Spiraea, Parrotiopsis,
and Hetrophylla geradiana are predominant species present in such kind forest.
Low Level Blue Pine Forest
This formation has resulted due to colonization of hotter gaps by Blue pine (Kail) species. Kail
occurs pure but sometimes with slight mixture of Deodar, Spruce and Fir. The crop is mainly
even-aged comprising middle aged and younger age classes. Undergrowth is usually absent
but present where the canopy is broken. Pinus excelsa, Cedrus deodara, Picea smythiana,
Abies pindrow, Quercus sp, Indigofera sp, Desmodium sp, Vibrunum, Fragaria sp, Galium sp
are other common species present in this forest.
Himalayan Temperate Pastures
This type includes blanks known as Behaks or Dhars conspicuously devoid of all tree growth.
The ground is completely covered with grasses and herbaceous flora. These pastures are
heavily grazed, even much beyond the carrying capacity of such pastures.
Alder Forests
The characteristic species of this type of forest is Alnus nitida locally called ‘Champ’ trees. It
is found along all the running streams banks in wet depressions and extends from subtropical to temperate zone. Populus ciliata, Aesculus sp, Faxinus floribunda, Ulmus sp, Celtis
australis, Viburnum sp, Spiraea sp, Hetrophylia gerardiana, Polygonum sp are the common
species.
Himalayan Dry Temperate Forests
Dry broad-leaved coniferous forest
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The characteristic species are Pinus gerardiana (chilgoza), Quercus sp and Pinus walichiana.
This type occupies mostly drier, very steep and difficult lower slopes in the inner valley
including dry Kandi belt of Kishtwar Range. Heru Oak is the main species and it occurs pure
and gregariously. It is extensively found in Kishtwar range, continues in Nagseni range and
runs up to Ishtiari in Paddar range. It forms chief source of firewood and fodder during
winter and tusser worms thrive best on its leaves. The other characteristic species is the
Pinus gerardiana (Chilgoza pine) which occurs in the inner drier parts of the tract, mostly in
Paddar Range. The Chilgoza trees are being heavily lopped for collection of the cones.
Deodar and Kail in this zone are of poor quality and much branched.
West Himalayan High-Level Dry Blue Pine Forests
Pinus wallichiana is the key species often found pure, occurring between 2200 to 2800
meters. Fir and spruce are the main associates whereas Deodar is very rare and only occurs
in the lower limit of the zone.
Sub alpine Forests
Birch Fir Forest
The characteristic species are Betula utilis (Birch), Abies pindrow and Rhododendron spp.
which forms open forests. This type is finally replaced by Birch, Rhododendron and Alpine
pasture types. This type is quite extensive and occurs throughout the tract.
Alpine Scrub
Birch / Rhododendron Scrub Forests
This type is exclusively developed in higher reaches of Machail near Sum Cham. The
characteristic trees are Betula utilis as forming upper story and R. campanulatum as under
story with herbaceous flora.
Alpine Pastures
The characteristic vegetation is only herbaceous comprised of Anemones and Potentillas and
species of family Ranunculaceae, compositae and Primulaceae.
Sr. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Flora in study Area: There are about 110 species of trees, herbs, shrubs and grasses
reported in the srudy area. About 39 trees, 21 shrubs, 43 herbs, 6 grasses and one species of
climber repoted in the study area. List of the Flora present in the study area is presented in
Table 3.46.
Table 3.46 : List of Flora present in Study Area
Scientific Name
Local Name
Family
Habit
Abies pindrow.
Budloo, Budul (Kashmiri),
Pinaceae
Tree
Alnus nitida
Sarol, champ, kunai
Betulaceae
Tree
Alnus spp
Betulaceae
Tree
Aesculus indica
Sapindaceae
Tree
Betula utilis
Bhojpatra Burj
Betulaceae
Tree
Cedrus deodara
Deodar
Pinaceae
Tree
Quercus baloot
Pinaceae
Tree
Celtis australis
Kharok, Kharik
Cannabaceae
Tree
Corylus colurna
Thangi, Findak Pinakooni
Betulaceae
Tree
Corylus jacquemontii
Virin
Corylaceae
Tree
Ficus lanata
Batta
Moraceae
Tree
Ficus palmata
Wild fig
Moraceae
Tree
Ficus smithiana
Moraceae
Tree
Fraxinus excelsior
Sum, Sinno, Hum
Oleaceae
Tree
Juglans regia
Akhur, Akhrut
Juglandaceae
Tree
Juniperus recurva
Cupressaceae
Tree
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Sr. No.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
Scientific Name
Malus domestica Borkh.
Melia azaderach
Morus alba
Olea cuspidata
Pinus roxburghii
Pinus gerardiana
Pinus wallichiana
Podophyllum hexadrum
Podophyllum hexandrum
Populus alba
Populus ciliata
Quercus baloot
Quercus semicarpifolia
Hedera nepalensis
Rhododendron
campanulatum
Rhamnus purpureus
Rhus succedanea
Salix alba L.
Sorbus cashmeriana
Taxus baccata
Ulmus wallichiana
Prunus armenica
Pyrus pashia
Aesculus indica
Aesculus spp
Adhatoda vasica
Agave cantala
Artemesia maritima
Artemisia brevifolia
Debregeasia hypoleuca
Nerium indicum
Principia utilis
Calotropis sp
Datura inoxia
Prunus padus
Punica granatum
Rabdosia rugosa
Rubus ellipticus
Rosa macrophylla
Viburnum grandiflorum
Vitex negundo
Berberis aristata
Buddleja asiatica
Xanthium strumarium
Desmodium elegans
Allium consanguineum
Amaranthus hybridus
Argemone mexicana
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Local Name
Seb
Dhraink
Tut krun
Kau
Chilgeza pine
kail
Bankakdi
Bankakri
Sufeda Fraste
-
Family
Rosaceae
meliaceae
Moraceae
Oleaceae
Pinaceae
Pinaceae
Pinaceae
Berberidaceae
Berberidaceae
Salicaceae
Salicaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Araliaceae
Habit
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Arkhun, Arkhar
Willoo
Chhirain
Poshtal
Bran, Bari, mannu
Hari
Indian Horse Chestnut
Vasing
Rambas
Aak
Dhatura
Taranizum, Bird cherry
Druni
Slaiee
Wild rose
Kilmich
daruharidra
Rohan haak (Kashmiri)
Poppy
Ericaceae
Rhamnaceae
Anacardiaceae
Salicaceae
Rosaceae
Taxaceae
Ulmaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapindaceae
Acanthaceae
Asparagaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Urticaceae
Apocynaceae
Rosaceae
Apocynaceae
Solanaceae
Rosaceae
Punicaceae
Lamiaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Adoxaceae
Lamiaceae
Berberidaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Amranthaceae
Ranunculaceae
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
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District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Sr. No.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Scientific Name
Fragaria vesica
Fumaria indica
Indigofera cessioides
Aconitum chasmanthum
Artemisia brevifolia
Astragalus graveolens
Bunium persicum
Bupleurum longicaule
Cannabis sativa
Cynoglossum lanceolatus
Daphne oleoides
Desmodium tenuifolium
Dipsacus inermis
Fraxinus floribunda
Geranium wallichinum
Heracleum lanatum
Hypericum perforatum
Lavatera cashmiriana
Marrubium vulgare
Mentha spp.
Micromeria biflora
Oryzopsis spp
Oxyria digyna
Pedicularis pyramidata
Pistacia integerrima
Plantago major
Platystemma violoides
Polygonum cespithosum
Rhamnus purpureus
Rumex hastatus
Salvia moorcroftiana
Salvia nubicola
Sarcococca saligna
Sempervivella acuminata
Senecio vernalis
Smilax spp
Solanum sp
Tridax procumbens
Viola canescens
Arthraxon lancifolius
Hierochloe laxa
Koeleria argentea
Oplismenus undulatifolius
Setaria viridis
Themada anathera
Clematis gouriana
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Local Name
Beshmolo
Moori
Bankadai
Kala Zira,
Khadhanu Zeeri
hemp
Neelkhain
Wopulhak
Himalayan ash
Kawashud
Shuriyal
Basantadu
Resha khatmi
Trapar
Chaksin
Shoorsa
Gulla
Sappad Neelu
Kaanj
Sholur
Makhiyar
Kuppar Chattu
Sarsaparilla
Gha, Kangulya (Hindi).
Mittha gha(Dogri)
Telba (Dogri).
Shaihlghas (Kashmiri).
Manela (Dogri).
Buhaari gha (Dogri)
Belkum
Family
Rosaceae
Papaveraceae
Leguminoceae
Ranunculaceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Cannabaceae
Boraginaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Fabaceae
Dipsacaceae
Oleaceae
Geraniaceae
Apiaceae
Hypericaceae
Malvaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Poaceae
Habit
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Climber
Scrophulariaceae
Anacardiaceae
Plantaginaceae
Gesneriaceae
Polygonaceae
Rhamnaceae
Polygonaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Buxaceae
Crassulaceae
Asteraceae
Liliaceae
Solanaceae
Asteraceae
Violaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Ranunculaceae
117
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District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
3.9.2. Vegetation Structure
Methodology
To understand the community composition and structure of vegetation of the study area,
quadrat-based sampling has been carried out and size and number of quadrats needed were
determined using the species-area curve method (Mishra, 1968). The sampling consisted
with randomly placed quadrats of 10 x 10 m2 for trees, 5 x 5 m2 for shrubs and 1 x 1 m2 for
herbs. Quadrats used for shrubs and herbs were nested within the quadrats laid for trees. All
the quadrats were spatially distributed so as to minimize the autocorrelation among the
vegetation. In this study a total of 50 quadrats were laid down (N=50) at six sampling
locations. The data on vegetation were quantitatively analyzed for density, frequency and
abundance as per Curtis & McIntosh (1950). The Importance Value Index (IVI) for trees was
determined as the sum of relative density, relative frequency and relative dominance
(Curtis, 1959). Tree individuals with > 31.5 cm CBH (circumference at breast height i.e., 1.37
m from the ground) were individually measured for CBH. Data was collected for all the three
seasons in case of herb and shrub species and once in case of tree species.
For the calculation of dominance, the basal area was determined by using following formula.
(Mishra, 1968)
Basal area calculated as (BA) = (CBH)2/ 4π where, CBH is circumference at breast height
(1.37 mt)
Shannon Wiener Diversity Index calculated as: H = - Σ (ni/n) x ln (ni/n) where, ni is total
number of individuals of a species and n is total number of individuals of all species.
(Shannon Wiener, 1963)
Margalef Species Richness (SR) is calculated as SR = S-1/ln (N) where, S is total number of
species and N is total number of individuals. (Margalef, 1968)
Figure 3.21 : Proposed Dam Site (Kirthai-II HEP)
Vegetation Sampling Locations
The vegetation sampling was carried out at five different sampling locations covering the
study area. Details of the sampling locations present in Table 3.47.
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Table 3.47 : Sampling Location of Floristic Survey
Site
Sampling Location
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Near Gulabgarh (Upstream)
Near Kirthai (Upstream)
Submergence Area (Upstream)
Near Dam Site
Near Dhedi Village (Downstream)
Figure 3.22 : UPstream Area of Kirthai-I HEP
3.9.3. Community Composition and Structure at different Sampling Locations
A detailed community composition study for plants was carried out for three seasons i.e. pre
monsoon 2014, monsoon season 2014 and post monsoon season 2014 to assess the
baseline status of ecology in the project area. The Ecological study for pre-monsoon season2019 is once again repeated for the same locations. The output of the study is presented in
following section.
S1: Near Gulabgarh (Upstream)
This sampling site is moderately steep to gentle area. The natural vegetation of the area is
dominated by the conifers (Cedrus deodara/Pinus wallichiana) at higher elevations whereas
the lower elevations are dominated with Quercus baloot. Period wise study for this site is
describes in following section:
As per the study conducted during the year of 2014, a total of 10 tree, 9 shrubs and 11 herb
species were recorded at this location during primary survey. Quercus baloot, Populus alba,
and Pinus girardiana were the leading tree species recorded during primary study. Tree flora
was represented by a density of 180 trees ha-1 and Basal area of 33.29 m2 ha-1. Shrub flora
at this site was dominated with Adhatoda vasica, Artemisia brevifolia and Buddleja asiatica
with a shrub density of 2240 shrubs ha-1 and Basal area of 2.8 m2 ha-1. Herbaceous flora
was recorded as 52000 herbs ha-1 with the leading herb species like Amaranthus hybridus,
Tridax procumbens and Cannabis sativa (Table 3.48).
As per the study conducted during the year of 2019 similer no of floral species were
recorded from this location. The tree flora was represented by a density of 190 trees ha-1
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
and Basal area of 33.29 m2 ha-1. Shrub flora was dominated with Adhatoda vasica, Artemisia
brevifolia and Buddleja asiatica with a shrub density of 2230 shrubs ha-1 and Basal area of
3.0 m2 ha-1. Herbaceous flora was recorded as 50900 herbs ha-1 with the leading herb
species like Amaranthus hybridus, Tridax procumbens and Cannabis sativa (Table 3.49).
Table 3.48 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2014)
S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Scientific Name
Tree
Cedrus deodara
Juglans regia
Pinus gerardiana
Malus domesticus
Olea cuspidata
Pinus wallichiana
Quercus baloot
Morus alba
Aesculus indica
Populus alba
Total
Shrub
Adhatoda vasica
Artemisia brevifolia
Calotropis sp
Datura inoxia
Indigofera cessioides
Punica granatum
Agave cantula
Buddleja asiatica
Hypericum perforatum
Total
Herb
Amaranthus hybridus
Argemone mexicana
Cannabis sativa
Fragaria vesca
Fumaria indica
Perilla frutescens
Polygonum cespithosum
Rhamnus purpureus
Rumex sp
Salvia nubicola
Tridax procumbens
Total
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Den
/ha.
Fre
%
Ab
Basal Cover
Sq m/ha
IVI
10.00
20.00
20.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
60.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
180.00
10.00
20.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
30.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
130.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
0.97
3.35
5.63
0.18
0.54
2.41
17.66
0.27
0.18
2.11
33.29
16.16
36.55
35.71
13.80
14.86
20.48
109.45
14.05
13.80
25.13
300.00
440.00
640.00
120.00
80.00
120.00
120.00
200.00
280.00
240.00
2240.00
40.00
40.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
30.00
20.00
230.00
2.75
4.00
1.50
1.00
1.50
1.50
2.50
2.33
3.00
1.4
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.2
2.8
87.36
59.70
16.58
13.88
15.41
28.58
21.67
31.47
25.34
300.00
6400.00
4800.00
4400.00
4400.00
4800.00
3200.00
800.00
4800.00
4800.00
4400.00
9200.00
52000.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
8.00
8.00
4.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
24.00
140.00
5.33
4.00
3.67
3.67
6.00
4.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
2.75
3.83
0.004
0.004
0.011
0.004
0.008
0.004
0.000
0.004
0.003
0.001
0.004
0.047
29.84
26.76
41.48
25.23
31.22
20.83
4.46
28.13
27.43
22.33
42.30
300.00
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Table 3.49 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2019)
S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Scientific Name
Tree
Cedrus deodara
Juglans regia
Pinus gerardiana
Malus domesticus
Olea cuspidata
Pinus wallichiana
Quercus baloot
Morus alba
Aesculus indica
Populus alba
Total
Shrub
Adhatoda vasica
Artemisia brevifolia
Calotropis sp
Datura inoxia
Indigofera cessioides
Punica granatum
Agave cantula
Buddleja asiatica
Hypericum perforatum
Total
Herb
Amaranthus hybridus
Argemone mexicana
Cannabis sativa
Fragaria vesca
Fumaria indica
Perilla frutescens
Polygonum cespithosum
Rhamnus purpureus
Rumex sp
Salvia nubicola
Tridax procumbens
Total
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Den
/ha.
Fre
%
Basal Cover
Sq m/ha
IVI
10
20
20
20
10
10
70
10
10
10
190
10
10
30
10
10
10
40
10
10
10
150
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
0.86
3
5.83
0.2
0.5
2.1
18.9
0.22
0.2
1.8
33.61
13.46
30.2
34.2
12.8
13.2
19.71
121.3
15.6
14.4
25.13
300
480
620
130
70
110
100
180
290
250
2230
50
40
30
20
30
10
20
20
20
240
2.84
4.2
1.6
0.94
1.4
1.5
2.4
2.5
2.8
1.5
0.5
0.2
0
0
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
3
90.68
64.46
17.6
12.8
13.4
24.6
20.56
29.4
26.5
300
6800
4200
4100
4600
4500
3000
900
4400
4900
4000
9500
50900
14
10
12
12
10
8
4
14
16
14
26
140
5.6
3.9
3.72
3.7
5.8
4.1
2
3.1
2.9
2.6
3.95
0.005
0.004
0.021
0.004
0.007
0.004
0.001
0.004
0.002
0.001
0.004
0.057
32.34
24.8
42.32
26.2
28.14
22.1
5.22
26.6
28.4
21.4
42.48
300
Ab
121
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
S2: Near Kirthai (Upstream)
Vegetation of lower area of the right bank is dominated with Quercus baloot while upper
stretch of right bank is dominated by Cedrus deodara. Left bank of the river is predominated
with Quercus-devdar mixed forest.
As per the study conducted during the year of 2014, a total of 9 tree, 9 shrub and 12 herb
species at this sampling site. Tree flora was dominated with Quercus baloot (IVI=140.42),
and Cedrus deodara (IVI=79.87). Tree density was recorded as 310 trees ha-1 while basal
cover was recorded as 94.43 m2 ha-1. Artemisia brevifolia, Punica granatum, and Adhatoda
vasica sp were found the leading species in shrub flora. Density and basal area for shrub
species were recorded as 2280 ha-1 and 3.36 m2 ha-1 respectively. Herbaceous flora was
dominated with Tridax procumbens, Leucas cephalotes and Hedera nepalensis. Herb density
was found as 44400 herbs ha-1 (Table 3.50).
As per the study conducted during the year of 2019 the tree flora was dominated with
Quercus baloot (IVI=142.40), and Cedrus deodara (IVI=82.80). Tree density was recorded as
320 trees ha-1 while basal cover was recorded as 97.26 m2 ha-1. Artemisia brevifolia, Punica
granatum, and Adhatoda vasica sp were found the leading species in shrub flora. Density
and basal area for shrub species were recorded as 2300 ha-1 and 3.52 m2 ha-1 respectively.
Herbaceous flora was dominated with Tridax procumbens, Leucas cephalotes and Hedera
nepalensis. Herb density was found as 43600 herbs ha-1 (Table 3.51).
Table 3.50 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2014)
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Scientific Name
Tree
Cedrus deodara
Quercus baloot
Pinus wallichiana
Alnus nitida
Prunus persica
Populus alba
Juglans regia
Olea cuspidata
Aesculus indica
Total
Shrub
Adhatoda vasica
Artemisia brevifolia
Calotropis sp
Datura inoxia
Indigofera cessioides
Punica granatum
Xanthium sp
Eupatorium sp
Berberis aristata
Total
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Den
/ha.
Fre
%
Ab
Basal Cover
Sq m/ha
IVI
70.00
150.00
20.00
20.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
310.00
40.00
60.00
20.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
180.00
1.75
2.50
1.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
33.11
55.43
1.69
2.07
0.27
0.94
0.31
0.37
0.24
94.43
79.87
140.42
19.35
14.20
9.06
9.78
9.11
9.17
9.04
300.00
280.00
440.00
120.00
40.00
480.00
240.00
360.00
120.00
200.00
2280.00
30.00
40.00
20.00
10.00
40.00
30.00
30.00
20.00
20.00
240.00
2.33
2.75
1.50
1.00
3.00
2.00
3.00
1.50
2.50
0.64
0.37
0.05
0.02
0.15
1.39
0.37
0.05
0.33
3.36
43.95
46.91
15.20
6.38
42.30
64.26
39.23
14.96
26.80
300.00
122
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Herb
Amaranthus hybridus
Argemone mexicana
Cannabis sativa
Clematis sp
Fragaria vesca
Fumaria indica
Hedera nepalensis
Leucas cephalotes
Polygonum cespithosum
Rumex sp
Salvia nubicola
Tridax procumbens
Total
3200.00
1600.00
1600.00
2400.00
2800.00
5200.00
5200.00
6000.00
2800.00
2800.00
3200.00
7600.00
44400.00
8.00
8.00
4.00
8.00
8.00
12.00
16.00
20.00
12.00
8.00
12.00
24.00
140.00
4.00
2.00
4.00
3.00
3.50
4.33
3.25
3.00
2.33
3.50
2.67
3.17
0.0011
0.0003
0.0004
0.0018
0.0010
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0008
0.0005
0.0011
0.0018
0.0123
22.27
11.66
9.64
25.73
19.88
29.63
32.49
37.15
21.37
16.18
25.13
48.87
300.00
Table 3.51 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2019)
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
Scientific Name
Tree
Cedrus deodara
Quercus baloot
Pinus wallichiana
Alnus nitida
Prunus persica
Populus alba
Juglans regia
Olea cuspidata
Aesculus indica
Total
Shrub
Adhatoda vasica
Artemisia brevifolia
Calotropis sp
Datura inoxia
Indigofera cessioides
Punica granatum
Xanthium sp
Eupatorium sp
Berberis aristata
Total
Herb
Amaranthus hybridus
Argemone mexicana
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Den
/ha.
Fre
%
Basal Cover
Sq m/ha
IVI
80
160
10
20
10
10
10
10
10
320
50
70
10
20
10
10
10
10
10
200
2.1
2.7
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
33.86
57.4
1.8
2.07
0.27
0.94
0.31
0.37
0.24
97.26
82.8
142.4
20.2
11.7
8.8
9.4
8.2
7.8
8.7
300
260
420
130
40
490
290
320
130
220
2300
30
30
20
10
50
40
30
10
10
230
2.54
2.7
1.45
0.98
2.6
2.1
2.8
1.4
2.3
18.87
0.68
0.4
0.04
0.01
0.18
1.42
0.34
0.06
0.39
3.52
42.85
47.6
16.32
5.8
40.2
68.3
37.23
13.9
27.8
300
3000
1200
8
4
3.5
2
0.001
0.0002
20.34
12.4
Ab
123
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Cannabis sativa
Clematis sp
Fragaria vesca
Fumaria indica
Hedera nepalensis
Leucas cephalotes
Polygonum cespithosum
Rumex sp
Salvia nubicola
Tridax procumbens
Total
1400
2400
2800
4800
5400
5400
3200
2800
3400
7800
43600
6
8
10
12
16
22
10
8
12
28
144
3.6
3.1
3.2
4
3.4
2.92
2.3
3.8
2.68
3.22
37.72
0.0004
0.003
0.002
0.0014
0.0012
0.001
0.0009
0.0006
0.0012
0.0016
0.0145
8.8
24.8
20.03
27.65
33.52
38.2
20.56
18.2
23.2
52.3
300
S3: Submergence Area (Upstream)
Submergence area has been sampled near Dam site, Laie bridge and Kirthai. A total of 3
trees, 8 shrubs and 11 herbs species has been recorded in submergence area.
As per the study conducted during the year of 2014, the Cedrus deodara, Quercus baloot
and Alnus nitida were the tree species recorded from the area with a density of 25 trees ha1 and a Basal cover of 6.98 m2 ha-1. Agave cantula, Xanthium sp, Rosa macrophylla and
Punica granatum were the leading species in shrub flora. Shrub’s density was recorded as
1280 shrubs ha-1. Herbaceous flora was dominated with Cannabis sativa, Tridax procumbens
and Rumex sp. Herb density was recorded as 24800 herbs ha-1 (Table 3.52).
As per the study conducted during the year of 2019, the Cedrus deodara, Quercus baloot
and Alnus nitida were the tree species recorded from the area with a density of 27 trees ha1 and a Basal cover of 6.98 m2 ha-1. Agave cantula, Xanthium sp, Rosa macrophylla and
Punica granatum were the leading species in shrub flora. Shrub’s density was recorded as
1270 shrubs ha-1. Herbaceous flora was dominated with Cannabis sativa, Tridax procumbens
and Rumex sp. Herb density was recorded as 24200 herbs ha-1 (Table 3.53).
Table 3.52 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2014)
S. N.
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
Scientific Name
Tree
Cedrus deodara
Quercus baloot
Alnus nitida
Total
Shrub
Agave cantula
Punica granatum
Berberis aristata
Datura inoxia
Eupatorium sp
Adhatoda vasica
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Den
/ha.
Fre
%
Ab
Basal Cover
Sq m/ha
IVI
5.00
5.00
15.00
25.00
5.00
5.00
10.00
20.00
1.00
1.00
1.50
1.26
0.67
5.05
6.98
63.07
54.64
182.29
300.00
200.000
80.000
80.000
120.000
280.000
40.000
30.000
20.000
20.000
20.000
20.000
10.000
1.667
1.000
1.000
1.500
3.500
1.000
0.37
0.48
0.08
0.10
0.14
0.07
56.58
48.68
23.18
27.67
42.53
13.54
124
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Rosa macrophylla
Xanthium sp
Total
Herb
Argemone mexicana
Cannabis sativa
Senecio vernalis
Fragaria vesca
Leucas cephalotes
Micromeria biflora
Oxalis corniculata
Parthenium hysterophorus
Rumex sp
Tridax procumbens
Perilla frutescens
Total
240.000
240.000
1280.000
20.000
30.000
170.000
3.000
2.000
0.22
0.11
1.58
44.14
43.68
300.00
800.00
2000.00
800.00
2000.00
2400.00
2800.00
2800.00
2800.00
2400.00
4400.00
1600.00
24800.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
8.00
12.00
4.00
56.00
2.00
5.00
2.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
3.00
3.67
4.00
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0003
0.0002
0.0004
0.0000
0.0025
25.78
30.62
25.78
18.04
21.85
23.46
23.46
29.75
31.82
54.58
14.85
300.00
Table 3.53 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2019)
S. N.
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Scientific Name
Tree
Cedrus deodara
Quercus baloot
Alnus nitida
Total
Shrub
Agave cantula
Punica granatum
Berberis aristata
Datura inoxia
Eupatorium sp
Adhatoda vasica
Rosa macrophylla
Xanthium sp
Total
Herb
Argemone mexicana
Cannabis sativa
Senecio vernalis
Fragaria vesca
Leucas cephalotes
Micromeria biflora
Oxalis corniculata
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Den
/ ha.
Fre
%
Ab
Basal Cover
Sq m/ha
IVI
6
5
16
27
6
4
10
20
1.1
1
1.6
3.7
1.28
0.58
5.15
7.01
63.4
52.6
184
300
210
60
70
130
290
30
220
260
1270
40
10
20
20
20
10
10
40
170
1.74
0.98
0.96
1.6
3.4
1.1
3.2
1.6
14.58
0.42
0.46
0.08
0.2
0.16
0.08
0.24
0.14
1.78
58.3
44.56
21.83
28.4
40.67
14.5
46.4
45.34
300
600
2400
400
2200
2600
2400
2200
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
2
5
2
6
4
6
6
0.0003
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
26.56
28.82
26.8
19.04
23.42
22.62
24.4
125
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
8
9
10
11
Parthenium hysterophorus
Rumex sp
Tridax procumbens
Perilla frutescens
Total
3000
2200
4800
1400
24200
4
6
14
4
52
7
4
4
4
50
0.0004
0.0003
0.0005
0
0.0028
26.54
30.4
58.75
12.65
300
S4: Near Dam Site
Near Dam site, steep slope is recorded on the both banks of river and a very few tree
individuals were present along river side. Most of the vegetative area has been recorded
above 200 mt of riverbed. A total of 4 tree, 10 shrub, and 13 herb species were recorded
during primary survey.
As per the study conducted during the year of 2014, the tree flora was dominated with
Quercus baloot followed by Cedrus deodara and Alnus nitida. Xanthium sp Desmodium
elegans and Artemisia brevifolia were leading species in shrub’s flora whereas herb’s flora
was predominated with Cannabis sativa, Tridax procumbens and Amaranthus hybridus. Tree,
shrub and herb density values were recorded as 170 trees ha-1, 2480 shrubs ha-1 and 46800
herbs ha-1 respectively. The Basal cover of tree species recorded as 89.11 m2 ha-1. (Table
3.54)
As per the study conducted during the year of 2019, the tree flora was dominated with
Quercus baloot followed by Cedrus deodara and Alnus nitida. Xanthium sp Desmodium
elegans and Artemisia brevifolia were leading species in shrub’s flora whereas herb’s flora
was predominated with Cannabis sativa, Tridax procumbens and Amaranthus hybridus. Tree,
shrub and herb density values were recorded as 170 trees ha-1, 2350 shrubs ha-1 and 46400
herbs ha-1 respectively. The Basal cover of tree species recorded as 90.18 m2 ha-1. (Table
3.55)
Table 3.54 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2014)
S. N.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Scientific Name
Tree
Cedrus deodara
Alnus nitida
Pinus girardiana
Quercus baloot
Total
Shrub
Adhatoda vasica
Artemisia brevifolia
Calotropis sp
Datura inoxia
Indigofera cessioides
Punica granatum
Xanthium sp
Viburnum grandiflorum
Buddleja asiatica
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Den
/ha.
Fre
%
Ab
Basal Cover
Sq m/ha
IVI
40.00
20.00
10.00
100.00
170.00
20.00
10.00
10.00
30.00
70.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
3.33
25.61
3.35
0.71
59.45
89.11
80.83
29.81
20.97
168.39
300.00
240.00
360.00
40.00
80.00
280.00
120.00
480.00
200.00
280.00
20.00
30.00
10.00
10.00
30.00
20.00
50.00
20.00
30.00
0.13
0.29
0.14
0.18
0.23
0.05
0.18
0.15
0.21
0.645
0.306
0.016
0.039
0.306
0.963
1.346
0.368
0.368
30.72
32.70
5.93
8.01
29.48
32.32
66.56
23.51
30.73
126
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Desmodium elegans
Total
Herb
Amaranthus hybridus
Argemone mexicana
Cannabis sativa
Smilax sp
Fragaria vesca
Solanum Sp
Geranium wallichinum
Leucas cephalotes
Polygonum cespithosum
Salvia nubicola
Senecio vernalis
Parthenium hysterophorus
Tridax procumbens
Total
400.00
2480.00
30.00
250.00
0.23
0.589
4.945
40.04
300.00
4800.00
2000.00
3200.00
2000.00
2800.00
1200.00
1200.00
4400.00
2800.00
3200.00
4000.00
4400.00
10800.00
46800.00
12.00
12.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
4.00
16.00
8.00
8.00
12.00
8.00
16.00
128.00
4.00
1.67
4.00
2.50
3.50
1.50
3.00
2.75
3.50
4.00
3.33
5.50
6.75
0.005
0.004
0.009
0.003
0.004
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.007
0.036
32.448
23.462
38.811
17.733
22.046
12.018
5.889
24.594
13.657
14.512
21.126
19.412
54.291
300.000
Table 3.55 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2019)
S. N.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
Scientific Name
Tree
Cedrus deodara
Alnus nitida
Pinus girardiana
Quercus baloot
Total
Shrub
Adhatoda vasica
Artemisia brevifolia
Calotropis sp
Datura inoxia
Indigofera cessioides
Punica granatum
Xanthium sp
Viburnum grandiflorum
Buddleja asiatica
Desmodium elegans
Total
Herb
Amaranthus hybridus
Argemone mexicana
Cannabis sativa
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Den
/ha.
Fre
%
Ab
Basal Cover
Sq m/ha
IVI
20
10
10
130
170
20
10
10
40
80
1.8
1
1
3.65
7.45
23.78
2.85
0.7
62.85
90.18
76.78
24.7
20.2
178.32
300
210
340
20
100
240
140
520
160
240
380
2350
20
40
10
10
30
20
70
20
20
20
260
0.11
0.32
0.12
0.16
0.24
0.08
0.22
0.14
0.2
0.21
1.8
0.64
0.301
0.018
0.042
0.32
0.99
1.42
0.35
0.38
0.52
4.981
28.62
36.45
4.33
7.55
24.64
34.32
70.42
22.32
29.35
42
300
5000
1800
3600
14
10
10
4
1.48
4.24
0.006
0.003
0.01
34.22
21.62
39.78
127
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Smilax sp
Fragaria vesca
Solanum Sp
Geranium wallichinum
Leucas cephalotes
Polygonum cespithosum
Salvia nubicola
Senecio vernalis
Parthenium hysterophorus
Tridax procumbens
Total
1600
2600
1000
1400
3800
2200
3600
4400
4000
11400
46400
6
8
6
4
14
8
10
14
8
18
130
2.1
3.2
1.1
2.8
2.68
3.6
4.2
3.6
5.2
7.12
45.32
0.002
0.004
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.008
0.041
15.28
21.11
10.45
5.96
23.68
13.08
15.55
22.35
18.68
58.24
300
S5: Near Dhedi Village (Downstream)
Downstream area of the Dam is comprised with 7 trees, 11 shrub and 13 herb species.
As per the study conducted during the year of 2014, the tree flora recorded with a density of
140 trees ha-1, shrub’s density was recorded as 1760 shrubs ha-1 while herb’s density has
been recorded as 48400 herbs ha-1. Tree basal cover was recorded as 31.64 m2 ha-1.
Quercus baloot, Berberis aristata and Cannabis sativa were the dominant plant species in
tree, shrub and herb layers respectively (Table 3.56).
Similerly as per the study conducted during the year of 2019, the tree flora recorded with a
density of 150 trees ha-1, shrub’s density was recorded as 1740 shrubs ha-1 while herb’s
density has been recorded as 47400 herbs ha-1. Tree basal cover was recorded as 37.22 m2
ha-1. Quercus baloot, Berberis aristata and Cannabis sativa were the dominant plant species
in tree, shrub and herb layers respectively (Table 3.57).
Table 3.56 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2014)
S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Scientific Name
Tree
Cedrus deodara
Juglans regia
Alnus nitida
Morus sp
Quercus baloot
Salix alba
Populus ciliate
1
2
3
4
5
6
Shrub
Desmodium elegans
Agave cantula
Artemisia brevifolia
Berberis aristata
Viburnum grandiflorum
Artimesia brevifolia
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Den
/ha.
Fre
%
Ab
Basal Cover
Sq m/ha
IVI
10.00
20.00
20.00
10.00
60.00
10.00
10.00
140.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
30.00
10.00
10.00
90.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.23
1.66
2.41
0.23
24.10
0.97
1.04
31.64
22.15
30.63
33.01
18.98
152.35
21.32
21.56
300.00
160.00
200.00
240.00
280.00
160.00
120.00
20.00
20.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
2.00
2.50
1.50
2.33
2.00
3.00
0.20
0.64
0.17
0.33
0.04
0.01
29.63
57.56
41.51
48.31
20.40
11.82
128
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Hypericum perforatum
Punica granatum
Rosa macrophylla
Xanthium sp
Ziziphus sp
Total
Herb
Argemone Mexicana
Cannabis sativa
Fragaria vesca
Rumex hastatus
Bidens bipinnata
Micromeria biflora
Oxalis corniculata
Rumex sp
Salvia nubicola
Solanum sp
Tridax procumbens
Thalictrum sp
Hypericum perforatum
Total
80.00
40.00
120.00
280.00
80.00
1760.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
10.00
220.00
2.00
1.00
1.50
2.33
2.00
0.01
0.09
0.05
0.17
0.04
1.74
9.55
12.11
18.55
39.24
11.31
300.00
1600.00
6800.00
2400.00
4000.00
4400.00
4800.00
6000.00
4000.00
2800.00
2000.00
4800.00
2000.00
2800.00
48400.00
8.00
12.00
8.00
16.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
128.00
2.00
5.67
3.00
2.50
3.67
4.00
5.00
5.00
3.50
2.50
6.00
2.50
3.50
0.0023
0.0250
0.0018
0.0077
0.0023
0.0008
0.0016
0.0026
0.0010
0.0002
0.0035
0.0023
0.0035
0.0544
13.78
69.29
14.50
34.82
22.69
20.75
24.64
19.25
13.80
10.75
22.62
14.61
18.49
300.00
Table 3.57 : Phytosociological Characters of Plant Community (Study Period 2019)
S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Scientific Name
Tree
Cedrus deodara
Juglans regia
Alnus nitida
Morus sp
Quercus baloot
Salix alba
Populus ciliate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Shrub
Desmodium elegans
Agave cantula
Artemisia brevifolia
Berberis aristata
Viburnum grandiflorum
Artimesia brevifolia
Hypericum perforatum
Punica granatum
Rosa macrophylla
Xanthium sp
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Den
/ha.
Fre
%
10
20
10
10
70
20
10
150
10
10
10
10
40
20
10
110
150
230
220
290
140
100
90
30
130
290
20
30
30
40
20
10
10
10
20
30
Basal Cover
Sq m/ha
IVI
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1.22
1.52
1,80
0.26
32.2
0.92
1.1
37.22
21.15
26.28
28.27
17.8
162.28
22.12
22.1
300
1.92
2.9
1.4
2.52
1.8
2.6
2.2
1
1.7
2.42
0.18
0.72
0.16
0.42
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.08
0.06
0.18
26.46
62.34
38.19
50.22
17.85
10.62
10.14
11.23
20.46
41.23
Ab
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11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Ziziphus sp
Total
Herb
Argemone Mexicana
Cannabis sativa
Fragaria vesca
Rumex hastatus
Bidens bipinnata
Micromeria biflora
Oxalis corniculata
Rumex sp
Salvia nubicola
Solanum sp
Tridax procumbens
Thalictrum sp
Hypericum perforatum
Total
70
1740
10
230
1.9
0.03
1.89
11.26
300
1200
7200
1800
4200
4000
5000
5800
3600
2800
1600
5200
1800
3200
47400
6
14
6
18
12
14
12
8
6
6
10
6
8
126
1.8
5.85
2.84
2.8
3.38
4.2
4.8
4.6
3.4
2.2
6.12
2.2
3.6
0.002
0.032
0.0016
0.0082
0.0021
0.0009
0.0015
0.0024
0.0001
0.0001
0.0042
0.0002
0.0042
0.0595
11.65
72.35
13.42
36.4
21.82
22.46
23.45
17.85
12.45
10.32
25.25
12.36
20.22
300
Diversity and Species Richness (Study period 2014)
Shannon diversity and Species richness for tree species was recorded highest at sampling
station-I (Near Gulabgarh) and these values were found as 2.06 and 3.11 respectively.
Lowest diversity (0.95) for tree species recorded in Submergence area while the tree species
richness was found least near Dam site. Shrub’s diversity and species richness were recorded
highest in downstream area whereas the lowest values for shrub’s diversity and richness
were found near Dam site. As far as the Herb species diversity and richness were concerned,
was found highest near Gulabgarh and Kirthai areas. (Figure 3.23)
Tree
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Shrub
Herb
Figure 3.23 : Diversity and Species Richness at different sampling locations
Diversity and Species Richness (premonsoon 2019)
Shannon diversity and Species richness for tree species was recorded highest at sampling
station-I (Near Gulabgarh) and these values were found as 2.10 and 3.15 respectively.
Lowest diversity (1.0) for tree species recorded in Submergence area while the tree species
richness was found least near Dam site. Shrub’s diversity and species richness were recorded
highest in downstream area whereas the lowest values for shrub’s diversity and richness
were found near Dam site. As far as the Herb species diversity and richness were concerned,
was found highest near Gulabgarh and Kirthai areas.
3.9.3.2
Seasonal Variation in Species Composition
A total of 17, 24, and 13 herb’s species were recorded during summer, rainy and winter
season respectively. Highest number (24) of herb species was recorded during rainy season
followed by summer (17) and winter (13). (Table 3.58)
Table 3.58 : Seasonal variation in floral species composition
Herb
Amaranthus hybridus
Argemone Mexicana
Bidens bipinnata
Cannabis sativa
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₊
₊
₊
M
₊
₊
₊
₊
W
₊
₊
₊
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Clematis sp
Fragaria vesca
Fumaria indica
Geranium wallichinum
Hedera nepalensis
Hypericum perforatum
Leucas cephalotes
Micromeria biflora
Oxalis corniculata
Parthenium hysterophorus
Perilla frutescens
Polygonum cespithosum
Rhamnus purpureus
Rumex hastatus
Rumex sp
Salvia nubicola
Senecio vernalis
Smilax sp
Solanum Sp
Thalictrum sp
Tridax procumbens
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
₊
(W - Winter, S - Summer, M - Monsoon, + - Present)
3.9.3.3
Micro flora
Lower plants play important roles in ecosystem functioning as they area primary producers
and nutrient and water recyclers. During monsoon and post monsoon season, various micro
flora species recorded in the study area. These groups are generally observed in the moistshady places, tree barks and even stone and rock surfaces. Lichen: Western Himalayan
forests are rich in epiphytic lichens and they constitute the largest extraction of NTFPs from
Himalayan forests in terms of volume. There are three species of lichens (2 Lecanorales & 1
Teloschistales) recorded from the study area. Pteridophytes: Pteridophytes form an
important constituent of ground vegetation in shady and moist habitats. The fern flora of
the western Himalaya comprises mainly of temperate elements. Two species of
Pteridophytes (Polypodiales) recorded from the study area under present survey. Fungi:
Fungi flora includes a total of two species dominated with Pezizales and Pucciniales. Below is
the list of micro flora recorded in primary survey. (Table 3.59)
Table 3.59 : List of Microflora recorded during primary study
Lichens
Order
Lecanora muralis
Lecanorales
Phaeophyscia orbicularis
Teloschistales
Xanthoparmelia mexicana
Lecanorales
Brytophytes
Marchantia sp
Marchantiales
Chiloscyphus sp
Jungermanniales
Pteridophytes
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Adiantum sp
Adiantum capillus
Diplazium esculentum
Fungi
Morchella rotunda
Puccinia sp
3.9.3.4
Polypodiales
Polypodiales
Polypodiales
Pezizales
Pucciniales
Economically Important Flora
The catchment area of Kirthai-II HEP is rich with economically important flora. Pinus
girardiana is very common, with large walnut and other fruit trees; and the forest vegetation
resembles that of Kashmir, with the addition of Quercus sp and Pinus girardiana. The human
population of the catchment is largely depending on wild plants for timber, fuelwood,
fodder, medicinal plants, foods, fibers, and house construction. Table given below shows the
economically important Plant of the study area (Table 3.60).
Table 3.60 : Economically Important Plant of the study area
Sl. No.
Scientific name
Common name
Uses
1
Abies pindrow
Budul
Timber
2
Aconitum heterophyllum
Patees
3
Aesculus indica
Goon
Tubers are used medicinally as a tonic for treating
general weakness. Also useful in respiratory
ailments, skin diseases, impotency and
tuberculosis.
Medicinal, Fuel
4
Alnus nitida
Champ
Fuel, Fodder
5
Artemisia brevifolia
Moori
Harvested for medicine and extraction of
santonin oil which is used as vermifuge.
6
Bunium persicum
Kala Zira
7
Cedrus deodara
Diyar
Underground tuber is edible and tastes like sweet
chest nuts. Fruits harvested for food, spice and
medicine. Mericarps used as digestive,
carminative and appetizer.
Fuel, Timber
8
Celtis australis
Kharik
Fuel, fodder
9
Cynoglossum lanceolatum
Neelkhain
Quite ornamental. Root useful in dyspepsia
10
Ficus palmata
Fagwara/Fig
Medicinal, Edible
11
Heracleum lanatum
Shuriyal
12
Hypericum perforatum
Basantadu
Roots are a source of xanthotoxin, a
furanocoumarin
used
in
treatment
of
leukoderma. Fruits are used as nervine tonic.
Locals use as fodder
Whole plant is used in medicine. Reported to be
poisonous to cattle.
13
Juglans regia
Dun
14
Malus domestica
Seb
15
Marrubium vulgare
Trapar
Medicinal herb. Dried leaves and flowering tops
are used in cough, cold and rheumatism.
16
Pinus girardiana
Chilgoza pine
Dry fruit chilgoza
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Seed kernels edible. Immature fruits are a rich
source of ascorbic acid. Bark is used as dye and
for cleaning teeth.
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17
Oxyria digyna
Chaksin
Acidic fleshy leaves have antiscorbutic properties
and eaten as vegetable.
18
Pinus wallichiana
Kail
Fuel, Timber
19
Plantago major
Gulla
Seeds medicinal, used in inflammatory conditions
of mucous membrane of gastro-intestinal and
genito-urinary tracts. Applied on wounds.
20
Prunus armenica
Sarri
Edible, Fuel
21
Prunus persica
Aru
Edible, Fuel
22
Punica granatum
Darooni
Medicinal, Fuel, Edible
23
Pyrus communis
Nashpati
Edible, Fuel
24
Pyrus pashia
Kainth
Edible, Fuel
25
Rabdosia rugosa
Slaiee
26
Rhamnus purpureus
Kaanj
27
Rosa brunonii
Kareer
Reported to have insecticidal properties. Also
used for country made roof as brush wood
stuffing.
Fruit is used as purgative. Wood is useful for tool
handles.
Medicinal, Misc.
28
Salix alba
Willoo
Fuel, Timber
29
Sempervivella acuminata
Kuppar Chattu
Used in folk medicines
30
Sorbus cashmeriana
Chhirain
Fruit extract is useful in respiratory ailments.
31
Ulmus wallichiana Planch.
Mannu
Fuel, Timber
32
Viburnum grandiflorum
Kilmich
Fruit eaten by locals, Secretion oozing out of
branch useful in skin ailments.
33
Vitex negundo
Bana
Medicinal, Fodder
3.9.3.5
Rare, Endangered, threatened (RET) Species recorded/reported from study area
There are 3 RET species has been recorded/reported from Kirthai HEP study area; Juglans
regia (NT as per IUCN Ver. 3.1), Pinus gerardiana (NT as per IUCN Ver. 3.1), Viola sp (VU as
per IUCN Ver. 3.1). All these species (Juglans regia, Pinus gerardiana, and Viola sp) has been
recorded in primary survey.
3.9.3.6
Protected Areas
Jammu and Kashmir have 4 National Parks, 15 Wildlife Sanctuaries, and 34 Conservation
Reserves covering a cumulative area of 11,774.5 km2. There are no National Parks/Wildlife
Sanctuaries present within 10 km periphery of project site.
3.9.3.7
Cropping Pattern
Characterized by mountainous and undulating terrain, the state of Jammu and Kashmir has
micro-level variations in the agro-climatic conditions. (Hussain 2006) Consequently, the
cropping patterns and crop combinations differ significantly at the macro and micro levels.
Despite the fact that the agro-climatic Variations supported different types of cropping
patterns in the state, however, it was the availability or unavailability of irrigation facilities
which played a key role in determining the cropping structure in the state. Not surprisingly,
therefore, the cropping pattern of the state had been dominated by paddy–the staple food
of the majority of the people-in those areas which had adequate irrigation facilities and by
other food crops like maize in the rain fed zones. The important Rabi and kharif crops grown
in the Study area are- Kharif crops: rice, maize, tobacco, millet, pulses. Rabi crops: wheat,
barley, beans.
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3.9.3.8
Horticulture Pattern
Following horticulture crops (Table 3.61) has been observed in the study area during primary
survey.
Table 3.61 : Horticulture Crops observed in the study area
S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
Scientific Name
Malus domestica
Juglans regia
Pyrus pyrifolia
Prunus armenica
Prunus domestica
Common Name
Apple
Walnut
Nashpati
Apricot
Aalubukhara
Family
Rosaceae
Juglandaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
3.9.4. Fauna
Faunal Diversity
India, lying within the Indomalaya ecozone, is home to about 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6%
of avian, 6.2% of reptilian species. The state Jammu and Kashmir comes under the Trans
Himalaya bio-geographic Region and animals of the region show several behavioral and
physiological adaptations. The state has a rich repository of wildlife which includes two
major cats namely Common Leopard (Western part of J & K) and Snow Leopard (High
Himalaya/Trans Himalaya). The region is home various species of primates, Musk deer,
Bharal, Himalayan black bear etc. The bird fauna of the state include 405 bird species
belongs to 49 families in which 53 were classed as endemic. The rivers of the state contain
44 species of fishes. (Singh & Thadani, 2011) The State also abounds in a variety of reptiles
and amphibians. The state is the home of various species of wild animals, many of which are
protected by sanctuaries (15 in the State), national Parks (4 in the State) and Conservation
Reserves (34 in the State) covering an area of 11,774.50 km2. The Dachingam National Park is
famous for Hangul.
Faunal Study
Faunal survey was carried out for the species of Mammals, Birds, Herpetofauna and Insects
and the study of mammals and birds were studied during year 2014 for all three season
which was again reapeated in premonsoon season 2019 at earlier studied locations. The
study was conducted by placing systematic transects at different sampling locations in the
study area. This exploration of the species was carried out with respect to the habitat types
and altitudes where they occurred. (Table 3.62).
Table 3.62 : Sampling Transects for Faunal Surveys
Sampling Transects
Length of Transect Covered (Km)
Near Gulabgarh (Upstream)
2.5
Near Dam Site (Upstream)
2.0
Near Dhedi Village (Downstream)
2.0
Owing to the characteristics of the tract and vegetation cover, faunal diversity of the study
area mainly represents species which are found typically in the western Himalayas. No dense
forest shrubby floor has been recorded in present study site which favour by most of the
faunal species. In present investigation, wildlife was intensively surveyed for presence along
with their habitat affinities and the surveys were continued for three seasons I. e. Premonsoon, Monsoon and Winter during year 2014. The study was again repeated for one
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season i.e., premonsoon season in year 2019. The comprehensive combine list of the fauna
recorded in both the season is presented in section ahead.
Methodology
On the basis of vegetation and topography, the study area was divided into various transects
and sampling for the animals and/or their habitats has been carried out in different strata of
transect. Most of transects were surveyed systematically but some transects could not be
surveyed systematically due to unwelcoming terrain. Primary survey for mammals and birds
includes direct and indirect sightings of animals in trails and path they were using. The
presence of wildlife was also confirmed from the local inhabitants depending on the animal
sightings and the frequency of their visits in the study area. In addition to these, secondary
sources were also referred for preparing checklist of animals and wildlife in the study area.
Under this survey, direct sighting includes calls, signs and trophies of mammals (Prater,
1980). We also followed the interviews conducted in the study area for the presence and
abundance of animals. The checklist of avifauna was prepared based upon field guide of
Grimmett et al. (2011).
3.9.4.2
Mammals
All the sampling for mammalian fauna was carried out in the morning and evening time by
using 2-3 km long transects and animal trails. The focus of the sampling was towards the
direct sighting of animals but indirect signs like scats, pellets, pugmarks, scraps,
vocalizations, horns etc. were also recorded during the survey walk and refereed for the
presence of animals. The indirect evidences and information of the animal presence has
been also collected through the interviews of local people and available literature.
The mammals in the area studied have largely the population of domestic ungulates like
horses, yaks, goats, sheeps, and cattle throughout the human settlements in the impact
zone. Direct sighting of monkey, wild boar, languor, house mouse, and Common Jackal have
been recorded during this study whereas secondary sources reported various mammalian
species like Markhor, Raan, Black Bear, Red fox etc. These animals are largely free-roamers
and safe from poaching but sometime people are hunting few species especially for meat
(Table 3.63).
Table 3.63 : List of Mammalian Species Recorded (Direct or Indirect)
S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Name
Black Bear
Chitin bror
Common Jackal
Himalayan Stoat
House Mouse
House Shrew
Indian Muntjac
Kashmir Flying Squirrel
Langoor
Markhor
Marten
Patsalam
Raan
Red Fox
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Scientific Name
Ursus thibetanus
Prionailurus bengalensis
Canis aureus
Mustela erminea
Mus musculus
Suncus murinus
Muntiacus muntjac
Eoglaucomys fimbriatus
Semnopithecus schistaceus
Capra sibirica
Martes flavigula
Lynx
Nemorhaedus bedfordi
Vulpes
Order
Carnivora
Carnivora
Carnivora
Carnivora
Rodentia
Soricomorpha
Artiodactyla
Rodentia
Primates
Artiodactyla
Carnivora
Carnivora
Artiodactyla
Carnivora
CS
VU
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
EN
LC
LC
NT
LC
Schedule
I
I
II
II
V
UN
III
UN
II
I
II
I
UN
II
136
Source
IM
IM
PS
IM
PS
PS
IM
IM
PS
IM
PS
IM
IM
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15
16
17
Rhesus Monkey
Himalayan Brown Bear
Wild Boar
Macaca mulatta
Ursus arctos
Sus scrofa
Primates
Carnivora
Artiodactyla
LC
LC
LC
III
II
IV
CS= Conservation Status (IUCN), LC= Least Concerned, EN=Endangered, NT= Neat Threatened, VU=
Vulnerable, UN=Unlisted, PS= Primary Study, IM=Indian Mammals: Afield Guide (Author, Vivek
Menon)
3.9.4.3
Endemic, Threatened & Endangered Species
There is no RET (Rare/Endangered/Threatened) species recorded during primary survey but
secondary literature reported various species which come under the sensitive list of IUCN
and Schedule-I under Wildlife Protection Act-1972. These species include Black Bear
(VU/Schedule-I) Chitin bror and Patsalam (Schedule-I) Markhor (Endangered/Schedule-I),
Raan (Near Threatened).
3.9.4.4
Avifauna
As far as the birds’ survey is concerned, it was conducted on the same transects and trails
marked for mammal’s survey. The whole sampling was carried out in a fixed width trails of
2-3 km wherever the terrain permits and point counts were carried out at a fixed distance at
more or less at regular intervals. A prismatic field binocular (10X50) was used for the bird
watching during transect walk mostly during morning and evening hours at nearby
habitations as well as near to water bodies in the study area. An on-spot identification of
birds has been carried out with the help of pictorial guides/literature published by Grimmett
et al. (2011).
A total of 19 species belongs to 6 orders were recorded during the primary survey. The
avifauna of study area is comprised of Common myna, Grey-Bush Chat, Oriental Turtle Dove,
Chukar, Rock pigeon etc. During the study, order Passeriformes is the largest group of the
birds and contributing about 60% of total bird species in the area. The second largest group
is Columbiformes with 10%. (Figure 3.24)
Figure 3.24 : Percentage Composition of different Orders in Study area
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IM
PS
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Migration is a very common seasonal movement of birds and they often migrate for food,
breeding and survival. A large portion of avifaunal species recorded from the study area is
comprised of resident birds and only four summer visitor species recorded in primary survey.
Common Hoopoe, Common Swift, Oriental Turtle Dove and Rosy Pipit were recorded as
summer visitors during this primary study. Large billed crow was found more abundantly
distribute all along the study area (Table 3.64).
Table 3.64 : List of Avifauna recorded from study area
Scientific name
Sl.No. Common name
Order
Habit Status
1
Brown Dipper
Cinclus pallasii
Passeriformes
R
LC
Chukar
Alectoris
chukar
LC
2
Galliformes
R
Common Cockoo
Cuculus canorus
3
Cuculiformes
R
LC
Common
Hoopoe
Upupa
epops
LC
4
Coraciiformes
SV
Falco tinnunculus
5
Common Kestrel
Falconiformes
R
LC
Common myna
Acridotheres tristis
LC
6
Passeriformes
R
Common pigeon
Columba livia
LC
7
Columbiformes
R
8
Common Swift
Apus
Apodiformes
SV
LC
Eurasian Sparrow hawk
Accipiter nisus
LC
9
Falconiformes
R
Himalayan
Vulture
Gyps
himalayensis
NT
10
Accipitriformes
R
House
crow
Corvus
splendens
LC
11
Passeriformes
R
House sparrow
Passer domesticus
LC
12
Passeriformes
R
Corvus macrorhynchos
13
jungle crow
Passeriformes
R
LC
Long-tailed Shrike
Lanius schach
LC
14
Passeriformes
R
Oriental Turtle Dove
Streptopelia orientalis
LC
15
Columbiformes
SV
Plumbeous Water Redstart Rhyacornis fuliginosa
LC
16
Passeriformes
R
Anthus roseatus
17
Rosy Pipit
Passeriformes
SV
LC
Slaty-headed
Parakeet
Psittacula
himalayana
LC
18
Psittaciformes
R
Yellow-billed Blue Magpie
LC
19
Urocissa flavirostris cucullata Passeriformes
R
R= Residents, SV- Summer Visitor, LC= Least Concerned (IUCN)
Himalayan Vulture (Gyps himalayensis), a Near Threatened bird species as per the IUCN
category is observed during the survey of winter season.
3.9.4.5
Herpetofauna
The herpetofauna were sampled on the same transect marked for mammals/birds.
Moreover, the sampling also carried out along the banks of rivers and adjoining
springs/Nallas of submergence and downstream sections of dam site. Sampling was
repeated during night following the time constrained Visual Encounter Rates (VES) method.
During primary survey, only 7 species of herpetofauna have been recorded. (Table 3.65)
Table 3.65 : List of Herpetofauna recorded from the study area
S. No.
1
Scientific Name
Python molorsus
English Name
Indian python
2
Ptyas mucosus
Rat snake
3
Bungarus caeruleus
Common India Krait
4
Vipera russeli
Russel’s Viper
5
Naja
Indian cobra
6
Calotes versicolor
Garden Lizard
7
Hemidactylus flaviviridis
House Lizard
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3.9.4.6
Butterfly
The butterflies are beautiful day flying insects of order Lepidoptera which make excellent
subject for natural history observation as they can be reared at home and can be easily
observed for various stages of the development of organisms. Earlier butterflies classified
into smaller families and India alone had 9 families. However, many of the older families are
now merged into the family Nymphalidae and finally only 5 families maintaining across the
world and all of which are represented in India. During the primary surveys for three
seasons, a total of 16 species of butterfly were encountered from the study area. Blue Pansy,
Common Marmon, Indian Cabbage White, Plain Tiger, Long-tailed Blue and Common
Emigrant are some butterflies recorded from study area (Table 3.66).
Table 3.66 : List of Insects and Butterflies recorded from the study area
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Name
Blue pansy
Chestnut Tiger
Chocolate Pancy
Common Emigrant
Common grass yellow
Common marmon
Common Satyr
Dark Blue Tiger
Dark Grass Blue
Indian Cabbage White
Indian Red Admiral
Large Cabbage White
Long-tailed Blue
Plain Tiger
Scientific Name
Junonia orithiya
Parantica sita
Junonia iphita
Catopsilia pomona
Eurema hecabe
Papilio polytes
Aulocera swaha
Tirumala septentrionis
Zizeeria karsandra
Pieris canidia
Vanessa indica
Pieris brassicae
Lampides boeticus
Danaus chrysippus
Family
Nymphalidae
Nymphalidae
Nymphalidae
Pieridae
Pieridae
Papilionidae
Nymphalidae
Nymphalidae
Lycaenidae
Pieridae
Nymphalidae
Pieridae
Lycaenidae
Nymphalidae
3.9.5. Aquatic Ecology
An in-depth aquatic ecological study was carried out in the project area for three seasons as
per the ToR provided by MoEF. Primary data on various components of aquatic biodiversity
were collected through intensive field survey of the study area, aquatic sampling and
consultation with local communities. Review of secondary data was also made for
confirming the primary data. Secondary data review has been carried out by using working
Plans of Forest Division, and published research papers/literatures. No commercial fishing is
available in the entire stretch of Chenab River. However, few people from the local
inhabitants (Near Kirthai) are being used to operate cast net or fishing lines and hanging
loops for home consumption.
3.9.5.1
Methodology Adopted
The sampling was carried out during the Pre-monsoon, Monsson and Post – Monsoon in
year 2014 and again repeated for same locations during pre monsoon season 2019. The
sampling was carried out as per MoEF guidelines. A total of 4 biological parameters were
studied to assess the river water quality. Biological characteristics that were assessed
involved the status of zooplankton, phytoplankton (suspended algae), periphyton (attached
algae) and macroinvertebrates. For the quantification of zooplankton and suspended algae,
10 liters of water for each community was filtered at each site by using standard plankton
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net made up of fine silk cloth (mesh size 25 μm). The filtrate collected for phytoplankton and
Zooplankton was preserved in the 4% and 2% formaline solution respectively. Periphyton
was obtained by scrapping the surface of cobbles, boulders and logs (10 cm2) with the help
of a scraping brush. Three replicates, obtained from each site were pooled and preserved in
4% formaline solution for further analyses. The density of phytoplankton, periphyton and
zooplankton were estimated with the help of APHA (1995). The phytoplankton and
periphyton were identified up to genera and species level with the help of Edmondson
(1992, 2nd edition), Hustedt and Jensen (1985), and Sarod and Kamat (1984). The
zooplankton was identified by using literatures of Edmondson (1992, 2nd edition), Battish
(1992) and Kundo 1986).
Calculations used for enumeration of biological parameters are as follows;
a, Phytoplankton:
Strip Count
No./ L =
C x At
-----------------------LxWxSxV
Where;
C=
number of organisms counted.
At =
total area of bottom settling chamber, mm2
L=
length of the strip,
W=
Width of the strip,
S=
Number of strips counted,
V=
Volume of the sample settled.
b, Periphyton:
Organisms/ mm2 = N x At x Vt
Ac x Vs x As
Where;
N=
number of organisms counted,
At =
total area of chamber, mm2
Vt =
total volume of original sample, suspension, mL
Ac =
area counted (strips or fields), mm2,
Vs =
Sample volume used in chamber, mL, and
As =
Surface area of slide or substrate, mm2
c, Zooplankton:
No./ m3 =
C x V′
V″ x V‴
Where;
C=
number of organisms counted
V′ =
volume of the concentrated sample, mL,
V″ =
volume counted, mL,
V‴ =
volume of the grab sample, m3
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For smaller zooplankton like Rotifera, samples were calculated as numbers per liter whereas,
for Cladocera and Copepoda samples were calculated as numbers per cubic meter. Results
were reported as individuals/ L or m3 for Zooplankton; cells/ L for Phytoplankton and
Periphyton as organisms / mm2. (APHA 1995)
The macro-invertebrates were obtained with the help of a kick-seine method. 1 m2 area was
selected at each sampling site and the substrate mainly stones were disturbed up to depth
of few inches and immediately transferred to a bucket underwater and later rinsed
thoroughly to dislodge all the attached macro-invertebrates. The material was sieved
through 100μm sieve. The samples were preserved in 4% formalin. The organisms obtained
were then counted after identifying them up to genera level by the procedure described by
Pennak (1953) and Edmondson (1992, 2nd edition). Results were reported as individuals per
m2.
3.9.5.2
Sampling Sites
HEP impact terrestrial and aquatic environments variously and most important of them are
the flow regimes. Therefore, various sampling designs are needed to assess the biodiversity
and suitable environmental flow. In order to assess the biodiversity and understand impacts
on it, stations were selected up and down stream of the proposed dam site. However, some
other small tributaries are present at lower and upper catchment but most of them are
seasonal. A total of three sampling stations were selected to evaluate the aquatic
biodiversity and determine the degree of impact on aquatic biodiversity and water quality.
Station 1 (S1):
Located on the left bank of Chenab near Gulabgarh and about 7 km upstream of the Dam
site. Right bank of the river is gentle with habitations whereas the left bank is steep and
having a good tree cover especially at upper reaches. Pools are major habitat present inside
the river along with few short riffles and runs. Predominance of rock is found inside and
outside of the river water channel and the substrate composition was as rock (70%), boulder
(10%), cobble (10%), and gravel (10%).
Station 2 (S2):
Located on the right bank of Chenab river near Dam Site. Large trees are present at both
banks of the river at upper stretches. Riffle and pond are major habitat present inside the
river. The dominant substratum is cobbles inside and outside of the river water channel and
the substrate composition; rock (40%) – boulder (30%)-cobble (20%)-gravel (10%).
Station 3 (S3):
Located 3 km downstream from the project site. Both sides of the river banks are invaded
with forest but at upper stretch. Riffles are major habitat present inside the river.
Predominance of rocks and boulder is found inside and outside of the river and the substrate
composition; Rock (55%)-Boulder (30%) –cobble (10%) –gravel (5%).
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Plate I: S1 (Chenab river near Gulabgarh)
Plate II: S2 (Chenab river near Dam Site)
Plate III: S3 (Chenab river 3 Km d/s of Dam Site)
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Sampling Rationale for Aquatic Biodiversity: In order to understand aquatic ecosystem of
river, the abiotic components; physical (temperature, substrate type, width, depth, current
velocity, discharge and transparency), chemical nature (pH, conductivity etc.) has been
recorded. For biological components, which constitute the structure of an ecosystem, the
major communities found in the stream; the bottom dwelling benthos were sampled. Since
the benthic diatoms (a group of algae with silica walls) are abundant in the mountain
streams, they were opted to represent the auto-trophs. In case of the hetero-trophs, the
benthic macro-invertebrates with high indicator value were considered suitable. Fish is also
an important part of the ecosystem for the same functions. Fish is a cheap source of highquality animal protein and hence as nutritional food for the mountain communities. A
qualitative study of these indicator groups provides the knowledge of aquatic flora and
fauna while quantitative studies help to understand the community features such as
taxonomic composition, abundances and assemblages which vary with the physical and
chemical attributes of the ecosystem. The sampling was carried out during the winter, spring
(Pre-Monsoon) and summer (Monsoon) seasons as per Tor provided by the MoEFCC. A total
of 4 biological parameters were studied which are as follows:
Sampling for Plankton Communities (Phytoplankton and Zooplankton): Plankton is
sampled by sieving 100 liters of water through plankton net mesh size (25 µ). The sieved
sample is preserved in 4% formalin for microscopic study. Density is computed by
performing counts in S-R Cell according to Welch (1948). Identifications are performed with
the help of standard keys (Edmondson 1959; Prasad & Mishra 1992, Krammer and LangeBertalot 1999; 2004; Lange Bertalot 2001, Jaiswal & Tiwari 2003).
Benthos (Phyto benthos/Periphyton): The phytobenthic are collected by scraping 3 x 3 cm
surface area of submerged cobble/rock/ boulder/plant/algal substrate. Temporary mounts
prepared from the preserved samples are examined under x400 magnification to record the
algal (green, blue green etc.) flora. However, to record the diatom flora, permanent Naphrax
mounts prepared after treating the samples in acid-peroxide, are examined at x1500.
Literature cited above is used to identify the diatoms.
Zoo benthos (Benthic Invertebrates): The macro-invertebrate fauna is sampled by carefully
lifting small boulders, cobbles and pebbles from the marked area (1 ft2) and washing in a
bucket full of water by dipping number of times to dislodge the attached fauna. Soft
substratum in the form of clay and silt is sampled with Ekmann dredge. The sediments are
sieved to obtain the fauna. Samples are preserved in 5% formalin for laboratory analysis.
Macro-invertebrate samples are identified to family and class level with the help of standard
keys (Edmondson 1959; Edington & Hildrew 1995).
Nekton (Fish): Fish samples are collected by experimental fishing through cast net and gill
net and local shops. The samples are preserved in 10% formalin for species identification
with the help of standard keys (Day 1958; Talwar & Jhingran1991; Jayaram 2002). Fish
samples are used for determining the food habits and the environmental resource base
3.9.5.3
Phytoplankton (suspended algae)
In case of phytoplankton, a total 21 taxa were observed in all the three stations. Out of
these 20 taxa, 11 taxa belong to class Bacillariophyceae, 7 belong to class Chlorophyceae and
3 from Cyanophyceae (Table 3.67). Class Bacillariophyceae was most abundant group
followed by Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae. Among zooplanktons, Cyclopods were
present frequently in the river Chenab (Table 3.68). Density of Plankton community in
different disfferent study period is given in Table 3.69. Taxonomic composition of
phytoplankton community in different study periods is shown in Table 3.69.
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Table 3.67 : Distribution of phytoplankton at different study periods
Plankton
Community
Taxa
Phytoplankto
n
Bacillariophyceae
Fragilaria sp.
Navicula sp.
Cymbella sp.
Cyclotella sp.
Caloneis sp.
Cerotoneis sp.
Cocconeis sp.
Gramatophora sp.
Gymphonema sp.
Melosira sp.
Synedra sp.
Chlorophyceae
Chlormormidium
sp.
Chlorococum sp.
Closterium sp.
Hormidium subtile
Ulothrix sp.
Spirogyra sp.
Oscillatoria sp.
Cyanophyceae
Anabena sp.
Anacystis sp.
Lyngbya sp.
Cyclopoida
Polyarthra vulgaris
Eucyclops sp.
Zooplankton
Study Period 2014
Study period 2019
S1
S2
S3
S1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
S2
S3
Table 3.68 : Density of Plankton community in different study periods
Plankton
Community
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Density (u1-1)
(2019)
Summer Monsoon Winter Summer
Bacillariophyceae
56
12
100
58
Chlorophyceae
12
3
20
13
Cyanophyceae
5
18
6
Total Density
73
15
138
70
22
2
36
23
Taxa
Density (u1-1) (2014)
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Table 3.69 : Taxonomic composition of phytoplankton community in different study
periods
Phytoplankton
Taxa
Bacillariophyceae
Fragilaria sp.
Chlorophyceae
Cyanophyceae
Taxonomic composition
Study Period 2014
Study period 2019
Summer Monsoon Winter Summer
12
0
11
11
Navicula sp.
5
20
22
6
Cymbella sp.
11
9
0
12
Cyclotella sp.
0
7
8
1
Caloneis sp.
5
9
8
3
Cerotoneis sp.
7
8
8
5
Cocconeis sp.
4
12
9
5
Gramatophora sp.
5
10
5
3
Gymphonema sp.
5
8
0
4
Melosira sp.
2
7
0
3
Synedra sp.
7
0
0
5
Chlormormidium
7
4
4
6
Chlorococum sp.
3
4
0
1
Closterium sp.
4
0
4
6
Hormidium subtile
6
0
3
4
Ulothrix sp.
2
0
3
0
Spirogyra sp.
6
1
7
4
Oscillatoria sp.
Anabena sp.
3
0
2
2
0
1
2
2
Anacystis sp.
4
0
4
5
Lyngbya sp.
2
0
0
4
Periphytons Community (Benthic Diatom)
Flora: In the case of bottom flora, a total 22 diatoms were recorded/reported from the study area
during 2014. Periphytons were more frequent and have more diversity at location No S3. During
summer 2019 a total of 19 species of diatomss were recorded from three locations. Details of the txa
observed during study period 2014 and 2019 is presented in Table 3.70.
Table 3.70 : Distribution of Benthic Flora in Chenab
Diatom Flora
Achnanthidium biasolettianum var. biasolettianum
Cymbella kolbei var. kolbei
Cymbella leavis
Fragilaria rumpens
Gesslaria decussis
Gomhonema parvulum
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Study period
2014
S1
S2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
S3
+
+
+
+
+
+
Study period
2019
S1
S2
S3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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Cocconeis placentula var. placentula
Cymbella excisa var. excisa
Achnanthidium minutissimum var. minutissimum
Fragilaria arcus
Gomphonema olivaceum
Gomphonema pumilum var. rigidum
Hantzschia amphioxys
Diatoma hyemalis var. hyemalis
Diatoma mesodon
Encyonema minutum
Encyonema silesiacum
Encyonema ventricosum
Cymbella tumida
Luticola mutica
Navicula caterva
Navicula radiosafallax
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
3.9.6. Fish Ecology
A total of 25 fish species have been known from the River Chenab. However, most of these are
limited to the lower reaches of Chenab River, where water velocities are reduced significantly, and
the river is wide compared to the upper reaches. In the upper part Chenab River and its tributaries
are characterised by the low water temperature, high flow velocity and discharge, and the lack of
pool formation. (NORPLAN EIA, 2003) The species found in project area are either endowed with
strong locomotion like Snow trout or have developed special organs of attachment like Garra and
Glyptosternoids. The most important species fish are found in the study area are Snow Trouts, Minor
Carps, Loaches, and Catfishes. Most of these fishes are restricted to the lower reaches of study area.
During fishing, no fish were observed or catched in winter and Pre-Moonsoon season. However,
Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) was recorded in monsoon season near Kirthai. As per consultation
with concerned fisheries officials and researchers, EIA references available and public consultation
conducted at Gulabgarh, Kishtwar, fish diversity and density are limited to few species like Snow
Trout-Schizothorax richardsonii, Loaches like Nemachelus sp. and Botia sp., and cat fish like
Glyptosternoids (Glyptothorax sp.
Snow Trout emerged as the most abundant fish species in the study area. The fish is common and
widely distributed in Himalayan fresh waters which attain lengths about 30-35 cm and feeds on
algae, some animal food and detritus matter. The species is largely depending on the plant material
(75%) (Shekhar, 1990). The species prefers rocky habitat especially with cobble, pebble and gravel
substrate where it forages on the algae.
As per EIA of Kwar HEP construction of dams like Salal, Baghliar and Dul Hasti has almost stopped the
migration of Mahaseers and Snow Trouts. In the section of river, where Kewar dam is being
constructed the species of fishes like Schizothorax richardsonii, Glyptosternum reticulatem,
Onchorhynchus mykiss and Salmo trutta fario have been recorded.
In order to assess the status of the fish fauna of the river Chenab, a study was undertaken from
October 2013 to October 2014, by Department of Zoology, University of J&K, Monthly samplings
were carried out at three study sites – Dadpeth, Dunadi, Bhandarkot. The fish fauna was again
recvalidated through primary and secondary data assessment in 2019.
During the study period, 5 species of fish were recorded - Schizothorax richardsonii, Oncorhynchus
mykiss, Glyptosternum reticulatum, Schizothorax sp. and Cyprinus carpio. Oncorhynchus mykiss has
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been reported for the first time from the study area (source- Asian Academic Research Journal of
Multidisciplinary, Volume-2, Issue-5, October 2015-ISSN:2319-2801).
Table 3.71 : Fish Fauna of Chenab River in Kishtwar District
S.N.
A
1
2
B
1
C
1
D
1
2
Family/Species
Cyprindae
Schizothorax richardsonii
Cyprinus carpio
Salmonidae
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Sisoridae
Glyptosternum reticulatum
Botiidae
Botia
Nemachelus sp.
IUCN Status
Source
VU
CR
Primary Survey
Secondary Sources
NE
Secondary Sources
NE
Primary Survey
LC
EN
Primary Survey
Primary Survey
Commercial fishing activities are almost absent, and the fishing pressure is very low in
Chenab River in the project area. Actually, the rapid flow of water, the whirlpools and under
currents makes fishing difficult and even dangerous. In these circumstances, only highly
experienced fishermen are able to make a living out of fishing. Secondly the cold-water fish
species are invariably slow growing and many of them are of small size. Thirdly, due to
difficult terrain, there is lack of appropriate means of transport from the fishing areas to the
consumption centers. The local fishermen under these circumstances are compelled to use
these fishes by themselves or sell their meager catches to local villagers.
Spawning Sites
In the study area the hill streams like Honsar Nala, Afani Nala and Bhut Nala, all located on
u/s of reservoir of Kirthai-II Hep, provide spawning sites for the migratory fishes. As none of
these Nalas shall be flooded due to impounding of reservoir they shall provide breeding and
feeding grounds and shall remain ascendable for migrating and local fish population.
3.9.7. River Morphological Characteristics
The river Chenab has fast flow due to steep gradient. Water flow of the river increases many
times during pre-monsoon and monsoon season. Water flow is reduced during winter, due
to snowfall and low temperature in the catchment area. The river morphological features at
sampling sites are shown in Table 3.72.
Table 3.72 : General Environmental Features of the Study Sites
Site
Site Name
Altitude
masl
Geo-Coordinates
SS1
Bhut
Nallah
(Tributary)
1796
33°16´ 13.05´´ N
76° 10´ 13.08´´ E
SS2
Project
Site (Dam
site)
1640
760 - 04' - 37" E
330 - 18' - 41" N
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Av.
depth
of
stream
(m)
2.5
Av.
Width
of
stream
(m)
36
7
70
Basin/
Substrate
Type
Habitat Type
Silt,
sand,
Coarse Gravel,
cobbles and
boulders
Silt,
sand,
cobbles and
boulders
Stream side
(Pool type)
(Pool type)
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SS3
3 km d/s of
dam axis
1570
760 - 02' - 45" E
330 - 18' - 55" N
2.1
65
Sand, Coarse
Gravel,
pebbles, and
cobbles
Riffle type
3.10. Socio Economic Environment
3.10.1. District Profile
After trifurcation of erstwhile District Doda, the District Kishtwar started functioning as
independent administrative unit on 01-04-2007. The district is bounded by Ladakh /Zanskar
on the east, Himachal Pradesh on the south, Anantnag district on the North west and District
Doda on the district head quarter lies between longitude 75025” East and Latitude 34010”
North. The district headquarters is based at town Kishtwar, situated 280 km from Srinagar,
229 kms from Jammu whereas 60 km from Doda Bridge over Chenab. Commonly known as
the 'Land of Sapphire and Saffron’, it is also very rich in forest products. The District has
derived its name from "Kishat Rishi" who stayed here. It is the modified version of earlier
name of Kishaswar. Kishtwar in its ancient form Kashthavata, is first referred to in the
Rajatarangini during the empire of Raja Kalsa of Kashmir, when "Uttamaraja", the ruler of
Kashthavata visited the court of Kashmiri king in company with several other hill chiefs to
pay their respects to the Raja. It is surrounded by the mighty Himalayas from all the sides,
kindling off in Marwah-Warwan valley, Paddar valley and Chhatroo valley. Kishtwar
endowed with dense forests of deodar, fir and pine is treasure of scenic beauty. It offers
tremendous scope for pilgrim tourism also as some important shrines is located in the area.
These include Ziarat Zain-Shah-sahib, Farid-ud-Din Sahib, Hazrat Asrar-ud-Din Sahib, Athara
Bhuja Devi temple, Chandi Mata temple and Hatta Wali Matta.
3.10.2. Administrative Setup
The district comprises 4 tehsils, 8 CD blocks and 157 villages (include 1 inhabited -Darbanger
village) and 1 town -Kishtwar, 134 number of Panchayats, 41 Patwar Halqas, 8 Niabats and
10 Girdawars, 4 office Qanoongo. The general profile of the district is given in Table 3.73.
Table 3.73 : General Profile of District
S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Headquarter
Total geographical area as per village papers
No. of Tehsils
No. of CD Blocks
No. of Revenue Villages
No. of Panchayats
No. of Patwar Halqas
No. of Niabats
No. of Girdawar circles
No. of office Qanoongo
No. of Towns
Sub-division
Population
Male population
Female population
Sex ratio
Density
Literacy Rate
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Kishtwar
160384 Ha
Kishtwar, Chatroo, Marwah, Paddar
Drabshalla, Kishtwar, Nagseni, Padder,
Chatroo, Dachhan, Marwah, Warwan
156
134
41
8
10
4
01 (Kishtwar)
03
230696
120165
110531
920
46 persons/ sq. km
56.20%
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18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Male literacy
Female literacy
Gross cultivated Area (Kharif + Rabi)
Net Sown Area
Area under food crops (Kharif + Rabi)
Irrigated Area
Rainfed Area
Area under non-food crops (Kharif + Rabi)
Area Under Forest Cover
Total no. of holdings
No. of Agriculture Sub Divisions
No. of Zones
No. of Circles
Total quantity of food grains produced (Kharif +Rabi)
68.90%
42.40%
25078 ha
19064 ha
18599 ha
1724 ha
16330 ha
1728 ha
90854 ha
42652
3
14
56
259629 Qtls.
3.10.3. Demographic Profile of District
As of 2011 Kishtwar is the third least populous district of Jammu and Kashmir, after Kargil
and Leh. As per 2011 Census, the total population of the Kishtwar District is 230696, which
includes 120165 male population and 110531 female population in the district. This works
out to be 1.839 percent of the total population of the state. The urban population is of
14862 and the rural population figures at 215834 souls and comes to 93.55% of the
population of the district. The density of the population is 125 per sq. km. The schedule
castes represent 0.06 % of the population while schedule tribes i.e. Gujjar and Bakerwals
represent 0.16 % only of the total population of the District. The main stay of the population
of the district is agriculture.
The average literacy rate of the District is 56.20 Percent with male literacy 68.90 percent and
female 42.40 percent. The existing sex ratio in the District is 917. Out of total 46011
households in the District, 42499 are rural and 3512 are urban. The block – wise details of
population, households and sex ration is shown in Table 3.74 while the population of SC and
ST is shown in Table 3.75.
Table 3.74 : Block Wise Details of Population, Households and Sex Ratio in District
S.
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Name of Block
Kishtwar
Drabshalla
Nagsani
Marwah
Warwan
Dachan
Padder
Inderwal
Total Rural
1
MC KISHTWAR
Total Urban
Grand Total
No. of
Villages
21
49
14
11
11
5
32
13
156
-156
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Total population
Male
26594
23574
10138
7325
4511
6528
11277
22039
111986
8179
8179
120165
Female
24726
22013
9051
6944
4027
6237
10271
20576
103545
6986
6986
110531
No. of
households
Total
51320
45587
19189
14269
8538
12765
21548
42615
215831
14865
14865
230696
Total population Literate
Male
9798
8552
3421
3087
1592
2427
4259
9363
42499
3512
3512
46011
18430
11719
4971
3883
2138
3981
6560
10252
61934
6766
6766
68700
Female
11478
6159
2300
2211
1194
2066
3632
5138
34178
4628
4628
38806
Sex
ratio
Total
29908
17878
7271
6094
3332
6047
10192
15390
96112
11394
11394
107506
149
930
934
893
948
893
955
911
934
925
854
854
920F
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Table 3.75 : Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribe Population of District Kishtwar
S.No.
1
2
Census Rural/Urban
Male
7163
7163
Rural
Urban
Total
SC Population
Female
Total
6857
14020
6857
14020
Male
19840
19840
ST Population
Female
Total
18229
38069
-18229
38069
3.10.4. Demographic Profile of Study Area Villages
The study area lies in Tehsil Padder of Kishtawar district with Head Quarter at Atholi. As per
the Census records of 2011, the total population of the study area was observed as 8893
persons comprising of 4638 males and 4255 females respectively. Total number of
‘Households’ was also observed as 1828 in the study area villages. There are Twelve (12)
number of revenue villages in the Study area. Cast wise population distribution of study
area, is shown in Table 3.76.
Table 3.76 : Cast-wise Population Distribution of Study Area Villages
Tehsil
Atholi
Village
Households
Layee
Kadail
Afani
Atholi
Jar
Kidru
Mati
Ligri
Gulab Garh
Massu
Luder
Pandail
Total
45
99
225
256
97
54
84
398
231
148
94
97
1828
Total
218
489
1184
1214
381
291
403
1824
1195
754
471
469
8893
Population
Male Female
114
104
244
245
621
563
610
604
205
176
145
146
215
188
976
848
645
550
400
354
225
246
238
231
4638
4255
Male
24
nil
nil
41
nil
34
67
85
242
18
105
29
645
SC
Female
19
nil
nil
29
nil
32
65
87
227
21
114
18
612
Male
nil
23
18
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
117
nil
nil
nil
158
ST
Female
nil
23
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
85
nil
nil
nil
108
The Sex Ratio of the Study area is a numeric relationship between female and male of the
area and bears paramount importance in the present-day scenario where the un-ethnic predetermination of sex and killing of female foetus during pregnancy is practiced by
unscrupulous medical practitioners against the rule of the law of the country. In the present
case, the study area has a handsome sex ratio of 917 females per thousand males. It is
evident that by contrast the practice of female foeticide is not prevalent in the study area.
The male-female wise population distribution in the villages covered under study area is
depicted by graphical representation shown in Figure 3.25.
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Figure 3.25 : Male-Female wise Population Distribution
Based on the cast break-up of the scheduled caste population consisting of 645 & 612 males
and females respectively in the study area villages accounts for 14.1% of the total
population. The Male-female wise ‘Scheduled Tribes’ population consist of 158 & 108
respectively, thus accounts for 3.0% of the total population. It implies that 82.9% of total
population belong to the general category. Male-female-wise break-up of SC & ST
population in the study area villages is graphically represented in Figure 3.26 & Figure 3.27
respectively.
Figure 3.26 : SC Population in Study Area
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Figure 3.27 : ST Population in Study Area
Literacy level is quantifiable indicator to assess the development status of an area or region.
The statistic of literate and illiterate male and female population is presented in Table 3.77.
It is evident from the Table that the literate male and female in the study are 3821 and 2238
which implies that the literacy rate is 49.5%. The illiterates are 50.5% of the total population
of which male and female illiterates are 2592 and 3590 respectively. The Male-female wise
graphical presentation of literates & illiterates’ population in study area villages is given in
Figure 3.28.
Table 3.77 : Cast-Literacy Level in Study Area
Tehsil
Atholi
Village
Layee
Kadail
Afani
Atholi
Jar
Kidru
Mati
Ligri
Gulab Garh
Massu
Luder
Pandail
Total
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Total
Population
218
489
1184
1214
381
291
403
1824
1195
754
471
469
8893
Literate
Male
74
144
348
459
72
54
72
542
376
284
135
123
2683
Illiterate
Female
39
94
210
334
49
51
47
247
232
156
102
80
1641
Male
40
100
273
151
133
31
143
434
269
116
90
115
1895
Female
65
151
353
270
127
26
141
601
318
198
144
151
2545
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District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Figure 3.28 : Male-Female wise Distribution of Literates & Illiterates
3.10.4.2
Economic Structure
Most people in rural sector are cultivators & agricultural labours which indicates dominant
agricultural economy. A small section of people is engaged as workers in household
industries. But in urban sector the existing scenario is completely reversed as most of the
people there are engaged in non-agricultural activity especially in local hotels/restaurants
and as drivers some people also operates their vans/jeeps/cars as tourist vehicle.
Annual income helps in identifying families below poverty line. During the survey income of
a household through all possible sources was recorded. Agriculture and allied activities were
reported to be the major source of income followed by non-farm wage labour, business,
government service and private service. The other important sources of income include
government pension and income from selling of fodder.
3.10.4.3
Workers Scenario
Occupational pattern of the concerned study area is recorded to assess skills of people.
Occupational pattern also helps in identifying dominating economic activity in the area. The
statistics of main workers and marginal workers with further break-up into category as
casual, agricultural, households and other activities is shown in Table 3.78. In the study area
the main and marginal workers are 2441 (27.5%) and 108 (1.2%) respectively of the total
population (8893) while the remaining 6344 (71.3%) constitutes non-workers (Figure 3.29).
Thus, it implies that in study area the semi-skilled and non-skilled work-force required for
the project is aplenty.
Table 3.78 : Occupational Pattern in the Study Area Villages
Village Name
Main Workers
Total
Marginal Workers
Cultivator
Agri.
HH
Others
Total
Cultivator
Agri.
HH
Others
Layee
67
61
1
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
Kadail
130
102
2
0
26
1
1
0
0
0
Afani
318
225
18
0
75
0
0
0
0
0
Atholi
329
124
19
0
186
1
0
1
0
0
Jar
118
104
0
0
14
1
1
0
0
0
Kidru
130
67
49
14
0
2
1
1
0
0
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Mati
108
106
0
0
2
5
1
3
0
1
Ligri
509
445
3
1
60
9
3
2
3
1
Gulab Garh
313
247
7
0
59
0
0
0
0
0
Massu
236
162
10
8
56
85
81
1
0
3
Luder
122
57
3
12
50
1
0
1
0
0
Pandail
Grand Total
123
2503
102
2
0
19
3
0
1
0
2
1802
114
35
552
108
88
10
3
7
Figure 3.29 : Workers Scenario
The main workers composition is made-up of casual labours (72%), agricultural Laborers
(5%), household workers (1%) and other workers 22% respectively, which are shown in
(Figure 3.30).
Figure 3.30 : Distribution of Composition of Main Workers Population
The ‘Marginal Workers’ which constitute 1.2% of the total population comprise of casual
Labour (81.5%), agricultural labour (9.2%), households (2.8%) and other workers (6.5%) of
the total marginal worker respectively. (Figure 3.31)
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Figure 3.31 : Distribution of Composition of Marginal Workers
3.10.4.4
Ethnographic Profile
Kishtwar district is inhabited by people of varied culture and racial backgrounds like Dogras,
Gujjars, Bakerwals, calling Kishtwar as their home. Jammu's Dogra culture and tradition are
very different from the Kashmiri culture and much like that of neighboring Punjab and
Himachal Pradesh. After Dogras, Gujjars form the second-largest ethnic group in Jammu.
Known for their semi-nomadic lifestyle. Like Gujjars, Gaddis are primarily herdsmen who hail
from the Chamba region in Himachal Pradesh. Gaddis are generally associated with emotive
music played on the flute. The Backcrawls found both in Jammu and the outskirts of the Vale
of Kashmir are wholly nomadic pastoral people who move along the Himalayan slopes in
search for pastures for their huge flocks of goats and sheep. Landless and therefore
migratory Gujjars and Becrawls communities are known for sheep and goat rearing.
3.10.4.5
Religion and Culture
The Kishtwar region has flourished under Hindu and Muslims rulers at different time in the
Medieval History. Therefor the religious community of the district comprises of both Hindus
and Muslims mainly. The Sufism has been the binding force between these two
communities. The district comprises of various religions, sects and races including Hindus
and Muslims while there are some pockets in Padder tehsil which are inhabited by
Buddhists. The main languages spoken in the district are Kishtawari, Kashmiri and Dogri
while some Buddhist people also speak Bodhi language. The secular vision of the people of
this place is known and famous as there is accommodation for every culture and religion.
People with religious faith of Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism live together with high
sense of harmonious relationship and respect each other.
People of Kishtawar celebrate fairs and festivals such as Yatras, Teohar, or Mellas. These
festivals and fairs have historical, social and seasonal background. A big fair known as
Gulabgarh Fair is celebrated in August – Sept every year at Paddar, near the proposed Kirthai
HE project site. People gather at the Gulabgarh in large numbers, burn fire, sing and dance
around the fireball. Other festivals such as Eid-ul-Milad, Eid-ul-Zuha, Eid-ul-Fitar, Muharram,
Baishakhi, Diwali, Janam Ashtami, Raksha Bandhan, Ramnavmi also celebrated alike
celebrations in entire country. Local fairs and festivals such as Urus of Hazarat Shah Farid –
ud-Din, Hazarat Asrar –ud-Din, Sarthal Devi Yatra, Machail Yatra also celebrated.
3.10.4.6
Aesthetic Sites
Location of the Machail Yatra is closer to the Kirthai project site. Society members
participate in the local self-governance through Panchayati Raj bodies and traditional
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leaders such as Nambardar. Every year thousands of devotees pay visit to the Holy Shrine
with the faith undeterred and to receive the blessings of Mata Machail waali situated around
30 kms away from Gulabgarh village, Paddar. The yatra was initially started by Thakur Kulbir
Singh of Bhaderwah who was serving in Jammu & Kashmir Police Department and was
posted in Machail. The yatra with Holy mace, starts from Chinote (Bhaderwah) during the
month of August with a lot of zeal and fervour amidst the chants of Maa Chandi. Devotees
from Jammu start their journey from the Lakshmi Narayan Mandir (Pacca Danga) after taking
the obeisance and join the yatra at Bhaderwah from where it takes off to Kishtwar and then
to Atholi in Paddar. The Holy mace is welcomed en-route by thousands of devotees at
various villages with them offering free Langars at Gulabgarh, Massu, Kundhail, Chishoti,
Hamori and Machail.
3.10.4.7
Agriculture
Agriculture is the main source of income and employment as more 80% of the population
directly or indirectly derive their livelihood from it. Agriculture development activities
include supply of HYV seeds, fertilizers (Urea, DAP and MOP) through number of Primary
Agricultural Coop Societies and seed distribution centers at Agricultural zonal offices and sub
centers. Circle offices coordinate the activities. The district has large potential for expansion
of both fresh and dry fruit cultivation. Govt. departments are pursuing with distribution of
saplings and field support to the cultivators. The area sown under different crops in the
district is shown in Table 3.79.
Table 3.79 : Area Sown Under Different Crops During Rabi and Kharif Seasons
S. No.
Name of Crop
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Paddy
Maize
Wheat
Others Millets etc.
Pulses
Oilseed
Fodder
Vegetables
Total Area
Kharif (ha)
1038
9317
516
4054
685
-683
536
16829
Rabi (ha)
Total
--2863
811
360
2750
1045
420
8249
1038
9317
3379
4865
1045
2750
1728
956
25078
Total cropped area in the project area is 7318.88.ha. Out of this 744.78 ha cropped area is
under irrigation whereas 6574.10 ha of cropped area is under rain fed conditions. The main
Kharif crops are Maize, Rajma and Dhan (Paddy) Pulses – Rajma. Some landowners go for
Rabi cultivation and cultivate crops such as Green Peas, Mustard (Sarso), Wheat and Jawar.
The crop productivity data provided by the villagers during community consultations:
•
•
•
•
•
Maize: 4 qtl per Kanal or 80 qtls per ha
Paddy: 4 qtls per Kanal or 80 quintals per ha
Rajma: 1.5 qtls per Kanal or 30 qtls per ha
Oilseed Mustard: 1 quintal per kanal or 20 quintals per ha
Wheat: 2 qtls per Kanal or 40 qtls per ha
The crop calendar comprises of two seasonsviz., Kharif and Rabi. The seasonal calendar of
agricultural operations for different major crops given in Table 3.80.
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Table 3.80 : Crop Calendar
S. N.
Crop
Sowing
Harvesting
Peak
1
Maize
April - May
Sept - Oct
Nov onwards
2
Paddy
May - June
Oct - Nov
Dec onwards
3
Pulses
April - May
Sept - Oct
Nov onwards
4
Wheat
Nov – Dec
May - June
July onwards
5
Oilseeds
Oct - Nov
May - June
July onwards
6
Vegetables Kharif
April - June
Aug - Nov
Aug onwards
7
Vegetables Rabi
Oct - Nov
April - May
June onwards
8
Saffron
Aug Sept
Oct Nov
Dec onwards
Source: Agricultural Survey 2008-09 Dist. Agricultural OfficerKishtawar
3.10.4.8
Livestock
The survey data shows that each household in the project study area and all over in the
district engaged in allied activity of livestock such as cows, bullocks, buffaloes, poultry,
sheep, goats and many other livestock. The milk is mainly consumed for domestic purpose.
Wool, meat and other livestock production is marketed. The government is supporting the
people with veterinary services such as animal health care, Artificial Insemination,
Castration, cattle camps and Vaccination etc. There are more than 94 AH service centers in
the district including mobile dispensaries with improved accessibility to the services in the
project area as well.
3.10.4.9
Infrastructure Facilities
This aspect is considered as an indicator for measuring socio economic position of the area.
District has created good infrastructure facilities such as health, education, road, drinking
water, agriculture, livestock, forest and most of required services.
3.10.4.10
Accessibility to Social and Physical Infrastructure
Anganwadi and Primary school, source of water and road connectivity is available in all the
villages. The accessibility to the social and physical infrastructure is shown in Table 3.81.
Table 3.81 : Accessibility to The Social and Physical Infrastructure
Village
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Sohel
Laie
Kandail
Matti
Ligri
Pandail
Kundal
Garh (Paddar)
Leundi
Gulabgarh
Massu
Ludder
Afani
Atholi
Bus
Stop
Railway
2
7
1
9
8
3
10
5
0
10
8
5
3
6
252
251
252
260
259
250
261
258
251
261
250
250
250
250
Haat
P.O.
61
59
66
75
77
61
75
71
65
75
86
59
63
60
7
6
2
8
7
2
11
6
1
1
7
5
3
6
Distance in Km
Primary
Fair
School
Road Price
Shop
0
2
2
1
0
0
2
0
0
10
0
0
9
0
4
0
0
0
11
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Bank
Branch
8
7
1
9
8
3
10
5
0
10
8
5
4
6
PHC
7
7
3
1
1
2
12
8
2
1
2
5
0
6
Block
Office
5
7
3
9
8
2
1
8
2
1
2
5
0
6
Source: Directory of Constituency wise Amenities District Statistical Office Kishtwar 2008-09.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
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Drinking
Water
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
3.10.4.11
Land Holding Pattern
Total land area in the vicinity villages is 8,447.78 ha of which cropped area is 7,318.88 ha
with 744.78 ha (10.18%) under irrigation and rest is rain fed. There are 2483 households.
Average land holding in the study area is 0.4ha. (Table 3.82).
Table 3.82 : Land use of the study area
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Villages
Sohel
Laie
Kandail
Matti
Ligri
Pandail
Kundal
Garh (Paddar)
Leundi
Gulabgarh
Massu
Ludder
Afani
Atholi
Jar
Total
House Holds
137
45
99
84
398
97
276
193
103
231
148
94
225
256
97
2483
Land Area
1,019.60
814.64
114.53
674.62
964.38
212.87
202.35
1,758.38
361.39
538.24
1,343.98
112.10
142.40
130.00
58.30
8,447.78
Cropped Area
25.2
814.64
114.53
674.62
964.38
212.87
202.25
1758.38
361.39
538.24
1343.98
112.1
79.6
58.4
58.3
7,318.88
Irrigated
21.2
11.74
41.28
32.78
80.53
27.11
91.06
65.56
33.99
60.7
50.18
47.35
79.6
58.4
43.3
744.78
Source: Village Amenity Directory – District Kishtwar 2008-09 District Statistics and
Evaluation Officer, Kishtwar.
In a rural set- up land holding is one of the most important indicators for assessing the socioeconomic condition of the area. In the project area, all the PAFs have land holding below the
cut off limit of small and marginal farmers. During survey in villages, it was found that every
household in the villages own the land. Majority of households own on an average land
holding of 3 to 4 Kanals (20 Kanals=1 ha) or 0.20 ha. Maximum largest land holding is of 1.00
ha is found with one or two households whereas minimum land holding is 0.05. ha. Since
irrigation facilities are very limited (10%), all the lands are single cropped. Maize, Paddy
crops are taken Kharif. It was also observed that 85% of the households in study area own
fresh or dry fruit trees such as Apricot, Apple etc.
3.10.4.12
Income Level of the Households
During the SES survey, most of the affected families either were unable to quantify their
income or were not interested to disclose it. However, majority of the affected families
belong to Below Poverty Line as per socio economic survey conducted by the state
government from time to time.
While public consultations in most of the villages, the villagers disclosed that, they are
getting food from the agriculture sufficient for only two months in a year. They survive for
another two months due to some fruit trees such as Apricot and Apple as well as collection
of minor forest products such as Gracchi. The workers shall have to search employment for
remaining eight months every year. They get employment on government schemes or road
works. The most of educated youth remained unemployed and looking for some sort of
employment opportunities at district headquarter.
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3.10.4.13
Development Profile
The state and district plan are largely dependent on central assistance as scope of internal
mobilization of resources is very limited. With the decline of central assistance due to cost
escalation and non-planned expenditure, the planned development of the state has been
affected adversely. The inhospitable topography, challenging climatic conditions and
communication bottlenecks makes the cost of creation of maintenance of infrastructure
extremely high. Over the years, however, the state has intensified its efforts for economic
and other development including implementation of NREGA, Indira Awes Yojana, and many
others. State Government has evolved participatory planning process to evolve programs
addressed to local strategic and immediate needs such as employment, roads. / bridges /
culverts, public health, education, agriculture, power, irrigation, flood control, and
community development.
3.10.5. Socio-economic of Project Affected Villages
The project affected villages are those villages within the bounds of which the surface and
underground project components and ancillary works are located and which are impacted
during construction and thereafter either due to project activities or acquisition of private
land and other assets, including the forest/government land which are proposed to be
utilized for the project purpose in public interest.
3.10.5.1
Demographic Profile of Project Affected Villages
As per the Census of India 2011, the total population of the project affected villages
comprising of 1828 households’ aggregates to 8893 of which male and female population is
4638 and 4255 respectively. The overall sex ratio is 935 females per thousand males,
however the sex ratio for SC and ST population is 949 and 684 females per thousand males.
The cast – wise composition of the total population of the project affected villages is made
up of SC (18.03%) and ST (5.14%) while the General Category is (76.83%). Village-wise
breakup of population, gender-wise and cast-wise is shown in Table 3.83.
Table 3.83 : Demographic Profile of Project Affected Villages
S.No.
Village
H.H.
1
Layee
2
Population
SC
SC
Female
Male
Female
104
24
19
ST
Male
nil
ST
Female
nil
Sex
Ratio
912
nil
23
23
1004
67
65
nil
nil
874
550
242
227
117
85
853
246
105
114
nil
nil
1093
610
604
41
29
nil
nil
990
1184
621
563
nil
nil
18
nil
5174
2674
2500
479
454
158
108
907
935
Total
Male
45
218
114
Kadail
99
489
244
245
nil
3
Mati
84
403
215
188
4
Gulab Garh
231
1195
645
5
Luder
94
471
225
6
Atholi
256
1214
7
Afani
225
1034
Total
3.10.5.2
Literacy Rate of Project Affected Villages
Literacy level is quantifiable indicator to assess the development status of any area or
region. The statistic of literate and illiterate male and female population is presented in
Table 3.84. It is evident that the literate male and female in the study are 1608 and 1058
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which implies that the literacy rate is 51.5%. The illiterates are 48.5% of the total population
of which male and female illiterates are 1066 and 1442 respectively.
Table 3.84 : Literacy Rate
S.N.
Village
Literates
Male
Female
Total
Population
Illiterates
Male
Female
1
Layee
218
74
39
40
65
2
Kadail
489
144
94
100
151
3
4
5
Mati
Gulab Garh
Luder
403
1195
471
72
376
135
47
232
102
143
269
90
141
318
144
6
Atholi
1214
459
334
151
270
7
Afani
1184
348
210
273
353
5174
1608
1058
1066
1442
Total
3.10.5.3
Workers Scenario of Project Affected Villages
The statistics of main workers and marginal workers with further break-up into category as
casual, agricultural, households and other activities in the project-affected villages is shown
in Table 3.85. It is revealed that the main workers are 1387 (26.8%), and marginal workers
are 8 (0.1%) respectively of the total population while the remaining 73.1% constitute nonworkers. The other and casual labour class constitute the predominant composition of main
and marginal workers. In view of a large percentage of non-workers, the semi-skilled and
non-skilled work-force required for the project is aplenty and can easily catered from the
project affected villages.
Table 3.85 : Workers Scenario
S.
N.
Village
Total
Workers
Main Workers
Total
Marginal Workers
Cult
Agri
HH
Other
Total
Cult
Agri
HH
Other
1
Layee
67
67
61
1
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
2
Kadail
131
130
102
2
0
26
1
1
0
0
0
3
Mati
113
108
106
0
0
2
4
Gulab Garh
313
313
247
7
0
59
5
0
1
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
5
Luder
123
122
57
3
12
50
1
0
1
0
0
6
Atholi
330
329
124
19
0
186
7
Afani
318
318
225
18
0
75
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1395
1387
922
50
12
403
8
2
5
0
1
Total
3.10.6. Village-wise Project Affected Families
The village-wise details of land to be acquired and project affected families is shown in Table
3.86 and the village wise list is enclosed as Annexure-III.
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Table 3.86 : Village wise Project Affected Families
S.No.
Name of Village
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Layee
Kundal
Mati
Gulabgarh
Laddar
Atholi
Affani
Total
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Private Land
(ha)
12.14
15.12
1.69
7.00
5.10
1.39
0.56
43.00
Houses
Cattle sheds
No. of PAF
3
7
-
14
21
5
8
6
1
1
56
91
177
33
31
82
30
2
446
0
10
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CHAPTER 4.
4.1.
IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION & EVALUATION OF IMPACTS
Introduction
Due to construction of proposed project, it is expected that there will be certain changes in the
overall environmental matrix of the area as many man-made alternations such as creation of
reservoir of powerhouse sites and control room etc. The base line data of the existing environment,
in the absence of the proposed activity, provides the status of natural environment and with the
proposed activity it further provides a mechanism for prediction of the changes that are likely to
occur. In the present study, evaluation of land, water, air, noise, flora, fauna and socio-economics
was undertaken to understand the baseline environmental status of the area and estimation were
made as how this will change with the commencement of the proposed activities. Anticipating the
quantum of change, efforts were also made to analyze the degree of alternations and strategies for
suitable management to ameliorate the negative impacts project activities. This exercise has
provided a sound basis for formulation of different management plans, which are presented in the
EMP document of the project.
4.2.
Impacts on Land Environment
The impacts on land environment due to construction of the project have been evaluated and it was
found that terrain around project site is going to have permanent and temporary changes in the
landscape. The major impacts are described below: • Alteration of terrain due to construction of approach and access roads.
• Generation of muck and localized increase in erosion due to excavation of tunnel, powerhouse
and other appurtenant components.
• Generation of solid waste due to construction and deployment of construction workforce.
4.2.1. Change in Land use / Landcover
Construction Phase
For construction of the project about 225.25 ha land will be acquired from private owners, govt. and
forest department. Out of this private land is 43 ha, being agriculture land shall be used for
reservoir, colonies, batching plant and in road construction. The land use of private land being used
for establishing colonies shall not change as it will continue under land use class agriculture &
settlement but the land use of 4 ha will change from agriculture to water body. The land use class of
4 ha of private land required for new road construction shall change in to bult-up land use. The
underground components falling in forest area will not cause any impact on the land use. Similarly,
the land use of forest area diverted for dump areas and quarry sites will not cause any impact on
land use as these shall continue to be under forest land use class. However, 142.25 ha of forest land
and land in submergence under govt. control shall have its land use changed permanently in water
body.
Operational Phase
During the operation phase no significant change on land use is expected, however, the land cover
will improve, due to implementation of landscape and restoration and catchment area treatment
works. Many of the redundant areas having no further usage will be brought under plantation.
4.2.2. Soil Erosion and Siltation
Construction Phase
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Soil erosion due to excavation of different components of the project, construction of roads and
dumping of muck into disposal yards will accelerate soil erosion during the construction period and
this increase siltation for which precaution like siltation tanks shall have to be resorted to at
aggregate crushing and processing plants, dewatering from tunnels etc.
Operational Phase
Soil erosion due to project activities will not exist in the operation phase as the construction would
be completed and landscape restoration work would also be implemented. In addition to this under
catchment area treatment stabilization of landslides / slip prone areas will minimize erosion. The
rate of siltation of Chenab in the free draining catchment shall substantially reduce.
4.2.3.
Impact due to Quarry operation and Muck Disposal
The total quantity of muck / debris to be generated due to the project, shall be 31.33 lakh cum, of
which 21.93 lakh cum shall be consumed on project work including coffer dam leaving 9.40 lakh cum
which will be dumped in designated dumping areas supported with retaining structure at their base,
will not bring change into the landscape of the area. Thus, muck disposal shall neither be
problematic nor cause any impact on the environment.
The total raw material requirement for aggregate comes to 33.00 lakh cum, which shall be met from
utilization of 21.93 lakh cum of muck and balance from two rock-in-situ quarry sites and one shoal
deposit site in river bed. The plan shall have various ingredients like plantation in the area above
thalweg line and also within 7.5 m safety barrier along the hill side and also at such pockets of the
river which are above the HFL and normally not affected due to floods. The mitigation measures
have been suggested under the restoration of borrow area plan.
4.2.4. Change in Land Quality including Waste Disposal
Due to excavation activities, there shall be disturbance to the land profile which triggers land
erosion. The soil erosion in the catchment area of the reservoir and transport of detached material
through the drainage network generally gives rise to a series of problems, notably depletion of flow
capacity, steady loss of storage capacity. The lack of proper vegetal cover is a factor to cause
degradation and thereby results in severe run off/soil erosion, and subsequently premature siltation
of the reservoir. Another important factor that adds to the sediment load and which contributes to
soil degradation is grazing pressure. A well-designed Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan is
essential to ameliorate the adverse cause and process of soil erosion. The project activities shall not
create any waste per se. The solid waste shall generate from project and labour colony which shall
be disposed in designated landfill after segregation. The sewage waste shall be disposed after
treatment through STP.
Other source of waste during construction will be construction waste primarily including waste
(arising out of the batching & mixing plant), slurry and washings from bins of coarse and fine
aggregates etc. If not properly managed, construction waste can reduce land fertility of the project
area. Increased dust also deteriorates the land fertility if proper mitigation measures are not taken.
The leakage of POL and washings of workshop floors bring oil and grease with it. It shall be collected
in oil separators before disposal on land. The soil contamination with oil shall be totally avoided.
4.2.5. River Bank and Their Stability
The construction of dam shall involve stripping of the banks but due to good quality rocks the river
banks after stripping shall still be sufficiently stable, however, at places where joints and weak
seams are encountered rock bolting / fiber link guniting shall be resorted too. In the submergence
zone the stability of the land slide prone zone shall be strengthened by adapting to engineering and
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biological measures. The river bank in the reservoir area are stable and no intervention of banks is
contemplated except that the banks shall be subject to fluctuating water levels during initial filling
and routine regulation/operation of the pond. But the water level drawdown shall be gradual and
there is no case for sudden drawdown of the reservoir in normal conditions to disturb the stability
of banks.
4.2.6. Impact Due to Submergence
Due to submergence, the major impacts will be on river regime which will change from riverine to
lacustrine state, which implies that the area of water body shall increase as the existing land use
under agriculture and forest shall change to water body. The change in land use shall be permanent.
The increased water surface area will result in reducing the aridity of the settlement area near the
reservoir.
4.2.7. Impact on Geology
Construction Phase
Geological investigation for the project was carried out and details of the geology of the project area
have been discussed in Chapter 3 of this report. As per site observations, the rock formations in the
area are inherently loose and prone to landslides at various locations. However, as per site specific
investigations, the geological formations in the selected project sites are judged stable and will be
able to withstand the impacts of drilling and blasting. However, at any unstable formation
encountered during tunneling, blasting may lead to high vibrations, which in turn may result in soil
erosion, subsidence and loss of vegetation. Hence, controlled blasting is to be adopted at such
geologically fragile locations. Likewise, the effect of selection of stable sites for construction of the
diversion tunnel, surge shaft, power house cavern, MAT and other adits sites for construction of the
link tunnel use of controlled blasting at fragile locations are expected to have a less impact on the
geological environment.
Intensity of anticipated environmental impacts will be low based on environmental value and
degree of disturbance. Therefore, intensity of anticipated environmental impact on geology of the
area will be weak and extent of anticipated impact will be local. Duration of impact will be medium
leading to low significance of the impact.
Operation Phase
No impact is anticipated on the geology of the area during the operation phase.
4.2.8. Impact on Hydrology
Construction Phase
Construction of proposed project may lead to two types of impact on the hydrology of the area i.e.,
surface water and ground water hydrology. These impacts have been described below:
Impact on the Surface Water Hydrology
The water from the Chenab and other local nala will be drawn for construction activities at the
diversion site. Hence, this divided water source will ensure that there is no excessive water demand
on any single water resource. Moreover, if any groundwater is encountered during tunneling
operations, it will be used for construction requirements to reduce surface water requirement.
Further the existing drainage system in the area will not be modified or affected during the
construction phase. There shall not be any appreciable affect to seasonal surface streams which
flow with heavy gradient over well-defined course.
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Hence, the intensity of anticipated environmental impacts is judged as low, based on environmental
value and degree of disturbance. Therefore, intensity of anticipated environmental impact on
hydrology of the area will be weak, anticipated impact local in extent and duration short leading to
low significance of the impact.
Impact on Ground Water Resource
The ground water levels in the region could not be established, as is often the case in mountainous
terrain. Since the water usage will be mainly from the local khad water for construction purposes,
no adverse impact on groundwater availability is expected. Dumping of wastes shall also be
undertaken at specified exposed surface locations only and hence, no negative effect is envisaged
on the groundwater quality of the area.
No springs exist on the proposed line of alignment of HRT. Hence, there shall not be any
disturbance to ground water regime consequent to blasting for tunneling. Moreover, the
underground tunnel shall be aligned deep in the mountain below the ground profile. The ground
water position of the area shall not change due to existing steep slope of surface and water tight
lining of the tunnels. However, the creation of reservoir shall result in to raised ground water table
on the upstream of the dam.
Operation Phase
Impact on Surface Water Hydrology
During operation phase a maximum discharge of 421.87 cumec from the Chenab will be diverted
through water conductor system for power generation at the main underground power house and
there after released 6km down stream of dam axis in to the river through tail race tunnel. There
shall be shortage in surface flow (discharge), to the extent water is diverted, in this stretch of the
river. Since, the water from the river is not used by the villages along the river and environmental
flow shall be maintained through dam-toe powerhouse and flushing tunnel, the reduced flow is not
likely to have any adverse impact. Thus, no negative impact due to water withdrawal shall be
experienced.
4.2.9. Environmental degradation due to labour immigration
Construction Phase
During the construction phase congregation of approximately 2100 workers is likely to take place in
the project area, for which semi-permanent / temporary accommodation would be required. Due to
this, pressure on land and water resource would occur. The disposal of sewage, solid waste would
be required. If the labour force is not provided with proper fuel arrangements, the pressure on
adjoining forest for fuel wood may take place. To reduce the dependence on forest the project
proponent / contractors will be asked to provide adequate boarding and lodging to the workforce.
Conflict between the migrants and the local population may occur for employment.
Operation Phase
In the operation phase the project will have full-fledged infrastructure to meet the requirement of
the reduced strength of 250 project workers. Labour engaged in construction activity will also move
away once the project work is completed; therefore, no additional impact is expected.
4.3.
Impacts on Air Environment
4.3.1. Impact on Ambient Air Quality
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Basically, dust sources in excavation at construction site can be categorized as primary sources that
generate the dust and secondary sources, which disperse the dust and carry it from place to place
called as fugitive dust.
Impacts of surface excavation with or without drilling and blasting on air quality are cause for
concern mainly due to fugitive emissions of particulate matter. The major operations producing dust
are drilling and blasting, pit excavation, segregation and screening of material, loading and
transporting. Exhaust emissions from vehicles deployed are also likely to result in inconsequential
increase in the levels of SO2, NOx, and CO.
The air pollution impact of excavation in ordinary earth and boulders and also rock is directly
dependent upon construction methodology, annual rate of excavation, mode of transport within the
construction site, mode of screening and method of crushing. The air pollution sources at the
proposed dam site can be broadly classified into three categories, viz. area source, line source and
instantaneous point source.
Extraction of stone by various activities in dam complex area is construed as an area source which
include excavation pit(s) and activities happening in the excavation area like drilling, blasting,
hauling and loading/unloading. The dust emission from these areas will be fugitive in nature. The
excavator operations, loading/unloading operations will also cause dust emission though it will be
confined to the area of operation of the machinery. The gaseous emission from their operation shall
be minimal and limited within the construction area.
Transportation of excavated material from the dam site to either dumping sites or the stone crusher
unit are categorized as line source. Since the dumper movement on haul road will be within the dam
complex area, no adverse impact shall be felt in the settlement area.
Blasting is the major source of instantaneous emission sources of particulate matter and NOx. The
large quantity of dust will be wind borne. With the proposed control measures, the fugitive
emissions will be minimized in terms of their impact on environment.
4.3.2. Dust Dispersion Modelling for Excavation Operation
In this present study, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA–42 series) approved
mathematical equations have been used to predict concentrations for different operations in
excavation including the material transportation. In order to predict the particulate emissions, Lakes
Environmental Aermod View ver. 6.2 (Air Dispersion Modelling Software) an interface based on
ISCST3 - was used to predict changes in air quality i.e., maximum ground level concentration (GLC’s)
of Particulate Matter. Short term model options were opted for uniform emissions rates. The
concentration of other gaseous pollutants i.e. SO2 and NOx was found to be much lower than the
threshold limit (80 µg/m3), the air modelling was restricted to determination of particulate matter
i.e. PM10 in the present case. The emission factors adopted for various excavation operations are
mentioned below:
Emission Factor for Drilling and Blasting
For drilling operations, the default value of PM10 has been adopted as 0.31kg/hole.
For blasting the default value of PM10 has been adopted as
EFPM10 = 0.000114 X A1.5, in kg/blast, where A is the area blasted.
Emission Factor for Excavation and Material Loading
For excavation and material handling the emission factor for PM10 has been adopted as per USEPA –
42 series.
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For Dozing Operation:
EFPM10 (kg/hr.) = 0.34 X s1.5(%) / M1.4(%)
Where,
EFPM10 (kg/hr.) = emission factor in kg/hr.
S = silt contents in percentage by weight
M = moisture content in percentage by weight
For Material Loading:
EFPM10 (kg/hr.) = 0.34 [0.119 / M0.9]
Where,
EFPM10 (kg/hr.) = emission factor in kg/ton
M = moisture content in percentage by weight
Emission Factor for Material Haulage within Dam complex:
The emission rate is dependent on several factors which includes soil properties, climatic conditions,
vehicular traffic, wind forces and machinery operation. The Empirical equation for calculation of
emission rate is as under.
E= k*(1.7) *(s/12) *(S/48) *(W/2.7)0.7*(W/2.7)0.7 (w/4)0.5 * (365-p/365) g/VKT
Where,
E= Emission Rate
K = Particle size multiplier
s= Silt Content of the Road surface material
S= Mean Vehicle Speed (km/hr)
W= Mean Vehicle Weight (tonnes)
W = Mean number of wheels
p = Number of days with at least 0.254mm of precipitation per year
Emission Factor for Stone Crusher:
The default emission factor for PM10 has been adopted as 0.004 kg/ton and 0.012 kg/ton in respect
of primary and secondary crushing. Isopleth developed is shown in Figure 4.1. The maximum GLC
due to excavation activities and crushing was found to be 15.07 µg/m3, inside dam complex
excavation area and the anticipated values of GLC at different receptors are shown in Table 4.1
which shows that the predicted GLC at the nearby settlement viz. Layee would be 0.10 µg/m3.
Table 4.1 : Maximum Concentration at Receptors
NCART Details
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X-Cord.
Y-Cord.
Conc (µg/m3)
Dam Site
600375.00
3686135.75
15.07
Layee
603757.68
3684048.00
0.10
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Figure 4.1 : Isopleth of Maximum Predicted 24 hourly Ground Level Concentrations
4.3.2.1
Resultant Impact
The resultant impact due to construction activities on the Ambient air quality for PM10 at the Dam
complex, nearest air monitoring stations Layee is presented in Table 4.2 which shows that, the
resultant concentration level at each of the locations are within the NAAQS.
Table 4.2 : Resultant Levels at Dam Complex and Nearby Villages (µg/m3))
Station Name
Dam Site
Layee
4.3.2.2
Max.
Predicted GLC
Resultant
NAAQS
Conc.
(PM10)
concentration
(µg/m3)
53.5
15.07
68.57
100
52.4
0.10
52.50
100
Mitigation Measures
Following mitigation measures shall be adopted during construction activities to control air pollution
load below the prescribed limits:
• Dust generated due to drilling, blasting, ripping, and vehicular movements will be suppressed by
water spraying during and after the operations.
• Water sprinkling will be done on the haul road and other roads at regular intervals.
• To avoid the dust generation during the drilling operations, wet drilling method will be practiced
or wet drill machine will be used.
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•
•
•
•
•
4.3.3.
Dust mask will also be provided to the workers.
Proper regular maintenance of machineries will be done.
Speed of the vehicles will be kept within the prescribed limits.
Trucks/ dumpers will not be over loaded.
At the feeding points of stone crusher air mist spray shall be carried out and hooded conveyor
belts shall be used.
Effects on Soil Materials, Vegetation and Human Health
Excavation results in land degradation and formation of loose soil particles which are mainly fugitive
dust. The transportation of excavated/construction material on unpaved roads cause fugitive dust
emission. These dust particles are usually blown away along the wind direction and get deposited on
the canopy of surrounding vegetation and agricultural crops thereby interfering with photosynthesis
and other physiological activities of the green cover. Finally, this may result in reduced ecological
functions of the forest ecosystems as well as economic productivity of the agro-ecosystems. Since
the work is being carried out in riverbed plain and the fugitive dust particles neither move far away
from point of emission nor ground level concentration (GLC) is not high as has been found from dust
dispersion modelling (0.14 µg/m3) at the nearest habitation, there shall not be significant impact.
Drilling and blasting invariably results in land degradation and formation of loose soil particles which
are mainly fugitive dust. These dust particles are usually blown away along the wind direction and
get deposited on the canopy of surrounding vegetation and agricultural crops thereby interfering
with photosynthesis and other physiological activities of the green cover. Finally, this may result in
reduced ecological functions of the forest ecosystems as well as economic productivity of the agroecosystems Nitrogen oxides also upset the chemical balance of nutrients in the water, which can
cause problems with the animals and plants that are dependent upon the water, leading to
reduction of the fish and shellfish population.
The gaseous pollutant Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) react in the atmosphere to form Nitrogen Dioxide
(NO 2) which can have adverse effects on health, particularly among people with respiratory illness.
NOx are pollutants that cause lung irritation and weaken the body's defenses against respiratory
infections such as pneumonia and influenza, can cause shortness of breath and chest pains and
increase a person's susceptibility to asthma. The air quality modelling has revealed that the
increased GLC in respect of NOx were insignificant being 0.14 µg/m3 up to 25m and 0.12 µg/m3 up
to 50m and 0.10 µg/m3 up to 1km.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a product of incomplete combustion and at low concentrations it may pose
a health risk and is especially dangerous to the elderly, people with cardiovascular disease or other
circulation disorders, anemic individuals, young infants, and pregnant women. CO reduces the
blood's oxygen carrying capacity, and, when inhaled, blocks the transport of oxygen to the brain,
heart, and other vital organs in the body. Extreme levels of exposure, such as might occur due to
blockages in tailpipes, can be fatal. Fetuses, new-born children, and people with chronic illnesses are
especially susceptible to the effects of CO. In addition, carbon monoxide is directly linked to visual
impairment, reduced work capacity and mental dexterity, poor learning ability, nausea, headaches,
dizziness, and even death.
Sulphur dioxide can react in the atmosphere to form fine particles and poses the largest health risk
to young children and asthmatics. Exposure to SOx can create a number of health problems,
including sweating, papillary constriction, muscle cramps, excessive salivation, dizziness, labored
breathing, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, and unconsciousness, as well as possibly being absorbed
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by the skin and creating severe diarrhea. In addition, it may cause effects on the nervous system,
resulting in respiratory depression. It is also quite deleterious for the environment.
Particulates are tiny solid particles consisting of particles of soot and metals which can bind to and
clog the respiratory tract. These are detrimental when found in both fine (PM 2.5) and coarse (PM10)
forms as it accumulates in the respiratory system, and can lead to decreased lung function,
respiratory disease and even death. PM2.5 consists of particles less than one-tenth the diameter of a
human hair and poses the most serious threat to human health, particularly among those with
existing respiratory disorders, as they can penetrate deep into lungs. Of the pollutants emitted by
off-road vehicles, particulates are of special concern because their small size makes them easily
respirable and thus deliverable directly into the lungs, causing any number of the aforementioned
maladies.
4.3.4. Impacts of Emissions from DG Sets used for Power During Construction
The total requirement of construction power will be about 10 MVA which shall be required at
different consumption points. The power can be utilized from the existing sub-station near dam site
or a separate transformer shall be located for the construction power for the project work. In
emergent situation resulting due to grid failure or load shedding diesel generator sets (10x 500KVA)
shall be deployed for captive power generation.
Emissions from diesel generator sets are a mixture of gases primarily comprising of Carbon
Monoxide (CO), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), unburned Hydrocarbons (HC), and soot particles i.e.
particulate matter). Their impact on human health has been brought out in sub-section 4.3.3.
The emission norms in India cover CO, NOx, PM, and HC and are specified based on the number of
grams of these compounds present in diesel exhaust when one kilowatt-hour of electricity is
generated. These norms have been revised in December 2013 (G.S.R. 771 (E) / 11th Dec 2013
notification), its amendment vide GSR 232(E) dated 31st March,2014 and GSR(E) dated 7th March
,2016 and have come in force from 1st July 2016. These norms are presented in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3 : Emissions Limits for DG Sets
Power
Category
Upton 19 kW
More than 19 kW
Upton 75 kW
More than 75 kW
Upton 800 kW
Emission Limits (g/kWh)
NOx+THC or
CO
PM
NOx+NMHC or
RHC
≤ 7.5
≤3.5
≤ 0.3
≤4.7
≤3.5
≤0.3
≤4.0
≤3.5
≤0.2
Smoke Limit (Light
absorption co-efficient
per meter)
≤0.7
≤0.7
≤ 0.7
NOx also contributes to smog formation, the formation of particulate matter, acid rain, can damage
vegetation and contributes to ground level ozone formation. Nitrogen oxides also upset the
chemical balance of nutrients in the water, which can cause problems with the animals and plants
that are dependent upon the water, leading to reduction of the fish and shellfish population. When
carbon monoxide comes in contact with oxygen, carbon monoxide is formed which fall in category
of greenhouse gases which contribute to global climate change.
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To mitigate adverse impact DG sets should be located from the consideration of prominent and first
prominent wind direction so that on the downwind direction the human habitats are least impacted
by the flue gas emissions. The norms prescribed by the CPCB in respect of fixing the minimum stack
height for generator, should be strictly complied with. In no case, it should be lesser than the 20% of
the under root of generator capacity in KVA added to the height of the building where it is installed.
4.3.5. Pollution Due to Fuel Combustion in Equipment and Vehicle
The increased traffic load in any particular segment of the road will result into direct increase in
pollutants released from the vehicles. The rate of emissions of various types of vehicles is presented
in Table 4.4. However, the extent of these impacts, at any given time will depend upon the rate of
vehicular emission within a given stretch of the road; and the prevailing meteorological conditions.
The impacts will have strong temporal dependence as both of these factors vary with time. The
temporal dependence would have diurnal, seasonal as well as long-term components.
Table 4.4 : Emission factors by vehicle type (gm/km/vehicle)
Type of vehicle
CPCB/ ARAI (Automotive Research Association of India) - Emission Factor
development for Indian Vehicles – 2008
Emission Factors
Make
Emission
g/km
considered
norms
CO
NO2
PM10
SO2*
Trucks
Post 2000
BS-II
6.00
9.30
1.24
0.03
(HCV Diesel driven)
Passenger
Post 2005
BS-II
0.06
0.28
0.015
0.004
Cars (Diesel driven)
Buses
Post 2005
BS-II
3.92
6.53
0.30
0.026
(HCV Diesel driven)
* Note: Emission Factor of SO2 is calculated based on Sulphur content calculations considering Bharat
Stage IV fuel norms
California Line Source dispersion Model (Caline 4 ver.2.1) was used to assess the emission load for
PM10 and NOx due to increased transportation. During construction phase 220, 20 and 40 tipper
trucks (10 ton) shall be deployed on the road for carriage of muck, construction material (cement
and steel) and crushed stone aggregate/sand. The model was run for one hour considering worst
case angle. The receptors location and model results for worst case wind angle are shown in Table
4.5. The results show that at 25 m predicted concentration is 9.9 µg/m3 which reduces to 6.2 µg/m3,
3.7 µg/m3 and 1.1 µg/m3 at 50m, 150m and 500m respectively. Thus the impact on the pollutant
level (PM10) due to increased traffic due to transportation of mineral shall be minimal. The
increased GLC in respect of NOx were insignificant being 0.14 µg/m3 up to 25m and 0.12 µg/m3 up
to 50m and 0.10 µg/m3 up to 1km.
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Table 4.5 : Receptor Locations and Model Results (Worst Case Wind Angle)
Distance from the Road
(m)
25
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
750
1000
Incremental GLC PM 10
(ug/cum)
9.9
6.2
3.7
2.7
2.2
1.6
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.9
Incremental GLC NOx
(ug/cum)
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
Following control measures have been suggested to prevent air pollution due to the transportation
activities:
•
Transport trucks/tippers shall be properly maintained. Only PUC certificate issued vehicles
shall be used.
•
Avoiding of overloading of trucks beyond stipulated capacity by installing weighbridges at
the check posts or near to it.
•
Strict compliance of traffic rules and regulations
Operation Phase
The ambient air quality during the operation phase either at diversion site or at powerhouse site is
expected to improve as the fugitive dust and flue gas emission sources of air pollution shall be
conspicuously absent.
4.3.6. Fugitive Emissions from Various Sources
Basically, dust sources in excavation at construction site can be categorized as primary sources that
generate the dust and secondary sources, which disperse the dust and carry it from place to place
called as fugitive dust.
Impacts of surface excavation with or without drilling and blasting on air quality are cause for
concern mainly due to fugitive emissions of particulate matter. The major operations producing dust
are drilling and blasting, pit excavation, segregation and screening of material, loading and
transporting. Exhaust emissions from vehicles deployed are also likely to result in inconsequential
increase in the levels of SO2, NOx, and CO
4.3.7. Impact on Micro-Climate
Major construction activities involve surface excavation and concreting works at dam site and
excavation in borrow areas. These activities shall not affect the ambient temperature, humidity,
rainfall, wind speed and direction and other meteorological parameters during construction. Felling
of trees in the reservoir area shall reduce Carbon di-oxide absorption and release of Oxygen,
consequently slight increase in temperature. The creation of water body shall result in increased
evaporation and humidity and small increase in minimum temperature near the reservoir area.
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4.4.
Impact on Noise Environment and Vibration
The main noise generating source during construction activities like excavation of foundation of dam
and bank is from operation of machinery like Excavators, Loaders, Back-Hoe, FE Loaders,
Compressors, Wagon Drills, Jack Hammers and Blasting besides transport vehicles movement to and
for from the excavation section at the diversion site at riverbed to the point of disposal of excavated
material (muck). Besides this, the noise shall also be generated at the locations of aggregate
processing plant i.e. stone crusher units. In underground excavation, the noise shall result due to
drilling and blasting involved in tunnel excavation and due to operation of air compressors, dewatering pumps and fan blowers. The construction area is away from the settlements. The rural
areas have noise levels within the prescribed limits as no anthropogenic activities were witnessed
during the study period except at commercial places where the noise is mainly from the traffic
movement.
4.4.1. Impact on Noise Level
A cumulative effect of surface excavation activities at Dam complex generates enormous noise and
vibration in the project area and its surrounding areas. Prolonged exposure to high noise levels over
a period of years invariably causes permanent damage to the auditory nerve and/or its sensory
components (Banerjee and Chakraborty, 2006; Krishna Murthy et al,). The irreversible damage,
commonly referred as noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), is the commonest occupational diseases
amongst the construction workers especially at such sites which have multiple noise sources.
Besides this the fauna of surrounding area is also affected by noise as the wildlife is more sensitive
to noise and vibration than the human beings (Mathur,2005).
•
Noise Due to Drilling
The drilling is contemplated to be carried out by Jack hammer rock drills with air compressor which
entail a noise level of 88.0 Db(A) and will be a worst case scenario. Nonetheless, the noise generated
due to drilling is within the standards prescribed by Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) for 8-hour exposure i.e. 90 dB(A). It is worth mentioning here that mining shall be carried in
a shift of 8 hours and the equivalents noise level exposure during the shift shall be less than the
safety limit of 90 dB(A),
•
Noise due to Blasting
Blasting generates instantaneous and impulsive noise and is site specific dependant on many factors
like the dimension of the holes, type and quantity of explosive i.e. charge/delay and degree of
stemming in the hole. At the blast site with the given diameter of holes and their pattern, the noise
levels are expected to be in the range of 120-130 dB(A) and tend to decrease with increase in
distance of receptor. As the blasting is envisaged over a fixed time period in a day the blasting is
considered to last for 2-3 minutes for one blasting operation depending on the charge. The noise
levels over this time would be instantaneous and short in duration thus implying that impact on
noise levels from blasting are not of concern.
•
Noise due to crushing, Screening and Loading Plant
The average noise levels generated due to proposed crushing activities will be about 88.5 dB(A)
which is within the exposure limit of 90 dB(A). The crusher within the mine shall be housed in a shed
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to contain noise. Screening activities shall generate average noise level of about 96.5 dB(A). Workers
in the noise generating zone will be provided with earmuffs/earplugs besides dust mask.
•
Noise due to excavation and transportation
In order to predict ambient noise levels due to the mining activities from various sources at different
location within the mine the noise dispersion modelling has been done on the assumption that all
noise sources are acting as a single source generating approximately 91 dB(A). Noise generated due
to deployment of rock breaker, excavators, loaders and dump trucks are shown in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6 : Standard Values of Noise Levels
S.N.
Machinery/ Activity
Noise Produced in dB(A)
at 50 ft from source*
85
85
92
1.
2.
3.
Excavator/Shovel
Front end loader
Dump Truck/ Tippers (at full throttle)
4
Near Haul road (while dumpers are moving)
88
5
Dozer (when dozing)
102
6
7
8
Drill machine (drilling with Jack hammer)
Aggregate processing unit / Stone Crusher (outside crusher cabin)
Aggregate processing unit / Stone Crusher (inside crusher cabin)
88
100
86
*50 feet from source = 15.24 meters
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation (Federal Highway Administration) – Construction Noise
Handbook.
4.4.1.2
Model for sound wave propagation during mining
For an approximate estimation of dispersion of noise in the ambient air from the point source, a
standard mathematical model for sound wave propagation is used. The noise generated by
equipment decreases with increased distance from the source due to wave divergence. An
additional decrease in sound pressure level with distance from the source is expected due to
atmospheric effect or its interaction with objects in the transmission path.
For hemispherical sound wave propagation through homogenous loss free medium, one can
estimate noise levels at various locations, due to different source using model based on first
principles, as per the following equation:
LP2=LP1 – 20Log (r2 / r1) - AE …………………………….
(1)
Where,
LP2 and L P1 are the Sound Pressure Levels (SPL) at points located at r2 and r1 from the source. AE is
attenuations due to Environmental conditions (E). The combined effect of the entire source can be
determined at various locations by the following equation.
LP (total) = 10Log (10 (Lpa)/10 + 10 Lpb)/10 + 10 Lpc)/10 + ………) (2)
Where Lpa, LPb, LPc are noise pressure levels at a point due to different sources.
Environment Correction (AE)
The equivalent sound pressure level can be calculated from the measured sound pressure level (Leq
measured) averaged over the measurement surface area ‘S’ and from corrections K1 and K2 and is given
by;
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(Leq measured) = (Leq measured) – K1 – K2
(3)
Where,
K1 = Factor for the background noise correction. The correction was not applied in this modeling
exercise, as it was not possible to measure the background noise levels by putting off machines
hence it was considered as zero.
K2 = Environmental correction
In the present study dhwani PRO Version 3.6, a noise propagation modelling software developed to
undertake construction, industrial and traffic noise propagation studies. Input for the model
4.4.1.2.1
Base Map, Point Source and Receptors
Base maps identifying the location of the site, noise sources, receptors and other important
characteristics of the surrounding area is the foremost requirement. In this study jpeg raster maps
created in Google map showing the locations of the construction site where the maximum
excavation is to be carried out has been captured and imported for registering the map and setting
up of the scale. The point source is the location where the maximum noise generating construction
equipment is to be operated. The receptors are the nearby settlements where the impact of
propagation of noise is to be evaluated.
4.4.1.2.2
Hourly noise level
Hourly nose levels observed for 24 hours at the point source have been observed and adopted in
studies. The noise levels to be generated intermittently due to running of construction equipment
for different hours have also been incorporated. Besides this, the background level at the receptors
have been entered into the corresponding windows.
4.4.1.3
Model outputs
After running the model the graphical results in the form of noise level contours (Figure 4.2) has
been produced which has been captured and exported. Besides this the output in the tabular form
showing the estimated noise levels at different receptors owing to the impact of operation of
construction machinery has been generated. (Table 4.7).
Table 4.7 : Modelling Output
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4.4.1.4
Inference and Mitigation Measures
It is evident from the modelling results that due to running of construction machinery the
estimated noise levels at dam complex shall be 70 dB(A), whereas at nearest settlement i.e., Layee
village, shall be 31 dB(A) and the resultant noise level (estimated +background level) shall be 51
which is less than the standard values 55 dB(A) for day time but at night time these marginally
exceeds the standard limit by 6 dB(A) and is not much perceptible. An increase of about 8 −10 dB(A)
is required before the sound subjectively appears to be significantly louder. Thus, there will be
marginal impact of running of construction & transport machinery for excavation operation.
The following control measures will be adopted at the points near to the source of noise to keep the
ambient noise levels below permissible limits 75 dB (A).
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Provision and maintenance of thick tree belts to screen noise.
Proper maintenance of noise generating transport vehicles.
Regular noise level monitoring shall be carried out periodically.
To check the noise, pollution noise filters may be erected around crushing and batching plants
and regular maintenance of heavy earth vehicles may be adopted to reduce noise levels.
To protect the workers from exposures to higher noise levels the following measures will be
adopted.
(i)
Provision of protective devices like ear-muffs/ear plugs to those workers who cannot be
isolated from the source of noise
(ii) Reducing the exposure time of workers to the higher noise levels by rotation.
Figure 4.2 : Noise Graphical Results
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During Operation Phase
After completion of the project and during the operational phase the noise levels shall be of
consequence would be the diversion site and the power house site.
At the proposed diversion site, the existing leq day and night noise level is 71 dB(A) which is mainly
due to the noise generated due to the flow of the river. During the operation phase, due to filling of
the reservoir the obtaining situation shall lead to reduction of the noise level owing to change in
flow regime i.e., from riverine to lacustrine state. It is only during the opening of gates in flood
season for spilling the water through barrage bays, the noise level shall increase.
At the auxiliary powerhouse site (90MW) the existing leq day and night noise level is 60.2 dB(A)
which is mainly due to the noise generated due to the flow of the river. During operation phase the
noise levels shall increase. The space averaged turbine hall and generator floor sound levels will be
governed by the following relation.
Sound level in dB(A) at turbine floor = 7 log 10 MW +80
Sound level in dB(A) at Generator floor = 82+3.5 log 10 MW
The noise levels predicted to result from running of one and three turbines at a time are shown in
Table 4.8.
Table 4.8 : Predicted Noise Levels at Auxiliary Powerhouse
No. of Turbines Running
Noise levels dB(A)
Turbine Hall
Generator Floor
Two (10 MW each)
89.1
86.6
Two (35MW each)
All four
92.9
93.7
88.5
88.8
For reducing the noise levels at the machine hall floor where the control panels are installed it is
necessary to control noise by using acoustic panels.
At the underground powerhouse site during operation phase the noise levels shall increase. The
space averaged turbine hall and generator floor sound levels will be governed by the following
relation.
Sound level in dB(A) at turbine floor = 7 log 10 MW +80
Sound level in dB(A) at Generator floor = 82+3.5 log 10 MW
The noise levels predicted to result from running of one and three turbines at a time are shown in
Table 4.9.
Table 4.9 : Predicted Noise Levels at Main Powerhouse
No. of Turbines
Running
One
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Three
Six
98.4
100.5
91.2
92.2
For reducing the noise levels at the machine hall floor where the control panels are installed it is
necessary to control noise by using acoustic panels.
4.4.2. Impacts due to Ground Vibration (due to blasting)
The ground vibrations, noise and fly rock constitutes the chief environmental impact of blasting.
When an explosive charge detonates the chemical reaction takes place and the chemical energy is
converted into shock and gas energy thereby setting prolific dynamic waves around the blast hole
mainly brought by sudden acceleration of stationary rock mass. While a small portion of energy
liberated during blasting is consumed in fragmentation of rock mass and fly rock apart from
dissipation through ground vibration and air over pressure (noise) heat and light. The ground
vibration sets the ground in transverse, longitudinal and vertical direction and which in turn causes
the foundation of structure to vibrate in these direction and damage the structures.
Air overpressure is transient impulse, which traverses through the atmosphere and are both audible
and inaudible and have the energy to vibrate a structure alike ground vibration and is much of
concern as animals are more sensitive than human being. This is mainly manifest as energy released
from unconfined explosives such as uncovered detonating cord trunk. It is also caused due to
various other factors like too small burden, excessive powder factor, insufficient stemming length,
incorrect drilling etc., which are controllable if properly addressed by the blaster.
The fly rock comes from face and top of bench and is often associated with improper blast design,
inadequate burden, insufficient and ineffective stemming, wrong blast hole sequence.
Ground vibrations are acoustic waves that propagate through rocks. Although the difference in
accelerations, amplitude, particle velocities and the frequencies in three direction result into
damage to structures but the peak particle velocity and frequency are normally taken into
consideration for evaluating the structural response. The various aspects of ground vibration
triggered by open cast blasting and consequent-damaging effects on different types of structures is
usually computed based on the value of the Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) induced at the foundation
of the distant structure. PPV criteria are considered the best predictor for ground vibration caused
by blasting. It takes into consideration the total energy of ground motion induced around a blast and
is a function of the distance of the location of blast from the gauge point and quantity of explosive
per blasting. In case of surface excavation at the dam site the PPV is worked out based on various
empirical formula. In the present case, the PPV has been worked out based on following empirical
equation.
V=1400 (D/√Q)-1.265 mm/s, where,
D=Distance (m) between location of blast and gauge point
Q=Quantity (kg) of explosive per blasting
The resulting value of PPV has been compared with the limiting values for dominant excitation
frequency less than 8 Hz as prescribed by the Director General of Mines Safety, India (DGMS) in
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Circular 7 of 1997. The study shows that the resulting PPV is considerably lower than the limiting
values in case of temporary structures located at the nearest settlement from the from the dam site
located at distance mentioned against each as is evident from the following Table 4.10.
Table 4.10 : Computation of Peak Particle Velocity at Nearest Settlement
Quantity of
explosives /
delay (kg)
Distance (D)
from mine
Site (m)
10
10
10
10
10
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Peak Particle
Velocity in
mm/s
observed
2.31
0.96
0.58
0.40
0.30
Limiting value of PPV
(mm/s) prescribed by
DGMS, India
5
5
5
5
5
In order to minimize vibration, the following shall be adopted:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Blast holes shall be initiated by non-electric (NONEL) down-the-hole (DTH) delay detonators.
Care shall be taken to ensure that effective burden is not excessive and the face shall be kept
sufficiently long.
Optimum charge per delay shall be kept as low as possible.
Adoption of two row blasting and V pattern of firing
The firing of maximum possible no. of blast holes towards free face.
Use of milli-second delay detonators between the holes and rows of blasting.
4.4.3. Air Blast Over Pressure
Propagation of blast induced air over pressure have been studied by various investigators and is
generally reported as cubic root rather than square root scaled distance. In context of mining
operation in the cluster the overpressure is predicted by equations applicable for confined bore hole
charges.
p=3.3 [3√Q/R]1.2, where,
p= pressure in Kpa
Q=Explosive charge in kg
R= is a distance from the charge
On the basis of the distance and charge per delay the predicted air over pressure values are shown
in Table 4.11.
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Table 4.11 : Predicted Air overpressure
S. No.
Distance (R)
dam Site (m)
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1
2
3
4
5
from
Charge / Delay (kg)
10
10
10
10
10
Predicted Air over
pressure in dB(A)
107.6
100.3
96.1
93.1
90.8
The predicted air over pressure in dB(A) shall be lower due to attenuation and the blasting being
carried out at pit level which are lower than the elevation of Gulabgarh and Atholi which are higher
level than the river bed which is subject to blasting on account of rock excavation.
4.4.4. Impacts due to Ground Vibration (due to tunnel blasting)
In case of underground tunnel excavation, the PPV has been worked out based on empirical formula
as recommended in IS:6922-1973. In the present case, the PPV has been worked out based on
following empirical equation.
V=K1 (Q2/3/R)1.25 mm/s, where,
K1 = 1440 for hard rocks
Q = charge/delay (kg)
D=Distance (m) between location of blast and gauge point
The resulting value of PPV has been compared with the limiting values for dominant excitation
frequency less than 8 Hz as prescribed by the Director General of Mines Safety, India (DGMS) in
Circular 7 of 1997. The study shows that the resulting PPV is considerably lower than the limiting
values in case of temporary structures located at the nearest settlement from the from the dam site
located at distance mentioned against each as is evident from the following Table 4.12.
Table 4.12 : Computation of Peak Particle Velocity at Nearest Settlement
Quantity of
explosives /
delay (kg)
10
10
Distance (D)
from mine
Site (m)
500
Peak Particle
Velocity in
mm/s
observed
Limiting value of PPV (mm/s)
prescribed by DGMS, India
3.84
1.74
5
5
1.05
5
10
1000
1500
10
2000
0.73
5
10
2500
0.55
5
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4.5.
Impacts on Water Environment
The water environment of the Chenab due to proposed project will have minor impact on the water
quality and aquatic fauna of temporary nature. The project being R-O-R, a reservoir with live storage
of 17 MCM which in turn shall be operated round the clock, leave no opportunity for water getting
stagnated.
Construction Phase
•
•
•
•
•
•
During the construction phase of the project the river water is not supposed to catch
considerable amount of sediment from the ongoing underground works as the water coming
out from such area will be dislodged of sediment in the silt trapping tanks before being released
to river.
The silt laden water emanating from all other open-air works and from the foundation works of
power house, however will require sediment extraction before releasing the water into the river
section. Maximum silt is contributed by stone crusher units. The combined TSS of the mixture of
river Chenab and effluent discharge from crushing units has been computed as below: Minimum discharge of Chenab at dam site = 47.6 cumecs
TSS of River Chenab
= 7 mg/l
Dust generated from tertiary crushing & screening of 1ton aggregate = 0.032 x 1000000 =
32000mg
Capacity of stone crusher
= 800 tph
Dust generated from crushing 800-ton aggregate = 32000 x 800 = 25600000 mg
Water consumed for washing@900l/ton
= 900 x 800 = 720000 Litre
TSS of silt laden discharge from stone crusher = 25600000 / 720000 = 35.56mg/l
The combined TSS = = 35.56 x 720000 + (47.6 x 1000 x 3600 x 7/720000 + (47.6 x 1000 x 3600)
= 1225123200 / 172080000 = 7.12mg/l
Thus, there shall be nominal increase of 0.12 mg/l in TSS of river water.
The muck disposal yards, quarry areas would be the areas of concerns for leaching of sediments
during rains.
The discharge coming out of batching and crushing plants would also bring considerable
sediments in water due to washing of plants and aggregate material.
The sewage generated at the labour camps and other residential areas may also bring
considerable pollutants to river sections, if disposed of in the river section without treatment.
Though the u/s coffer dam and diversion tunnel have been designed for non-monsoon design
flood discharges yet due to any catastrophe the flood discharge being passed over the
construction blocks of the dam can lead to washing out of the d/s coffer dam. During this
eventuality, the flood discharge d/s of the dam shall remain confine within the banks and no
inundation of any agriculture land and settlement is expected.
Operation Phase
•
•
In the operation phase of the proposed project the water environment in general will not
deteriorate owing to its being a run of the river scheme whereby the water will be continuously
used for power generation and will be released simultaneously.
The regular flushing operation of reservoir during monsoon shall not let the development of
unwanted heaps / shoal in the flow section of the river bed which cause change in the river
regime.
4.5.1. Impact due to change in Hydrological Cycle
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The proposed dam and reservoir behind it will bring about anthropogenic land cover changes. The
river state shall change from riverine to lacustrine. The submergence area shall offer larger area for
evapo-transpiration than before, i.e. the evaporation shall increase but the effect shall not be
substantial as is the case of arid zone. The abstraction of water (413.47 cumecs) through Intake /
HRT shall reduce the flows d/s of the dam to the extent discharge flowing through HRT, up to the
point of outfall of TRT. This implies that there shall be less evaporation in the reach d/s of the dam
than before. Thus, the increase in evapo-transpiration due to creation of the reservoir shall be
substantially higher than the decline in the d/s river segment due to water being conducted through
underground HRT. Since, the quantity of the water abstracted from the river for non-consumptive
use of power generation is again returned to the system without any consumption, there shall not
be any remarkable change in hydrological cycle in context to the project absolutely.
4.5.2. Ground and Surface Water Use
The water use of Chenab on u/s and d/s of the project has already been discussed in section 3.8.7. It
has been brought out neither there is any industry making use of river water nor are there any
surface / lift irrigation schemes withdrawing the Chenab water. Many hydro projects (R-O-R) have
been proposed on the river u/s of Kirthai HEP, Stage-II including Kirthai- I HEP in J&K and many in
Himachal Pradesh. Thus, the project shall get the regulated discharge of the Chenab from the
proposed u/s projects..
4.5.3. Impact due to Acidification of Lake
The pH value of the Chenab water at dam site and its tributaries has been observed to vary between
as 7.3 to 7.70 which indicates that water is alkaline in nature. The absence of power plant using
fossils fuels, thermal plants and the low vehicular intensity in the mountainous region, the low levels
of SO2 (2.8 g/m3 - 7.9 g/m3) and Nitrogen oxides (7.71 g/m3 – 15.9 g/m3) as compared to NAAQ
Standards 80 g/m3) for residential area, offer no chance for acid rains. In addition to these, the soil
of the fluvial valley and the side / reposed slopes in the project area are calcareous which have
calcium carbonate in abundance and are thus invulnerable to acidification as the calcium carbonate
acts as a buffer. It is worthwhile to note that the ability of soils, nearby the reservoir, to buffer acid
deposition, if any, is an extremely important determinant of whether a lake / water body will be
subjected to acidification.
4.5.4. Impact due to Ground Water Pollution
The baseline study of water quality has revealed that the various water characteristics are within the
tolerance limit as set-out under IS: 2260.This indicates that the surface water meets the standards of
drinking water quality. Therefore, seepage of good quality surface water from reservoir shall least
impair the obtaining quality of ground water.
4.5.5. Backwater Effect
The major tributaries of the Chenab, in the study area are Bhut Nala, Hounsar, Affani, Kijai, Kidur,
Pan and Sungla nala which directly drain into the reservoir. These shall have a relatively high-water
level at the confluence point due to back water.For stability of the banks of these nalas at
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confluence point engineering majors have been suggested under Chapter captioned as “Reservoir
Rim Treatment”.
4.5.6. Impact on Performance of Existing Projects
At present, immediately d/s of the Kirthai HEP, Stage-I, Dul-Hasti HEP followed by Baghliar, Swalikot
and Salal are functional on the Chenab. In view of the proposed project being R-o-R with a very
small diurnal storage of 2.4 MCM needed for daily peaking, the flow d/s shall not be affected though
a regulated flow shall be maintained d/s of the proposed dam. Besides this, due to sediment control
through works proposed under Catchment Area Treatment (CAT), Compensatory Afforestation and
Green Belt Development, the water quality shall improve and d/s projects will receive comparatively
less silt laden water which will have far reaching impact on their reservoir life
4.5.7. Impact of Project on d/s Water Flows
In view of the project being R-o-R, with a small storage, the flow d/s of the river and consequent
recipient basin shall not be impacted much for the reasons attributed in the foregoing para-4.5.6 As
a matter of fact; the flood discharge during monsoon shall be slightly modulated due to buffer
provided by the reservoir.
4.5.8. Impact on Turbidity in Construction Phase
The impact of silt laden water, during construction phase, emanating from excavation of the openair works, from dewatering during underground excavation in HRT / Adits / Shafts and Power House
Cavern and from discharge coming out of batching and crushing plants bringing considerable
sediments, have been discussed in the report along with suggestive measures for redressing. The
impact shall be felt during construction with the slight increase in turbidity in the river water despite
resorting to de-siltation of silt laden discharge coming from various excavation points, but the
transparency of the water shall not be impaired to the extent that the available sunlight ceases to
power the photosynthetic reactions.
4.5.9. Water Pollution Due to Disposal of Sewage
The untreated sewage and other solid waste increases, if discharged to the waterbody increases its
BOD loading and render water un-potable without conventional treatment and disinfection. The
project colony during construction shall be developed for housing a population of about 1200
people. The domestic water requirement for the project staff shall be of the order of 84 m3/day @
70 lpcd. Assuming that about 80% of the water supplied will be generated as sewage, i.e., 67.2
m3/day. The BOD load contributed by domestic sources will be about 237.50 mg / liter, assuming
per capita BOD contribution as 19 g/day. The sewage waste shall be disposed after treatment
through STP. The effluent to be discharged should conform to the Standard adopted vide
GSR1265(E), dated 13.10. 2017 (Table 4.13). It must be ensured the limits in respect of parameters
are not exceeded.
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Table 4.13 : Effluent Discharge Standard
S.N.
Effluent discharge parameter
Concentration
1
pH
6.5-9.0
2
Bio- Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
<30 mg/liter
3
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
<100 mg/liter
4
Fecal Coliform (Most Probable Number per 100
milliliter, MPN/100ml)
<1000
The effluent from project colony and labour colony of KHEP-I and KHEP-II at Atholi/Kadhal, shall be
discharged into Chenab river on d/s of dam of KHEP-I and u/s of dam of KHEP-II. The effluent drain
shall discharge into Chenab near Kirthai, about 5 km u/s of dam of KHEP-II. The effluent discharge
from colonies of KHEP-I and KHEP-II shall be 140 KLD and 158 KLD respectively. The Chenab has
been studied by resorting to mathematical model of oxygen resources in a river based on the two
key factors i.e. the removal of oxygen by micro-organisms during bio-degradation and the
replenishment of oxygen through re-aeration at the surface of the river assuming that there is a
continuous discharge of wastes at a given location on the river and that the uniform mixing takes
place without dispersion of wastes in the direction of flow.
Determination of BOD of Chenab just d/s from the Outfall effluent drain (for untreated effluent)
Minimum discharge of Chenab at dam site
= 30.45 cumecs
BOD of River Chenab at Kirthai
= 0.5 mg/l
DO concentration of Chenab water
= 8 mg/l
Average hourly effluent discharge of both projects at Kirthai = 0.004 cumecs
Peak hourly effluent discharge of both projects at Kirthai = 0.016 cumecs
BOD of untreated effluent Discharge (Max.)
= 238 mg/l
The BOD of the mixture of river Chenab and effluent discharge of both projects at the point of
outfall near Kirthai is given by the equation: L0 = QwLw + QrLr / Qw + Qr
Where,
L0 = initial BOD of the mixture of stream water and wastewater (mg/l)
Lr = ultimate BOD of the river just u/s of the point of discharge (mg/l)
Lw = ultimate BOD of the wastewater (mg/l)
Qr = volumetric flow rate of the river just u/s of the discharge point (m3/s)
Qw = volumetric flow rate of waste water (m3/s)
L0 = 0.016 x 238 + 30.45x 0.5 / 0.016 + 30.45 = 0.62 mg/l
Thus, the BOD shall increase by 0.12mg/l
BOD of mixture at dam
Distance from dam of the confluence point of Chenab and effluent drain= 5000 m
Time required for water to reach 5 000m @ speed of 2 m/s = 5000 / 2x3600
= 0.69 hour = 0.028 day
Deoxygeneration constant (kd) and is given by relation
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Kd =k+ v*ƞ/H
Where v =average velocity of stream
k = BOD rate constant at 20 0 C /day = 0.12
H =average depth of stream = 47.6/2/25=0.95m
Ƞ = bed activity coefficient= 0.30
V = average velocity of stream=1.5m/sec
Kd at 20 0 C =0.12+ {2x0.3/0.95} =0.75
Kd at 12 0 C = k20 (ϴ) T-20
= 0.75 (1.135) 12-20
=0.27
BOD at dam, Lb = L0 e-kd*t
= 0.62 e-(0.27 * 0.028)
= 1.02x 2.718281(-0.27x0.028)
= 1.02x0.996 =1.00 mg/l
Since BOD shall be <2 mg/l, hence safe
4.5.10. Water Pollution from Labour colonies/Camps and Washing Equipment
The labour colonies shall be located at appropriate place in the project area. Around 175 labourers
are expected to reside in the labour colonies with their families and 875 numbers in bachelor
accommodation at any given time, during the peak construction phase of the project. Proper care
has to be taken to manage the solid waste generated from the labour colony for a population of
1575 residential persons and 50 floating population i.e. for 1625 persons.
The domestic water requirement for the construction worker and the technical staff migrating into
the project area is of the order of 113.75 m3/day @ 70 lpcd. Assuming that about 80% of the water
supplied will be generated as sewage, i.e., 91 m3/day. The BOD load contributed by domestic
sources will be about 237.5 mg / litre, assuming per capita BOD contribution as 19 g/day.
Disposal of untreated sewage can lead to water pollution, resulting in increase in coliforms and
other various pathogens, which can lead to incidence of water borne diseases. Therefore, project
authorities would be taking appropriate measures to check such disposal into the river. In order to
avoid any deterioration in water quality due to disposal of untreated sewage from labour camps,
appropriate sewage treatment facilities will be commissioned in the labour camps. The sewage
waste shall be disposed after treatment through STP. The effluent to be discharged should conform
to the laid down Standard (Table 4.13).
The leakage of POL and washings of workshop floors and washing of vehicle and equipment bring oil
and grease with it and shall increase the concentration of oil and grease in water, if discharged into
the river section. Therefore, it shall be collected in oil separators provided in the concrete drains
before disposal on water body/ land. The water and soil contamination with oil and grease shall be
totally avoided. Even during construction period vigil should be taken by not allowing washing of any
vehicle in the river section in the reservoir reach up-stream of the dam axis. The workshop shall be
planned away from the river
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4.6.
4.7.
Impacts on Flora
•
It is evident from this study that from the submergence and influence zone of the proposed
project none of tree species, shrub, herb or any climber or grass species are either vulnerable or
endangered.
•
Interestingly the vegetation composition of the submergence zone is also widely distributed in
the influence zone in abundance and there will be no significant loss to the habitat. However,
any loss of riverine vegetation during the project activity period will be restored in the reservoir
periphery in due course of time.
•
Floral characteristics especially in the areas where the project components are going to be
underground would not change.
•
Due to construction of proposed dam, riverine regime of submergence area (210 ha) will change
into lacustrine environments.
•
The floral abundance of the project area in post construction phase will increase by many folds
as the plantation under catchment area treatment, reservoir rim treatment, green belt,
restoration and landscaping will be completed.
Impacts on Fauna
As the project activity is not going to submerge all the major habitats, there is little concern for
these niche birds. As the both banks of the river upto10 km u/s have very sparse human habitation
and very little project related activities above the dam site is expected, there will be no alteration to
the existing habitat of endangered and threatened species. There is also no wildlife sanctuary,
national park and biosphere reserve near the project area.
During survey, the encounter rate of butterflies was more in dense forests than in open habitats.
The area will continue to support the present population of butterflies. As, butterflies prefer habitat
with more flowering species and moist condition, increase in the humidity in and around reservoir,
and development of green belt will further enhance the butterfly diversity. As the project is having
its submergence mostly along the gorge, the project is not likely to be a threat to any of the
recorded butterfly species.
A few mammalian species were recorded during the survey. The primary reason for this low figure
could be large-scale anthropogenic pressures: disturbance due to agriculture activities, road
construction, etc. It is anticipated that with the upliftment of rural economy dependency on forest
will be reduce poaching and will ease out pressure on wildlife. The anticipated impacts on the
present status of fauna during and after construction are summarized below.
Construction Phase
•
•
Increase in temporary stress levels of wildlife during construction phase due to noise, human
interference and reduction in present habitat.
Threat due to poaching might increase.
Operational Phase
•
Improved habitat for mainly water birds, reptiles, mamals, amphibians and plankton due to
reservoir creation.
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•
•
4.8.
Improvement in food chain of some reptiles, birds and carnivorous mamals due to creation of
reservoir and increase in humidity level.
The butterfly diversity in the area would be enhanced as scrub habitat around the
submergence will receive substantial amount of moisture, which will help in natural
regeneration of forest canopy.
Impacts on Aquatic Fauna
For the aquatic ecology, prediction of impacts and mitigation measures has been identified on the
basis of direct and indirect impacts on aquatic biodiversity due the construction activities involved
for the proposed 930 MW KHEP-II. The river course beyond Dulhasti dam in the downstream up to
Salal has already been affected due to cascade development of the Chenab River which has largely
affected the propagation of fishes. The construction of projects like Kirthai HE Project, Stage-II,
therefore has no specific bearing on the migration of fish as the downstream reaches of Chenab are
having hydroelectric projects in cascade like Kiru, Kwar and Rattle. On creation of the reservoir, Bhut
nala shall continue a habitat for the indigenous species.
4.8.1. Impacts during Construction Phase
During the construction phase the water flow will be approximately as it was before. As there has
been no damming yet during construction, and the river is still passable for fish present in project
area as discussed above, there will be almost no upstream impacts during this period. During the
construction phase, the following activities can affect the water quality and aquatic life negatively:
• Erosion due to, construction work in the dam area, from the machine park area,
construction workers living area, road building, spoil rock deposit area, soil deposits, clear
logged areas, and accidental water releases.
• Sedimentation in the slow flowing river stretches, with shallowing of deep pools.
• Reduced primary production due to siltation of periphyton producing substrates, as well as
due to reduced light penetration of the water column from increased turbidity.
• Run off from crushed and ground rock material from the drilling, blasting and stone crushing
plants.
• Sanitary liquid wastes/ effluents from the construction labour’s/ worker’s camp.
• Oil and chemical spills from machinery involved in construction activity.
• Leaching of ammonia and nitrogen from the tunnel blasting activity and spoil rock deposits
(contaminated rock debris resulting from tunnel blasting activity).
• Dry-ups during filling the reservoirs (during dam construction).
4.8.2. Impacts in the Operation Phase
Upstream of the dam
Impact on eutrophication
In the reservoir, eutrophication will not be a problem, the low soil fertility in the catchment and the
low or negligible population will result in an oligotrophic formation of the reservoir. The reservoir
will during the first few years be somewhat more productive due to release of nutrients from the
inundated terrestrial catchment.
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Downstream of the dam
In the first year after the damming there will be a lot of erosion taking place in the reservoir, and the
silt and clay fraction of this erosion material will also impact the river downstream. However, this
impact will be temporary in nature and disappear with time.
The diurnal flow and water level variations will be large downstream of the power plant, if operated
in peaking mode. The diurnal variation in water level can be as high as 3 m downstream of the
Power Plant. Such variations may cause erosion. The erosion from the land will also increase in
general due to increased construction activity in the area, more erosion prone roadsides,
excavating, quarries, etc. It may happen that the reservoir, in shorter periods, has to discharge large
amounts of water through the spillway. Such events might cause erosion in the downstream river.
The water coming out of the reservoir will thus be clearer than the water entering the reservoir. In
the first 2-3 years after the damming the water coming out of the reservoir will have low oxygen
content due to decomposition of organic material from the inundated terrestrial catchment. This
water will also contain high levels of bio-available nutrients, which will cause some short-term
eutrophication impacts downstream.
The downstream migration of juvenile fish, will most likely be terminally affected by a dam. The
pressure drop through the turbines will be fatal and they will likely be destroyed by the fall through
the flip bucket during flood flows. No successful measures have yet been designed to allow fish to
survive passing through Francis turbines of this head, or the type of spillway that is required for the
Kirthai Hydro Electric Project.
4.8.3. Mitigation Measures
4.8.3.1
Measures against extraction of material from riverbed
The study conducted in relevance to aquatic biodiversity is directly correlated to the substratum
which supports the highly sensitive species of macro-invertebrate’s indicative of the good quality of
waters in the area. The fish species which is known to exist like Schizothrax richardsonii, Nemachelus
sp., Botia sp. and Glyptothorax sp. in project area and especially its tributaries, feeds on periphytic
forms and macro-invertebrate habitats. So, all measures are needed to be taken to protect the
habitat. Extraction of material from main river/ stream beds will be avoided. The guidelines
applicable under national/ state laws and recently enacted “Jammu & Kashmir Water Resource
(Regulation and Management) Act 2010” will be followed.
4.8.3.2
Measures against erosion
During the construction phase there are large risks for heavy erosion that will create considerable
stress on sensitive aquatic life. Therefore, erosion abatement measures should be taken at all
construction sites. Roadsides and other areas with denuded soils should be sowed by grass, road
drainage should be strengthened with appropriate concrete/stone settings, machine parking areas
and roads should be paved to the extent possible, etc.
4.8.3.3
Measures against oil and chemical spills
The large machine park that will be involved in the construction work will include the use of
comprehensive amounts of fuels, oils, hydraulic fluid, battery acids, glycol cooling fluid, etc. In
addition, there will be needs for workshops and maintenance areas. The machine parking area, the
workshop area, and the fuel and oil filling area should be gathered to one area that should be paved
and equipped with a controllable drainage so that all diffuse spills and accidental spills could be
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collected at all times. Fuel and oil storage and disposal areas, especially in connection to areas with
heavy traffic, should be located away from water courses and fenced, wherever possible.
4.8.3.4
Measures against tunnel blasting chemicals
Tunnel blasting uses large amount of ammonium-nitrate, and if concrete (particularly spray
concrete) is used for tunnel tightening, the runoff becomes very alkaline, and react with ammonium
to create free ammonia, which is very toxic to fish and other aquatic animals. Runoff from tunnels
and spoil rock deposits (contaminated rock debris) can cause fish kills in periods with low flow. The
runoff from the tunnel should be monitored and passed through a sedimentation basin where
neutralization could be performed if extremely high pH values are observed. Ammonia is toxic to
fish and aquatic organisms, even in very low concentrations. When levels reach 0.06 mg/L, fish can
suffer gill damage. When levels reach 0.2 mg/l, sensitive fish like trout begin to die. The danger
ammonia poses for fish depends on the water’s temperature and pH, along with the dissolved
oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. Remember, the higher the pH and the warmer the temperature,
the more toxic the ammonia. Also, ammonia is much more toxic to fish and aquatic life when water
contains very little dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide (Knepp and Arkin, 1973).
4.9.
Aquatic Ecology
4.9.1. Upstream of the Dam
Impact on aquatic habitats (Fish and Aquatic life)
The inundation will bring about a loss of river habitat of 8.75 km (as per design parameter)
upstream, which will be replaced by lacustrine habitat in reservoirs created by dam with water level
fluctuation between Full Supply Level (FSL) and Minimum Operation Level (MOL).
Due to the lack of research work and availability of secondary data in the project area (impact zone)
limited knowledge on diversity, relative and absolute abundance, migration patterns, ecology and
local adaptations to their environment and predictions of ecological impacts of the project are
largely speculative. Experience from other hydropower projects, however, show that adverse
impacts on aquatic biodiversity and total fish production may be severe.
Riverine fisheries will be negatively affected by construction of dam and regulation/diversion of river
flow, which acts as barrier for migratory fishes and drown down habitat for local river fisheries.
Most of the future fisheries are likely to take place in the reservoir of the upstream. The creation of
a reservoir would represent a positive impact through an increase in the production of certain
indigenous fish species. However, fisheries in the newly created reservoir need careful
management. There might also be a need for promoting new fishing techniques and equipment.
Organic matter decomposition inundated by reservoir may release substantial amount of nutrients.
There is likely to be a significant, but temporary, increase in primary production and also fish
production. After an initial bloom, as normally experienced for some years after impoundment of a
new reservoir, fisheries along the new reservoir may start to decline. Reservoir fisheries
management would be needed to minimize the effects of this decline. Only a few fish species will
succeed in adapting to the lake life. In the reservoir the biodiversity of fish will be reduced.
However, most of these species will survive in small populations in the upstream part of the river
and in the tributaries. Reservoir ecosystems differ from the previous riverine environment. Most
known fish species adapted to fast-flowing water are unlikely to thrive in the new environment. A
few species may dominate completely, resulting in change and decline in aquatic biodiversity.
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Fish species occurring in the affected Chenab River at present are adapted to a system characterized
by large annual changes in water flow, Construction of dam will create a barrier to migration.
Diversity of species will decline in rivers upstream of dams. Downstream migration might be
impeded by the presence of large reservoir as fish get confused on which way to migrate in a large
reservoir, and fish drawn into turbines may be killed or seriously injured.
Measures to keep a good fish productivity in the reservoir
The reservoir should be self-populated by indigenous fish species that can adapt to lacustrine life. If,
after some years, it shows up that the natural recruitment of the lake is too low, a fish stocking
program should be considered for the reservoir from the concerned Fisheries Department. This
should be based, preferably, on indigenous species, or species that is already present in the river
system. The rights of the local people over the fish resources in the reservoir should be secured, and
no contracting to outsiders must be allowed.
4.9.2. Downstream of the Dam
The regulation will have a large impact on the aquatic life downstream. The large diurnal flow and
water level fluctuations when operated in peak will strongly reduce the biological productivity of the
river. Periphyton, benthic organisms, macroinvertebrates and fish will decline especially in littoral
areas, both in production and in biodiversity.
Mitigation Measures
Environmental Flow: Minimum release of water for survival of aquatic life
For the proposed Kirthai Hydro Electric Project-II, maintenance of a constant environmental flow to
the downstream reach is an effective way to protect aquatic organisms inhabiting the river
downstream from the project. The hydroelectric project that is operated on a peaking basis can be
required to maintain a minimum release to the tailwater flow throughout the 24-hour period. Such a
release can effectively reduce the effects of flow fluctuation or dewatering of the tailwater on
aquatic organisms while enabling the project to operate to meet peak power demands in the
system.
The downstream flow of the Chenab from dam site will be affected by the project. However, the
discharge through auxiliary powerhouse will help to maintain the important environmental flow for
survival of fish and aquatic organisms. It is important to compensate a minimum flow as governed
by the International/National/ State laws for the Chenab River that will, in general, maintain a
continuum of the river, from the proposed dam site to downstream confluence point and to secure
the sustenance and survival of aquatic life, and minimize adverse impacts associated with stagnant
water, is recommended.
The environmental flow should be large enough to provide spawning grounds for fish species known
to exist (sparsely distributed) like Schizothorax richardsonii, Glyptotsternoids (Glyptothorax sp.),
Nemachelus sp. and Botia sp. in Chenab river and especially its number of important tributaries in
the entire project area (impact zone). The migration and spawning take part during the wet periods
of monsoon. An environmental flow regime could include varying releases, with larger flows during
the spawning periods.
Operation procedure of Power Plant
The start/stop of the power plant should be done as smooth as possible, especially when the power
station is stopped it is very important to give the slow-moving bottom animals chance to follow the
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retreat of the water and prevent them from being killed by the daily dry ups of large bottom areas.
This shall be achieved through operation of auxiliary powerhouse.
4.10. Impacts on River Ecology
4.10.1. Impact above dam
4.10.1.1
Creation of a reservoir
Creation of a reservoir upstream of the dam brings about changes in the riverine ecology to
lacustrine ecology flooding the natural habitats that existed before the dam’s construction.
Reservoirs contribute to greenhouse gas emissions as well. The initial filling of a reservoir floods the
existing plant material, leading to the death and decomposition of the carbon-rich plants and trees.
The rotting organic matter releases large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. The decaying
plant matter itself settles to the non-oxygenated bottom of the reservoir which is almost at a
stagnant state. The decomposed eventually releases dissolved methane.
4.10.1.2
Fragmentation of river ecosystems
The dam also acts as a barrier between the upstream and downstream habitat of migratory fishes.
Dams block their migration upstream to spawning areas, threatening to decrease reproduction
numbers and reduce the species population.
However, no fish species was found in the influence zone of the project. Since, the proposed dam is
a high dam project, fish ladders are not found effective. Therefore, for promotion of cold-water
fishery, a provision for setting up a trout hatchery upstream of dam site near village Kejai has been
made.
In general, permanent inundation caused by reservoir flooding also alters the wetlands, forests and
other habitats surrounding the river. Further ecosystem disruption occurs along the banks of the
river and downstream. However, the river is flowing through deep gorges of rocky hills with steep
slopes. The water is extremely cold and has torrent flow which consists of cascades and rapid
habitat due to rocky substratum and high gradient that is attributed to the poor biodiversity. No
wetland habitat, forests and sanctuary are found in the project influenced area.
Dams hold back sediments that would replenish downstream ecosystems naturally. Endemic species
may or may not survive the environmental change, and new species are likely to adopt the altered
habitat as a home.
4.10.1.3
Sedimentation behind the dam
The construction of the proposed dam no doubt will block the flow of sediment downstream,
leading to downstream erosion of these Sedimentary depositional environment, depositional
environments, and increased sediment build-up in the reservoir. However, the rate of
sedimentation eventually low as the water is flowing through stable and rocky hills. The river is
having fluvial geomorphology and is carrying glacial and snow melt waters with high erosion during
summers and rains and low during winter due to low rate of snow melting. Sedimentation in
reservoir will reduce water-storage capacity due to the exchange of storage space for sediment.
Diminished storage capacity results in decreased ability to produce hydroelectric power, reduced
availability of water for irrigation, and if left unaddressed, may ultimately result in the expiration of
the dam and river.
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4.10.2. Impact below Dam
4.10.2.1
Riverine and bank erosion
The proposed dam results in reduced sediment load downstream, a dammed river is said to be
“hungry” for sediment. Because the rate of deposition of sediment is greatly reduced since there is
less to deposit but the rate of erosion remains nearly constant, the water flow eats away at the river
shores and riverbed, threatening shoreline ecosystems, deepening the riverbed, and narrowing the
river over time. This leads to a compromised water table, reduced water levels and homogenization
of the river flow and thus reduced ecosystem variability, reduced support for wildlife, and reduced
amount of sediment reaching to the river banks and plains. Channel erosion of rivers has its own set
of consequences. The eroded channel could create a lower water table level in the affected area,
impacting bottomland crops such as corn, and resulting in a smaller supply.
4.10.2.2
Water temperature
The water of a reservoir is usually warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer than it would be
without a dam. As this water flows into its river, the altered temperature also affects the
temperature of the river. This impacts the plant and animal life present in both the reservoir and the
river, often creating environments that are unnatural to the endemic species. However, it is
assumed from the present study that it may provide more favourable conditions especially for trout
fisheries after commissioning of the proposed project.
4.10.3. Effects beyond the Dam
4.10.3.1
Effects on Humans
While dams are helpful to humans, they can also be harmful as well. One negative effect of dams is
the fact that the artificial lakes created by dams become breeding grounds for disease as in tropical
areas where mosquitoes (which are vectors for malaria) and snails (which are vectors for
Schistosomiasis) can take advantage of this slow flowing water.
However, no such negative impact has been visualized in the proposed project due to temperate
climate. Mostly submergence causes shifting of human population but for the proposed project not
even a single household family need to be shifted or rehabilitated.
4.10.3.2
Effects on the Earth
Dams, as argued by hydropower opponents, contribute to changes in the Earth's climate. According
to them, this is because dams generate methane, a greenhouse gas. Methane is emitted from
reservoirs that are stratified, in which the bottom layers are anoxic (i.e. they lack oxygen), leading to
degradation of biomass through anaerobic processes.
However, in the case of the proposed project, the area under submergence zone is consisting of
rocky bottom and steep hill slopes which are devoid of thick vegetation except towards the hill
peaks. Thus, the chances of greenhouse gas emissions from decomposition of organic matter will be
quite low.
4.11. Impacts on the Socio-economics
Impact Upstream of Dam
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Total 7 villages shall be partially affected due to acquisition of land for project purpose and in
submergence.
No school, temple, mosque and Dharamshalas will be affected due to construction of the
project.
Additional infrastructural facilities such as schools, hospital, drinking water, bank etc. will have
an access to the project affected people and local population.
Subsidized gas connections for all project affected families may be provided to decrease the
dependency of locals on forest for firewood.
The project affected people may be provided training and financial help for entrepreneurship
development.
Preferential employment in semi-skilled and skilled categories will enhance the socioeconomic status of project affected families.
Pressure on the existing provincial / state road will increase.
Downstream Impacts
•
•
•
•
•
Due to the construction of KHEP-II, the regulated flow of water will reduce flooding of
downstream areas.
Regulated water supplies will also be available for power generation in proposed downstream
HEPs.
Due to project the quality of water in the downstream is not going to be affected as the water
received by the project will be discharged in the downstream after power generation around
the clock.
The residential colonies proposed will have proper sanitation, solid waste and sewage disposal
facilities.
Project colonies and roads will have well laid green belts.
4.11.1. Impact on Local Community Including Demographic Profile
During the construction phase, a large labour force, including skilled, semi-skilled and un-skilled
labour force of the order of about 1800 persons, is expected to work in the project area at peak
construction activity period. It is expected that 50% of the total work force shall be locally available
and manpower to the tune of 900 persons shall migrate from other parts of the district or adjacent
districts of the state. This will lead to a small change in demographic profile of the area albeit during
construction phase only. The temporary labour camps will be established at suitable location in the
project area. The fuel need of the labourers/ workers shall be attended in an organized manner by
providing LPG and safe drinking water so that any altercation between migrated labour and locals’
overuse of natural resources and facilities is averted.
Hindus constitute the pre-dominant religious community of the study area. They have deep religious
faiths and celebrate festivals with great fervors and enthusiasm. During construction phase,
migratory population though in limited numbers, is expected from other parts of the state having
different cultural habits. However, no cultural conflicts are foreseen due to the migratory
population, as they will be largely settled in separate conglomerates having all inbuilt facilities. Since
major work force will be drawn from the local populace, which by interaction with outside labour
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during course of construction, shall develop affinity and friendship with the outside workers, thus,
minimizing the chances of conflict.
4.11.2. Impacts on Socio-Economic Status
Apart from direct employment, the opportunities for indirect employment will also be generated
which would provide great impetus to the economy of the local area. Various types of business-like
shops, food-stall, tea stalls, etc. besides a variety of suppliers, traders, transporters will concentrate
here and benefit immensely as demand will increase significantly for almost all types of goods and
services. The business community as a whole will be benefited. The locals will avail these
opportunities arising from the project and increase their income levels. With the increase in the
income levels, there will be an improvement in the infrastructure facilities in the area.
4.11.3. Impact on Human Health due to Water/Waterborne Dieses
Construction of the proposed project may cause impacts on health of local residents and the work
force. Fuel and dust emission may cause respiratory problems like asthma for which mitigating
measures like wet excavation of exposed surfaces shall be deployed. Frequent water sprinkling at
least thrice a day shall be carried out on haul roads in the project activity area. All approach roads to
site shall be metaled. Migrant workers might act as carriers of various diseases like AIDS, VDS, etc.
The project authority should follow proper quarantine and screening procedures.
Due to dynamic pond the water level shall be subjected to fluctuation and the chances of water
surface being still are not there. However, localized stagnation in borrow pit areas is expected
during construction in some of the areas, which may require sprinkling of anti-bacterial/insecticides
to control propagation of bacteria related disease. The influx of labour-force during construction
warrants proper sanitation and hygiene facilities to avoid diseases related to sewage pollutants such
as Typhoid, Cholera & Gastroenteritis.
4.11.4. Impact on Increased Traffic
Increased use of existing public infrastructure i.e. road due to vehicular traffic involved in
transportation of construction materials and muck and earthmovers may cause congestion on roads.
However, the state highway and the national highways in the district in general have been designed
keeping in view the futuristic vehicular traffic. At present the level of service on the basis of traffic
volume is “A” which shall alter to “B” due to increased traffic on Kishtwar-Gulabgarh road (2-Lane
hill road) owing to simultaneous construction activities of KHEP-I and KHEP-II Projects (Table 4.14).
The increased traffic shall cause more fugitive dust emission and gaseous pollution, which when
added to the existing concentration the resultant concentration shall be within the limits. Regular
maintenance of road and copious sprinkling of water shall be carried. Transport trucks/tippers shall
be properly maintained. Only PUC certificate issued vehicles shall be used. Avoiding of overloading
of trucks beyond stipulated capacity by installing weighbridges at the check posts or near to it. Strict
compliance of traffic rules and regulations shall be ensured. The movement of
trucks/trippers/tractors for loading /transportation within the project area and haul road area shall
be regulated by a trained supervisor who shall be responsible for the safety of vehicle movement
and prevention of accidents or incidents associated with the vehicular movement.
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Table 4.14 : Volume Capacity Ratio and LOS in Pre & Post Project Scenario
Design
Service
Volume
PCU /
Day
Existing Daily
Traffic Data
PCU / Day
Envisaged Traffic
Movement Due
to Project
Activities
PCU / Day
Cumulative
Traffic
Movement - Post
Project Scenario
PCU / Day
7000
208
2400
2608
Volume / Capacity
Ratio
Pre
Post
Project
Project
3%
37.3%
Level of Service
Pre
Project
Post
Project
A
B
4.11.5. Impact on Holly Places and Tourism
The proposed project, which is en route to Chandi Mata Temple at Machel, shall create a substantial
increase in tourism due to reservoir. For attracting people for picnic excursion, some picnic park
shall have to be developed near dam with facility for water sports.
4.11.6. Impact of Blasting
Blasting is accompanied by the generation of the dust and the fumes and fly rock. which pose a
significant danger to the people who are in the vicinity of the work site. It also leads to ground
vibrations which cause the ground to vibrate in transverse, longitudinal and the vertical direction
leading to its damage. Due to blasting the people of the nearby villages are always physiologically
impacted as they are constantly under apprehension of damage to their structures. Blasting also
causes air overpressure is a transient impulse that travels through the atmosphere. Much of the air
overpressure produced by blasting has a frequency below the audible limit of 20 Hz. Air
overpressure, both audible and inaudible, can cause a structure to vibrate in much the same way as
ground vibrations It is a frequent cause of the complaints as a person senses air overpressure more
than vibrations. The noise due to air over pressure is instantaneous a short lived and may cause
annoyance to vulnerable people.
Blasting shall have adverse impact on fauna using the area contiguous with the surrounding
habitation area as habitat. The noise generation has an adverse impact on terrestrial fauna and avifauna. Intervention in the project area will impact butterflies and birds which are quite sensitive to
noise and human presence. The traffic noise has detrimental effect on the survival rates and
breeding success of such fauna which reside in the small habitats along road side communicating
using acoustic signals. Sometime as a result of habitat loss and physical disturbance, the fauna shall
move from the habitat along road side. Based on the field observations and interaction with local
people and forest officials it was noted that the project area does not constitute part of any wildlife
migratory routes and mining activities won’t affect animal movement.
All precautions shall be taken as envisaged under the relevant acts in respect of handling of
explosive material and blasting which shall invariably be carried out by a qualified blaster.
4.11.7. Impact on Flood Moderation & Drought Mitigation
The flood discharge shall be slightly moderated due to reservoir having small gross storage capacity
of 17 MCM only. The scheme is in inner Himalayas where the agriculture land is mostly undulating
and available in small holdings with average size less than 0.05 ha and the irrigation is practiced
through small channels / kules, which off-take from hill streams / torrents. No irrigation scheme in
the project area is economically viable from the Chenab. Thus, covertly the HEP, with no irrigation
component, shall not serve in draught mitigation as such. But the small storage provided when
compounded with other existing and proposed HEP on Chenab shall theoretically help in draught
mitigation in plains.
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4.11.8. Psychological, Cultural and Social Impacts
Muslims and Hindus constitute the pre-dominant religious community of the study area falling in
Jammu region of district Kishtwar. The area is pre-dominantly inhabited by various ethnic groups like
Kashmiris, Dogra, Gujars and Bakarwals who have distinct habits of food and clothing. They have
deep religious faiths and celebrate festivals with great fervors and enthusiasm. During construction
phase, migratory population though in limited numbers, is expected from other parts of the country
having different cultural habits. However, no cultural conflicts are foreseen due to the migratory
population, as they will be largely settled in separate conglomerates having all inbuilt facilities. Since
major work force will be drawn from the local people and the people of J & K state, which by
interaction with outside labour during course of construction, shall develop affinity and friendship
with the outside workers, thus, minimizing the chances of conflict.
4.12. Summary of Positive and Negative Impacts
The positive impacts are enlisted below: •
The clean and renewable source of energy
•
Annual generation of 3466.19 MU of energy in a 90 % dependable year
•
12 % free power of total generation will be given to state, which will help in regular power
supply in the area.
•
1% free power to local area development fund
•
Employment opportunities
•
Benefits to economy and commerce
•
Increased infrastructure
•
Recreation and tourism potential
•
Improvement in environment through implementation of CAT, Compensatory Afforestation,
Green belt Development and different other plans
•
Reduction in green gas emissions
The negative impacts are: •
The loss of agriculture land (43 ha)
•
The change of rive status from riverine to lacustrine regime.
•
The loss of forest due to construction of dam and appurtenant works and also due to
submergence in reservoir.
•
Likely decrease in agriculture and horticulture production due to air pollution in construction
phase
•
Temporary disturbance to the fauna of the study area
4.13. Impact Matrix
Matrices are particularly useful as they reflect the impacts from series of interactions among the
activities and the environmental elements. There are numerous matrices methods of impact
identification, prediction and significance of impacts viz., Leopold Matrix (LM), Modified Graded
Matrix (MGM) and Impact Summary Matrix (ISM), etc.
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Leopold et al were first to devise in 1971 the potential impact of a project on the environment by
making use of matrix involving the use of a matrix with 100 specified actions and 88 environmental
items. It considers each discerable project acyivity in the project area and the area of influence, and
its potent impact on environmental parameters/factors with a diagonal line in the interaction box.
Leopold Matrix describes the interaction in terms of its magnitude(M) in the upper section and
importance (I) in the lower section of each box. Though the method is mainly dependant on the
subjective evaluation of experts that allows the judgments be converted into empirical numbers, yet
it is still a valid and widely used approach for the assessment of environmental impact.
Modified Graded Matrix (MGM), devised by Lohani and Thanh (1980), makes use of grading system
in which relative priority values are determined and assigned to each environmental
resource/parameter. The total value of a particular activity is the sum of the vertical
columnrepresented by magnitide and significance in the matrix. Finally, the total value of all the
interactions is the sum of all horizontal values in the matrix multiplied by the priority value. The
method is particularly helpful in identifying major activities and in defining areas where attention is
mostly needed in the process of analysis.
In the present study a modified two-dimensional matrix inspired by Leopold matrix has been
adopted for the environmental impact assessment of the project. Eleven key impact project
activities have been identified and their impact on ten envirommental resources have been
considered. Magnitude of each impact was assigned values (Table 4.15) with a score using a
numerical scale with numeral values from 1 to 5, depending on the magnitude of impact with 1
denoting no impact and 5 major impact. The importance or the significance of impact has been
assigned numeral values between -2 to 2 with (-) sign signifying beneficial significance. The
magnitude, potential and significance of an impact were assessed on the basis of the nature of the
impact (short term/long term. reversible/irreversible. local/regional. direct/indirect. minor/major).
A negative sign was provided for beneficial significance and positive for harmful nature of the
impacts. The rows’ totals of the matrix reflect the total impacts of an action on the various
environmental components while the columns’ total ls reflect the impact of all actions on one
environmental variable.
The matrix study has also been carried out by following Modified Graded Matrix for same subsets of
project activities and environmental resources as adopted in LM method. The priority values were
assigned to each environmental resource/parameter on a numerical scale with numeral values from
1 to 10.
Table 4.15 : Criteria for Evaluation of Impact
4.13.1.1.2
S
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
Magnitude
Criteria
No impact
Minor impact
Medium impact
Significant impact
Major impact
Score
1
2
3
4
5
Importance (Significance)
Criteria
Score
Most beneficial
-2
Significant beneficial
-1
Insignificant
0
Significant
1
Deterimental
2
Major positive and negative impact factor; major short term and long-term impacts and irreversible
and reversible impacts and direct and indirect environmental impacts are interpreted in Table 4.16
through Table 4.19 respectively.
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The matrix study has been carried out for both scenarios i.e., without EMP and with EMP
respectively. Table 4.20 and Table 4.21 sum up the majority of the impacts during construction and
operation phase of the project without EMP and with EMP respectively. Notably, the magnitude and
of impacts decrease considerably in the operational phase of the project. As per modified Leopold
Matrix, in the construction phase without considering EMP, the overall score of sums of magnitude
score and of sums of score of significance of environment impact are 230 and 85 respectively and in
operation phase, these are 98 and 31 respectively. While in construction phase after
implementation of EMP, the overall score of sums of magnitude score and of sums of score of
significance of environment impact are are 155 and 49 respectively and in operation phase these are
55 and 9 respectively.
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Table 4.16 : Major Positive and Negative Environmental Impacts
Description
Positive Impact Factor
Construction Period
Negative Impact Factor
Operation Period
Construction Period
Operation Period
Physical
Environment
No Significant
impact
Improvement in land status of impact and
catchment area.
Improvement of soil water regime of
catchment area.
Improvement in water quality of local nala of
villages due to implementation of sewage
treatment works
Land degradation due to excavation for
project components
Temporary increase in GLC of ambient air at
construction site & nearby settlements.
Increase in noise levels at construction site.
Water and soil pollution due to improper
disposal of waste and mal-functioning of
equipment.
Spread of water borne disease.
No significant impact except
impairment of water quality
in reservoir during initial
period.
Biological
Environment
No Significant impact.
Improvement in vegetal cover in impact and
catchment area.
Improved habitat for mainly water bird,
mammals due to creation of reservoir.
With the upliftment of rural economy
dependency on forest will be reduce
poaching and will ease out pressure on
wildlife.
Inhibition of movement of
fishes across dam.
Economic
Environment
Enhancement in job
opportunity.
Increase in demand for
fuel
and
other
construction material.
Better opportunities for cattle rearing.
Hike in the prices of land in area.
Recreation and tourism potential
Revenue generation by sale of energy.
Free power (12 %) to state.
Loss of habitat due to diversion of forest
land.
Increase in temporary stress levels of wildlife
and loss of productivity.
Increased turbidity shall reduce primary
productivity due to siltation of periphyton
producing substrates, as well as due to
reduced light penetration of the water
column and stress on sensitive aquatic life.
Inhibition of free movement of wildlife.
Threat due to poaching might increase.
The loss of agriculture land and agriculture
produce.
Loss of livelihood and income.
Social & Cultural
Environment
Creation of social unity
amongst
people
of
project area.
Betterment in social welfare of locals
Better living Standards
Preventing migration to other cities for
earning livelihood.
Loss of land assets over which the PAFs have
developed affinity.
Increase in pressure on the existing roads.
Conflict for employment between local
populace and migratory labor population.
Conflict between beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries.
Conflict
beneficiaries
beneficiaries.
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Likelihood of Loss of jobs
after completion of project.
and
between
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Table 4.17 : Major Short-term and Long-term Environmental Impacts
Description
Physical
Environment
Short- term Impact Factor
Construction Period
Operation Period
Construction Period
Operation Period
Land degradation due to excavation for
project and borrow/disposal area.
Temporary increase in GLC of ambient air
at project sites.
Increase in noise levels at project site and
nearby settlement.
Water and soil pollution due to improper
disposal of waste and mal-functioning of
equipment.
No significant
Impact
except
impairment
of
water quality in
reservoir during
initial period.
Change in the land use of
agriculture land, barren and
forest land.
Land degradation due to
excavation
for
project
components, approach road
and borrow area.
Spread of water borne
diseases due to stagnation of
water in pits.
Change in hydraulics and hydrological pattern of river
flow.
Decrease in water quality in the local streams due to run
off from agriculture fields.
No
significant
impact.
Loss of habitat due to
diversion of forest land.
Disturbance
in
existing
ecological balance.
Fragmentation of habitat.
Improved habitat for mainly water bird mammals, due to
reservoir creation.
Improvement in vegetal cover in project and catchment
area.
Spread of water borne disease.
Biological
Environment
Long -term Impact Factor
Increase in temporary stress levels of
wildlife and loss of productivity.
Inhibition of free movement of wildlife
and fishes.
Threat of poaching due to migration of
labor
Economic
Environment
Increase in Temp. job opportunity.
Increase in demand for fuel and other
construction material.
Spread of water borne diseases due to stagnation of
water in pits
With upliftment of rural economy dependency on forest
will decrease.
Not applicable
The loss of agriculture land
and agriculture produce for
PAF.
Loss of livelihood and income
for PAF
Loss of jobs
Employment in other sectors.
Hike in the prices of land in the area.
Benefits to economy and commerce and better market
facilities
Recreation and tourism potential
Revenue generation by sale of energy.
Free power (12 %) to state.
Free power (1%) to local area for development fund
Social &Cultural
Environment
Conflict between beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries.
Conflict for employment between local
people and migratory labor population.
Increase in pressure on roads.
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Not applicable
Loss of assets over which the
PAFs have developed affinity.
200
Betterment in social welfare of people of project area
Better living Standards for people of project area.
Preventing migration to other cities for earning
livelihood.
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Table 4.18 : Major Reversible and Irreversible Environmental Impacts
Description
Irreversible Impact Factor
Construction Period
Physical
Environment
Change in the land use of
agriculture and forest land.
Land
degradation
due
to
excavation for project components,
approach road and borrow area.
.
Reversible Impact Factor
Operation Period
Construction Period
Change in hydraulics and hydrological pattern of river
flow.
Impairment in water quality of reservoir due to
impounding
Improvement in land status of impact and catchment
area.
Improvement of soil water regime of catchment area.
Temporary increase in GLC of ambient
air at project site.
Increase in noise levels at project site
and nearby villages.
Water and soil pollution due to
improper disposal of waste and malfunctioning of equipment
Operation
Period
Spread of water
borne disease
due
to
stagnation
of
water in pits
Spread of water borne disease due to
stagnation of water in pits.
Biological
Environment
Loss of habitat due to diversion of
forest land.
Fragmentation of habitat and
disturbance in existing ecological
balance.
Economic
Environment
Hike in the prices of land in the
project area.
Social
&Cultural
The pang of involuntary acquisition
of land shall cause many social
pressures and stress on the
affected families.
Environment
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Loss of habitat due to diversion of forest land.
No significant impact.
No
significant
impact.
Increase in Temporary job opportunity.
Increase in demand for fuel and other
construction material.
No
significant
impact
Fragmentation of habitat and disturbance in existing
ecological balance.
Loss of jobs
Better opportunities for cattle rearing.
Employment in other sectors.
Hike in the prices of land in project area.
Benefits to economy and commerce and better market
facilities
Recreation and tourism potential
The pang of involuntary acquisition of land shall cause
many social pressures and stress on the affected families.
Betterment in social welfare of farmers of area
Better living Standards for project area.
Preventing migration to other cities for earning livelihood.
Conflict between beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries.
Conflict for employment between local
people and migratory labor population.
Increase in pressure on the existing
provincial / state road.
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No
significant
impact
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Table 4.19 : Major Direct and Indirect Environmental Impacts
Description
Direct Impact Factor
Indirect Impact Factor
Construction Period
Operation Period
Construction Period
Operation Period
Physical
Environment
Land degradation due to excavation
Temporary increase in GLC of ambient air
at project site,
Increase in noise levels at project site.
Water and soil pollution due to improper
disposal of waste and mal-functioning of
equipment.
Changes in the land use of agriculture
and forest land.
Changes in hydraulics and hydrological
pattern of river flow.
Improvement in water quality of local
nala of villages due to implementation
of sewage treatment works.
Improvement in land status of impact
and catchment area.
Spread of water borne
disease due to stagnation of
water in pits.
No significant impact
Biological
Environment
Increase in temporary stress levels of
wildlife and loss of productivity.
Inhibition of free movement of wildlife.
Threat due to poaching due to migration
of labour.
Loss of jobs for contractors labour after
completion of project.
Loss of habitat due to
diversion of forest land.
Fragmentation of habitat and
disturbance
in
existing
ecological balance.
Fragmentation of habitat.
Improved habitat for mainly water
bird mammals, due to reservoir.
Improvement in vegetal cover
With upliftment of rural economy
dependency on forest will decrease.
Economic
Environment
Increase in Temporary job opportunity.
Increase in demand for fuel and other
construction material.
Revenue generation by sale of energy.
Free power (12 %) to state.
Free power (1%) to local area for
development fund
Tourism & recreation potential of the
area as well as state shall increase.
Loss of livelihood and income
for PAF
Loss of jobs
Better opportunities for cattle
rearing.
Employment in other sectors.
Hike in the prices of land in the
project area.
Benefits to economy & commerce
and better market facilities.
Social
&
Cultural
Environment
Increase in pressure on the existing
provincial / state road.
Involuntary acquisition of land assets.
Loss of assets over which the PAFs have
developed affinity
Betterment in social welfare of farmers
of project area
Better living Standards for locals.
Preventing migration to other cities for
earning livelihood.
Conflict
between
beneficiaries
and
nonbeneficiaries.
Conflict for employment
between local people and
migratory labor population.
Betterment in social welfare of
farmers of area
Better living Standards for famers of
area.
Preventing migration to other cities
for earning livelihood.
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Table 4.20 : Impact Matrix During Construction & Operation Phase (Without EMP)
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Table 4.21 : Impact Matrix of During Construction & Operation Phase (With EMP)
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CHAPTER 5.
5.1.
ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
Introduction
The consideration of alternatives from environmental and project economics includes the
systematic comparison of feasibility alternatives to the proposed project, inter alia specific project
site, technological and operational alternatives. Alternatives are compared in terms of their
potential environmental impacts, project economics, and suitability under local conditions.
In the process of EIA, analysis of alternatives is the key tool to examine the extent of environmental
impacts both beneficial and adverse, posed by the construction and operation of the proposed
project vis-à-vis the environmental status of the region without the development of the project. It
also involves comparison and environmental evaluation of the different alternatives proposed in the
project. The assessment has been carried out for project alternative in no hydropower scenario, the
with and without project scenario, alternate sites and different tunnelling methods.
5.2.
Project Alternative
The installed capacity of the project is 930 MW and it would generate 3466.19 GWh of power in a
90% dependable year. In no project scenario, in order to generate this power by thermal power
plant about 3.67 million tons of the coal would be utilized considering specific fuel consumption as
1.06 kg/KWh. The state is known to have no fossil fuel and thus thermal power generation by
importing coal is not at all a lucrative and valuable proposition mush so when the state is bestowed
with enormous hydro-power potential.
5.3.
No Project Scenario
In the interest of energy security and achieving a low carbon growth, it is required to tap available
hydro potential in the country. A “no-project” scenario will ensure that the resulting increased
demand-supply gap for electricity will be filled up by development of additional coal fired power
stations (the fuel of choice given India’s abundant coal reserves) during off-peak time and small
diesel or coal fired plants during peak time. These would result in significant net increase in GHG
emissions.
Due to the finite nature and limited number of feasible hydropower projects, it is unlikely that a gap
created by not developing this project can be filled up by developing another hydropower project.
At the state level, hydropower is a major resource in the state, important for the state’s economic
progress and revenue accrual. A “no-project” scenario would mean an annual revenue loss for the
state. It is unlikely that a coal-fired plant (that would come up as a response to the “no project”
scenario) may come up within state, being away from both the coal mines and the centres of power
demand. Overall, the “no project” alternative is not a desirable option.
5.3.1.
Environmental Conditions
The environmental conditions have been assessed in both the scenarios viz. with and without
project for the two aspects viz.
•
The impact of construction and operation of the project
• The environmental status of the area if the project is not undertaken.
The analysis has been carried out for the ‘with project’ and ‘without project’ scenario associated
with hydrology, air quality, flora and fauna, socio-economic and infrastructure. No analysis has been
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carried out with respect to climatology and meteorological conditions which will be localized and
insignificant impact on either of the scenarios.
Table 5.1 : Alternative Analysis for Proposed Project
Issues
Hydrology
Without Project
With Project
The
surface
and
groundwater hydrology will
not be altered. The river
water is not used for any
purposes downstream of the
intake point up to TRT.
From intake structure a maximum abstraction of
413.47 cumec discharge through HRT shall be
released through TRT to the river. The
abstraction of water through intake shall reduce
the river flow up to 5.6 km d/s of the dam to the
extent discharge flowing through HRT and
auxiliary powerhouse, up to the point of outfall
of TRT. As such there will not be any significant
impact on the environment due to this
alteration.
For downstream usages of river course will have
a minimum environmental flow of 11 cumec
released downstream through dam-toe auxiliary
power house (90MW) during lean months (Nov
to February). During non-monsoon and monsoon
season there shall be ecological flow
requirement of 27 cumec and 199 cumec
respectively which shall be met from release
through dam toe power house, flushing
discharge and balance if any through the
spillway.
The project does not envisage draft of
underground water; therefore, underground
hydrology will not charge. The annual recharge
shall not be affected due to the project
The land use class of 140 ha forest land 4 ha of
agriculture land and 43 ha of barren land
involved in submergence shall change into
waterbody. The land use class of forest land and
agriculture land required for project components
and internal roads shall have land use class
changed to built-up area. The land use class of
forest land required for quarry and muck
disposal sites shall remain unchanged as these
sites shall later on developed with vegetal cover.
Implementation of various management plans
viz. CAT plan, compensatory afforestation,
greenbelt etc. shall improve the land use of the
area. Hence the land use will improve in the long
run.
Air quality may deteriorate during the
Land use and The study area has 165.96sq
Soil
km (40.09%) of open
forestland. The tree density
is found thin in the project
area mainly due to illegal
felling
of
trees.
The
cultivable land is also less.
This situation is likely to
worsen if some mitigative
measures are not timely
adopted.
Air Quality & Ambient air quality is good
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Noise Level
to satisfactory and noise
levels are not high at
present. Due to socioeconomic
factors
and
development activities in the
area these are expected to
deteriorate gradually with
time.
Rehabilitation
and
Resettlement
No
resettlement
rehabilitation issues
without the project
Ecological
Impact
The vegetation of study area
comprises dense/open forest
and cultivated land. The
situation is not expected to
change without project
scenario. There will be no
impact on wildlife in such a
scenario
Socio-culture
issue
The local residents are
mainly cultivators and make
a living by selling their
produce in local market
However, with increasing
population, requirement for
other job opportunities is
also being felt
and
arise
construction period at project sites. However,
this will be a temporary phenomenon, and will
be confined to the location and duration of the
construction activities. The air quality is thus
likely to improve due to improved road
conditions proposed in the project for
transportation of construction material.
The noise quality of the area is likely to be
moderately affected during the operation phase
and also construction phase due to sporadic use
of DG sets and increased traffic. However, since
the DG sets will be housed inside enclosure and
the increase in traffic will be negligible post
construction, no significant adverse impact is
envisaged.
Acquired land will be compensated for as per the
market rate and acceptance of the affected
people. The project affected families shall be
paid compensation for their assets and land,
apart from the R&R grant under the RFCTLARR
Act, 2013 and other benefits
Site selection throughout the length of the
project is such that there is minimal tree cutting
involved. Further, because most of the proposed
components are underground, tree felling will be
mainly involved at the tunnel portals and in
submergence. Owing to the underground
activities at considerable depth from the surface,
the wildlife of the area will also not be affected
other than during the construction phase for
which Wildlife Management Plan has been
formulated. The construction of project shall
have impact on the fisheries as its movement
shall be impacted.
Due to project activities, local and regional
people will get direct and indirect employment
opportunities not only during construction phase
but also during the operation phase, too. The
staff residences are proposed for running and
maintenance of the power plant. With proper
measures no impact is expected on local crops.
Based on the above discussions, it is found that with the project, no significant impact is likely
although air and noise quality will deteriorate during the construction phase. The project
implementation shall however lead to economic benefits to the local people. However, considering
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the national importance of the project in generation of the much-needed electricity, the ‘with
project’ option along with proposed mitigation measures is preferred.
5.4.
Alternative Studies for Siting and Project Component and Tunnelling
The siting and alignment of the project components. is mainly based on site configuration and the
geological assessment of the rocks and the stability of banks on upstream and downstream of
diversion site. Alternative locations for headworks location and tunnel alignment, powerhouse
location is selected and investigated. During investigation and planning stage and at the time of
preparation of DPR, detailed surface investigations are carried out at different alternative sites and
balance is struck in favour of the best alternative.
5.4.1. Alternative Proposal
In respect of the second stage i.e. lower stage development, since conceptualization stage till date,
altogether two alternative schemes were conceived and studied. For the power dam envisaged in
stage-II, two possible sites were identified; however, for both the schemes the power house site
near Lidrari Nallah remained unchanged. Thus, the schemes only differed with respect to location of
the dam site and HRT alignment. The layout plan showing various alternatives is shown in Figure 5.1.
5.4.1.1
Dam Axis Near Silpar
The alternative scheme was envisaged with dam axis 5 km d/s of CWC camp at Kirthai village and
was located near the BRO camp on a small terrace at higher elevation. The site had granitic genesis
rock on both flanks. The river bed was approximately at El 1675 mamsl and the length of the dam at
the top would be around 250 m making it suitable for a rock fill dam. A chute spillway could be sited
at the flat portion on right bank. The length of HRT up to the underground power house near Lidrari
Nallah would be approx. 6.0.
5.4.1.2
Dam Axis u/s of Kidur Nala
The site, about 1 km d/s of the above site and 250 m u/s of Kidur Nallah is suitable for a concrete
dam as no suitable location is possible for locating a Chute /Side Channel spillway. At the site the
river gorge is deep and narrow and granitic genesis is exposed on both banks. The diversion tunnel
can be in the right bank and the spillway can be in the middle portion of the concrete dam. The
length of the power tunnel, to be located on left bank, would be around 4.5 km.
The alternative-II site was finally selected after taking into consideration the lesser length of the
HRT, engineering, geology, hydraulic and infrastructure requirements at the location of the various
components for the two alternatives.
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Figure 5.1 : Layout Plan Showing Various Alternatives
5.4.2. Alternatives for Tunnelling Methods
The project will involve construction activities in hilly terrain, more specifically through rocky hills,
where tunnelling is required. Tunnelling can be carried out using following two methods.
•
By ‘Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM)’ and
• Conventional drilling and blasting
These two techniques are analysed on techno-economic and environmental aspects (Table 5.2).
Table 5.2 : Comparison of Tunnelling Techniques
S.N.
1
Issues
Tunnel Boring Machine
Techno economic Feasibility
Techno economic Requires larger platform for its
feasibility
functioning. Machines are heavy
and require specific efforts for its
movement
and
handling
especially in difficult terrains. The
project
area
has
steep
inclinations and is prone to
landslide at certain locations.
Development
of
required
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Drilling and Blasting
Drilling and blasting can be carried
out in rocky terrains. Although the
rock formations are soft in general,
but the tunnel routing has been
considered
through
stable
formations in the mountains. Hence,
drilling and blasting is considered
feasible
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platform at various adit points, is
in itself a difficult task and
expensive. Such operations may
not be techno-economically
feasible
Environmental Feasibility
2
Noise and vibration
3
4
5
6
Air Emissions
The generation of noise and
vibration would be of medium
intensity, through it will be
continuous in nature
There will be continuous dust
generation of small magnitude
which will have to be ventilated
out though ID fans. The use of
water sprinkler system on the
dust plume trail will ensure the
non-dispersion of the dust to long
distances
Seepage
water The detection of water seepage
generation
and can be easily noticed. However,
disposal
as per the hydro-geological
report, there are no aquifers in
the tunneling routes. Hence, the
seepage
water
generation
likelihood is less
Debris disposal
The debris generated from
tunneling will be disposed in
identified disposal sites and shall
not affect the environment
adversely
Impact on flora and The continuous generation and
fauna
dispersion of dust from tunneling
may affect the productivity of
orchards. Hence water sprinklers
shall be used to control the dust
dispersion
The generation of noise and
vibration would be of high intensity
but will be instantaneous and
intermittent in nature. Since,
tunneling would be about half a
kilometer under the surface and
through
stable
formations,
vibrations are not likely to traverse
long distances. Noise will also be
contained within the tunneling area
There will be intermittent dust
generation of medium magnitude
which will be ventilated out though
ID fans. The use of water sprinkler
system on the dust plume trail will
ensure the non-dispersion of the
dust to long distance
Due to blasting, the flooding of the
tunnels may be sudden. However,
since there is no presence of water
aquifers, the possibility of flooding
in the tunnel due to blasting is not
anticipated
The debris generated from tunneling
will be disposed in identified
disposal sites and shall not affect
the environment adversely
The intermittent generation and
dispersion of dust from tunneling
may affect the productivity of apple
orchards. Hence, water sprinklers
shall be used to control the dust
dispersion.
Based on above analysis, it is inferred that the environmental impact associated with the above two
methods of tunnelling are similar and that no major preference can be attached to either of the
techniques on environmental considerations. However, due to the emerging techno-economic
feasibility, the drilling and blasting method is found to be the more feasible option.
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CHAPTER 6.
6.1.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN
Introduction
Sustainability of water resource project depends on continuous monitoring. Monitoring is an
integral part of any environmental assessment process. Water resource development project
creates a new environment with complex inter-relationships between people and natural resources.
The magnitude of changes being created due to alteration of landscape, water, air and noise quality
and other environmental parameters can be quantified and evaluated only by carrying out
monitoring of various parameters during different phases of project construction and operation.
The monitoring and evaluation of environmental parameters indicates potential changes occurring
in the environment which paves way for implementation of rectifying measures wherever required
to maintain the status of the natural environment. Evaluation is also a very effective tool to judge
the effectiveness or deficiency of the measures adopted and provides insight for future corrections.
6.2.
Areas of Concern
In case of hydro power projects, the changes relating to water, aquatic biota, air, noise, biodiversity
of the area and compensatory afforestation programmes need special attention from monitoring
point of view during project construction as well post construction stages to judge the efficacy of
measures implemented for conservation of environment.
6.3.
Environmental Monitoring
The overall impact assessment of the proposed project was carried out and monitoring plans have
been framed based on the severity of impacts in different areas. During the EIA study, it has been
observed that the air quality and water quality are not going to be affected significantly and only,
temporary changes in these parameters are expected. The preventive/ curative measures to reduce
the ill effects of construction activities on these parameters have been suggested under various
plans. A holistic approach has been adapted for monitoring of air, noise and water related factors
under different heads with suitable financial provisions for their implementation.
6.3.1.
Air Quality Monitoring and Management
Pollutant which may be generated during the construction phase of the project will alter the local
environment temporally and shall subside once the major constructional activities are over. During
the construction phase of the project, the ground level concentration of the pollutant like SO2, NOx
and PM10 are likely to increase but shall be within the threshold limit especially in surface
excavation areas but may exceed the threshold limit for underground work areas which is to be
controlled by use of ventilator fans. It should be made mandatory on the part of the contractors that
they use the required equipment for monitoring gaseous pollutants in and around the project and
submit a detailed report every fortnight to the project authorities for evaluation and monitoring
purposes. The air quality in and around the project area can be improved by the application of
following practices/ methods.
➢
Excavation work may be carried out by pre-splitting and controlled blasting techniques.
➢
Control blasting be carried out as far as possible and use of explosive also be bare minimum.
➢
The type of explosive used in blasting may be selected as per the requirement.
➢
To settle down the dust in project area especially around crushing plants, excessive use of
water sprinklers is the best method.
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The work of Air Quality Monitoring may be assigned to either J & K Pollution Control Board or any
other agency approved by MOEF. For this a lump-sum provision of Rs. 9.00 Lakh and 3.60 Lakh for 5
and 2-years during construction and operation phases respectively shall be sufficient to cater to the
quarterly monitoring of air quality parameters such as SO2, NOx, CO and PM10. The monitoring site
should be
➢
Dam site
➢
Near Quarry Site-II
➢
Muck dumping area d/s of dam
➢
Muck dumping area of MAT & TRT in between Lidrer and Shirir Nala.
The total financial implication of this plan stands as Rs 12.60 Lakh.
6.3.2.
Noise Quality Monitoring and Management
The level of noise will rise above threshold level in the project area due to different types of
construction activities: blasting for tunnels, powerhouse, dam etc., movement of heavy and small
vehicles and the crushing plants. All these activities will generate high noise and vibrations which
can cause health hazards among the labours, local inhabitants and wildlife present in the area.
Therefore, it would be most appropriate if following measures are rigorously applied during
construction phase of the project.
➢
Continuous monitoring of sound level within the project area.
➢
Extensive plantation to be carried out in the project area as plants absorb sound and make a
barrier for its travel to long distances.
➢
Pre-split and controlled blasting.
➢
Provision of Air muffs to workers working in underground excavation works.
➢
Compulsory Periodic Maintenance of high earth movers, batching and crushing plants.
Monitoring and measuring the sound level can be again assigned to either J & K Pollution Control
Board or any other external agency. The financial implication for monitoring of noise pollution is
proposed for every three months during construction phase of five years and post construction
phase for two years. The total financial implication for construction and post-construction phase
works out to Rs. 4.00 lakh. The noise shall be monitored at the following locations: -
6.3.3.
➢
Dam site
➢
Near Quarry Site-II
➢
Muck dumping area d/s of dam
➢
Muck dumping area of MAT & TRT in between Lidrer and Shirir Nala.
Water Quality Monitoring and Management
Water is one of most precious natural resources. Human beings are highly dependent on water for
various purposes such as domestic needs, sanitation irrigation, industry, and disposal of wastes etc.
The catchment of the Chenab and its tributaries up to the power house site does not host any
industry. Thus, the stream water is almost free from major industrial chemical pollutants. Besides
this, the catchment is sparsely populated with small chunks of agricultural fields. Therefore, the
water of river bears some load of silt mainly from glacier melt i.e. moraine deposit and domestic
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wastes. Further, due to congregation of labourers during the construction phase, the water quality
in this stretch may get deteriorated if proper sanitation facilities are not provided to them. The
probable water pollutants which may cause pollution during the construction phase of this project
are:
➢
Suspended solids
➢
Biodegradable organic matters
➢
Pathogens and vectors
➢
Nutrients
➢
Dissolved inorganic solids
The Government of India has prescribed clear cut guidelines for the maintenance of water quality
standards which are given in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1 : National River Water Quality Standards for Different Uses*
Sl.
No.
Characteristics
Drinking water
source with
conventional
treatment
Outdoor
bathing
A
B
6.5-8.5
Tolerance Limit
Drinking water
source with
conventional
treatment but
after
disinfection
Fish culture
and wildlife
propagation
Irrigation
industrial
cooling or
controlled
water
disposal
C
D
E
6.5-8.5
6.5-8.5
6.5-8.5
6.5-8.5
1.
pH value
2.
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l),
min
6
5
4
4
-
3.
BOD (5-days at 200 C, mg/l,
min
2
3
3
-
-
4.
Total Coliform Organism,
MPN/100, max
50
500
5000
-
-
5.
Colour, Hazen units, max
10
300
300
-
-
6.
Odour
10
300
300
-
-
7.
Taste
Tasteless
-
-
-
-
8.
Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l,
max
500
-
1500
-
2100
9.
Total Hardness (as CaCO3),
mg/l, max.
300
-
-
-
-
10.
Calcium
Hardness
CaCO3), mg/l, max
200
-
-
-
-
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11.
Magnesium Hardness (as
CaCO3), mg/l, max
100
-
-
-
-
12.
Copper (as Cu), mg/l, max
1.5
-
1.5
-
-
13.
Iron (as Fe), mg/l, max
0.3
-
0.5
-
-
14.
Manganese (as Mn), mg/l,
max
0.5
-
-
-
15.
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l, max
250
-
600
-
600
16.
Sulphates (as SO4), mg/l,
max
400
-
400
-
1000
17.
Nitrates (as NO3), mg/l, max
20
-
50
-
-
18.
Fluorides (as F), mg/l, max
1.5
1.5
1.5
-
-
19.
Phenolic Compounds
C6H5OH), mg/l, max
0.002
0.005
0.005
-
-
20.
Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, max
0.001
-
-
-
-
21.
Cadmium (as CD), mg/l, max
0.01
-
0.01
-
-
22.
Selenium (as Se), mg/l, max
0.01
-
0.05
-
-
23.
Arsenic (as As), mg/l, max
0.05
0.2
0.2
-
-
24.
Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, max
0.05
0.05
0.05
-
-
25.
Lead (as Pb), mg/l, max
0.1
-
0.1
-
-
26.
Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, max
15
-
15
-
-
27.
Chromium (as Cr6+), mg/l,
max
0.05
-
0.05
-
-
28.
Anionic Detergents
MBAS), mg/l, max.
(as
0.2
1
1
-
-
29.
Polynuclear
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (as PAH)
0.2
-
-
-
-
30.
Mineral Oil, mg/l, max
0.01
-
0.1
0.1
-
31.
Barium (as Ba), mg/l, max
1
-
-
-
-
32.
Silver (as Ag), mg/l, max
0.05
-
-
-
-
33.
Pesticides
Absent
-
-
-
-
34.
Alpha emitters, uC/ml, max
10-9
10-9
10-9
-
-
35.
Beta emitters, uC/ml, max
10-8
10-8
10-8
10-8
10-8
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36.
Free Ammonia (as N), mg/l,
max
-
-
-
1.2
37.
Electrical Conductance at
250C, mhos, max
-
-
-
1000 x 10-6
38.
Free Carbon dioxide (as CO),
mg/l, max
-
-
-
61
39.
Sodium absorption ratio
-
-
-
-
26
40.
Boron (as B), mg/l, max
-
-
-
-
-
41.
Percent sodium, max
-
-
-
-
-
2250 x 10-6
* IS: 2296-1982
The water quality in and around the project area may, therefore, be monitored regularly, and
certain necessary corrective measures be introduced accordingly to maintain it. The project
proponent shall also ensure Environmental flow of water immediately below the barrage at all times
including lean seasons.
Proposed Water Quality Monitoring Plan
It is anticipated that during the construction period of the project the generation of waste water
from construction sites, residential colonies and labour camps may increase and facilitate transport
of sediment laden waters to the river. Pollutants resulting from the sewage waste would degrade
river water quality further. The following measures are, therefore, proposed for water quality
management:
➢
➢
➢
Sufficient water should be supplied to the labour camps and residential colonies.
Water should be treated before use to prevent pathogenic and coli form organisms.
Sewage waste be released in river only after proper treatment.
It is proposed that the sediment laden water from different project components may be collected in
sedimentation tanks/water tanks to dislodge the sediments before releasing the sediment free
water to river/streams.
Adequate solid waste management practices be adopted in colonies and labour camps as suggested
in solid waste management plan. It would be eco-friendly if sewage water after disposal of solid
waste may be used in watering of parks and gardens. In addition to this, periodical monitoring of
water for its physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters may be conducted quarterly at under
mentioned sites.
➢
➢
➢
➢
Rive Chenab dam site.
River Chenab near aggregate crushing and batching plant
Honsar Nala
Rive Chenab d/s of project colony.
The financial provision of Rs 12.00 lakh and Rs 4.80 lakh is made for the period of five years from the
date of project execution and for 2-year post-construction respectively. The water quality
parameters to be monitored quarterly are shown in Table 6.2.
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Table 6.2 : Water Quality parameters to be monitored periodically.
pH
Electrical Conductivity
Turbidity
Water Temperature
TDS
Total hardness
Magnesium
Calcium
DO
BOD
COD
Free CO2
Alkalinity
Chlorides
Total Coliform
E-Coli
Phosphates
Nitrates
Sulphates
Fluorides
Iron
Manganese
Monitoring of Incidences of Water-Related Diseases
Identification of water related diseases, adequacy of local vector control and curative measures,
status of public health are some of the parameters which need close monitoring. The monitoring of
water related vectors may be executed in collaboration with State Health Department and data so
generated may also be preserved by them for future reference. For monitoring twice, a year for 5
years during construction and two years post-construction a provision of Rs. 6.50 lakh and Rs 2.50
lakh has been made.
6.4.
Equipment Required for Monitoring
The project proponent shall create an environmental monitoring cell under qualified environmental
manager to be assisted by environmental engineer and supervisor. Besides this, the project
proponent shall also establish a proper laboratory. Field and laboratory instruments required for
taking grab samples of water and soil including their analysis in the laboratory and monitoring of air
and noise required have been presented in Table 6.3. The cost of equipment shall be met from the
provision under subhead ‘Q-Equipment’.
Table 6.3 : List of Equipment
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Name of Equipment and Model No.
Aquarium
Arsenic Assemblies
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
Autoclave
Automatic Gas Analyzer Multi-log 2000 (Data Logger)
Bacteriological Incubator
BOD Incubator,6
Centrifuge (700-3500 rpm)
COD Digestion Assembly flask with fume duct
COD Digester
Conductivity Meter
Digital spectrophotometer, GS-5700B, 113-546
Electronic weighing scale, AG-285 (120150210)
Electronic weighing scale, RI- Model-0 to 14 pH
Flame Photometer, CL-220
16.
Gas Chromatography
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Sl. No.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
6.5.
Name of Equipment and Model No.
Glass Water Distillation Kit
Hot Plate
HVS
Inoculation Chamber
Jar Test Apparatus
Kjeldhal Distillation Assembly (Nitrogen)
Laminar Flow
Magnetic Stirrer and Teflon Stirrer
Membrane Filter Holder (47 mm)
Mercury Analyzer
Meteorological station, WM-251
Monocular Microscope
Muffle Furnace (9000C)
Multigas Analyzer
Noise Level Meter (Automatic with Data Logger)
NOX Assembly
Organic Vapor Sampler (APM 480)
Orsat
Hot Air Oven
pH meter (No. 2), LI-127, 101/353
Refrigerator GNF-220X (Non CFC)
Respirable Dust Sampler x 2 (Envirotech APM-451/460)
Flash Shaker
Stack Monitoring Kit
Turbidity Meter, R-211, 032/1382
Vacuum Rotary Evaporator
Vacuum Pump
Velocity Kit
Water Bath
Monitoring of Erosion & Siltation
During the construction period, the project proponent shall monitor daily the suspended silt load of
the Chenab at dam site. Besides this, the stability of river banks shall be closely monitored. After
Completion of the project, the project proponent shall monitor the daily suspended silt load of the
Chenab and work out yearly silt load in ha.m/year/100 sq. km of the catchment area and keep a
record of it. On these counts a financial provision of Rs 5.0 lakh for monitoring during construction
alone is being made as the post construction daily monitoring of silt load is the requirement for
running the machines and the responsibility anyway rests with the project proponent.
6.6.
Environment Monitoring Through Remote Sensing Technology
The use of remote sensing technology can be aptly made for monitoring of the progress of the
works proposed under catchment area treatment, compensatory afforestation, and green belt. This
can be achieved by the periodically study of digital satellite data IRS P6 LISS-III for the specific site
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and evaluated on ERDAS imagine software. The standard False Colour Composite (FCC) generated by
assigning blue, green and red colours to visible green, visible red and near infrared bands
respectively. Expressing image pixel addresses in terms of a map coordinate base is often referred to
as geo-coding. As various thematic layers are to be overlaid for this project, all the layers shall be
geo-referenced to real world coordinates. The comparative study of change in land use pattern, the
change in extent of forest areas, the growth of new plantation, the development of new land slide
zones can be established by periodical study of the scene obtained from the satellite. The technique
can also be made use of in establishing the expanse of sedimentation in the reservoir by comparing
the scene obtained from remote sensing after every three years or so.
6.7.
Ecosystem Studies
Efficacy of conservation measures implemented in catchment area treatment plan such as
afforestation and soil conservation measures, and their effects on flora, terrestrial fauna, aquatic
fauna (fish migration) are the aspects which should be evaluated and monitored under the head
monitoring of ecosystem. The findings of this study should be made available to authority
implementing CAT plan, restoration of muck disposal and quarry areas, reservoir rim treatment on
periodic basis so as to make necessary change if need arise and the implementation more
meaningful during construction and operation phase of the project. Since, the study is subject
specific, services of expert agencies will be required to carry out the same. Therefore, the financial
provisions of Rs. 9.0 lakh has been made and provided in the final cost estimate of environmental
monitoring plan. This fund will also take care of the expenditure for other studies which are required
by the regulatory authority from time to time and also cater to the needs of expenditures to be
incurred on public awareness programmes for environmental conservation.
6.8.
Monitoring of Muck Disposal.
It has already been made eloquent in the relevant muck management plan that the excavated
material shall be evacuated from site with suitable usable muck to be utilized in project works by the
project proponents and also allowed to be used by private users and the non-usable muck is to be
disposed of on designated areas so as not be interfere with either environment/ecology or the river
flow regime. Thus, these is an imperative need to monitor regularly the quantum of muck generated
and its disposal for which purpose the project proponent shall furnish monthly statement of
muck/debris disposal to project proponent and J & K Pollution Control Board.
6.9.
Monitoring of Socio-Economic Structure
During transfer phase of the affected property / assets, the monitoring should be carried out to
assess changes and discrepancies in respect of number of PF and their aspects as evaluated before
the statutory deadline fixed by the government. Besides this, monitoring of implantation of various
community development schemes / programmes needs to be carried out every quarter so that the
benefits from these schemes accrue expeditiously. The monitoring needs to be carried out pari-pasu
with the implementation of R & R plans and social development works and also two years after
completion of these plans in order to assess the socio-economic changes brought about due to
establishment of the project.
6.10. Sharing of Monitoring Results
The results of monitoring of various environment attributes either during or post construction would
be shared by the monitoring agency, whosoever including State Pollution Control Board, with the
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project proponents and other agencies of the Government as and when required. Monitoring
agency may disseminate the results in any other forms.
6.11. Cost of Environment Monitoring Programme
The total cost of environment monitoring plan works out to Rs 82.00 lakh and is given in Table 6.4.
Table 6.4 : Summary of Environment Monitoring Programme
Sl.
No
.
Aspect
Parameters
Frequency
Cost Estimates
Location
to
(Rs. lakh)
be
During
During
During
During Total
monitored Constructio Operation
Constructi Operatio
n
on
n
1 Air Quality SO2, NOX, Quarterly Quarterly 4
monitoring PM10
for 5 years for 2 years locations
9
3.6
12.6
already
specified
2 Noise
Noise level Quarterly Quarterly 4
Quality
for 5 years for 2 years locations
3
1
4
Monitoring
already
specified
3 Water
All
Quarterly Quarterly 4
quality
parameters for 5 years for 2 years locations
Monitoring given in
as already
12
4.8
16.8
water
specified
quality
4 WaterIdentificatio Half yearly Half yearly Villages
related
n of
for 5 years for 2 years adjacent
diseases
waterto project
6.5
2.5
9
related
sites &
diseases,
labor
colonies
5. Erosion and Soil erosion Summer and Daily silt Dam site
Siltation
rates,
post
observatio
5
0
5
Stability of monsoon for n
banks
5 years
6. Study on
ecological
flow and
6
0
6
research on
endemic fish
fauna
7. Ecosystem Wildlife
Free
monitoring census,
draining
field
catchmen
Once
Once
9
0
9
surveys
t area of
the
project
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Implementin
g and
Pursuing
Agency
J K PCB or any
approved
agency of
MOEF
J K PCB or any
approved
agency of
MOEF
J K PCB or any
approved
agency of
MOEF
C. M. O.
(Kishtwar)
Project
Proponent
Cold Water
Fisheries
Department
through P.P.
J & K Forest
Dept. or WII
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8. Celebration
of
Environmen
t Day
9. Misc.
payment to
JKPCB
Yearly for 5
years
-
At village
Kirthai
Total
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
J & K Forest
dept.
4
0
4
15.5
0
15.5
70.00
11.90
Say
81.90
Project
proponent
82.00
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CHAPTER 7.
7.1.
ADDITIONAL STUDIES
General
After having gone through the various aspects of project activities involved in construction of dam at
the proposed site and the related documents like Form–I and PFR, the MoEFCC, set out the scoping
clearance and issued ToR for environmental impact assessment studies and preparation of
environmental management plan for the project and for submission of report. The Terms of
Reference issued by the MoEFCC are very comprehensive and subjective covering every aspect of
project activity and the related environmental issues to be addressed.
7.2.
Public Hearing
As per provisions under para 7(III) and Annexure-IV to the EIA Notification No. SO 1533 (E) dated 1409-2006, Environmental Public Hearing was conducted by the J&K Pollution Control Board on 30th
October,2017 in village Kirthai, tehsil Atholi, district Kishtwar. The meeting was presided by Shri
Kishori Lal Sharma, Additional District Magistrate, Kishtwar and attended by Dr Yash Paul and
Mukesh Singh Bali officers of J&K State Pollution Control Board.
The public hearing was attended by villagers and the representative of affected Gram Panchayat.
The representative of SPCB. informed about the objective for conducting public hearing EIA
consultant gave a detailed description of project and its salient feature, the description of baseline
environmental parameters. The likely impacts on various environmental attributes with prediction
due to construction were discussed along with mitigation measures proposed. The provision under
various management plan were clearly spelt. The information on the villages to be affected due to
project and the scheme for rehabilitation and resettlement of displaced families and various grants
under the plan were made eloquent to the gathering.
The representative of SPCB invited the stake holders to give their viewpoints/suggestions in respect
of their concern about the project and also their views on environmental aspect of the project. 15
stake holders discussed their views and recorded their objections/suggestions verbally in the
meeting.
The main issues raised were as under: • The main issues touched were related to rehabilitation resettlement and about adequate
compensation should be granted for acquiring their assets and that compensation of land
should be at par with Kishan Ganga Project.
• The compensation of land be determined @Rs 5 lakh/marla and Employment to educated
/uneducated youths of Padder area be provided.
• Central School/ hospital etc. should also be opened for the people of the Padder area and free
electricity for the people.
• Barren land be acquired for establishment of infrastructure for the project. The problem of
erosion along the reservoir should be dealt with by way of construction of concrete wall.
• Proper training avenues should be made available for the locals, establishment of an I.T.I. and
allied skills to train the unskilled youth before the establishment of the project and free power
supply to the people of Padder
The Project proponent assured the local stake-holders that their grievances and logical demand shall
be properly addressed as per prevalent norms and rules. The project proponent also stated to
adhere to Environmental norms and standard in project activities. The stake holders shall be
assigned priority in employment during construction as per their skill. The respondents were clearly
told that compensation for land and other assets to be acquired and other R&R grants shall be as
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per provisions applicable. The gist of the issues raised and the replies of the project proponent are
described in Table 7.1.
Table 7.1 : Gist of Issues Raised and Replies /assurance of Project Proponent
S.N.
1
2
3
Name of stakeholder
Sh.
Mool
Raj
Rathore,
Ex
Sarpanch, village
Sazar
Brief details of issues
raised
Welcoming the project
demanded that the
permanent loss of land
employment to the
locals
should
be
provided. Compensation
of land should be at par
with
Kishan
Ganga
Project. Maximum State
land should be utilized
for establishment of the
proposed
project.
Hospital, School and ITI
Training centers should
be opened in Kirthai.10%
free power supply from
this project should be
provided to the locals
after the construction is
completed.
Sh, Ram Krishan Kirthai, Kadail, Kejaie
Khajuriya, village villages have not been
Kirthai
included in the project
report or in environment
management plan.
Sh. Manu Raj
Village Jar
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Enquiring about details
of Dam desired that for
protection of land from
erosion concrete wall
Replies/Assurance
of Action taken
Project Proponent
As and when any fresh Section10. 5.3.2 and
recruitment is done, the Table 5.3 of EMP
project authorities shall
ensure that land oustees
eligible for employment
are given first chance and
outsider be considered
for recruitment only if
none are eligible and/or
not willing. Since the jobs
are limited the option “B”
related
to
pension
annuity,
shall
be
followed.
Representative of JKSPDC
explained that although
some land was inspected
in Kirthai village for
establishment
of
infrastructure of Kirthai-II
HEP (930MW) but it could
not be finalized due to
some local issues and
later, land falling under
the revenue villages
Kundal, Ladder, Affani
was identified for which
the papers were prepared
and submitted in the
office of DC Kishtwar.
Representative of JKSPDC
explained about the dam
details. For sustainability
of
Biodiversity
and
Revenue Department
is processing the
matter
Provision in EMP
under
sec.
10.3,10.4,10.6,107and
10.15
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4
Sh. Daulat Ram,
Village Padder
5
Sh Guswain Ram,
Village Padder
6
Sh. Abdul Majed
Bichoo,
Village
Atholi
7
Sh. Janki
Manhas
Gulabgarh
8
9
should be constructed
from Laie to Gulabgarh.
Compensation of land
should be at par with
Kishan Ganga Project.
Best provision for their
sustainability
of
biodiversity and tourism
and management should
be adopted
The project will help in
maximum development
for the people of Padder.
There are 96 hamlets
and 7 villages, which will
get the benefit of this
project.
Welcoming the project
demanded employment
for the local people
should be ensured.
Demanded
best
compensation for PAF,
training to the youth and
preservation of cultural
heritage of the area
Nath Demanded
best
compensation for PAF,
training to the youth and
muck should be on
useless land and such
places
should
be
developed as tourist
spots.
Sh. Gian Chand, Welcoming the project
Village Athoil
demanded
assurance
from DC, Kishtwar for
maximum compensation.
Sh. Mehrajud-Din Maximum compensation
Mintoo,
Village to farmers whose land
Atholi
will be affected, directly
or indirectly by the
establishment of the
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tourism
development
adequate provision has
been made under Wildlife
and
Biodiversity
Management and Local
Area Development Plans.
For
erosion
control
Reservoir Rim Treatment
Plan has been formulated
By implementation of Section 10.5.3,10.5.4
Local Area Development and 10.55.5
Plan the villages around
the project shall be
benefitted to maximum
The replies to issues Section 10.5.3
regarding jobs to PAF has
been clarified vide S.N. 1
The replies to issues
regarding compensation
to PAF and jobs to PAF
and training to youth
have been clarified vide
S.N. 1. Due to the project,
there shall not be any
impact
on
cultural
heritage of the area.
The replies to issues
regarding jobs to PAF and
training to youth have
been clarified vide S.N. 1.
The muck disposal shall
be carried out on
delineated places as per
Muck Disposal Plan.
The replies to issues
regarding compensation
to PAF have been clarified
vide S.N. 1.
The replies to issues
regarding compensation
to PAF have been clarified
vide S.N. 1.
Section10 5.3,10.5.4
and 10.5.5
Section10 5.3,10.5.4
and 10.5.5 of EMP
Sec 10.8 & 10.14of
EMP
Section10 5.3,10.5.4
and 10.5.5 of EMP
Section10 5.3,10.5.4
and 10.5.5 of EMP
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10
Sh. Satish Kumar,
Village Atholi
11
Sh. Sanjay Sharma,
Village Tatta Pani
12
Sh.
Hira
Lal,
Village Kundal
13
Sh. Pritam Lal,
Village Kirthai
14
proposed project
Welcoming the project
demanded employment
for the local people
should be given on first
preference.
Compensation four times
the actual cost of the
land should be given to
PAF
Welcomed the project
and demanded an early
execution of work and
improvements of existing
roads of Sazar and Kedru
and Tata Pani Hot spring
be developed as tourist
spot.
Government jobs on
permanent basis should
be provided to all project
affected
families
irrespective of age bar.
Government land/ forest
land be acquired for the
establishment of the
project. Compensation at
the rate of not less than
Rs.2.5 Lacs/ Marla.ITI /
training centers for
youth should be opened.
Plantation/afforestation
should be taken up on
large scale basis and
standard rate should be
fixed for compensation
of the land.
The replies to issues Section10 5.3,10.5.4
regarding jobs to PAF and and 10.5.5 of EMP
training to youth have
been clarified vide S.N. 1.
The work shall be started Section
after obtaining EC. The EMP
improvement of roads
and development of Tata
Pani as tourist spot can
be taken under Local Area
Development Plan
of
The replies to issues Section10 5.3,10.5.4
regarding compensation and 10.5.5 of EMP
to PAF and jobs to PAF
and training to youth
have been clarified vide
S.N. 1.
The replies to issues
regarding compensation
to PAF have been clarified
vide S.N.1.Large area shall
be
brought
under
plantation/afforestation
by implementing through
Catchment
Area
Treatment,
Compensatory
Afforestation, Green Belt
Development and Wildlife
Biodiversity Management
Plan.
Sh. Onkar Singh, Welcoming the project The replies to issues
Ex Sarpanch, Vill. demanded that the regarding compensation
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10.15.4
Section 10.1,10.2,10.3
&10.6
Section10 5.3,10.5.4
and 10.5.5 of EMP
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Kundal
15
employment to the
locals should be ensured.
Compensation of land
should be at par with
Kishan Ganga Project.
Sh. Gh. Mohd Priority should be given
Butt, Village Kejaie to the local people for all
types of jobs.
to PAF and jobs to PAF
and training to youth
have been clarified vide
S.N. 1.
The replies to issues Section10 5.3,10.5.4
regarding jobs to PAF and and 10.5.5 of EMP
training to youth have
been clarified vide S.N. 1.
The minutes of public hearing, the attendance sheet, the written statement/objection of stakeholders and the replies of P.P. in Hindi and English are enclosed as Annexure-IV.
7.3.
Risk Assessment
The project activities involve certain types of hazards, during construction and operation, which can
disrupt normal activities abruptly and lead to disaster like fires, failure of machinery, explosion, to
name a few. The impending dangers or risks, which need be investigated addressed, disaster
management plan formulated with an aim to taking precautionary steps to avert disaster and to
take such action after the disaster, which limits the damage to the minimum. Following problem
may be encountered during construction at the project site.
•
•
•
•
Accidents due to explosives/blasting
Failure of stripped slope.
Accidents due to HEMM
Sabotage in case of magazine
In order to take care of above hazards/disasters, the following safety measures will be strictly
complied with in the current project:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Handling of explosives, charging and blasting shall be carried out by competent persons
only.
Provision of magazine at a safe place with proper fencing and necessary watch and ward.
Adequate safety equipment will be provided at magazine and project site.
Regular maintenance and testing of all project equipment/machinery and transport vehicles
as per manufacturers guidelines.
Entry of unauthorized persons will be prohibited.
Firefighting and first –aid provisions in the project office/complex and project area and
ensuring periodic checking of worthiness of firefighting and first aid provision.
Training and refresher courses for all the employees working in hazardous points. All
employees shall have to undergo the training at a regular interval.
As a part of disaster management plan, a rescue team will be formed by imparting
specialized training to select project staff.
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7.4.
Possible Hazards
There are various factors which singularly and severally can cause disaster in a river valley project.
The project activity is associated with many hazards which are discussed in the following sub
sections:
7.4.1. Blasting
The accidents from the blasting are mainly manifest as projectiles which some time traverse beyond
the danger zone and trespass the project boundary. It is largely due to overcharging of blast holes
and also during secondary blasting. During initial and final blasting operations flying rocks are
encountered. Ground Vibration caused due to blasting lead to displacement of adjoining areas and
result in fallout of loose rock-mass if not properly scaled in earlier blasting cycle. The following
measures are suggested to avoid accidents due to blasting:
• All blasting operations shall be supervised by a competent person appointed for the purpose
and strictly conducted as per guidelines contained.
• Danger zone area falling within a radius of 500m from the blast site shall be demarcated;
• Guards shall be posted at all access points leading to the blast area to prevent and control
movement of persons/ stray animal;
• All employees and equipment shall be cleared off the blast area to a safe location prior to
any scheduled blasting; and
• Audible signals such as sirens whistles and mikes etc., shall be put to use to caution the
workers, passer-by about the scheduled blasting events.
7.4.2. Heavy Machinery
Most of accidents during transport of dumpers, excavators, dozers and other transport vehicles are
often attributed to mechanical failures and human errors and can be significantly averted by
adapting to following:
• All HEMM and transport vehicle movement within the project area should be carried out
under the direct supervision and control of the management;
• All project machinery and vehicles should be periodically maintained and weekly checked by
a competent person authorized by the management;
• Conspicuous sign board should be provided at each and every bend for guidance of the
operators/drivers during day/night time; and
• To avoid dangers while reversing the trackless vehicles, especially at the embankment and
tripping points, all areas for reversing of vehicles should, as far as possible, be made man
free, and should be a light and sound device to indicate reversing of trucks/project
machinery.
7.4.3. Storage of Explosive
The explosive magazine shall be located outside the project area. For the purpose of transportation
of explosives, explosive van shall be deployed. The main hazard associated with the storage,
transport and handling of explosives is fire and explosion. The rules as per Indian Explosive Act-1983
and Explosive Rules-2008 should be followed for handling of explosives, which includes
transportation, storage and use of explosives.
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7.4.4. Fuel Storage
All project machinery will operate on diesel for which no storage point is envisaged in the project
area. It will be stored in the central workshop area of the proponent.
7.5.
Disaster Management Plan During Construction
In order to handle disaster/emergency situations, an organizational chart entrusting responsibility to
various project personnel will be prepared with their specific roles during emergency.
Planning
Identification and Prevention of Possible Emergency Situations
Possible emergency situations can broadly be classified into vehicle collision, and inundation off
project area. Some of the ways of preventing emergencies are as follows:
• Preparation of a Preventive Maintenance Schedule Programme and also covering
maintenance schedules for all project machinery/equipment and instruments as well as
transport vehicles as per recommendations of the manufacturer’s user manuals
• Ensuring the compliance of traffic rules strictly along Kuccha roads (haul roads) within the
project lease area as well as outside the project lease area.
• Emergent situation arises due to happening of some incident culminating into an abnormal
situation. It implies that sufficient time space running from a few seconds to few minutes is
always invariably available to arrest an incident of abnormal situation from turning in to an
emergency.
Implementation
Following key personnel, identified for carrying out specific and assigned duties in case of any kind
of emergency, shall be available on call on holidays and off duty also.
• Project Manager
• Personnel Officer
• Foreman
• Essential workers
Responsibilities of Project Manager
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
To take overall charge at the place of incident and activate the Emergency Preparedness
Plan according to severity of situation.
Inform doctor to be ready for treatment of affected employees and intimate their relatives.
To depute staff, carry out following functions To liaison with district administration and other departments and guide their personnel
To supervise assembly and evacuation at all points
To look after patients who are bed ridden and any casualties and give psychological support
Inform and liaison with project proponent, Police department and District Emergency
Authority.
Arrange for chronological records of emergency to be maintained.
Issue authorized statements to news media.
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Responsibilities of Projects Foreman
•
•
•
•
•
To take immediate charge at the site of incident and ensure that immediate steps as per
Emergency Preparedness Plan are taken and immediately inform Projects manager.
Shall disseminate the information regarding emergency by blowing of siren / hooter.
Supervise assembly and evacuation as per plan, if required and ensure that casualties are
receiving proper medical care.
Ensure accounting for personnel and rescue of missing persons.
Control traffic movement in project area.
Responsibilities of Trained Workers
A task force comprising of specially trained staff to act and deliver in the emergency situation shall
carry out the following work.
• Fire-fighting and spill control till fire brigade takes the charge and thereafter assist the fire
brigade
• Ensuring safety and isolating equipment, materials, urgent repairing or replacement,
electrical work etc.
• Controlling movement of equipment, transport vehicles, special vehicle at the project site.
• Extending first - aid and medical help.
• Assistance at casualty’s reception areas to record details of casualties.
7.6.
Disaster Management Plan During Operation
Though through detailed field investigations it has been ensured that the dam is founded on firm
foundation, designed for suitable seismic design parameters and the spillway has been designed for
passing 9600 cumecs discharge, yet in view of that uncertain element of “Force majeure” the
eventuality of a disaster caused due to dam break cannot be ignored but a rescue plan must be
devised for confronting such an exigency without being caught in the vast realm of unpreparedness.
The dam break analysis and detailed disaster management plan have been dealt in depth under
Chapter 10 of EMP.
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CHAPTER 8.
8.1.
PROJECT BENEFITS
General
There will be number of positive changes on the socio-economic conditions of the people in the
surrounding area. There will be obvious change in the scenario leading into the Socio-economic
development of the area.
8.2.
•
Increased Power Generation
•
•
•
•
•
Contribution to Development
Employment Potential / Fisheries
Guaranteed Energy and Price Stability
Flexibility to Utilise Other Renewable Source of Energy
Tourism / Recreation Facilities
•
•
Fundamental Instrument for Sustainable Development
Increased Green cover
•
Improvement in Lifestyle, Status and Confidence-building
•
Solution of the problem of migration
Increased Power Generation
Kirthai-II Hydro-Electric Project (930 MW), conceived as R-O-R scheme across river Chenab in
Kishtwar District of J&K, will generate 3466.19 MU of energy annually in a 90 % dependable year.
8.3.
Free Power to State
As per the norms, 12 % free power of total generation (Royalty) will be given to state, which will
help in regular power supply in the area.
8.4.
Contribution to Development
Hydroelectric installations bring electricity, highways, industry and commerce to communities, thus
developing the economy, expanding access to health and education, and improving the quality of
life. There shall be widening and strengthening of roads leading to project sites to carry the heavy
equipment and machinery etc. Besides this 1% of sale of power shall be contributed towards local
area development fund
8.5.
Employment Potential / Fisheries
About 2100 local people are likely to be engaged as un-skilled/semi-skilled/skilled labour in
construction activities. Besides this due to implementation of labour-oriented works under CAT Plan,
Green Belt Development Plan and other plans large number of local people are likely to be engaged
8.6.
Guaranteed Energy and Price Stability
River water is a resource which, contrary to fuel or natural gas, is not subject to market fluctuations.
In addition to this, it is the only large renewable source of electricity and its cost-benefit ratio,
efficiency, flexibility and reliability assist in optimizing the use of thermal power plants.
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8.7.
Flexibility to Utilise Other Renewable Source of Energy
Hydroelectric power plants with accumulation reservoirs offer incomparable operational flexibility,
since they can immediately respond to fluctuations in the demand for electricity. The flexibility and
storage capacity of hydroelectric power plants make them more efficient and economical in
supporting the use of intermittent sources of renewable energy, such as solar energy or Aeolian
energy.
8.8.
Tourism/Recreation Facilities
The creation of a large and impressive dam shall lead to the development of visitor facilities and
recreational sites associated with the dam. The reservoir may also provide opportunities for boating,
water sports, picnic areas etc.
8.9.
Fundamental Instrument for Sustainable Development
Hydroelectric enterprises that are developed and operated in a manner that is economically viable,
environmentally sensible and socially responsible represent the best concept of sustainable
development. That means, "development that today addresses people's needs without
compromising the capacity of future generations for addressing their own needs" (World
Commission on the Environment and Development, 1987).
8.10. Increased Green Cover
Under the Catchment Area Plan it is proposed to carry out afforestation/plantation in about 2451 ha
besides pasture development in 622 ha area. Besides this around dam site and in the periphery of
the reservoir 15 ha area shall be brought under plantation. Apart from these 6660 saplings shall be
planted as avenue plantation along roads. The implementation of all these plans shall increase the
vegetal cover in the area.
8.11. Improvement in Lifestyle, Social Status and Confidence Building
When there will be economic growth due to availability of more job opportunities in the area there
will be improvement in lifestyle and social status of the people. The construction of the project will
bring many positive changes resulting in the development of the area.
8.12. Solution of The Problem of Migration
There is a major problem of migration in the area. The forthcoming project will open many avenues
for the livelihood in the project area.
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Chapter 9.
9.1.
: ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
General
After having gone through the various aspects of the project at the proposed site and the related
documents like Form–I and PFR, the MoEFCC in its meeting, held on 1st February 2013, while setting
out the scoping clearance did not recommend any study on Environmental cost benefit analysis.
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CHAPTER 10. : ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
10.1. Catchment Area Treatment Plan
10.1.1. Introduction
The study of erosion and sediment yield from catchment is of utmost importance as the deposition
of sediment in reservoir reduces its capacity, thus affecting the water available for the designated
use. The eroded sediment from catchment when deposited on streambeds and banks causes
braiding of river reach. The removal of top fertile soil from catchment also adversely affects the
agricultural production. Another important factor that adds to the sediment load and which
contributes to soil degradation is grazing pressure. Many cattle, sheep, and goats graze the pastures
continuously for about six months in a mountainous region.
The lack of proper vegetal cover is a factor to cause degradation and there by results in severe run
off/soil erosion, and subsequently premature siltation of the reservoir. Thus, a well-designed
Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan is essential to ameliorate the above-mentioned adverse
cause and process of soil erosion. The catchment area treatment involves the understanding of the
erosion characteristics of the terrain and suggesting remedial measures to reduce the erosion rate.
For this reason, the catchment of the directly draining rivers, streams, tributaries, etc. are treated
and the cost is included in the project cost.
The pre-requisite for a watershed management is the collection of multipronged data e.g., geology,
geomorphology, topography, soil, land use/landcover, climate, hydrology, drainage pattern, etc. The
multi-pronged data generated from various published sources and actual data collected from these
watersheds on the above-mentioned parameters forms the basis of the Action Plan for Catchment
Area Treatment is presented here.
Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) plans for the free draining catchment area of the proposed ‘Kirthai
HEP, Stage-I’ has been prepared for areas with high soil erosion intensity. The CAT Plan targets
towards overall improvement in the environmental conditions of the region. All the activities are
aimed at treating the degraded and potential areas with severe soil erosion. The plan provides
benefits due to biological and engineering measures and its utility in maintaining the ecosystem
health. The plan with objectives addresses issues such as prevention of gully erosion, enhancing the
forest cover for increasing soil holding capacity; and arresting total sediment flow in the reservoir
and flowing waters.
10.1.2. Objectives
Integrated watershed management plan minimizes the sedimentation of reservoir. The main aim of
the Catchment Area Treatment Plan is to rejuvenate various potential and degraded ecosystems in
the catchment area for longevity of the reservoir storage capacity. For this purpose, the action plan
has been prepared with the following objectives:
2
To facilitate the hydrological functioning of the catchment and to augment the quality of water
of the river and its tributaries.
3
Conservation of soil cover and to arrest the soil erosion, floods and siltation of the river along
with its tributaries and consequent reduction of siltation in the reservoir of the project.
4
Demarcation of the priority of watersheds for treatment based on soil erosion intensity in the
catchment area.
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5
Rehabilitation of degraded forest areas through afforestation and facilitating natural
regeneration of plants.
6
Mitigation of landslide, landslip and rock falls.
7
Soil conservation through biological and engineering measures to reduce sediment load in river
and tributaries, incidentally, improving the quality of water.
8
Ecosystem conservation resulting from increased vegetal cover and water retaining properties
of soil.
9
To meet the fuel and fodder requirements of local people.
10
Promotion of non-conventional energy device to reduce pressure on forest.
11
Employment generation through community participation and conservation.
10.1.3. Catchment Area
The Chenab emanates from Baralacha pass in the Lahul and Spiti part of the Zaskar Range in
Himachal Pradesh. Two small streams viz. the Chandra and the Bhaga rising from the south-west and
north-west faces of the pass respectively, from its headwaters at about El 4890 masl. The Chandra,
that flow south-east for initial 88 km, after traversing 125 km confluence with the other limb, the
Bhaga, at Tandi. The latter negotiates a total river course of 80 km with an average fall of about 24
m/km. The united stream, called the Chandrabhaga or Gador, flowing northwesterly for 46 km is
joined on its right bank by the Miyar Nala. The Chandrabhaga, after flowing in general northwest
direction almost parallel to the Pir Panjal range, crosses at El. 1838 masl the Pangi valley of Himachal
Pradesh to enter Paddar block of newly formed district Kishtwar of Jammu and Kashmir.
After entering the J & K, the Chadrabhaga continues to flow northwest for 56 km and receive at
Bhandalkot on its right bank, the Marusudar, one of its biggest tributaries. In this section, it also
meets Bhut Nala on its right bank. Near Kishtwar, it cuts a deep gorge, sometime 1000m deep.
Flowing further downstream south wards for 34 km up to Thathri and is joined by Niru Nala on its
left flank. Thereafter flowing generally in northwest direction for another 41 km it receives Bichleri,
a right bank tributary, and continues to flow westwards for about 50 km reach where it is joined by
small streams viz. Cheneni, Talsuen, Yabu and Ans on the right bank besides Katu Nala, Mandial and
Painthal Khad on the left bank. After the confluence with river Ans, the Chenab changes its course to
southerly direction for about 45 km and debouches into plains near Akhnoor in Jammu and Kashmir.
Thereafter it swings to the South-West through the plains of Pakistan Punjab for 644 km to reach
Panchand where it joins the Satluj after receiving waters of the Jhelum and the Ravi. The total length
of the river from the confluence with the Chandra and Bhaga up to Akhnoor is about 410 km
whereas the total length up to the point of confluence with the Satluj is 1108 km. the catchment
area of the Chenab basin up to international border with Pakistan is 29050 Sq.km out of which 6242
Sq.km area is under perpetual snow.
10.1.4. Free Draining Catchment
The total catchment area of the Chenab up to the proposed Kirthai HEP, Stage-II is 9986.9 sq.km of
which the catchment area up to the next upstream project viz. Kirthai HEP, Stage-I, is 8530 sqkm.
Thus, the free draining catchment of the Chenab extended to the next upstream proposed
development is 1456.90 Sqkm. which is largely contributed by Bhut Nadi, a right bank tributary of
the Chenab which confluences with the latter at Gulabgarh at El 1779 masl. The altitude in the free
draining catchment area varies from El 1620 masl, at dam site, to El 6722 masl. The average river
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bed slope in between the two stages of development is 10 m/km being gentle up to Kirthai and
steeper thereafter.
As per nomenclature contained in Water Atlas of India, Edition 1993, the free draining catchment
under the study area lies in Water Resource Region-I (Indus); basin 1D (Chenab), Catchment 1D!
(Whole Chenab), sub-catchment 1D1D (Middle Chenab from Marau confluence to Bhaga) and
covered in parts under watershed 1D1D1 (left bank Chenab), 1D1D2 (Bhut nala) and 1D1D3
(Dharlang). The free draining catchment has been further sub-divided into nine sub-watersheds. The
basin characteristics of different sub-watersheds are illustrated in Table 10.1 and the satellite
imagery of the free draining catchment is presented in Figure 10.1 and the sub-watershed location is
shown in Figure 10.2.
Table 10.1 : Basin Characteristics of Different Sub-watersheds
Sl.
No.
Name of
Watershed
Name of Subwatershed
1.
Left bank
Chenab
Kirthai
2.
Bhut Nadi
Ligri
Pilali
Machel
Gulabgarh
3.
Dharlang
Dharlang Nala
Bhuzas Nala
Bharaj Nala
Bhazun Nala
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Sub-watershed
Code
Area (ha)
IDIDI (1)
9105.90
Total Watershed
IDID2 (1)
IDID2 (2)
IDID2 (3)
IDID2 (4)
Total Watershed
IDID3 (1)
IDID3 (2)
IDID3 (3)
IDID3 (4)
Total Watershed
Grand Total
9105.90
6378.02
11457.83
5099.53
7238.01
30173.39
43763.50
26840.23
12116.11
23702.87
106422.71
145702.00
El of the highest
point in subwatershed (m.
above masl)
5029
4711
6230
6135
6062
6486.00
6722.00
6240.00
5765.00
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Figure 10.1 : Free Draining Catchment of the Study Area
Figure 10.2 : Map Showing Location of Sub-watersheds
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10.1.5. Topography
The free draining catchment area lies in grater and less Himalayas. At the project site, the river flows
in a very deep gorge having mean elevation of 1650 masl. The river bed at dam site is about 85 m
wide and the abutments are steep sloping on the left bank at angles of about 600 to 650 and on the
right bank slope is 400 up to the proposed dam top. The elevation of the study area varies from El.
1650 masl at dam site to El. 6722 masl in the free draining catchment area covered under SWS,
Bhujas nadi. On the left bank of the Chenab River from Kirthai up to Gulabgarh very fertile
agriculture terraces exists in the Paddar valley. Fertile terraced fields in small chunks have also been
observed on both banks of Bhutnala up to Machel. The topography map of the free draining
catchment is shown in Figure 10.3.
Figure 10.3 : Topographical Map of Free Draining Catchment Area
10.1.6. Soil
The soil resource map of J & K (NBSS Publication No 62) has been used in the present study. The soil
is predominantly fine to coarse loamy soil. The soil map is presented in Figure 10.4 reveals that the
soil of the area belongs to those of great Himalayas and lesser Himalayas having map units, 108,
107, 89, 90, 53, 52, 27, 36, 20, 21 and 22 being soil of side and reposed slopes and also lesser
Himalayas in soil of map units 53. The characteristics of these soils are described hear under:
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Soils on fluvial valley
Soil belonging to map unit 108 are soils on fluvial valley of Chenab river in project area. These soils
are deep somewhat excessively drained, fine loamy, calcareous soil on moderate slopes with loamy
surface, moderate erosion and slide stoniness associated with coarse loamy surface moderate
erosion and moderate stoniness.
Soil belonging to map unit 107 are soils on side / reposed slopes on right side of the Bhutnala and
right bank of Chenab River. These soils are medium deep well drained fine loamy soils on gentle
slopes with loamy surface and slight erosion; associated with deep well drained fine loamy
calcareous soil with loamy surface and slide to moderate erosion.
Soil belonging to map unit 90 are soils on side / reposed slopes on left bank of Chenab d/s of dam to
power house site and further below. These soils are medium deep excessively drained coarse loamy
soil on steep slopes, severe erosion and moderate stoniness; associated with deep well drained fine
loamy soils with moderate erosion.
Soil belonging to map unit 89 are soils on left bank of Chenab covering area of Kirthai to Arthal u/s
of dam. These soils are soils on side / reposed slope and are shallow excessively drained, loamy soils
on steep slopes, severe erosion and moderate stoniness; associated with medium deep, excessively
drained fine loamy soils with severe erosion.
Soil belonging to map unit 86 are soils on left bank of Chenab covering area of the upper portion of
sub-watershed Kirthai. These are basically rock outcrops associated with shallows, excessively
drained, loamy soils on moderately step slopes with loamy surface, moderate erosion and moderate
stoniness.
Soil belonging to map unit 85 are soils on left bank of Chenab covering area of the uppermost
portion of sub-watershed Kirthai. These soils belong to thermic temperature regime. These are
deep, well drained, thermic, fine loamy, soils on moderate slope with loamy surface, moderate
erosion and slight stoniness associated with fine loamy, moderate erosion and moderate stoniness.
Soils on Lower Piedmont Plains
Soil belonging to map unit 82 are soils on left bank of Chenab situated above the extremity of soils
of map units 89 and 90. These soils are deep, imperfectly drained, fine silty soils on very gentle
slopes with loamy surface, slight erosion and moderately deep ground water.
Soils on Glacio-fluvial Valleys and Moraine
Soils belonging to map unit 53 covers larger portion of Bhut Nala on either side. These soils are
deep, somewhat excessively drained, coarse loamy soil on moderate slopes with loamy surface,
moderate erosion and moderate stoniness associated with well drained coarse loamy soils with
moderate erosion.
Soils belonging to map unit 52 cover left bank of Bhut Nala from Machel. These soils are deep,
somewhat excessively drained, coarse loamy soil on gentle slopes with loamy surface, moderate
erosion and moderate stoniness associated with well drained coarse loamy soils with moderate
erosion.
Soils belonging to map unit 36 cover left bank of Bhut Nala from confluence with Chenab to Machel
and cover area above the mapping unit 53. These are soil on side / reposed slopes and are mainly
rock out crops associated with deep excessively drained, sandy skeletal soils on steep slopes with
sandy surface with very severe erosion and moderate stoniness.
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Soils belonging to map unit 27 are soils on side / reposed slopes and are mainly rock out crops
associated with deep, excessively drained, mesic, loamy skeletal soils on steep slopes with loamy
surface with severe erosion and strong stoniness.
Soils belonging to map unit 22 are soils on side/reposed slopes and are mainly rock out crops
associated with medium deep, excessively drained, loamy skeletal soils on very steep slopes with
loamy surface with severe erosion and strong stoniness.
Soils belonging to map unit 21 are soils on side/reposed slopes and are dominantly rocky landscape
associated with very shallow, excessively drained, fragmented soils on very steep slopes with loamy
surface, very severe erosion and strong stoniness.
Soils on Mountain and Valley Glacier
Soil belonging to map unit 20 pertains to dominantly glaciers and rock out crops associated with
medium deep, excessively drained, sandy skeletal, soils on very steep slopes with sandy surface and
moderate stoniness.
Soil belonging to map unit 19 pertains to dominantly glaciers and rock out crops associated with
shallow, excessively drained, sandy skeletal, soils on very steep slopes with severely eroded sandy
surface and moderate stoniness.
Figure 10.4 : Soil Map of the Free Draining Catchment
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10.1.7. Land use
10.1.7.1
Land use-Land Cover Classification
Based on satellite data and topo-sheets, a land-use map has been prepared and will be verified in
detail during ground surveys i.e. cross checked with ground truths. The Land use/ Land-cover map of
the free draining catchment area is presented in Figure 10.5 and its details in each sub-watershed
under free draining catchment area are presented in Table 10.2.
10.1.7.2
Land use Categories and Erosion
The erosion acts differently in different land-use types. It is important to understand the nature of
erosion in a land-use class to further plan for treatment.
10.1.7.3
Agricultural Land
Around 9873.45 ha area of the free-draining catchment constituting 6.78% of the total free drainage
catchment comes under this category. Well-planned and developed terraces were seen at some
places. Almost 50% of the terraces are properly stabilized by using the stones which itself will
manage to reduce the erosion. In general, at places the sheet and rill type of soil erosion
predominates with few gullies in early stage of its development. Very few or no measures are taken
to conserve soil and tendency exists to interrupt the natural drainage due to faulty agricultural
practices. Runoff often exceeds the safe velocity on long slope lengths. It is suggested to repair and
better design the agricultural terraces, which follows the faulty agricultural practices.
Temporary and semi-permanent soil conservation structures like brushing dams, wiring woven and
gabion check dams etc. shall be made for effective adaptive management.
10.1.7.4
Glacial Deposits/Moraines
Under the category about 18654.82 ha area constituting 12.80% of the free draining catchment is
present. This category denotes glaciated low-lying areas surrounded by high snow peaks. Moraines
deposits and scree material often under snow exists in this zone. Waste land is characterized by
highly degraded land surface and rock outcrops. No vegetation cover exists. Due to high altitude, no
plantation of any kind of tree species is possible in this land use class.
10.1.7.5
Degraded Forest
Around 5834.98 ha area constituting 4.0% of the free draining catchment area is classified under this
land-use category. These areas are characterized by highly degraded land surface. Very little and
only seasonal vegetation cover exists. Huge gullies, frequent land slips and high to extremely high
erosion rates are other prominent features. Stream bank protection works followed by well-planned
afforestation are suggested for such land-use category. Silvi-pasture plantation and natural
regeneration can also be done.
10.1.7.6
Snow/Glacier
About 14239.94 ha area constituting about 6.37% of the free draining catchment is present. The
area cannot be given any type of treatment and, therefore, has been excluded in computation of SYI
values.
10.1.7.7
Open Forest Land
Under open forest category about 16088.8 ha, constituting 11.04% of the free draining, is present
catchment. Forest crown density ranges from 0-40% or on average 20% crown density can be
assumed to be present in the area. Soils have relatively good water holding capacity, humus,
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nutrient content and moderate to slight erosion rates on steeper slopes. Therefore, rill erosion
predominates which in due course leads to scrub land formation with gullies. Afforestation is
suggested so as increase the crown density by 20% in whole of the area to reduce erosion.
10.1.7.8
Dense Forest
Dense forest covers about 17981.45 ha area constituting 12.34% of the free draining catchment
with the forest crown density above 40%. Soils are very good in water holding capacity, humus and
nutrients with no erosion but due to steeper slopes some area requires soil conservation measures.
10.1.7.9
Alpine Vegetation / Barren
Around 18587.19 ha area constituting 12.76% of the area draining catchment area is classified under
Alpine vegetation cover. Area at higher level should be left for natural regeneration and the pasture
development can be taken at lower levels.
10.1.7.10
River / Water body
Around 30353.91 ha area constituting 20.83% of the free draining catchment area is classified under
water bodies. The category needs no treatment except that the unstable bank shall be provided
stream bank stabilization through protection measures whenever required.
Table 10.2 : Land use Details of Sub-watersheds in the Free Draining Catchment
Area (ha) Under Different Land Use Class
Dense
Forest
Open
Forest
Degraded
Forest
Scrub
Agriculture
&
Settlement
Glacial
deposits
/
Moraines
Alpine
Vegetation
/Barren
Glacial
Melts /
Water
body
Snow /
water
body
Area (ha)
Percentage
of Total (%)
IDIDI (1)
2488.09
1974.34
799.50
650.00
1122.02
615.12
1050.40
406.43
9105.90
6.25
IDID2(1)
1181.68
1549.84
1092.58
1273.77
638.25
479.19
155.85
6.86
6378.02
4.38
IDID2(2)
758.38
1493.69
1273.88
1727.25
1109.68
1896.06
1722.62
1476.27
11457.83
7.86
IDID2(3)
2320.02
1096.60
69.85
265.63
275.96
236.45
476.51
358.51
5099.53
3.50
IDID2(4)
3089.97
1788.78
136.60
611.46
548.31
506.52
393.62
162.75
7238.01
4.97
IDID3(1)
3770.97
4019.90
599.57
1467.93
6986.37
6276.73
9466.05
11175.98
43763.50
30.04
IDID3(2)
2484.85
1695.30
645.01
1378.03
3159.30
3531.51
5879.82
8066.41
26840.23
18.42
IDID3(3)
925.13
816.86
465.72
1058.71
1586.31
2115.45
2221.87
2926.06
12116.11
8.32
IDID3(4)
962.36
1653.48
752.27
1440.67
3228.62
2930.16
6960.67
5774.64
23702.87
16.26
Total
17981.45
16088.8
5834.98
9873.45
18654.82
18587.19
28327.41
30353.91
145702
%
12.34
11.04
4.00
6.78
12.80
12.76
19.44
20.84
SWS
Code
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Figure 10.5 : Land use Map of Free Draining Catchment Area
10.1.8. Slope
The slope of a watershed plays an important role in controlling the soil and water retention thereby
affecting the land-use capability. The percentage of the slope in a watershed determines the soil
erosion susceptibility and forms the basis for classifying different of the watershed into suitable
classes for formulating effective soil erosion conservation measures. Broadly, the following slope
classes and ranges (Table 10.3.) as per norms of All India Soil & Land Use Survey were adopted to
classify the slopes for the present study.
Table 10.3 : Slope Ranges showing the intensity of catchment area
S. N.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Slope Range (Degrees)
0-20
20-35
35-45
45-60
60-75
Above 75
Description
Very Gentle Slope
Gentle Slope
Moderate Slope
Steep Slope
Very Steep Slope
Extremely Steep Slope
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The Slope map of the free draining catchment is presented in Figure 10.6 and slope details are as
presented under Table 10.4. The data shows that about 79.85% area lies between very gentle to
moderate category of slope and balance 20.15% falls from steep to extremely steep slope category.
Table 10.4 : Slope Classes for Study Area
SWS
Code
IDIDI
(1)
IDID2(
1)
IDID2(
2)
IDID2(
3)
IDID2(
4)
IDID3(
1)
IDID3(
2)
IDID3(
3)
IDID3(
4)
Total
00 - 200
Area
%
20.3
1850.96
3
12.2
783.14
8
15.2
1748.42
6
481.06
944.97
10737.5
7
6341.33
3835.86
7049.09
33772.4
0
9.43
13.0
6
24.5
4
23.6
3
31.6
6
29.7
4
23.1
8
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
200 - 350
Area
%
56.0
5099.65
0
48.5
3094.22
1
38.2
4386.25
8
32.1
1639.38
5
45.1
3267.21
4
14861.6 33.9
4
6
28.8
7733.39
1
34.4
4173.81
5
37.5
8908.94
9
53164.4 36.4
9
9
Slope
350 - 450
450 - 600
Area
%
Area
%
16.5
1509.98
8
418.46
4.60
20.3
11.3
1295.71
2
721.80
2
19.5
15.1
2237.66
3
1735.17
4
30.7
19.6
1567.12
3
1002.45
6
24.7
1789.79
3
719.28
9.94
10150.5 23.1
14.0
6
9
6167.64
9
18.6
16.8
4997.97
2
4531.62
8
15.1
10.5
1835.17
5
1277.22
4
16.9
4016.53
5
2189.76 9.24
29400.4 20.1 18763.4 12.8
9
8
0
8
600 - 750
Area
%
220.15
2.42
462.99
1337.72
7.26
11.6
8
398.29
7.81
501.65
6.93
1826.76
3193.06
4.17
11.9
0
971.36
8.02
1528.47
10440.4
5
6.45
7.16
>750
Area
%
0.0
6.70
7
0.3
20.16
2
0.1
12.61
1
0.2
11.23
2
0.2
15.11
1
0.0
19.33
4
0.1
42.86
6
0.1
22.69
9
0.0
10.08
4
160.7 0.1
7
1
242
Total
Area %
9105.90
6378.02
11457.83
5099.53
7238.01
43763.50
26840.23
12116.11
23702.87
145702.0
0
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Figure 10.6 : Slope Map of Free Draining Catchment
10.1.9. Methodology Used for The Study
Superimposing topography, slope, soil and land use data/maps, a tentative estimation of erosion
prone areas and landslides area in the catchment were made. The vulnerable and problematic areas
were identified in different physiographic zones.
These data sets were used for preparation of the thematic maps, calculation of sediment yield index
and Erosion Intensity Units.
10.1.9.1
Soil Loss Using Silt Yield Index (SYI) Method
1. The Silt Yield Index Model (SYI), considering sedimentation as product of erosivity, erodibility
and aerial extent was conceptualized in the All India Soil and Land Use Survey (AISLUS) as early
as 1969 and has been in operational use since then to meet the requirements of prioritization of
smaller hydrologic units within river valley project catchment areas.
2. Methodology for the calculation of sediment yield index developed by All India Soil & Land Use
Survey (Development of Agriculture, Govt. of India) was followed in this study.
(I) Erosion Intensity and Delivery Ratio
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3. Determination of erosion intensity unit is primarily based upon the integrated information on
soil characters, physiography, slope, land-use/land-cover, litho logy and structure. This is
achieved through super-imposition of different thematic map overlays. Based upon the field
data collected during the field survey and published data, weightage value and delivery ration
were assigned to each erosion intensity unit. The composite map for delineating different
erosion intensity units was prepared through superimposition of the maps showing soil types,
slope and land-use/land-cover. This thematic mapping of erosion intensity for entire catchment
was done using the overlay and union techniques. Based on ground truth verification conducted
during fieldwork and published data, weightage and delivery ratio was assigned to each erosion
intensity units. The composite erosion intensity map was then superimposed on the drainage
map with sub-watershed boundaries to evolve CEIU for individual sub-watershed.
4. Each element of erosion intensity unit is assigned a weightage value. The cumulative weightage
values of the erosion intensity units represent approximately the relative comparative erosion
intensity within the watersheds. A basic factor of K=10 was used in determining the cumulative
weightage values. The value of 10 indicated an equilibrium condition between erosion and
deposition. Any value of K (10+X) is suggestive of erosion intensity in an ascending order
whereas the value of K (10-X) is suggestive of deposition intensity in descending order.
The delivery ratios were calculated for each composite erosion intensity unit. The delivery ration
suggests the percentage of eroded material that finally finds entry into the reservoir or
river/stream. Total area of different erosion intensity classes (composite erosion intensity unit)
in each watershed was then calculated.
5. The delivery ratio is generally governed by the type of material, soil erosion, relief length ratio,
cover conditions, distance from the nearest stream, etc. However, in the present study the
delivery rations to the erosion intensity units were assigned upon their distance from the
nearest stream (being the most important factor responsible for delivery of the sediments) per
the following scheme. The delivery ratio criteria adopted for the study is presented in Table
10.5.
Table 10.5 : Delivery Ratio (DR) Criteria
(ii)
Nearest Stream
Delivery Ratio (DR)
0-0.9 km
1.00
1.0-2.0 km
0.90
2.1-5.0 km
0.80
5.1-15.0 km
15.1-30.0 km
0.70
0.50
Sediment Yield Index & Prioritization of Sub-Watersheds
The erosivity determinates are the climatic factors and soil and land attributes that have direct
or reciprocal bearing on the units of the detached soil material. The relationship can be
expressed as:
Soil erosivity = f (Climate, physiography, slope, soil parameters land use/land cover,
soil management)
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The Silt Yield Index (SYI) is defined as the Yield per unit area and SYI value for hydrologic unit is
obtained by taking the weightage arithmetic mean of the products of the weightage value and
delivery ratio over the entire area of the hydrologic unit by using suitable empirical equation.
Prioritization of smaller hydrological units within the vast catchments is based on the SYI of the
smaller units. The boundary values of range of SYI values for different priority categories are
arrived at by studying the frequency distribution of SYI values and locating the suitable breaking
point. The watersheds/sub-watersheds are subsequently rated into various categories
corresponding to their respective SYI values.
The application of SYI model for prioritization of sub-watersheds in the catchment areas involves
the evaluation of:
•
•
•
•
Climatic factors comprising total precipitation, its frequency and intensity.
Geomorphic factors comprising land forms, physiography, slope and drainage characteristics
Surface cover factors governing the flow hydraulics.
Management factors.
The data on climatic factors can be obtained for different locations in the catchment area from
the meteorological stations whereas the field investigations are required for estimating the
other attributes.
The various steps involved in the application of model are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Preparation of a framework of sub-watershed through systematic delineation
Rapid reconnaissance surveys on 1:50,000 scale leading to the generation of a map
indicating erosion-intensity mapping units.
Assignment of weightage values to various mapping units based on relative silt-yield
potential.
Computing Silt Yield Index for individual watersheds/sub watersheds.
Grading of watersheds/sub-watersheds into very high, high medium, low and very low
priority categories.
The area of each of the mapping units is computed and silt yield indices of individual subwatersheds are calculated using the following equations:
Silt Yield Index
SYI = (Ai x Wi x Di) x 100/Aw; where I = 1 to n
Where
Ai
=
Area of ith (EIMU)
Wi
=
Weightage value of ith mapping unit
Di
=
Delivery ratio
n
=
No. of mapping units
Aw
=
Total area of sub-watershed
The SYI values for classification of various categories of erosion intensity rates were taken for the
present study as:
Priority Category
SYI Values
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1.
Very High
>1300
2.
High
1200-1299
3.
Medium
1100-1199
4.
Low
1000-1099
5.
Very low
<1000
Accordingly, after excluding the area under permanent snow/glaciers from the total geographical
area of sub-watershed, the sediment Yield Index shall be calculated for 09 sub-watersheds. The
computation of SYI for each MWS is presented in Table 10.6.
Table 10.6 : SYI and Priority Rating as per Erosion Intensity
SWS
Code
A
IDIDI (1)
IDID2(1)
IDID2(2)
IDID2(3)
IDID2(4)
IDID3(1)
IDID3(2)
Erosion
Intensity
Class
B
Slight
Moderate
Servere
Very Severe
Total
Slight
Moderate
Servere
Very Severe
Total
Slight
Moderate
Servere
Very Severe
Total
Slight
Moderate
Servere
Very Severe
Total
Slight
Moderate
Servere
Very Severe
Total
Slight
Moderate
Servere
Very Severe
Total
Slight
Moderate
Servere
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Area, ha
Weightage
Weightage
x Area
DR
C
887.91
2893.14
1718.56
177.78
5677.39
1634.11
1537.59
1492.63
93.23
4757.56
2044.24
1135.83
1365.86
66.32
4612.25
974.64
1119.99
1201.63
127.28
3423.54
1050.20
2505.51
1556.42
138.35
5250.48
4617.93
3436.09
3405.49
505.93
11965.44
2535.46
1726.77
1924.82
D
11
13
18
20
E
9767.01
37610.82
30934.08
3555.60
F
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
11
13
18
20
17975.21
19988.67
26867.34
1864.60
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
11
13
18
20
22486.64
14765.79
24585.48
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
11
13
18
20
10721.04
14559.87
21629.34
2545.60
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
11
13
18
20
11552.20
32571.63
28015.56
2767.00
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
11
13
18
20
50797.23
44669.17
61298.82
10118.60
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
11
13
18
27890.06
22448.01
34646.76
0.9
0.8
0.8
Grass Silt
(EXF)
G
9767.01
37610.82
27840.67
3200.04
78418.54
17975.21
17989.80
24180.61
1678.14
61823.76
22486.64
13289.21
22126.93
1193.76
59096.54
10721.04
14559.87
19466.41
2291.04
47038.36
11552.20
29314.47
25214.00
2490.30
68570.97
45717.51
40202.25
49039.06
8094.88
143053.70
25101.05
17958.41
27717.41
SYI
Priority
H
I
1381
Very high
1300
Very high
1281
High
1374
Very high
Very high
1306
1196
Medium
1168
Medium
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Very Severe
Total
Slight
Moderate
Servere
Very Severe
Total
Slight
Moderate
Servere
Very Severe
Total
IDID3(3)
IDID3(4)
10.1.10.
337.43
6524.48
1353.84
647.30
748.33
98.24
2847.71
1801.84
1092.74
1325.41
106.87
4326.86
20
6748.60
0.8
11
13
18
20
14892.24
8414.90
13469.94
1964.80
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
11
13
18
20
19820.24
14205.62
23857.38
2137.40
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
5398.88
76175.75
13403.02
7573.41
10775.95
1571.84
33324.22
19820.24
12785.06
21471.64
1709.92
55786.86
1170
Medium
1289
High
Catchment Area Treatment Plan
It is known that there are mainly five categories of Land uses for which a proper treatment plan
should be developed. First is the Agricultural Land as this activity can never be eliminated, because
the faulty practice results in heavy loss of fertile soil. Second, being open forest land for obvious
conservation reasons. Third is scrub or degraded land, which contributes heavily to the silt load and
possibilities exist to bring this area under pastures and other plantation to meet the local demand of
fuel and fodder and thus decreasing the biotic pressure on the forests and leading to environment
friendly approach of sustainable development. The fourth and most important category is Barren
land because with practically no vegetal cover, the area produces huge amount of silt load. The fifth
is dense forest land where in a few places soil conservation measures are required. For treatment of
catchment area, the areas that require treatment have been delineated from the Composite Erosion
Intensity Unit Map. The sum of weightages was reclassified as per the Table 10.7 below to further
subdivide the area as per the erosion intensity classes. The weightages for Land use, Slope & Soil
were summed to get the Erosion Intensity Classes.
Table 10.7 : Erosion Intensity & Weightages
Erosion Intensity Class
Sum of weightages
Very severe (E5)
12 to 14
Severe (E3)
9 to 11
Moderate (E3)
6 to 8
Low (E2)
4 to 5
Negligible (E1)
0 to 3
After exclusion of rocks and inaccessible terrain, only those areas which fall under very severe and
severe erosion intensity category would be taken up for conservation treatment measures in very
high priority category micro-watersheds, whereas in the rest of micro-watersheds belonging to
other priority categories, the area falling under very severe erosion intensity class shall be taken for
treatment with biological and engineering measures under the CAT Plan.
Considering the topographic factors, soil type, climate, land-use/land-cover in the catchment area
following engineering and biological measures have been proposed to be undertaken with the aim
to check the soil erosion, prevent/check siltation of reservoir and to maintain its storage capacity in
the long run. The Erosion Intensity Map of the free draining catchment has been generated based
on SYI data and is presented in Figure 10.7 and the statistics are presented in Table 10.8.
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Table 10.8 : Erosion Intensity Categories in Sub-Watersheds (ha)
S. N.
SWS Code
1
Area (ha) under different erosion intensity class
Snow/Glacier (ha)
Total Area
(ha)
Slight
Moderate
Severe
Very Severe
IDIDI (1)
887.91
2893.14
1718.56
177.78
3428.51
9105.90
2
IDID2(1)
1634.11
1537.59
1492.63
93.23
1620.46
6378.02
3
IDID2(2)
2044.24
1135.83
1365.86
66.32
6845.58
11457.83
4
IDID2(3)
974.64
1119.99
1201.63
127.28
1675.99
5099.53
5
IDID2(4)
1050.20
2505.51
1556.42
138.35
1987.53
7238.01
6
IDID3(1)
4617.93
3436.09
3405.49
505.93
31798.06
43763.50
7
IDID3(2)
2535.46
1726.77
1924.82
337.43
20315.75
26840.23
8
IDID3(3)
1353.84
647.30
748.33
98.24
9268.40
12116.11
9
IDID3(4)
1801.84
1092.74
1325.41
106.87
19376.01
23702.87
16900.17
16094.96
14739.15
1651.43
96316.29
145702.00
Total
Figure 10.7 : Erosion Intensity Map of Free Draining Catchment Area
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10.1.11.
Treatment of Individual Sub-Watershed
There are mainly five categories of land uses for which a proper treatment plan should be
developed. First is the agricultural land as this activity can never be eliminated. And, agriculture
activities, if faulty, result in heavy loss of fertile soil. Second, is open forest land for conservation
reasons Third is scrub or degraded land, which contributes heavily to silt load. Possibilities exist to
bring this area under pastures and plantation to meet local demand of fuel and fodder and thus
decreasing the biotic pressure on the forests leading to environment friendly approach of
sustainable development. The fourth and most important category is barren land because with
practically no vegetal cover the area produces huge amount of silt load. The fifth is dense forest land
where a few places soil conservation measures are required.
Areas falling under very severe and severe erosion intensity category would be taken up for
conservation treatment measures after excluding the percentage of area above 500 slope from the
area coming under very severe and severe erosion intensity class falling under rocks and inaccessible
terrain where no treatment is feasible, the rest of area of very severe and severe categories is to be
treated with biological, bio-engineering and engineering measures under CAT Plan. In the present
case, an area of 3073 ha has been proposed to be treated under the CAT plan. This area includes
2753 ha area of free draining catchment which shall be treated by biological / engineering measures
and 320 ha area under private land treatment within the free draining catchment.
Considering the topographic factors, soil type, climate, land-use/land-cover in the catchment area
following measures have been proposed to be undertaken with aim to check soil erosion,
prevent/check siltation of reservoir and to maintain its storage capacity in the long run.
10.1.11.1
Activities to be Undertaken
10.1.11.2
Normal Afforestation
In critically degraded areas, plantation of locally useful diverse and indigenous plant species such as
timber plantation species, fodder species, fuel wood species, grasses, shrubs and legumes, medicinal
and aromatic plants would be undertaken. The forestation will include rising of multi-tier mixed
vegetation of suitable local species in the steep and sensitive catchment areas of rivers/streams with
the objective of keeping such areas under permanent vegetative cover. Furthermore, degraded
areas would also be brought under vegetation cover. Suitable trees of economic value to local
people shall be raised in the degraded forest areas near to villages with the objective of
supplementing income of the villagers.
With a view to conserve and augment the state’s rich medicinal plant resources in its natural habitat
through adaptive and participatory management of the local people, cultivation of high priority
medicinal plant species shall be undertaken. Thrust shall be given to organic cultivation of medicinal
plants.
Effective fencing would also be provided for protection of saplings. Before any new area is taken up,
eradication of weeds and unpalatable grass species is important. It is, therefore, recommended that
some parts of the pasture should be closed for seeding purpose only.
10.1.11.3
Enrichment Plantation
There are a few locations within forest in the catchment area where the crown density is poor and
plantation can be done to increase the patch density of crop. In such areas, plantation of 500
seedlings per hectare is likely to create dense forest.
10.1.11.4
High Density Energy Plantation
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In order to reduce the biotic pressure on the forest areas near the villages, high density energy
plantation in forest areas and barren areas under the village can help in long way to solve the everincreasing problem of scarcity of fodder and fuel wood in hilly areas. To overcome the problem of
scarce availability of fodder and fuel it is proposed to bring substantial area by planting 5000
trees/ha with suitable fast-growing species.
10.1.11.5
Treatment of Alpine Pasture
These are high altitude areas situated in alpine / sub-alpine zones. The flora is herbaceous and the
pastures have the potential to support regulated grazing. These areas continuously remain under
snow from late October to late March. Therefore, they are in supine state for about six months. The
restoration and management of degraded alpine pasture is a vital objective, both to provide
sufficient habitat for spatial movement of the spill over species outside and within catchment area
and to provide biological resources to the local populace. The alpine pastures have their own unique
significance in the geophysical, environmental and socio-economic set-up of the region. They are the
prime and continual source of herbage for the wild herbivores which are prey base for carnivores,
cattle, sheep and goats. These pastures are extensively grazed by the live stocks of the local people
during summers for 3-4 months and frequented by large herds of goats and sheep which are
brought-in and encamped by the migratory grazers (Gadi) from plains. The large scale and
indiscriminate grazing of these pasture over a prolong time has left these pastures ominously
degraded. The palatable grasses are no more than a few inches tall and the other related pasture
species have also started showing signs of stress. Because of continuous and heavy pressure of
grazing, barren patches have developed over vast areas and soil erosion is rampant in these alpine
pastures. There is an imperative need to address this abysmal and alarming situation immediately
before these pastures are brought to such a condition, where, their rejuvenation becomes
impossible. Owning to traditional rights of the grazers, it is difficult to restrict the number of
animals grazing there. Thus, the only alternative left is to increase the productivity of these pastures
to cope with the grazing pressures. The situation warrants for a realistic survey and allied research in
context of entire grazing issues and formulation of an action plan for corrective measures within the
gambit of the state policy on the subject matter. Till such time the following recommendations are
made for the management of pastures.
•
Assessment of the carrying capacity of the pastures through surveys so as to ascertain allowable
size of live stocks.
•
Periodical field checking of the size of the herds mentioned in the permits so as to avoid misuse
by some permit holders.
•
Public awareness.
•
Periodical closure of areas in pastures for the proliferation of seeds of desirable grass species.
•
Implementation of rotational deferred grazing system to derive the advantage of early nutritive
growth and rest period during the growing season.
•
Interaction with the local people and the migrating grazers so that a sort of social fencing could
be achieved.
•
Assessment of the carrying capacity of alpine pasture and grazing land in forests. Role of
different categories of livestock and their grazing requirement needs to be investigated.
10.1.11.6
Nursery Support
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In order the meet the huge requirement of saplings required under biological / bio-engineering
measures and reservoir rim treatment new nursery has to be developed along with support to the
existing nurseries which shall also augment the supply of saplings for the works proposed.
10.1.11.7
Soil Bioengineering
Soil bio-engineering is state-of-the-art using the living vegetation, either alone or in conjunction with
non-living plant material and civil engineering structures, to stabilize slopes and/or reduce erosion.
Such measures utilize live plants and plant parts, either alone or in conduction with non-living plant
material and hand measures usually referred to as civil engineering structures, where they provide
additional mechanical support to soil, present barriers to earth movement, function as hydraulic
drains, and act as hydraulic pumps. Soil bio-engineering system use live plant cuttings, rooted plants,
and plant stems that are placed in the ground, or in earthen or other structures that commonly
incorporate inert materials such as rock, wood, geo-synthetics, geo-composites or other products.
Control of severe landslide or gully erosion usually requires engineering structures to avoid slope
failure and gully cutting. However, such measures involve exorbitant investment and a high degree
of technology. It has been experienced that lack of timely and adequate maintenance has resulted in
spectacular failure of measure undertaken and the resultant erosion is more serious than before the
treatment.
The exclusive use of vegetative measures for control of major land slide and severe gully erosion
often results in failure. However, when vegetative measures are combined with engineering
measures, i.e. bio-engineering, the result can be effective stabilization of the area from mass
movement and gully cutting, and dramatic reduction of surface erosion, at relatively low cost and
high sustainability and with added benefit of fodder and fuel wood production for local people.
The successful results of bio-engineering techniques have been observed in gully control, waste land
reclamation and slope stabilization. By for these have been observed to be economically desirable
and most-effective for erosion control in degraded area.
Soil bio-engineering measures shall be adopted in landslide zones and area degraded due to road
excavation. The work shall involve fixing of brush wood check dams, spraying of grass and legume
seeds, plantation of trees @ 1100 trees/ha, fencing of the area and maintenance for three years.
The most common method of hill and slope stabilization is the seeding of grass and herb mixture.
Dry Seeding is an easy method where seed (5 g/sq.) and organic fertilize (100 g/sq.) are scattered by
hand or machine. It can be applied on flat slopes with rough surfaces. It is also possible to use hayflowers instead of common seeds.
On steeper slopes where it is necessary to cover the soil quality, a cover crop seeding is used. Special
types of rye (in fall) and barley (in spring) are spread in a mixture of 5 gm/sq. and covered with soil.
On the surface, normal seed (5 g/sq.) are spread.
On less steep slope with rough surface and no erosion problems tree and shrub seeding can be
spread. Seeds of trees and shrubs are mixed with sand in a ratio of 1:3 and spread as broadcast, pit
oar row seeding.
10.1.11.8
Civil Structures
➢ Brush wood Check Dams and Retaining Walls
Brushes wood check dams are useful in arresting further erosion of depressions, channels, and
gullies on the denuded landslides. In addition, retaining walls of stone masonry and RCC would be
constructed to provide support at the base of threatened slopes.
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➢ Slope Modification by Stepping or Terracing
The slope stability increases considerably by grading it. The construction of steps or terraces to
reduce the slope gradient is one of the measures.
➢ Bench Terracing
The area under moderately steep slope i.e. between 100-150 slopes would be subjected to bench
terracing. The local people would be convinced to follow this type of terracing for comparatively
better yield and with minimum threat to erosion. Moreover, in several habitations in the catchment
such practices are already visible. While making bench terraces, care must be taken not to disturb
the topsoil by spreading earth from the lower terraces to higher terraces. The vertical intervals
between terraces will not be more than 1.5m and cutting depth may be kept at 50 cm. The
minimum average width of the terrace would be kept from 4 to 5 m to enable usage of prolong
hinge. The shoulder bunds of 30 x 15 cm would also be provided. Staggered channels will drain off
the excess water from the terraces.
➢ Gully Control-Check Dams
Gullies are mainly formed because physiographic, soil type, and heavy biotic interference in an area.
The scouring of streams at their peak flows and sediment-laden run-off cause gullies. The gullies
would be required to be treated with engineering/mechanical as well as vegetative methods. Check
dams would be constructed in some of the areas to promote growth of vegetation that will
consequently lead to the stabilization of slopes/area and prevention of further deepening of gullies
and erosion. Different types of check dams would be required for different conditions comprising of
different materials depending upon the site conditions and the easy availability of material (stones)
at local level and transport accessibility. Generally, brush wood check dams are recommended to
control the erosion in the first order basin/streams in upper reaches and dry random stone masonry
check dam shall be provided in the lower reaches where discharge is higher. In such stream where
discharge and velocity of flow are still higher gabion structure shall be provided. Lower down the
sub-watershed, i.e., in the third order drainage silt retention dams in the form of gabion structure
shall be provided.
➢ Stream bank Protection
Stream bank erosion is caused by variety of reasons such as destruction of vegetative cover, mass
movement on unstable bank slopes, undermining of top portion of lower bank by turbulent flow and
sliding of slopes when saturated with water. The Stream Bank Protection would include wire crate
boulder spurs in two to three tiers depending upon the high flood level of the streams.
➢ Contour Staggered Trenches
Contour staggered trenches are mainly provided to trap the silt and runoff. This is also done to
prepare a fertile base for plantation, in moderately steep to very, very steep slopes.
➢ Landslide Control
Rainfall pattern of the area and water seepage coupled with geological formation results in
landslides. Water plays an important role in triggering of landslides and mass wasting processes
along with other factors such as slope and nature of soil/land-cover/land-use. However, most of the
landslides are caused by human negligence. Road construction, overgrazing of hill slopes, felling of
trees for timber, fuel, and fodder and upslope extension of cultivation are some of main causes of
landslides. Gabion structures shall be provided at the base of the land slide zones to control the toe
erosion by water.
➢ Catch-water Drains
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
252
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Among the most effective, practical and least expensive measures of landslide hazard management
is construction of catch-water drains for run-off and surface waters in the identified hazard-prone
zone so that little or no water can infiltrate into the ground. All the streams and minor water
courses would be diverted around the crown of the slide or the potentially hazardous area through
catch water drains with an adequate gradient. The catch water drains when provided avoids runoff
to pass over such vulnerable areas and water is guided through these drains provided on foothill or
along the kutcha/pucca roads. The ground surface of threatened area is leveled out to eliminate all
depressions where water can accumulate.
10.1.12.
Cost Analysis of Different Works Under Biological Measures
10.1.12.1
Afforestation
Out of the total stock to be planted under afforestation, 20% species shall be tree species having
medicinal values and 10% of fruit bearing wild species useful to wildlife shall also be planted. The
cost analysis per hectare of afforestation, with three strands barbed wire fencing stretched across
creosoted wooden fence posts reinforced with two layers of live hedge plants inclusive of
maintenance for three years has been worked out as Rs. 1.79 lakh/ ha as shown in Table 10.9.
Plantation under normal afforestation component shall be carried through identified user groups in
catchment area. Plantations will be maintained for three years. For mobilization of user group
provision of funds has been made under the plan.
The cost of works under normal afforestation component encompassing the free draining
catchment area of the project has been assessed as Rs. 1100.85 lakh and is shown in Table-10.10.
Table 10.9 : Per Ha. Cost Norms for Model Plantation Works
Particulars of Work
S. N.
First Year
1
Survey and demarcation of plantation area
2
Clearing of bushes and weeding of obnoxious weeds
3
Boundary wall of boulder/stone
(0.60+0.45) *1/2*1.15*34=20.70 cum
4
Excavation of contour furrows
5
Digging of pits 30 cm x 30 cm x 45cm
6
Preparation of inspection path 60 cm wide
7
Nursery cost of plant
8
Cost of tools and plants
9
Soil moisture conservation works
Total First Year
Second Year
1
Filling of pits 30 cm x 30 cm x 45 cm
2
3
4
Sowing of contour furrows
Cost of plants
Carriage of naked root plants/Poly bag plants
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Quantity
1 ha
1ha
20.7 cum
25 RM
1500
1ha
1500Nos
1 ha
1 ha
Rate (Rs)
120/ha
1578/ha
291.00/cum
2.74/RM
7.40/pit
485/ha
5.93/No
1327/ha
750/ha
Amount (Rs)
120.00
1578.00
602.37
68.5
11100.00
485.00
8895.00
1327.00
750.00
24925.87
1500 Nos
0.97/pit
1455.00
25Rmt
1500Nos
1.05/Rmt
5.93/No
1500Nos
5.50/No
26.25
8895.00
8250.00
253
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
5
6
7
8
Planting of plants
Cost of Nirai and Mulching operation (twice)
Cost of FYM and pesticides
Cost of upkeeping and maintenance for 9 months in
plantation year
9
Removing of dry grass and other fire prone materials from
the plantation area
10
Clearing 4 m wide strip outside the boundary wall of
plantation
11
Incentives and training to villagers near plantation area as
awareness program against forest fires
12
Cost of Sign board, miscellaneous tools for carriage of
plants, Videography and photography thrice in one year
including documentation
Total Second Stage
Total First and Second Stage
Third Year
1
Cost of upkeeping and maintenance for 12 months in
plantation year
2
Removing of dry grass and other fire prone materials from
the plantation area
3
Clearing 4 m wide strip outside the boundary wall of
plantation
4
Incentives and training to villagers near plantation area as
awareness program against forest fires
Sub Total Third Year
Fourth Year (10% escalation over the rates of third year)
1500 Nos
1500Nos
1500 Nos
1500 No
2.74/No
3.00/No
11/No
4.75/No
4110.00
4500.00
16500.00
7125.00
1 ha
282/ha
282.00
1 ha
213/ha
213.00
1
1500 No
7.67/No
11505.00
1 ha
310/ha
310.00
1 ha
234/ha
213.00
Cost of upkeeping and maintenance for 12 months in
plantation year
2
Removing of dry grass and other fire prone materials from
the plantation area
3
Clearing 4 m wide strip outside the boundary wall of
plantation
4
Incentives and training to villagers near plantation area as
awareness program against forest fires
Sub Total Fourth Year
Fifth Year
1
As per details of Fourth year
Sixth Year
1
As per details of Fifth year
Seventh Year
1
As per details of Sixth year
Eighth Year
1
As per details of Seventh year
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
1ha
1 ha
666.00/ha
1021.00
666.00
1021.00
53043.25
77969.12
1500 No
6.97/No
10455.00
1 ha
282/ha
282.00
1 ha
213/ha
213.00
1ha
666.00
666.00/ha
11616.00
1ha
733.00
732.60/ha
12761.00
12716.00
12716.00
12716.00
12716.00
254
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Ninth Year
1
As per details of Eighth year
Tenth Year
1
As per details of Ninth year
Grand Total for all years
12716.00
Say
12716.00
1,78,597.00
1,79,000.00
Table 10.10 : Cost Estimate for Afforestation Measures
SWS No.
Name of SWS
1D1D1(1)
1D1D2(1)
1D1D2(2)
1D1D2(3)
1D1D2(4)
1D1D3(1)
1D1D3(2)
1D1D3(3)
1D1D3(4)
Kirthai
Ligri
Pilali
Machel
Gulabgarh
Dharlang
Bhuzah
Bharaj
Bhazun
Total
10.1.12.2
Area under
Afforestation (ha.)
113
94
85
47
93
85
57
20
21
615
Cost @ Rs. 1.72 lakh/
ha. (Rs lakh)
202.27
168.26
152.15
84.13
166.47
152.15
102.03
35.8
37.59
1100.85
Enrichment Plantation
The cost analysis of enrichment plantation per hectare with 500 plants and protection of thorny
bushes / twigs for individual plant, with no maintenance cost has been assessed as Rs. 72000/ha as
shown in Table-10.11. The cost of works under enrichment plantation for the SWS encompassing
the free draining catchment area of the project has been assessed as Rs. 151.20 lakh and is shown in
Table-10.12.
Table 10.11 : Cost Analysis per ha. of Enrichment Plantation
S. N.
Particulars of Work
First Year
1
Survey and demarcation of plantation area
2
Clearing of bushes and weeding of obnoxious weeds
3
Boundary wall of boulder/stone
(0.60+0.45) *1/2*1.15*34=20.70 cum
4
Excavation of contour furrows
5
Digging of pits 30 cm x 30 cm x 45cm
6
Preparation of inspection path 60 cm wide
7
Nursery cost of plant
8
Cost of tools and plants
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Quantity
1 ha
1ha
20.7 cum
25 RM
500
1ha
500Nos
1 ha
Rate (Rs)
120/ha
1578/ha
291.00/cum
2.74/RM
7.40/pit
485/ha
5.93/No
1327/ha
Amount (Rs)
120.00
1578.00
602.37
68.5
3700.00
485.00
2965.00
1327.00
255
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
9
Soil moisture conservation works
Total First Year
Second Year
1
Filling of pits 30 cm x 30 cm x 45 cm
2
3
4
Sowing of contour furrows
Cost of plants
Carriage of naked root plants/Poly bag plants
5
6
7
8
Planting of plants
Cost of Nirai and Mulching operation (twice)
Cost of FYM and pesticides
Cost of upkeeping and maintenance for 9 months in
plantation year
9
Removing of dry grass and other fire prone materials from
the plantation area
10
Clearing 4 m wide strip outside the boundary wall of
plantation
11
Incentives and training to villagers near plantation area as
awareness program against forest fires
12
Cost of Sign board, miscellaneous tools for carriage of
plants, Videography and photography thrice in one year
including documentation
Total Second Stage
Total First and Second Stage
Third Year
1
Cost of upkeeping and maintenance for 12 months in
plantation year
2
Removing of dry grass and other fire prone materials from
the plantation area
3
Clearing 4 m wide strip outside the boundary wall of
plantation
4
Incentives and training to villagers near plantation area as
awareness program against forest fires
Sub Total Third Year
Fourth Year (10% escalation over the rates of third year)
1
Cost of upkeeping and maintenance for 12 months in
plantation year
2
Removing of dry grass and other fire prone materials from
the plantation area
3
Clearing 4 m wide strip outside the boundary wall of
plantation
4
Incentives and training to villagers near plantation area as
awareness program against forest fires
Sub Total Fourth Year
Fifth Year
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
1 ha
750/ha
750.00
11595.87
500 Nos
0.97/pit
485.00
25Rmt
500Nos
1.05/Rmt
5.93/No
500Nos
5.50/No
26.25
2965.00
2750.00
500 Nos
500Nos
500 Nos
500 No
2.74/No
3.00/No
11/No
4.75/No
1370.00
1500.00
5500.00
2375.00
1 ha
282/ha
282.00
1 ha
213/ha
213.00
1ha
666.00/ha
666.00
1 ha
1021.00
1021.00
19153.25
30749.12
500 No
6.97/No
3485.00
1 ha
282/ha
282.00
1 ha
213/ha
213.00
1ha
666.00
666.00/ha
4646.00
500 No
7.67/No
3835.00
1 ha
310/ha
310.00
1 ha
234/ha
213.00
1ha
733.00
732.60/ha
5091.00
256
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
1
As per details of Fourth year
Sixth Year
1
As per details of Fifth year
Seventh Year
1
As per details of Sixth year
Eighth Year
1
As per details of Seventh year
Ninth Year
1
As per details of Eighth year
Tenth Year
1
As per details of Ninth year
Grand Total for all years
5091.00
5091.00
5091.00
5091.00
5091.00
5091.00
72032.00
72000.00
Say
Table 10.12 : Cost Estimate for Enrichment Plantation
Name of SWS
1D1D1(1)
1D1D2(1)
Kirthai
Ligri
1D1D2(2)
Pilali
29
1D1D2(3)
Machel
16
1D1D2(4)
Gulabgarh
32
1D1D3(1)
Dharlang
29
1D1D3(2)
Bhuzah
19
1D1D3(3)
Bharaj
7
1D1D3(4)
Bhazun
7
210
Total
10.1.12.3
Area under Afforestation
(ha.)
38
SWS No.
Cost @ Rs. 72000 /ha.
(Rs. lakh)
27.36
23.04
20.88
11.52
23.04
20.88
13.68
5.04
5.04
32
151.20
High Density Energy Plantation
The cost analysis of high-density energy plantation per hectare with plantation of 2000 plants /ha,
with five strand barbed wire fencing stretched across creosoted wooden fence posts reinforced with
two layers of live hedge plants, has been assessed as Rs. 233000/ha as shown in Table-10.13. The
cost of works under high density energy plantation for each of the SWS forest, encompassing the
free draining catchment area of the project, has been assessed as Rs.1118.40 lakh and is shown in
Table-10.14.
Table 10.13 : Cost Analysis per ha. of High-Density Energy Plantation
S. N.
Particulars of Work
First Year
1
Survey and demarcation of plantation area
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Quantity
Rate (Rs)
Amount (Rs)
1 ha
120/ha
120.00
257
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
2
3
Clearing of bushes and weeding of obnoxious weeds
Boundary wall of boulder/stone
(0.60+0.45) *1/2*1.15*34=20.70 cum
4
Excavation of contour furrows
5
Digging of pits 30 cm x 30 cm x 45cm
6
Preparation of inspection path 60 cm wide
7
Nursery cost of plant
8
Cost of tools and plants
9
Soil moisture conservation works
Total First Year
Second Year
1
Filling of pits 30 cm x 30 cm x 45 cm
2000 Nos
0.97/pit
1940.00
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
25Rmt
2000Nos
2000Nos
2000 Nos
2000Nos
2000 Nos
2000 No
1.05/Rmt
5.93/No
5.50/No
2.74/No
3.00/No
11/No
4.75/No
26.25
11860.00
11000.00
5480.00
6000.00
22000.00
9500.00
1 ha
282/ha
282.00
1 ha
213/ha
213.00
1ha
666.00/ha
666.00
1 ha
1021.00
1021.00
Sowing of contour furrows
Cost of plants
Carriage of naked root plants/Poly bag plants
Planting of plants
Cost of Nirai and Mulching operation (twice)
Cost of FYM and pesticides
Cost of upkeeping and maintenance for 9 months in
plantation year
9
Removing of dry grass and other fire prone materials
from the plantation area
10
Clearing 4 m wide strip outside the boundary wall of
plantation
11
Incentives and training to villagers near plantation area
as awareness program against forest fires
12
Cost of Sign board, miscellaneous tools for carriage of
plants, Videography and photography thrice in one
year including documentation
Total Second Stage
Total First and Second Stage
Third Year
1
Cost of upkeeping and maintenance for 12 months in
plantation year
2
Removing of dry grass and other fire prone materials
from the plantation area
3
Clearing 4 m wide strip outside the boundary wall of
plantation
4
Incentives and training to villagers near plantation area
as awareness program against forest fires
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
1ha
20.7 cum
25 RM
2000
1ha
2000Nos
1 ha
1 ha
1578/ha
291.00/cum
2.74/RM
7.40/pit
485/ha
5.93/No
1327/ha
750/ha
1578.00
602.37
68.5
14800.00
485.00
11860.00
1327.00
750.00
31590.87
69988.25
101579.12
2000 No
6.97/No
13940.00
1 ha
282/ha
282.00
1 ha
213/ha
213.00
1ha
666.00/ha
666.00
258
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Sub Total Third Year
Fourth Year (10% escalation over the rates of third year)
1
Cost of upkeeping and maintenance for 12 months in
plantation year
2
Removing of dry grass and other fire prone materials
from the plantation area
3
Clearing 4 m wide strip outside the boundary wall of
plantation
4
Incentives and training to villagers near plantation area
as awareness program against forest fires
Sub Total Fourth Year
Fifth Year
1
As per details of Fourth year
Sixth Year
1
As per details of Fifth year
Seventh Year
1
As per details of Sixth year
Eighth Year
1
As per details of Seventh year
Ninth Year
1
As per details of Eighth year
Tenth Year
1
As per details of Ninth year
Grand Total for all years
15101.00
2000 No
7.67/No
15340.00
1 ha
310/ha
310.00
1 ha
234/ha
213.00
1ha
733.00
732.60/ha
16596.00
16596.00
16596.00
16596.00
16596.00
16596.00
Say
16596.00
232852.00
2,33,000.00
Table 10.14 : Cost Estimate for High Density Energy Plantation
SWS No.
Name of SWS
1D1D1(1)
1D1D2(1)
1D1D2(2)
1D1D2(3)
1D1D2(4)
1D1D3(1)
1D1D3(2)
1D1D3(3)
1D1D3(4)
Kirthai
Ligri
Pilali
Machel
Gulabgarh
Dharlang
Bhuzah
Bharaj
Bhazun
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Area under Afforestation
(Ha.)
Cost @ Rs.
2,33,000 /ha.
(Rs. lakh)
88
73
66
37
73
65
44
17
17
480
205.04
170.09
153.78
86.21
170.09
151.45
102.52
39.61
39.61
1118.40
259
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
10.1.12.4
Pasture Reclamation
The cost analysis of pasture reclamation by rotational closure with live hedge fencing, sodding with
local grass and legume plants inclusive of maintenance has been assessed as Rs. 65,000/ha is shown
in Table-10.15. The cost of works under treatment of alpine pastures for the SWS encompassing the
free draining catchment area of the project has been assessed as Rs. 404.30 lakh and is shown in
Table-10.16.
Table 10.15 : Cost Analysis of Treatment of Alpine Pasture
Sl. No.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
1.
2.
Particulars of Works
A. Fencing Work
Survey and demarcation of plantation area
including making of sections, path and
preparation of map
Live hedge fencing
B. Planting
Weeding of obnoxious weeds
Preparation of patches 45 cm x 45 cm x 25
for sowing of legume plants
Sowing of seeds in patches 45 cm x 45 cm x
25 cm
Digging of pits 30 cm x 30 cm x 25 cm
Filling of pits 30 cm x 30 cm x 25 cm
Carriage of plants from nursery to road side
by road including loading and unloading over
10 km.
Carriage of plants from road side to
plantation site by manual labour over 2 km.
Planting of plants
Preparation of strips including sowing along
contour at 100 x 30 x 5 cm at interval of 2 m
for grass sowing
Application of vermin compost / organic
manure
Carriage of fertilized to work site over 5 km
by manual labour
Moisture retention intervention including Vditches
Cost of fertilizer seeds
C. Second Year Maintenance Operation
Re-digging of pits 30 cm x 30 cm x 25 cm
Filling of pits 30 cm x 30 cm x 25 cm
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Quantity
1 ha
400 RM
Rate
Amount for nontribal area
102/ha
102.00
13.25/RM
Total fencing cost
Or say
5300.00
5402.00
5400.00
1 job
500 No.
LS
490.75/%
4000.00
2453.75
500 No.
143.25/%
716.25
500 No.
500 No.
500 No.
477.25/%
272.75/%
1500/trip
2386.25
1363.75
1500.00
500 No
436/% per 2 km
2180.00
500 No.
800 No.
184/%
920.25/%
920.00
7362.00
01 job
LS
800.00
0.5 Q
76.54/Q/km
191.35
1 Job
LS
1 Job
125 No.
125 No.
8500
LS
Total B-Planting
Grand Total (A + B)
5500
37873.35
43273.35
Or Say
43300.00
238.63/%
272.75/%
298.28
340.94
260
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Sl. No.
Particulars of Works
3.
Carriage of plants from nursery to road side
by road including loading and unloading over
10 km.
Carriage of plants from road side to
plantation site by manual labour over 2 km.
Planting of plants
Cost of plants
Re-preparation of strips including sowing
along contour at 100 x 30 x 5 cm at interval
of 2 m for grass sowing
Cost of fertilizer and seeds
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Quantity
Rate
125 No.
625/trip
125 No.
436/%/2 km
545.00
125 No.
125 No.
200 No.
184/%
3.50/No.
920/%
230.00
437.50
1840.50
1 job
LS
4400.00
8717.22
8700.00
Total
Or say
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
D. Third Year Maintenance Operation
Re-digging of pits 30 cm x 30 cm x 25 cm
Filling of pits 30 cm x 30 cm x 25 cm
Carriage of plants from nursery to road side
by road including loading and unloading over
10 km.
Carriage of plants from road side to
plantation site by manual labour over 2 km.
Planting of plants
Cost of plants
Re-preparation of strips including sowing
along contour at 100 x 30 x 5 cm at interval
of 2 m for grass sowing
Cost of fertilizer and seeds
100 No.
100 No.
100 No.
238.63/%
272.75/%
500/trip
238.63
272.75
500.00
100 No.
436/%/2 km
436.00
100 No.
100 No.
160 No.
784/%
3.50/No.
920/%
784.00
350.00
1472.00
1 job
LS
Total
Or say
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
E. Fourth Year Maintenance Operation
Re-digging of pits 30 cm x 30 cm x 25 cm
Filling of pits 30 cm x 30 cm x 25 cm
Carriage of plants from nursery to road side
by road including loading and unloading over
10 km.
Carriage of plants from road side to
plantation site by manual labour over 2 km.
Planting of plants
Cost of plants
Re-preparation of strips including sowing
along contour at 100 x 30 x 5 cm at interval
of 2 m for grass sowing
Cost of fertilizer and seeds
2450.00
6503.38
6500.00
100 No.
100 No.
100 No.
238.63/%
272.75/%
500/trip
238.63
272.75
500.00
100 No.
436/%/2 km
436.00
100 No.
100 No.
160 No.
784/%
3.50/No.
920/%
784.00
350.00
1472.00
1 job
LS
2450.00
6500.00
6500.00
Total
Or say
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Amount for nontribal area
625.00
261
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Abstract
Sl. No.
1.
2.
Particulars
First year operation
Second year-maintenance operation
Cost
43,300.00
8,700.00
3.
4.
Third year-maintenance operation
Fourth year-maintenance operation
Total
6,500.00
6,500.00
65,000.00
Table 10.16 : Cost Estimate for Treatment of Alpine Pastures
SWS No.
Name of SWS
Total Area to be
treated
1D1D1(1)
1D1D2(1)
1D1D2(2)
1D1D2(3)
1D1D2(4)
1D1D3(1)
1D1D3(2)
1D1D3(3)
1D1D3(4)
Kirthai
Ligri
Pilali
Machel
Gulabgarh
Dharlang
Bhuzah
Bharaj
Bhazun
1200
1000
900
500
1000
900
600
225
225
Total
10.1.12.5
6550
Area under
Afforestation
(Ha.)
Cost @ Rs. 65000/ha.
(Rs. lakh)
114
95
86
48
95
86
57
21
20
622
74.10
61.75
55.90
31.20
61.75
55.90
37.05
13.65
13.00
404.30
Nursery Support
In the light of the fact that the CAT plan entails plantation over approximately 4550 ha area, a huge
requirement of saplings / plants is comprehended. Such requirement shall have to be met out from
the existing nurseries which are too inadequate to meet the requirement. Being a mountainous area
the suitable sites for developing new nurseries are not too many. Besides, the free of cost saplings
shall be distributed to the JFM group for raising horticulture crops and private pasture development.
Availability of quality planting material well in time and near the areas where afforestation is to be
undertaken, remains a major constraint in implementation of large-scale afforestation. The
proposed large-scale afforestation in the area due to establishing of various hydroelectric projects,
will certainly lead to establishment of decentralized nurseries through credit support.
The Cost Estimates for Implementing Nursery Support is given in Table 10.17. The overall cost under
nursery support is reckoned as Rs. 81.0 lakh.
Table 10.17 : Cost Estimates for Implementing Nursery Support
S. N.
1.
2.
Item
Nursery equipment’s/ tools
Barbed wire fencing with RCC post/ repair of barbed-wire fencing in existing
nurseries.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Amount
(Rs. Lakh)
8.00
5.00
262
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
3.
Preparation of additional beds in existing nurseries, soil layering in nurseries,
establishment of Poly-house/ Poly-tunnels, soil working, establishment of
compost and vermin-compost units, strengthening of irrigation facilities,
providing insecticides, etc.
Establishment of two new nurseries @ Rs. 25.00 lacs/ha
Miscellaneous
Total
4.
5.
15.00
50.00
3.00
81.00
10.1.13.
Cost Analysis of Different Works Under Soil and Water Conservation Measures
10.1.13.1
Bio-engineering Works
Bio-engineering works shall involve minor soil conservation works, fixing of brush wood check dams,
patch sowing of grass and legume seeds, plantation of bio-engineering species of shrubs, herbs and
trees i.e. @ 1400 shrubs and 500 trees/ ha., fencing of the area with live hedge and maintenance for
1 year of shrub species and 2 years for tree species. The cost analysis per ha of bio-engineering
works comprising of plantation, seed spraying, brush wood check dams, 10 per hectare keeping in
view the severity of gullies, fencing cost and maintenance has been assessed as Rs. 1,28,000/- and is
given in Table-10.18. The cost of works under bio-engineering measures for the SWS and
encompassing the free draining catchment area of the project has been assessed as Rs. 796.50 lakh
and is shown in Table-10.19.
Table 10.18 : Cost Analysis per ha of Bio-Engineering Works
A]
First Year Operations:
S. No.
Detail of Works
1
Survey and demarcation of plantation area, marking of
sections, path and preparation of map.
Preparation of inspection path.
Live hedge fencing with Agave, Ipomea, Dodonia, etc.
Preparation of gradonial trenches/ staggered trenches (1
X 0.3 X 0.3 m)
Digging of 1400 pits on mounds of trenches (2 pits per
mound) 20 X 20 X 20 cms.
Filling of pits 20 X 20 X 20 cms.
Planting of 1400 nos. plants (P Bags) on mounds (2 pits
per mound) inclusive of carriage of plants.
Preparation of patches of grass/ legume sowing (0.3 X 0.3
X 0.3 m) inclusive of carriage of plants.
Sowing of grass/legume seeds in patches
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13.
Cost of raising plants [P. bags (6”x4”)/Root trainers]in the
Nursery
Cost of grass/legume seed
Minor / small soil conservation activities as small gully
plugging, brushwood check dams etc. (10 No./ha)
Large gully plugging by means of 5 m long, 2 m high are
R.R Dry stone masonry
TOTAL
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Quantity
Rate (Rs.)
1 Hectare
102/
Hectare
10.75/Rm
13.25/Rm
13.50/Rm
200 Rm
300 Rm
700 Rm
1400 Nos.
1400 Nos.
1400 Nos.
700 Nos.
700 Nos.
1400 Nos.
15 Kg.
10 Nos.
05 Nos.
170/%
Nos.
75/% Nos.
218.25/%
Nos.
327.13/%
Nos.
95.38/%
Nos.
3.5 per
plant
400/ Kg
3000 per
No.
2800 per
No.
Amount
(Rs.)
102
2150
3975
9450
2380
1050
3056
2290
668
4900
6000
30000
14000
80,029
Or say 80,000
263
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
B]
Second Year - Maintenance Operations:
S.
No.
Detail of Works
1
Strengthening/ support to live-hedge fence
(approx. 30%).
Soil conservation activities as small gully
plugging, brushwood check dams etc.
TOTAL
2
C]
Quantity
Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
300 Rm
13.25 per Rm
3975
03 Nos.
3000/ No.
9000
12,975
Or say 13,000
Third Year Operations, Planting of 500 Plants:
S. No.
Detail of Works
1
Strengthening/ support to live-hedge fence
(approximately 20%).
60 Rm
13.5/ Rm
795
2
Digging of pits (60 X 60 X 60 cm)
500 Nos.
8725
3
Filling of pits (60 X 60 X 60 cm)
500 Nos.
4
Carriage of plants raised in Polythene Bags (P
Bags) of size 4” *6”, from nursery to roadside by
road including loading & unloading over a
distance of say 10 kms.
Carriage of plants (P Bags) from roadside to
plantation site by manual labour over 2 kms.
500 plants
(1 trips)
1745/
hundred
354.38/
hundred
1500/- per
trip.
500 plants
436/%/ 2 Km
6
Planting of P. Bags plants
500 Nos.
7
8
Cost of raising plants in P. Bags.
Minor small soil conservation activities as Small
gully plugging, brushwood check dams etc.
TOTAL
500 Nos.
02
218.25/
hundred
3.50/ plant
3000/ Ha.
5
D]
Quantity
Rate (Rs.)
Amount (Rs.)
1771.90
1500
2180
1091.25
1750
6000
22823.15
Or say 22,800.00
Fourth Year Maintenance Operations:
S.
No.
Detail of Works
1
Re-digging of pits (60 X 60 X 60 cm) – 25%
mortality.
Filling of pits (60 X 60 X 60 cm)
125 Nos.
Carriage of plants raised in Polythene Bags (P Bags)
of size 4” *6”, from nursery to roadside by road
including loading & unloading over a distance of
say 10 kms.
Carriage of plants (P Bags) from roadside to
plantation site by manual labour over a distance of
2 kms.
2
3
4
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Quantity
Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
1312.03
125 plants
1049.63/
hundred
354.38/
hundred
625/- per trip.
125 plants
436/%/ 2 Km
545.00
125 Nos.
442.98
625.00
264
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
5
Planting of P. Bags plants
125 Nos.
6
7
Cost of raising plants in P. Bags.
Minor small soil conservation activities as Small
gully plugging, brushwood check dams etc.
TOTAL
125 Nos.
01
E]
218.25/
hundred
3.50/ plant
3000/ No..
272.81
437.50
3000.00
6.635.32
Or say Rs. 6600
Fifth Year Maintenance Operations:
S.
No.
Detail of Works
1
Re-digging of pits (60 X 60 X 60 cm) – 15%
mortality.
Filling of pits (60 X 60 X 60 cm)
75 Nos.
Carriage of plants raised in Polythene Bags (P Bags)
of size 4” *6”, from nursery to roadside by road
including loading & unloading over a distance of
say 10 kms.
Carriage of plants (P Bags) from roadside to
plantation site by manual labour over 2 kms.
5
6
7
2
3
4
Quantity
Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
787.22
75 plants
1049.63/
hundred
354.38/
hundred
500/- per trip.
75 plants
436/%/ 2 Km
327.00
Planting of P. Bags
75 Nos.
163.69
Cost of raising plants in P. Bags.
Minor small soil conservation activities as Small
gully plugging, brushwood check dams etc.
TOTAL
75 Nos.
01
218.25/
hundred
3.50/ plant
3000/ No.
75 Nos.
265.79
500
262.50
3000
5306.20
Or say Rs. 5300
ABSTRACT
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Particular
Amount
(Rs.)
80,000.00
13,000.00
22,800.00
6,600.00
5,300.00
1,27,700
Or say Rs. 1,28,000
First Year Operations
Second Year Maintenance Operations
Third Year Operations, Planting of 500 Plants
First year maintenance of plants planted in 3rd year
Second year maintenance of plants planted in 3rd year
Total Cost per Ha.
Table 10.19 : Cost Estimate for Bio-Engineering Works
SWS No.
Name of SWS
Total Area to
be treated
Area under
Afforestation
(Ha.)
Cost @ Rs.
128000/- Ha. (Rs.
in lac)
1D1D1(1)
1D1D2(1)
1D1D2(2)
Kirthai
Ligri
Pilali
1200
1000
900
114
95
86
145.9
121.6
109.4
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
265
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
1D1D2(3)
1D1D2(4)
1D1D3(1)
1D1D3(2)
1D1D3(3)
1D1D3(4)
Machel
Gulabgarh
Dharlang
Bhuzah
Bharaj
Bhazun
Total
10.1.13.2
500
1000
900
600
225
225
48
95
86
57
21
21
622
6550
60.8
121.6
109.4
73.0
27.4
27.4
796.5
Cost Analysis of Vegetative Structure, Civil Structures for Land Slide and Stream Bank
Stabilization and Moisture Retention Operations
These structures are to be constructed as land slide control and stream bank stabilization over
visually active slides and eroded banks of the main river and its tributaries falling under “Severe”
and “Very Severe” erosion intensity areas to control the sediment flow and further degradation of
the free draining catchment areas. Since these measures are to be carried out by construction of
individual structure such as wire crate spurs, check dams, contour staggered trenches, catch water
drains, retaining walls etc. on-site specific basis, the cost of each of such structure must be analyzed
on the basis of dimensions adopted. The analysis of rates of such structures is presented in Table
10.20.
Table 10.20 : Cost Analyses of Structures
S. No.
1.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Item
Dry Rubble Stone masonry (DRSM) Check
Dam
Excavation in foundation with 50% soft rock &
50% E & B involving peak and jumper work in
5.60 m x 1.80 m x 0.50 m = 5.04 cubic meter
Collection of boulders
I-Step
5 x 1.5 x 1.25 = 9.38
II – Step
7 x 1.0 x 0.75 = 5.25
Wing Walls 2 x 3.75x 0.6 x 1.5 = 6.75
Total 21.38 x1.1= 23.52
Carriage of boulder by manually beyond initial
100 m lead up to 1 km
Labour charges for dry stone masonry with
outer face stone dressed & 100 m lead.
Quantity
Unit
Rate
5.04
Cum
224.88
1133.39
23.52
Cum
175.25
4121.88
21.38
Cum
561.00
11994.18
21.38
Cum
277.50
5932.95
Total
Add 3% Contingencies
Grand Total Rs.
Say Rs.
2.
(a)
(b)
Wire Crate Check Dam
Excavation in foundation with 50% soft rock &
50% E & B involving peak and jumper work in
6.60 m x 2.30 m x 0.50 m = 7.59 cubic meter
Collection of boulders
Amount
23182.40
695.47
23877.87
24000.00
7.59
Cum
224.88
1706.84
35.24
Cum
175.25
6175.81
Foundation Step - 6.0 x 2.0 x 1.0 m = 12 cubic
meters
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
266
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
I- Step - 6.0 m x 1.9m x 1.0m = 11.40 cubic
meter
II- Step – 6.0 m x 1.8m x 0.8 m = 8.64 cubic
meter
Total requirement of boulder = 32.04 x 1.1 =
35.24 cubic meter
Carriage of boulder manually average lead 1
km
Weaving of wire netting of GI wire mesh size
15 cm x 15 cm
Foundation Step-2(6x2+6x1+2x1) = 40 m2
I- Step-2(6x1.9+6x1+2x1) = 38.8 m2
II- Step- 2(6x1.8 + 6x0.8 + 2x0.8) = 34.4 m2
Total = 113.2 m2
Filling of boulder and hand packing in wire
crates
Cost of GI wire
Carriage of GI wire manually to an average
lead of 1 km
32.04
M3
561.00
17974.44
113.2
M2
21.75
2462.10
32.04
M3
144.25
4621.77
2.25
2.25
Qtl
Qtl
8000
83.50
18000.00
187.88
Total Rs.
Add 3% Contingencies
Grand Total Rs.
Say Rs.
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Wire crate boulder spurs (large size) for
stream bank protection of main river
Excavation in foundation with 50% soft rock &
50% E & B
9.5 m x 3.0 m x 0.5m = 14.25 cubic meter
Collection of boulders
18.0 (2.25 m x 1.25 m x 1.25 m) = 63.28 cubic
meter
Carriage of boulder manually for average lead
1 km
Filling of boulder and hand packing in Wire
crates 2.25m x 1.25m x 1.25 in three tiers i.e.
8 in first tier 6 and 4 each in second and third
tier respectively
Cost of G.1 wire crates
18 x 14.375 = 258.75 sq. m.
Carriage of G.1. wire crate manually to an
average lead of 1 km
51128.84
1533.86
52662.70
52700
14.25
63.25
Cum
Cum
224.88
175.25
3204.54
11089.82
63.28
Cum
561.00
35500.08
63.28
Cum
144.25
9128.14
258.75
Sq. m.
165.00
42693.75
5
Qtl
83.50
417.50
Total 102033.83
Add 3% Contingencies 3061.01
Grand Total 105094.84
Say Rs. 105000.00
4.
(a)
Double row brush wood check dam
Cutting of conversion of vegetative posts
(b)
Carriage of vegetative posts to 5 km. distance
@ Rs. 207.95 per hundred number per km.
Digging of holes for vegetative posts
(c)
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
40
No.
40
No.
40
No.
1295.25/
%
1817/%/5
km
906.75/%
518.00
727.00
363.00
267
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
(d)
(e)
Fixing of vegetative posts
Fixing of vegetative spurs double row
40
12
No.
RM
(f)
Filling of gaps between rows of brush wood
with the bundles of bushes and tied with
ropes of grass
01
Job
5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
7.
a.
b.
Catch water drain in cement stone masonry
per RM
Excavation in formulation with 50% soft rock
and 50% E & B
1 x 1.50 x 0.55 = 0.825 cubic meter
Foundation concrete (CC 1:3:6)
1 x 1.50 x 0.15 = 0.225 cubic meter
RR stone masonry in cement mortar 1: 6
2 x 0.4 x 0.4 = 0.32 cubic meter
Flush cement pointing
2(0.4+0.4) = 1.6 sq.
RCC retaining wall 6 m high/RM
Excavation in soft rock
1 x 3.6 x 0.5 = 1.80 cubic meter
Concrete M:20 (CC 1:1.5:3)
Base = 1 x 3.60 x 0.4 = 1.44
Stem = 1 x 5.60 x 0.33 = 1.85
Total = 3.29 cubic meter
Steel reinforcement at 1% i.e. 40 kg/cubic
meter = 1.32 Qt
Shuttering / form work
Base = 2 x 3.60 = 7.20
Stem = 2 x 5.60 = 11.20
Total = 18.40 sq.
RR Dry stone masonry / RM
Average dimension = 5 m long, 2m high and
side slope 1:4
Excavation in foundation with 50% soft rock
and 50% E & B
5 x 1.10 x 0.3 = 1.65
RR stone masonry dry
5 x (1.10 + 0.60 / 2) x 2.0 = 8.5 cum
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
696.13/%
58.38/R
M
LS
278.00
700.00
Total
Or Say
2986.00
3000.00
400.00
0.825
Cum
224.88
185.53
0.225
Cum
3125.00
703.13
0.32
Cum
2550
816.00
1.60
Sq. m.
70
112.00
Total
Add 3% Contingencies
Grand Total
Or Say
1816.60
54.50
1871.10
1870.00
1.80
Cum
292.50
526.50
3.29
Cum
4700
15463.00
1.32
Qt
6000
7920.00
18.40
Sq. m.
134
2465.60
Total
Add 3% Contingencies
Grand Total
Or say
26374.50
791.24
27165.74
27200.00
1.65
Cum
224.88
371.05
8.5
Cum
277.50
2358.75
Total
Add 3% Contingencies
Grand Total
2729.80
81.89
2811.69
268
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
8
a.
Bench terracing / ha excavation
Earth work
9
Contour staggered trenches / ha excavation
10.1.13.3
100
Cum
75
Cum
Or say
2800.00
157.25
Total
224.88
Say
15725.00
15725.00
16866.00
17000.00
Abstract of Works under Civil Structures
The Break-up of works under different sub-watersheds in respect of vegetative structure, civil
structures for land slide and stream bank stabilization and moisture retention operations with their
costs is shown in Table 10.21.
Table 10.21 : Abstract of Works under Civil Structures
DRSM @ Rs. 0.24
lakh each
Name of
SWS
Number
70
60
45
30
40
30
35
20
20
350
Kirthai
Ligri
Pilali
Machel
Gulabgarh
Dharlang
Bhuzah
Bharaj
Bhazun
Total
10.1.14.
Cost
16.80
14.40
10.80
7.20
9.60
7.20
8.40
4.80
4.80
84
Wire Crate Check
Dam @ Rs. 0.527
lakh each
Number
35
30
40
35
45
15
25
20
20
265
Cost
18.55
15.90
21.20
18.55
23.85
7.95
13.25
10.60
10.60
140.45
RR Dry Stone
Masonry @ 0.028
lakh/RM
Number
150
130
140
200
250
150
200
160
140
1520
Cost
4.20
3.64
3.92
5.60
7.00
4.20
5.60
4.48
3.92
42.56
Catch Water
Drain @ 0.0187
lakh/RM
Contour
Staggered
Trenches @
Rs0.17lakh/ha
Total
Cost
(Rs.
lakh)
RM
150
200
200
250
175
175
250
150
150
1700
ha
10
15
30
40
25
15
20
25
25
205
44.06
40.23
44.76
42.83
47.97
25.17
35.33
26.94
26.38
333.65
Cost
2.81
3.74
3.74
4.68
3.27
3.27
4.68
2.81
2.81
31.79
Cost
1.70
2.55
5.10
6.80
4.25
2.55
3.40
4.25
4.25
34.85
Treatment of Private Land
The silt contribution of private land holding is very significant because it interrupts the natural
drainage and contributes to heavy soil erosion as compared to the other land use categories like
dense forest/open forest. Therefore, better land management shall help in reducing the sediment
flow besides increasing the land productivity by way of proposed soil cover to increase soil moisture
content. Therefore, it is proposed to provide treatment to private holdings for development of
horticulture, agriculture and private pasture development under SWS Kirthai, Ligri, Pilali, Gulabgarh
and Machail. An area of 60 ha and 20 ha have been earmarked to be undertaken for horticulture
and private pasture development respectively under this plan as a joint venture with the owners of
the land with their share of the cost being the cost of maintenance. Besides this, terracing in 240 ha
area along with some engineering measures to control erosion/sliding witnessed in the agricultural
land is also proposed. The cost of works proposed under this head work out to Rs. 79.74 lakh and is
shown in Table-10.22.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
269
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Table 10.22 : Cost of private land treatment
S. No.
(A)
1
2
(B)
1
10.1.15.
Particular
Quantity
Unit
Biological Measures
Horticulture Development
60
Private Pasture
20
Development.
Sub Total (A)
Soil
Conservation
&
Retention Measures
Bench Terracing
240
Sub Total (B)
Grand Total (A) + (B)
ha
ha
Rate
Amount
(Rs Lakh)
50000.00
60000.00
30.00
12.00
42.00
ha
15725.00
37.74
37.74
79.74
Cost of Other Components of Cat Plan
Apart from the forestry works and drainage line treatment in the catchment area there are other
aspects of the CAT Plan to be addressed and their cost included in the overall cost estimate of the
plan. The eco-restoration works, livelihood support works, social mobilization, documentation and
publication, monitoring and evaluation and providing environmental services are some of the
integral ingredients which have to be considered and included while formulating the CAT plans.
10.1.15.1
Implementation of Support Infrastructure Cost
In order to execute the catchment area treatment plan, the forest department would be requested
to establish a catchment area treatment cell for which the executing agency shall need necessary
infrastructure support. Accordingly, provisions have been made for purchase of office equipment
and inspection vehicles with O & M charges for ten years including maintenance period for
plantation. For movement of the field staff and labour, forest footpath and bridges/culvers would
need construction and repair. Besides, the forest staff shall have to camp nearby the site of work for
which the existing rest houses would require extension and improvements. The cost of works
proposed under the head works out to Rs. 70 lakh and is shown in Table-10.23.
Table 10.23 : Cost Estimate for Support Infrastructure
S. No.
(A)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Particular
Officer Equipment’s
Purchase of Computers complete
with accessories and Laser printer
Purchase of Photocopy Machine
Purchase of Fax Machine
Purchase of GPS and Survey
instruments
Purchase of inspection vehicles
O & M charges of inspection vehicles
Total
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Quantity
Unit
Rate (Rs. in
Lac)
Amount (Rs.
in Lac)
4
No.
0.50
2.00
2
6
LS
No.
No.
-
1.00
0.10
-
2.00
0.60
3.40
4
4x5
No.
No.
8.00
1.50/yr.
32.00
30.00
70.00
270
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District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
10.1.15.2
Fuel Wood Saving Devices
In order to reduce the pressure in the forest particularly for fuel wood exerted by villagers living
near forest areas under the catchment, who are totally dependent upon the fuel wood for cooking
purpose some alternate source of energy, is to be provided. It is proposed to provide LPG gas
connection with cylinder at subsidized cost. Beneficiary under this component shall be the weaker
section of society; families headed by women and scheduled caste households. The Principle for
providing subsidy and cost sharing by the beneficiaries shall be as follows;
I) For Women Headed Households :
100% subsidy
ii) For Schedule Cast Households
90% subsidy and 10% cost sharing
:
Identification of women headed households and Schedule Cast households should be backed by
data available with Panchayat Secretary and with local NGOs. Besides LPG, the stakeholders in the
catchment shall be provided solar pressure cooker and electricity saving device like CFL with each
household distributed 8 CFL during the project period. The break-up of cost under different nonconventional and fuel saving devices is shown in Table-10.24. An amount of Rs. 47.00 lakh is
earmarked for this activity under the CAT Plan.
Table 10.24 : Break-up of Cost under Different Fuel Saving Devices
S. N.
1.
2.
3.
10.1.15.3
Item
LPG Gas connection
a. At 100% subsidy
b. At 90% subsidy
Solar cooker @ 50% subsidy
CFL 1270 x 08 = 10160 no. @ 50% subsidy
Total
Quantity
Rate (Rs.)
500
500
1000
8000
3500.00
3150.00
1000.00
50.00
Amount
(Rs. in lakh)
17.50
15.75
10.00
4.00
47.25
Say Rs. 47.00 lakh
Training and Extension Programme
There is a need to keep all members of the existing registered VFDCs and committees to be
constituted in other villages and NGOs involved in programme implementation so that they can play
an active role in implementation of the CAT plan by associating with the development work in their
areas. For this purpose, people need to be trained in respect of different measures for habitat
improvement by afforestation techniques, nursery development, pasture development, soil
conservation and moisture retention works, horticulture development and agriculture practices in
respect of land under the CAT plan with special thrust to local technique with the use of indigenous
material without deteriorating ecology of the area. The technique of river-training work needs to be
explained properly so that desired results are achieved. For this purpose, a training programme has
to be properly devised and carried out at range office for which a provision of Rs. 12.00 lakh is being
made.
10.1.15.4
Provision for Micro Plans
Based on the ground truth reality in each of the village forest department committee or society
under different sub-watersheds, comprehensive micro plan for execution of the work has to be
prepared as per norms. The micro plan for each beats of sub-watershed shall be prepared in
consultation with the members of concerned VFDCs with due regards to the environmental
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District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
functions and productive potential of the forests and their carrying capacity. For this purpose, a
provision of Rs. 15.00 lakh is being made.
10.1.15.5
Provision for Proper Documentation
Emphasis should be laid on the publicity of the work proposed under the plan and work carried out
on annual basis so that transparency is maintained and proper documentation of the work is also
carried out for future reference, and testing the efficacy of the work in due course of time. On this
count a provision of Rs.5.00 lakh is proposed. The documentation would inter alia include
implementation report, progress reports, photography, videography etc. Publication of the work
done may be distributed to concerned panchayat and village Forest Development
Committees/Societies for wider dissemination.
10.1.15.6
Gender Support
By far women folk are more industrious than men in the hills. There is a need to keep them in center
stage in programme implementation so that they can play an active role in preservation of the
ecology as well as the socioeconomic development of the area. Considering the immense potential
and genuine needs for women’s participation in JFM programme, proper training with respect to
work related to NTFP cultivation, animal husbandry, gardening and farm works etc. shall be
imparted for which a provision of Rs. 10.00 lakh is being made.
10.1.15.7
Provision for Mobilizing User Groups
Based on the ground truth reality in each of the Village Forest Development Committee or Society
falling under the different sub-watersheds, mobilizing the user groups will be of utmost importance
to involve them in afforestation and other agreed activities of the CAT Plan. For this purpose, a
provision of Rs. 3.00 lakh is being made.
10.1.15.8
Funds for Educational Activities related to Medicinal Plant Sector
A provision of Rs. 10.00 lakh is earmarked for various conservation and educational activities related
to medicinal plant sector.
10.1.15.9
Development of Eco-tourism
Trekking routes with camping facilities can help to boost eco-tourism in the area. Concept of
“Homesteads” can be promoted. Such host families who are enterprising and having reasonable
traditional accommodation in the village en-route to good eco-treks can accommodate tourists on
payment basis. Such financial support to rural people can boost the activity. Involvement of local
youths can provide self-employment services like guides, porters, and making arrangements for
boarding and lodging of eco-tourists. The poor families can earn wages by portering or other small
works. Eco- tourism societies can be formulated under the overall control of the special purpose
vehicle (SPV) arrangement for anchoring the eco-tourism activities. There exists scope for ecotourism in the area where tourists can see its wild virgin and pristine glory and catching the
everlasting enthralling moments in their mind while enjoying and learning the nature. Therefore, a
provision of Rs 50.00 lakh is made on this.
10.1.15.10 Provision for Floristic Survey and Forestry Research
Though a provision has been made in environment monitoring plan for ecosystem monitoring
including environmental studies during construction and post constructional stages respectively, an
additional provision of Rs 10.0 lakh is made for carrying out floristic survey of the area after
complete implementation of CAT Plan, i.e., immediately after the fifth year of maintenance.
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District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
10.1.15.11 Provision for Monitoring and Evaluation
The success of implementation of a CAT Plan can be fathomed by increase in vegetal cover on hill
slopes and the enhancement. Various engineering and biological measures have been aimed at
treating degraded and potential areas of severe to very severe soil erosion by increasing soil holding
capacity and thus reducing sediment flow in the water. Therefore, for recording soil and silt data at
regular intervals one small laboratory/observatory each shall be established at dam site on the
Chenab and at Sansari Nala, Kabban Nala and Zamal, where the regular discharges of the streams
and silt samples shall be monitored twice a day for ten years.
A close watch on annual basis shall be maintained in respect of such areas where habitat
improvement works have been carried out so as to verify the work executed on site itself and also to
ascertain the rate of survival of plants and / or any damage to the new work. For monitoring of
works under forestry operation, the use of remote sensing technique by using digital satellite
imagery of IRS P6 LISS-III with high resolution (2.5 m x 2.5 m) should be made obligatory. The
monitoring through satellite scene should be done before commencement of works under CAT plan
and in a block of two years after completion of CAT plan. The work of monitoring of various works
under the CAT plan should be entrusted to an external agency which has long experience of carrying
out similar work on land use data and evaluating environment impact.
A provision of Rs. 147.00 lakh is being made for monitoring and evaluation activities including the
expenditure likely to be incurred on conducting meetings / seminar / workshops at the head quarter
and outside. This will include payments made to the non-official members of the monitoring
evaluation committee on accounts of their expenditure on traveling and boarding etc. The payment
to the external agencies shall also be met out from this part.
10.1.15.12 Provision for Providing Environmental Services
A provision of Rs. 500.00 lakh is being made under this sub-head for carrying out such works which
enhance the environmental status and also reduce the adverse impact on the environment and
ecology. Funds for identified and approved activities for Payment for Environmental Services have
also been provided under this component. The scheme inter-alia includes construction of contour
trenches, incentives for fire protection on private as well as on government land/forests, provision
of funds for live hedge fence on private land and Payment for Environmental Services as per
approved J & K Forest Department activities and norms.
The silt contribution of private landholding is very significant. The agriculture land is not developed
properly and coupled with faulty agricultural practices, like interrupting the natural drainage,
contributes heavy soil erosion as compared to the other land use categories like dense forest/ open
forest. Therefore, better land management shall help in reducing the sediment flow besides
increasing the land productivity by way of arresting the loss of soil cover and increased soil moisture
content. Accordingly, funds for the following activities on private lands will be made available:
1.
Live hedge fencing of private lands - Payment shall be made as per schedule of rates of labour
and works of respective Forest Circle, as applicable on the date of establishment of live hedge
fence.
2.
Contour trenches in private land – norms to be fixed in consultation with Agriculture
Department.
3.
Incentives for prevention of forest fires shall be provided village-wise.
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District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Fire management and control plan expenditure for the catchment area will be done under the PES
Component. For success and survival of bio-engineering plantations, protection against the fire will
also be very important. In general protection against forest fire hazards and incidents following
indicative action points are proposed to manage and control fire in the catchment area;
•
To prevent and tackle fire incidences awareness campaign against the fire hazards and
involvement of local people in controlling and prevention of fire incidences to be ensured.
•
Identification of sensitive hot-spots on past record and accordingly increased patrolling by
deploying of appropriate manpower during fire-season.
•
Maintenance of fire-lines as per the Working Plan.
•
Winter control burning to be ensured as per the Working Plan.
•
Strengthening of communication network to ensure timely and immediate response to tackle
fire incidences.
•
Enforcing fire rules and regulations especially during the fire season.
•
Need based fire equipment be purchase and to be kept at appropriate places.
•
Fire watch towers and fire huts to house equipment and manpower during fire season be
constructed based on requirement after getting approval from the Conservator of Forests.
For nomadic tribes, who migrate along with sheep and goats across the area, necessary veterinary
assistance by providing medicines and other support to maintain hygiene and health of the animal
stock based on the suggestions of local veterinary office will be provided at pre-identified sites along
with time schedule to be worked out as per the migration period/ time. The cost of medicines and
other assistance based on realistic assessment and inputs from Veterinary Office/ Department will
be charged to PES.
10.1.15.13 Provision for Forest Protection
The need for rigorous watch and ward of the forest covered under the catchment area becomes
more imperative in view of proposed new plantation under the CAT plan and due to increased
human activity in the form of labour, who shall be engaged for forestry works. Thus, fire protection
measures including construction and maintenance of fire lines, construction of check-posts, watch
towers have to be undertaken. Besides these construction / repair of forest boundary pillars shall
also be carried out. The forest staff shall have to be properly equipped with modern utility gadgets
like walky-talky, GPS and fire-fighting equipment’s. For these a provision of Rs. 50.00 lakh is being
earmarked.
10.1.15.14 Capacity Building
Since the effectiveness of the biological and engineering measures and their proper implementation
will depend on the understanding and preparedness of the forest staff. It is important that the
Forest Department makes efforts to sensitize the staff on implementation and management of
plantation issues, soil conservation, flood protection works and also provide guidance and
encourage them to build requisite capacities. Capacity building can be achieved through training
programmes for which a provision of Rs. 10.00 lakh has been made in the plan.
10.1.16.
Institutional Mechanism
10.1.16.1
Role of Project Proponent
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The forest department would implement the Catchment Area Treatment Plan. A joint inspection
group is suggested that would include officers drawn from State Forest Department of J & K. and
officials from the Environment Cell of the J&K State Power Development Corporation. The
management will have liaison with the forest officials. As far as the financial disbursement to
undertake activity involvement of various stake holders and collaborative public participation should
be encouraged to have transparency in the system.
10.1.16.2
CAT Implementation
The designated Environmental Officer of J&K State Power Development Corporation would
coordinate with the forest department for the implementation of the proposed Plan. The
Environment Officer would evaluate/monitor financial aspects. The modalities of financial
disbursement need to be worked out. The implementing agency shall submit completion certificate
in the light of guidelines fixed by the J & K Forest Department. The implementation of CAT Plan
should have enough flexibility and should be subject to changes as per requirements of specific
ecosystem and periodic gains. A monitoring committee as per the MoEF guidelines such as Kirthai-II
CAT Plan Society with its headquarters at Kishtwar may be constituted for the project for
administrative guidance and smooth realization of targets.
10.1.16.3
Project Monitoring and Reporting Procedures
Meetings would be held every three months to resolve problems arising in plan implementation. A
Joint committee may be formed with the Environment Cell of J&K State Power Development
Corporation and State Forest Department; the team members must ensure implementation and
monitoring of the CAT works and review the progress from time to time. Quarterly progress reports
and completion certificates would be submitted to J & k State Power Development Corporation for
evaluation and disbursement of finance. In addition, the work done should be published through
public awareness campaigns. Visual and print media may be used to gain maximum benefit by
beneficiaries. Such efforts would resolve conflicts which otherwise are potential sources for project
delays.
10.1.17.
Summary of Cost of Works
The cost of all works proposed in the CAT plan is enumerated in Table-10.25.
Table 10.25 : Cost Estimate of CAT Plan
S. No.
1.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Particulars
Habitat treatment works under free draining catchment
Normal afforestation (615 ha @ Rs. 179000/- per ha)
Enrichment Plantation (210 ha @ Rs. 72000/- per ha)
High density energy plantation (480 ha @ Rs. 233000/- per ha)
Pasture reclamation (622 ha @ Rs. 65000/- per ha)
Nursery support
Sub- total (1)
Soil and water conservation measures
Bio-engineering measures (622 ha @ 128000/ha)
DSRM check dam (350 no. @ 24000/ha each)
Wire crate check dam (265 no. @ 52700/each)
RR dry stone masonry (1520 RM @ 1870/RM)
Catch water drain (1700 RM @ 1870/RM)
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Amount
(Rs. Lakh)
1100.85
151.20
1118.40
404.30
81.00
2855.75
796.5
84.00
140.45
42.56
31.79
275
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
(f)
Contour staggered trenches (205 ha @ 17000/ha)
34.85
1130.15
Sub- total (2)
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)
Private land treatment
Horticulture development (60 ha @ 50000/ha)
Private pasture development (20 ha @ 60000/ha)
Bench terracing (240 ha @ 15730/ha)
Sub- total (3)
Other Component of CAT Plan
Implementation of Support Infrastructure Cost
Fuel wood saving devices
Training and Extension Programme
Provision for Micro Plan
Documentation
Gender Support
Mobilizing user groups
Funds for Educational activities related to medicinal plant sector
Development of Eco-tourism
Provision for floristic survey and forestry research
Provision for Monitoring and Evaluation Activities
Provision for providing Environmental Services
Forest Protection
Capacity building
Sub- total (4)
Grand Total
Say Rs.
30
12
37.74
79.74
70.00
47.00
12.00
15.00
5.00
10.00
3.00
10.00
50.00
10.00
142.00
500.00
50.00
10.00
934.00
4999.64
5000.00
Table 10.26 : Year wise Break-up of Funds CAT Plan
0 Year
1
Year
2
Year
3
Year
4
Year
5
Year
6
Year
7
Year
8
Year
9
Year
Total
(Rs.
Lakh)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Advance work
76.75
76.75
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
153.50
(ii)
Plantation
0.00
245.60
245.60
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
491.20
(iii)
Maintenance
0.00
0.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
36.15
0.00
456.15
(b)
Enrichment
plantation
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
(i)
Advance work
12.00
12.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
24.00
Plantation
0.00
21.00
21.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
42..00
(iii)
Maintenance
0.00
0.00
10.65
10.65
10.65
10.65
10.65
10.65
10.65
10.65
85.20
(c)
High
density
energy
plantation
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
(i)
Advance work
75.80
75.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
151.60
Plantation
0.00
168.00
168.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
336.00
Sl.
No.
1
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(ii)
Component
Habitat
treatment
Normal
afforestation
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(iii)
(d)
(e)
2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
4
(a)
(b)
(c)
Maintenance
Pasture
reclamation
Nursery
Support
Soil & water
conservation
Bioengineering
measures
DRSM
check
dam
Vegetative
Spurs
RR dry stone
masonry wall
Catch
water
drain
Contour
staggered
trenches
Private Land
Treatment
Horticulture
development
Private pasture
development
Bench
terracing
Other
Components
Infrastructure
Support
Fuel
wood
saving devices
Training
and
Extension
0.00
0.00
84.80
78.00
78.00
78.00
78.00
78.00
78.00
78.00
630.80
0.00
54.30
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
25.00
25.00
404.30
31..00
30.00
10.00
10.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
81.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
46.50
796.50
0.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
84.00
0.00
17.95
17.50
17.50
17.50
17.50
17.50
17.50
8.75
8.75
140.45
0.00
12.56
10.00
5.00
5.00
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
0.00
42.56
0.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
1.79
0.00
0.00
31.79
0.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
4.85
0.00
0.00
34.85
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
30.00
0.00
0.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
12.00
0.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
2.74
0.00
37.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
20.00
10.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
70.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
2.00
47.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12.00
(d)
Micro plans
7.50
7.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
15.00
(e)
Documentation
0.00
1.00
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
5.00
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
0.00
10.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
0.00
5.00
2.50
2.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
0.00
10.00
10.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
0.00
50.00
(j)
Gender
support
Mobilizing user
groups
Medicinal plant
sector
Development
of eco-tourism
Floristic survey
(k)
Monitoring
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
0.00
0.00
5.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
0.00
20.00
20.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
12.00
142.00
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&Evaluation
(l)
(m)
(n)
Environmental
Services
Forest
protection
Capacity
building
Grand Total
0.00
100.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
500.00
0.00
10.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
50.00
5.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
339.55
1030.96
931.05
469.15
451.65
449.15
388.15
384.79
305.79
249.40
4999.64
Say
5000.00
10.2. Compensatory Afforestation Scheme
The compensatory afforestation scheme would be implemented through Forest Department of
Jammu & Kashmir as per integrated afforestation programme. This includes activities like soil
conservation works, fencing, protection, awareness, monitoring and evaluation along with
maintenance for a period of five years.
In hills, trees and other vegetation cover have an important role in the conservation of ecosystem.
Due to increase in the demand of fuel wood, fodder and grazing, the pressure in the project area
adds to the loss of forests due to project development. The vacant land devoid of trees exists in the
region. It is very essential to create more resources for fuel wood to check further degradation in
the area where most of the human and livestock population stays. This shall provide vegetal cover
to barren slopes to check soil erosion and cater to the increasing demand of fuel wood and fodder.
The plan envisages afforestation on the following model of plantation scheme.
The plantation of vacant land would be carried out depending on plant species. Soil binding species
are proposed to be planted @ 1500 plants per ha. Similarly, broad –leaved species meant mainly for
their fodder and fuel wood utility shall be planted at the rate of 1500 plants per ha. Fuel wood
species will be planted with fodder species. As there is great pressure of grazing, it is proposed to
raise mixed plantation of fuel wood and fodder together. Each plantation shall have at least 20-30 %
of fodder species and 40 – 50% fuel wood species including few timber species.
10.2.1.
Compensatory Afforestation
Under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, in case of diversion of forest land for non-forestry purpose,
the compensatory afforestation shall be done over equivalent area of non -forest land made
available to the Forest Department and its ownership transferred and the same is notified as FR.As
far as possible, the non –forest land should be identified contiguous to or in proximity of Reserved
Forest or Protected Forest in the same district and in case if it is not available, it should be identified
anywhere else in the state, so as to minimize the micro-ecology of the area.
Where non-forest lands are not available or non-forest land is available in less extent to the forest
area being diverted, the compensatory afforestation may be carried out over degraded forest land
and available non-forest land, as the case may be. Compensatory afforestation may be raised over
degraded forestland twice in extent of the forest area being diverted/deserved
10.2.2.
Forest Land requirement of the Project
The total forest land required to be diverted is 142.25 ha which falls Paddar Range under Forest
Division Kishtwar.
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10.2.3.
Status of Forest Land Diversion
The President of India issued a Declaration under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution and gave
assent to the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019, thereby, with effect from 31st October,
2019, the former state of Jammu & Kashmir has been reorganized as the new Union Territory of
Jammu and Kashmir and the new Union Territory of Ladakh on 31st October, 2019. With this the
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, became applicable to the Union Territory of J&K. Now in the
changed scenario, as per requirement of the Act, on 9.3.2021, the PP vide FP/JK/HYD/123618/2021,
filed the case for forest clearance, in the Parivesh Portal.
10.2.4.
Tree/Poles/Saplings Affected Due to Diversion of Forest Land
The enumeration of the trees/poles/saplings of all species of trees standing on the length proposed
to be diverted shall be carried out through the agency of the Forest Division Kishtwar.All trees
standing 4 m below the FRL, over forest land to be diverted, shall be clear felled by the Forest
Department before transfer of land to the P.P. The logs of cut trees shall be cleared from site and
disposed as per Forest Department guidelines. A few months before first filling of reservoir the
whole root mass of the trees should be removed and the pits so created should be filled with stones,
this will help in reducing formation of methane to some extent in the initial years
10.2.5.
Land for Compensatory Afforestation
Suitable land shall be identified for raising compensatory afforestation in the project zone itself. In
case non-forest land is not available it will be raised in degraded forest to be identified by the Forest
Department.
10.2.6.
Comprehensive Scheme for Compensatory Afforestation
A comprehensive compensatory afforestation scheme shall be formulated by the concerned
Divisional Forest Officer and submitted to the Conservator Forests, along with the proposal for
forest clearance. The scheme has been formulated considering that compensatory afforestation
shall be developed in degraded area to be identified by the forest department in case non-forest
land is not made available. The main features of the scheme which runs for 10 years incorporating
first year for preparation works, second year designated for plantation works and fourth to tenth
year being earmarked for annual maintenance operations are:
•
Survey and demarcation of area.
•
Barbed wire fencing on wooden/PCC posts
•
Plantation at the rate of 2000 plants /ha by indigenous species like
•
Beating up operation with 10% mortality rate.
•
Soil amelioration with FYM/Fertilizers/vermin compost and fertile soil.
•
Periodic application of pesticide
•
Soil-water regime improvement works
•
Construction of check-dams and water harvesting structures.
•
Maintenance of fire lines.
•
Forest compartment boundary pillars.
•
Irrigation of plantation
•
Watch and ward.
The scheme shall be accorded Technical sanction by the Chief Conservator of Forest.
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10.2.7.
Plant species identified for afforestation
The following plant species (Table 10.27) have been identified based on soil and climate conditions
of the proposed compensatory afforestation areas.
Table 10.27 : List of Plant Species Identified for Afforestation
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Trees
Ulmus wallichiana
Populus nigra
Morus alba
Pyrus pashia
Prunus armenica
Pyrus malus
Ailanthus excelsa
Aesculus indica
Juglans regia
Robinia pseudoacacia
Salix alba
Xanthoxylum armatum
Alnus nitida
Celtis australialize
Prinsipia utilis
Local name
Kashmir Elm
Populus
Mulberry, Shehtoot, tuta
Indian wild pear
Plumcot, Khubani
Apple, Saib
Ardusi, Peeda
Goo Green, Indian Horse Chestnut
Walnut, Akhrot
Black Locust
White Willow
Winged prickly-ash
Champ, Himalayan Alder
Khirak
Himalayan Cherry
Besides, the above tree species, the shrub species identified for plantations are; Cotoneaster
bacillaris, Colutea nepalensis, Elaeagnus umbellata, Spiraea canescens and Rosa webbiana.
10.2.8.
Methodology and Components
The degraded forest land has large portion of barren hill slopes and is devoid of trees observed from
field studies. Soil working and plantation along contours conserves soil and enhances moisture
regime and adverse effects of surface run – off is reduced considerably. Pits along contour reduce
velocity of water, increase moisture and seepage of water in soil and reduce loss resulting in better
growth of plants. Hence soil works and plantation shall be strictly followed along the contours.
In afforestation areas for digging pits along the contours, it is necessary to first align contour lines
with the contour template and then pits should be dug along the contour lines, Generally, 30 x 30 x
45 cm size pits are dug in 60% of the area and 45 m x 45 m x 45 m size in 40% of the area leaving a
space of 1.5 m between two consecutive pits or depending on the species to be planted. Then the
soil is collected after removing pebbles and weeds, the pit is half refilled with soil mixed with humus
or fertilizer. For digging 1500 pits per ha pits are dug 15 cm uphill from the contour. The spacing of
pits along contour trenches should not be closer than 1.5 m.
In afforestation areas working should be started in May and completed by September in context of
cold desert areas otherwise should be started in October and completed by March. It is important
that the filling of trenches should not be left to be done along with plantation during rains to avoid
soil wash. Extreme care should be taken in transporting plants to avoid any damage. Plantation
should be done well in time during rains and few species that get leafless in winter can be planted
during winter rains. The plants in the pits near contour trenches get more moisture and grow fast.
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Raising vegetative barrier of hedges has been found very useful not only for soil and water
conservation but also for fuel wood production.
10.2.9.
Seedling Requirements
During the first year of the scheme implementation the seedling is to be obtained from the existing
nurseries of Forest Department and in due course of time some new nurseries should be developed
near the compensatory afforestation areas to meet the requirement of plant seedlings for
compensatory afforestation.
10.2.10.
Nursery Development
Nurseries would be developed with 6 to 8 seedbeds each and 6-8 beds for potted plants. On an
average 2.5 ha of land is required for nursery development. Nursery sapling would be developed for
species identified for compensatory afforestation scheme. The Nursery development works should
be started from the first year so that they can suffice the needs of supply of plant sapling from
second year or so. The Nursery area should be near to the road plantation areas and should have
irrigation facilities. It is also suggested that existing nursery at Gulabgarh under Paddar range and
another Nagsani range of Kisthwar forest department should be taken up for remodeling under this
scheme.
10.2.11.
Fencing and Closure
A minimum block plantation in a compact area of 5 ha. or as available would be undertaken by
providing wooden post fencing including watch and ward for assuring protection from biotic
interference.
10.2.12.
Beating Up
In case of longer spells of draught, sites with adverse natural conditions, some mortality of plants is
bound to occur requiring beating of dead. Considering the mortality rate to vary from 30% to 10%
after first year plantation to 5th year. Beating up should be done as actually required. In southern
slopes where moisture stress is more the requirement of replacement may be more.
10.2.13.
Delineation of Area for Compensatory Afforestation
The delineation of the area where compensatory afforestation is to be carried out under the
guidelines of the MoEF&CC, is the prerogative of the State Forest Department and depends upon
the availability of the degraded forest land in any part of the state preferentially in the district where
the project is proposed but not necessarily in the project area. Thus, at this juncture it is not feasible
to indicate such area on a map. However, some degraded forest area in Shirir forest on the left bank
of the Chenab under Atholi Forest Block and area above Sora and Shigilash Forest on the right bank
of the Chenab and Bhut Nala under Machel Forest Block can be brought under the afforestation
plan.
10.2.14.
Payment of Net Present Value of Land Transferred
In the wake of MoEF New Delhi Circular F. No. 5-1 / 98-FC (Pt-II), dated 17/18 September,2003, in
pursuant to the order issued by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India, Dt: 28-03-2008, Dt: 09-05-2008
in IA no. 826 in 566 and also in compliance to PCCF’s no. PCCF / FC / 113 / 488-99 Dt: 27-01-2010,
the UT of J&K shall have to charge from the user agency the Net Present Value (NPV) of land to be
converted for non-forestry purposes under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1997, depending upon the
quantity / density and type of species, within the range specified therein. In the present context, the
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value of NPV of the forest land in question at Rs. 8.97 lakh/ha has been assessed as Rs. 1275.98
lakh.
10.2.15.
Cost Estimate of Compensatory Afforestation Works
Based on average per ha cost of Rs 3.15 lakh per ha for raising compensatory afforestation recently
estimated for compensatory afforestation for Kwar HEP (Proposal No. FP/JK/HYD/54196/2020, the
cost for 284.50 ha works out to be Rs 899.33 lakh. Besides this the project proponent shall also pay
compensation for enumerated standing trees in the forest land to be diverted. The overall cost
including NPV of forest land proposed to be diverted has been assessed as 7470.00 lakh as shown in
Table 10.28.
Table 10.28 : Total Cost of Compensatory Afforestation Scheme
S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
Particulars
Amount (Rs lakh)
Cost of compensatory afforestation for double the area i.e., 142.25 x
2 ha = 284.50ha @ 3.15 lakh/ha
Cost of Net Present Value (NPV) of Forest land (142.25 ha) with 0.4 to
0.6 crop density @ Rs. 8.97 lac / Ha as per Hon’ble Supreme Court’s
order Dt: 28-03-2008, Dt: 09-05-2008 in IA no. 826 in 566 and also in
compliance to PCCF’s no. PCCF / FC / 113 / 488-99 Dt: 27-01-2010.
Compensation of trees/ poles/ saplings
899.33
1275.98
4800.00
Extraction and carriage of firewood to be extracted from the
enumerated trees
Extraction of standing volume to be extracted from the enumerated
trees
Grand Total
35.00
7470.31
Say (Rs.)
7470.00
460.00
10.3. Wildlife and Biodiversity Management Plan
10.3.1.
Objective
This plan envisages the conservation of biodiversity and sustenance of mountain livelihood as longterm goals. A plan for conserving the biodiversity of the area, ecological rehabilitation of the tract
by pasture development and enrichment, afforestation and land stabilization measures, improving
water regime, control of illicit poaching are some of the steps to protect and conserve the
biodiversity of the area.
Eco-development of the area in addition of factors will include sustaining mountain livelihoods,
community development, eco-tourism promotion and protection of cultural values. To achieve
these goals, the objectives of the plan are as under:
•
Maintenance of ecological balance through preservation and restoration of wherever it has
been disturbed due to project developmental activities,
•
Conservation and preservation of natural habitats in catchment area
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10.3.2.
•
Rehabilitation of critical species (endangered, rare and threatened species), if any with
provisions for in-situ or ex-situ conservation of critical/ important plant/ animal species,
•
Mitigation and control of project induced biotic and/or abiotic pressures/influences that may
affect the natural habitats,
•
Habitat enhancement in project catchment area by taking up afforestation and soil
conservation measures,
•
Creating all round awareness regarding conservation and ensuring people’s participation in the
conservation efforts and minimizing man animal conflict.
Protected Areas
Kishtwar National Park lies about 40 km. north-east of Kishtwar town. It is bounded to the north by
the Rinnay River, south by Kibar Nala catchment, east by main divide of great Himalayas and to the
west by Marwa River. The national park encompasses the catchment of the Kiar, Nanth and Kibar
nalas, all of which drain south-west into Marwa River which joins the Chenab just about Kishtwar
town. Based on revised classification of Champion and Seth (1968), some thirteen vegetation types
are represented.
10.3.3.
Conservation of Rare, Endangered & Threatened species.
There are 3 RET species has been recorded/reported from Kirthai HEP study area; Juglans regia (NT
as per IUCN Ver. 3.1), Pinus gerardiana (NT as per IUCN Ver. 3.1), Viola sp (VU as per IUCN Ver. 3.1).
All these species (Juglans regia, Pinus gerardiana, and Viola sp) has been recorded in primary survey.
The propagation and cultivation method for this species has been standardized by the State Forest
Department, consulting with Forest Research institute. The planting of this purpose may be
produced by seed germination or any other conventional methods instead of tissue-cultured plants
for mass multiplication to save genetic diversity. The cost of afforestation for this species in an area
of 3.0 ha @ Rs. 5lakh/ha would be Rs.15.00 lakh only.
10.3.4.
Endemic, Endangered & Threatened species.
There is no RET (Rare/Endangered/Threatened) species recorded during primary survey but
secondary literature reported various species which come under the sensitive list of IUCN and
Schedule-I under Wildlife Protection Act-1972. These species include Capra sibirica, Ursus
thibetanus, Lynx and Prionailurus bengalensis.
10.3.5.
Wildlife Management and Conservation
Himalayas representing very fragile ecosystems inhabits unique faunal and floral species. The key
stone species sustaining the critical natural food web require appropriate management strategy and
effective implementation of the plan. The tough rugged mountains with harsh climatic conditions
and less working season during the year, makes the natural resource management more
challenging. The management inputs have to be appropriate so as to allow nature to function within
natural parameters. The preference of key stone species of the catchment area has to be analyzed
for habitat manipulation and management intervention.
10.3.6.
Strategies for Conservation of Schedul-I Wildlife:
The buffer areas are essential for ensuring forest connectivity for these animals and land tenure
dynamic as these constitute habitats for sub-adult, transients and old members of the Wildlife
population. The aging wild animals from the source population residing in core zone migrate to the
buffer zone while the adult replace them in source population zone (core zone). With habitat
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depletion of the buffer area, the source population shall be easily targeted and will always be at the
risk of being eliminated. The buffer / fringe areas have immense importance as they have high
corridor value which calls for maintaining and improving their ecological sustainability. Otherwise,
they are likely to become ecological source sinks.
Forest areas can be developed as wildlife habitat by resorting to restorative strategies which inter
alia would into the following:
1.
Redressing man animal conflict
2.
Habitat improvement measures
3.
Anti-poaching operations
4.
Capturing problematic and aberrant animals
5.
Staff development and capacity building
Redressing Man Animal Conflict
The villages near forest have small chunk of agricultural land and people are mainly depending upon
rain fed crops. Wild animals like often damage their crops which is the main man-animal conflict
around the area. Though Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 authorizes Chief Wildlife Warden and
Officers acting on his behest to permit killing of such wild animals causing destruction to life and
property, yet the local due to religious sentiments do not opt for animal killings. In such a scenario
adequate compensation shall be made to suffering stake holders near the buffer areas. To avoid
revenge killing the compensation in case of loss of human life, resulting from man-animal conflict,
shall be made @ Rs. 2.0 lakh / victim while for serious injuries Rs. 0.6 lakh / person.
Besides this crop protection structures can be erected at prominent places and cages/traps to catch
problematic animals can be deployed.
Habitat Improvement Measures
The activities under this sub-head mainly comprises of such initiative which will improve the forage
and browse values of the habitat for wild animals. The works like creating water holes, water
retaining structures, pastureland reclamation (grass improvement) and eradication of weeds. The
improvement in the floral diversity in the buffer area can be partly achieved from plantation under
green belt to be carried out under the environment management plan proposed under the EIA/EMP
report.
Anti-Poaching Operations
Under this sub-head deployment of anti-poaching squads drawn from army personnel and home
guard; deployment of special tiger protection force (STPF) shall be the main constituent of the plan.
Besides this establishment and maintenance of patrolling camps/ chokies equipped with wireless
sets/mobile phones and procurement of field gear, night vision devices shall be the other
ingredients.
Capturing problematic and aberrant animals
This will involve procurement and deployment of traps, cages to catch aberrant animals besides
procurement of tranquilizing equipments.
Staff development and capacity building
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Under this sub-head specialized training in the field of management planning, park interpretation
through conducting workshops / seminars / study tours for appraisal of good practices followed in
other reserves. Apart from this training in the use of GIS systems and anti-poaching operations shall
be imparted.
Steps for Conservation of Capra sibirica
Major threats include traditional subsistence hunting, poaching, competition with livestock, habitat
degradation.
•
Make the control of illegal hunting of this species the primary management priority to maintain
viable populations under current land use regimes.
•
Increased protection and its habitat, creating general awareness, wildlife research and
management are an absolute necessity for the conservation of this species.
•
Wildlife viewing as a part of ‘eco-tourism’ in the Himalaya should be encouraged, particularly
observing animals such as the Himalayan tahr.
•
Local villagers who are skilled at observing tahr and/or other wildlife could be trained as ‘ecoguides’ and gainfully employed.
•
Apart from economic returns, local villagers would realise the importance of such species and
help in their protection for the purpose of long-term sustainability of eco-tourism.
Steps for Conservation of Ursus thibetanus
The habitat of U. thibetanus is threatened by uncontrolled harvesting and deforestation. Asiatic
black bears sometimes prey on livestock and crops, thus making themselves susceptible to being
killed by humans when caught. Habitat loss due to logging, expansion of human settlements,
roadway networks combined with hunting for skins, paws and especially gall bladders are the main
threats to this species. The most beneficial conservation measure for Asiatic black bears would be
to substantially lessen the demand for bear products, and thus reduce hunting and trade.
Steps for Conservation of Lynx
The Iberian lynx is the world’s most endangered cat. Potential management option is to improve the
quality, connectivity and permeability of Lynx’s present and future habitats, by developing habitat
corridors along climate pathways. Implementing present-day conservation practices of increasing
prey densities, habitat management, preventing disease and non-natural mortality at a regional
level. Ex situ captive breeding programmes have been launched to facilitate the reintroduction of a
genetically diverse pool of Iberian lynx into suitable areas within their historical range.
Steps for Conservation of Prionailurus bengalensis
The Asian Leopard Cat is a small wild cat and has the widest geographic distribution of all felines.
Leopard Cats are heavily persecuted for the commercial fur trade. Leopard cats are excellent
hunters and prey upon small vertebrate pests in rural and agricultural areas. By controlling local
rodent populations, they likely help humans in a variety of different ways, including disease control
and regulating the abundance of agricultural pests. Following steps shall be incorporated for species
conservation and management.
• Promotion of a positive attitude (public and employee of project) towards their presence at the
landscape level and within a context of wildlife diversity, to reduce the attitude to this species as an
unwanted competitor or an unacceptable obstacle to economic activity.
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• Public education and raising awareness on wolf conservation issues is to be continued
Financial Projection of Conservation of Schedule-I Species
To implement the conservation, plan following works are proposed within forest and civil forest.
More emphasis will be given to soil and water conservation structures and creation of water holes
along with the habitat development works. To improve the habitat and conserve the flora and fauna
following items of works are proposed with tentative financial allocation.
Table 10.29 : Financial Abstract for Conservation of Schedule-I Species
S.
Item
No.
1. Conservation of Soil and Water
1.1 Improvement of existing water sources (Small Ponds)
1.2 Development of new water sources (Water Holes)
1.3 Construction of Anicut / Check Dams on small Nalas
2. Habitat Improvement
2.1 Plantation / Pasture Development
2.2 Burning regime, seeding and grass cutting
2.3 Improvement of Escape cover
2.4 Improvement of Reproductive cover
3. Creation of Conservation Awareness
4. Provision of Salt Licks
5. Incentives to informers of illegal game / poaching
6. Fencing of Natural Habitat to check the encroachment
7. Compensation for loss of human life, resulting from man-animal conflict
Total
Amount
(Rs. Lakh)
2.00
2.00
3.00
15.00
5.00
4.00
9.00
4.50
0.50
5.00
5.00
10.00
65.00
Biodiversity Conservation and Management Plan has to be implemented by the Forest Department,
as a deposit work, for which the project proponent shall make the funds availabele in installments
to the user agency and the user agency shall submit certificate of yearly utilisation. Since the plan
has to be implemented by the Forest Department, the various ingadients of plan and their financial
aspects have to be wetted by the Department.
10.3.7.
Eco-Tourism
Himalayas are well known for trekking and mountain expeditions. Sighting of wildlife species along
well-defined trails inside the sanctuary can boost the tourism in the area. Local youths can get
employment by acting as local Guides. Organizing trekking expeditions is another field having good
adventure tourism potential. Local youth will be imparted training in this field in places which are
well-developed having expertise in similar areas.
10.3.8.
Capacity Building and Skill-Up Gradation
For quality management inputs, the capacity of the field staff deployed will be enhanced with
appropriate training inputs in relevant fields at regular intervals.
Exposure visits and on field study tours to the well managed protected areas like Kishtwar National
Park, High Altitude Hemis National Park in Ladakh and high altitude well managed sanctuaries will
be organized. Besides training in wildlife management field staff will also be sent to human and
social development management courses.
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10.3.9.
Financial Allocation
The comprehensive biodiversity management plan requires a detailed biological diversity
assessment in the project area and in the downstream. The financial allocation is based on the
identified components under the plan. However, an amount of Rs. 110 lakhs have been proposed,
the break-up of which is shown in Table-10.30.
Table 10.30 : Financial Abstract for Activities under the plan
S. N.
Amount
(Rs. Lakh)
15.00
Item
1
Conservation of Rare, Endangered & Threatened species of plants
2
Medicinal Plants Cultivation and Conservation
7.00
3
4
5
(i)
Removal of invasive species
Conservation Plan for Wildlife (Schedule – I)
Wildlife survey & research
Survey of wildlife & wildlife habitats
3.00
65.00
(ii)
6
7
Survey for sensitive / unique wildlife habitats area in the catchment area.
Construction of watch Towers
Vaccination and Medical facilities to domestic cattle
2.00
2.00
8
9
Promotion of eco-tourism
Capacity Building and Skill-Up Gradation
2.00
3.00
8.00
3.0
110.00
Total
10.4. Fisheries Management Plan
10.4.1.
Introduction
The construction of a dam on a river blocks or delay in the upstream fish migration and contribute to
the decline or even the extinction of species that depend on longitudinal movements along the
stream. Fish populations are highly dependent upon the characteristics of their aquatic habitat,
which supports all their biological functions. Considering the migration of potamodromous fisheswhose entire life cycle is completed within the inland waters requires different environments for
reproduction (Northcote, 1998). Possible fish passage/fish ladder/fish bypass to provide migratory
passage have been assessed to evolve effective conservation strategies for sustainable management
of aquatic biodiversity. However, these passages have been found more effective in low head
barrage/dam but for high dam passage are not found viable due to immediate loss of habitats. In
case of high dam, the development of fish lift has been tried in some instances. The Operation of
fish lift is not techno-economically feasible considering the low density of migratory fishes at the
project site.
In case of high dams, when there is numerous variabilities in terms of physical environment as
drastic changes to the habitat upstream or downstream due to changes in water flow and water
quality, and poorly-known fish species behavior, their swimming abilities, migratory patter,
population size and predation etc. are limiting the significance of fish ways / passage. The other best
option which has been visualized for the present proposed project is captive culture through
artificial propagation of endemic and exotic snow trouts and restoration of remaining free flow
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regime Bhut nalla which confluences with Chenab about 600m d/s of the proposed dam of Kirthai-I
HEP.
The endemic fish snow trout-Schizothorax sp is under threat as blockage of migratory routes due to
cascade development of hydroelectric power projects such as Salal, Swalikot, Baghliar and Dul-Hasti
Hydroelectric projects. That clearly shows the impact of blockage of river in downstream area as
snow trout fish was earlier present in the region supported by the secondary data. These projects
have impacted on aquatic ecology and fishery of river Chenab in the available free flow water
regime as no provision made for fish migration from downstream to upstream.
10.4.2.
River Chenab Morphology and Habitat Structures
The river Chenab has torrent water flow (3-4 m sec-1) with frequent rapids and cascade habitats, and
few ever pools and runs in some places (Photo). The river banks showed pocket pools, riffles and
shallow water sites which are restricted to bank sides. The substratum of river is dominated with
small to large boulders and rocks impregnated with fine sand. Cobbles and gravels were observed in
lesser amount. The side banks and flood prone area were predominated with large boulders
impregnated in sand and stable rock hill slopes with sparse vegetation. The river banks and hill
slopes showed sparse and thin vegetation in patches which is dominated with trees as Cedrous sp &
Alanus spp mainly followed by few ever herbs and shrubs.
The morphology of the streams is different due to first order and receives glacial / snowmelt water.
Streams showed very high gradient or slope >10%, with large boulders and rocky substratum.
Cascades and falls form dominant habitat, leading to formation of scour and step pools. The stream
bed and banks are predominated with rocks and boulder some places impregnated in sand.
The side hills of the project site experience heavy snow fall during every winter. The temperature,
flow rate and volume of water decreases during winter. The river discharge increases during April to
September due to melting of snow. However, the area has lesser rainfall or located in rain shadow
zone with wet temperate climate. The temperature of the river was observed during study period
was ranged between 4.50C to 6.50 C, clearly indicating cold water flowing zone which supports the
trout fishery though distribution of endemic fishery is not significant in this region. The presence of
trout in river Chandra and Bhaga in uplands of Lahul & Spiti area is due to its introduction by the
Fisheries Department of state of Himachal Pradesh. However, no endemic and exotic trout was
found present during study period in the influential area of the proposed project. The rainbow trout
is reared and cultured at Mugal Maidan state trout hatchery near Chitoor, district Doda is being
introduced upstream and downstream area of Dul-Hasti project.
10.4.3.
Anticipated Impact
The natural processes of fish congregation for breeding, development of fries and fingerlings and
the migration of the fishes would be completely affected due to the construction of the dam (122m
high from river bed level). Almost all fish species will find a barrier for their upstream migration with
the construction of dam and river resulting in massive failure of recruitment of the stock above the
dam. With the construction of proposed Kirthai-II HEP about 7km Downstream of dam axis of
Kirthai-I HEP, the d/s migration will also be hampered for migratory fish species, which will affect
their spawning and feeding. The only redeemable feature is the existence of free flowing Bhut Nalla
which confluences with Chenab about 600m d/s of the proposed dam of Kirthai-I HEP. For migratory
fishes, Bhut Nalla (Figure 10.8) shall provide a good flow regime for trout propagation and declared
as trout stream for future conservation and restoration.
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Bhut Nala
Bhut Nala
Chenab
Figure 10.8 : Bhut Nala near Village Matti and confluence with the Chenab river
10.4.4.
Minimum Environmental Flow Requirement
The minimum stipulated flow for leanest month has been worked out on the basis of 20% of
average flow in four consecutive leanest months i.e. from November to February in 90%
dependable year which is year 1971-72 for diversion site. The computation of minimum flow
requirement works out to 11 cumec, which shall be met from the release through dam -toe power
house. The environmental flow during non- lean months and non-monsoon month (27 cumec) shall
be met from the release through dam – toe power house. It emerged during the power studies that
the design discharge for dam power house should be kept in the range of 11.1 cumec to 99.71
cumec. During monsoon months, the environmental flow (199 cumec) reckoned @ 30% of the 10daily block shall be met from release through dam toe power house, flushing discharge and balance
if any through the spillway.
10.4.5.
Conservation
Development of fish ladder is not feasible in Kirthai-II HEP due to technical constrains (Height of the
dam). The alternative ways are development of fish lift and development of fish hatchery. The
former is not techno-economically feasible considering the low density of migratory fishes and the
best alternative is development of a hatchery at the project site. Artificial hatching of fingerlings and
continuous restocking in the river and the reservoir is the best possible option to sustain riverine
fishery.
10.4.6.
Fish Hatchery Development
Considering the importance of cold-water fisheries, there is need to conserve the Chenab River
within the project area upstream and downstream to convert into a trout stream through
development of Trout Rearing Unit.
To breed and culture riverine fishes in controlled conditions, a fish hatchery is proposed by the State
Fishery Department has already at Kejai village on left bank of Honser stream (Figure 10.9) about 3
km downward of Atholi sub-tehsil. The Directorate of Fisheries, Government of J&K, would manage
the development of fish hatchery. Initially the project authorities would provide the funds for the
establishment and maintenance of fish seed farm. Thereafter, it is assumed that the established
facility would be taken over by the Directorate of Fisheries, Government of J&K. It is assumed that
the project would be taken over by the Directorate of Fisheries, Government of J&K and run
interpedently.
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Figure 10.9 : Honser Stream near Kejai village
To maintain the fish biomass of water body by way of augmentation with fish seed production of
viable and commercially important species of fish, the development of multidimensional fish
farming project has been proposed where in the commercially important species of fish existing in
the area like Schizothorax, Mahseers and Carps can be produced and reared for augmentation of the
affected main river and its tributaries/hill torrents by way of:
•
Rehabilitation of important fish fauna and affected species of fish especially Schizothorax,
Mahseer and Trout, the existing species of the river.
•
To raise the fish seed in the farm for stocking in natural water bodies affected to compensate
the possible loss caused by construction of various concrete structures.
•
Establishment of fish farm where economically important species of fish are likely to be reared,
produced under the supervision of Fisheries experts.
•
To boost the fish farming in the private sector and to compensate the loss occurring to the
people dislodged and people who are involved in the fishery trade because of construction of
power projects.
•
To generate employment for the affected people as well other inhabitants of the area by
keeping seed of variety of fish available in the farm to help and encourage them to earn their
livelihood by taking fish farming as profession (either part time or full time).
•
To keep quality fish available.
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A project has been designed with the cooperation of J&K State Fisheries Department which interalia encompasses the following components:
•
Land Acquisition: For establishing of the Hatchery unit about 10 Kanals (0.5 ha) land has been
identified in Kijai Village near the left bank of Honsar Nala.
•
Water Intake Channel: In order to cater to regular discharge to all raceways / ponds, the water
shall be taped from a perineal stream (Honsar Nalla) through inlet channel of 18-inch internal
diameter MS pipes to rapid filtration plant. Thereafter supply shall be continued through
cement concrete surface channel.
•
Desilting Chamber /Rapid Filtration Plant: The silt load of the inflowing discharge can cause
mortality by way of choking the gills of the fishes. Therefore, construction of rapid filtration
plant with walls and floor of either concrete or stone masonry shall be undertaken.
•
American Type Raceways: Ten pairs of American type raceways (66 ft X 15 ft X 4.5 ft) shall be
constructed for rearing of the trout fingerlings. The walls and floor of the raceways shall be
constructed with M-20 grade reinforced cement concrete (RCC). The raceway shall be provided
with inlet and outlet channel.
•
Open Raceways: In order to rear the fish seed in bulk, so as to cater the demand and to raise
the brood stock efficiently, construction of four open raceways is conceived. The walls and floor
of the raceways shall be constructed with M-20 grade reinforced cement concrete (RCC). The
raceway shall be provided with inlet and outlet channel.
•
Feed Store: In order to provide sufficient quantity of quality fish, feed to fishes being reared,
abundant quantity of feed needs to be stored within the pump premises. For this a single storey
hall type building with rolling shutter is proposed.
•
Hatchery Unit: it is proposed to construct a hatchery unit within the farm premises to produce
quality fish seed / fingerlings. The hatchery shall have separated breeding as well as preliminary
nursery chamber with efficient chamber of water supply.
•
Farm House and Guard Huts: For day to day administration, monitoring and running of the fish
farm an office complex with two rooms, one store and one bathroom is proposed. To ensure
efficient vision around the clock, guard house (Single Storey Hut) having three rooms, one store
/ kitchen and one bathroom will be constructed.
•
Laboratory Block: It is proposed to construct a laboratory block equipped with modern
equipment and material for monitoring important physico-chemical parameters vital for
efficient growth of fish.
•
Fish Landing: For development of the proposed reservoir fisheries a fish land centre shall be
required to be developed. Provision of clean and sanitary building with ancillary facilities like
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portable water, ice, fly proofing arrangement and chill storage at fishing harbours is an essential
requirement to maintain quality and safety requirement for the landed fish.
•
Motorboats: For control and management of reservoir fisheries, the requirement of one motor
boat for patrolling and other for rescue operation is essential.
•
Farm equipment/ Fishing Net / Life Saving Jacket: For execution of different activities, different
types of farm equipment nets like fishing net / shade net, dam boards, screen trucks, trays and
other accessories are required.
To ensure high productivity of fish from the initial stage of filing, obtaining a sustainable yield of fish
from the reservoir, to avoid wasting of fishery resources and also for conserving the fish stocks,
various rules and regulations under the Fisheries Act of the J&K State are to be followed. The following
recommendations are made for the reservoir fisheries development.
I.
Stringent measures are to be adopted on the size of the mesh of the fishing net to be used
and the fish to be caught to prevent the indiscriminate fishing in the river. Fishing shall be
done as per the norms of the Directorate of Fisheries, Government of J&K.
II.
Fishing should be prohibited during the breeding as well as stocking seasons.
III.
In order to obtain the huge stocks of the fries of desirable fish, fishing should be banned two
years prior to filling and during the first year of reservoir formation.
IV.
In order to ensure optimum fish diversity and density in the area of reservoir, it is suggested
that various tributaries of river Chenab viz. Kabban Nallah, Khoral Nallah, Dudheri Nallah, Bhut
Nallah, Honsar Nallah, Aphani Nallah, Lidder nallah, Kulheg nallah, Kidur nallah, Kijai nallah
etc. in the area should be managed to ensure fish migration from river Chenab to these
tributaries for breeding and feeding and back to the main river.
V.
Stocking of Tor and Tor putitora in the reservoir: Main reservoir can be stocked with various
species of Mahseer, which can migrate in the streams for breeding and feeding. Even larvae
and adult of Schizothoracinae from other places can be introduced in the reservoir and various
tributaries joining the reservoir and upstream of river at various places.
VI.
Hatchery should be used only to breed and culture various riverine fishes of Schizothorax,
Schizothorichthyes, Garra and Tor species.
VII.
Exotic species like Cyprinus carpio and Hypophthalunichthyes molitrix should not be
introduced at any stage as these have harmful effects on local fishes.
10.4.7.
Cost Estimate for Hatchery Development
The Joint Director Fisheries Projects, Narwal, Jammu Division vide letter no. JDF/P/2015/-16/990-93
dated 31-10-2015, has formulated a plan for development of fisheries in the reservoir of Kirthai-I HEP,
with an outlay of Rs. 760 lakhs, as detailed in Table 10.31.
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Table 10.31 : Abstract of Cost for Development of Trout Hatchery
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Particular
Acquisition of land and its development
Construction of American type of Raceways
Construction of Open Raceways
Construction of Ponds
Construction of Farm House
Construction of Watch Hut
Construction of Water Intake Channel
Construction of Desilting Chamber / Filtration Plant
Construction of Feed Store
Construction of Laboratory and Cost of Equipment
Construction of Hatchery House and Provision of
equipment
Purchase of Vehicles for transportation of seed along with
requisite gadgets.
Development of fish landing center
Motorboat with accessories for patrolling and one rescue
boat including allied taxes
Farm Equipment/Fishing nets / Life Saving Jackets etc.
Development of Internal path and arboriculture
Survey/Research
and
investigation
including
equipment’s/training /Awareness/Orientation etc.
Extension Activities including purchase and transportation
of Fish Seed/Feed
Administration
Charges/Exigencies
Office
Expenses/TA/POL/contingencies/consultancy/need
base
expenses/cost of feed/chemicals and other Misc. charges.
Fish Sale Outlet
Installation / Provision of Power Supply
Quantity
Units
Kanals
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
Job
Job
Rate (Rs.
lakh)
5.00
10
4.00
12.00
40.00
30.00
L.S.
L.S.
LS
LS
LS
Amount
(Rs. lakh)
50.00
150
40.00
48.00
40.00
60.00
30.00
60.00
10.00
40.00
70.00
10
15
10
4
01
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Job
LS
20.00
5
2
No.
No.
2.00
20.00
10.00
40.00
1
1
1
Job
Job
Job
LS
LS
LS
15.00
40.00
10.00
1
Job
LS
20.00
1
Job
LS
15.00
1
1
Job
Job
LS
LS
10.00
10.00
Total
760.00
10.5. Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan
10.5.1.
Introduction
Like any other development / infrastructure project for the public purpose land (Public and Private)
invariably is to be acquired by the appropriate government either for its own use or for a requiring
body, as the case may be. The total private land required for the project is 43 ha which is spread
over 7 villages in Paddar block of district Kishtwar, J & K. Though the project has been conceived
with the sole objective of minimal displacement of people because their property in the project
affected area, the compulsory acquisition of land for public purpose has been necessitated. The
involuntary land acquisition for the project shall be carried out under the Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013”,
and not under the J&K Land Acquisition1990 (1934 AD) as the affected families have not been paid
compensation before J&K became UT on 31.10.2019.
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10.5.2.
Social Impact Assessment Studies
The Socio-economic survey of the project affected village (PAV) and project affected Families (PAF)
in the form of household survey was undertaken for gathering baseline information on various
socio-economic parameters which included the following:
a. assessment as to whether the proposed acquisition serves public purpose.
b. estimation of project affected families including families likely to be displaced.
c. Extent of land (Public / Private), houses and other assets, to be affected by the acquisition.
d. Feasibility of Acquisition at an alternative place.
e. Assessment of bare minimum extent of land needed for the project.
f.
10.5.2.1
Study of social impact and mitigate cost in addressing these and its ramification on the overall
cost of the project vis-à-vis the benefits of the project.
Public Purpose
In the wake of the fact that the land to be acquired is within the territory of J&K State, the State
Government of J&K is the Appropriate Government intends to acquire the land for construction of
the infrastructure projects. Kirthai – I HEP (390MW), essentially an energy generation project, falls in
the category of projects included in the Annexure-I of the Notification of the Govt. of India,
Department of Economic Affairs (Infrastructure Section) No. 13/6/2009-INF dated 27 March 2012
and even no. amendment dated 1st April 2013.
10.5.2.2
Village-wise Project Affected Families
The village-wise details of project affected families and total private land to be acquired in the
village is shown in Table 10.32. It is evident that there shall be 446 affected families (whose land or
immovable property shall be acquired) of which there shall be 20 displaced families (who on account
of acquisition of land has to be re-located and resettled from the affected area to the resettlement
area).
Table 10.32 : Village-wise details of PAF
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10.5.2.3
Name of Village
Layee
Kundal
Mati
Gulabgarh
Laddar
Atholi
Affani
Total
Private Land (ha)
12.14
15.12
1.69
7.00
5.10
1.39
0.56
43.00
No. of PAF
91
177
33
31
82
30
2
446
Details of Private Land, Houses and Other Assets, to be Acquired
Besides the private land residential/non-residential houses and cattle shed shall also be acquired.
The details are given in Table 10.33.
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Table 10.33 : Village-wise details of Assets to be Acquired
S. N.
Village
Private Land
(ha)
1
Layee
12.14
2
3
Kundal
Mati
15.12
1.69
4
5
Gulabgarh
Laddar
7.00
5.10
6
7
Atholi
Affani
Total
10.5.2.4
1.39
0.56
43.00
Structures
Houses
3
7
Kothas
/cattleshed
14
21
-
5
8
-
6
1
0
1
10
56
Feasibility of Acquisition at an alternative place.
Kirthai -II Hydro-Electric Project has been conceived as R-O-R scheme across river Chenab in district
Kishtwar. The proposed 165 m high dam (from deepest foundation level) on the Chenab shall be
located near Kidur about 13 km d/s of Gulabgarh at longitude 760 4’ 37” E and latitude 330 18’ 41” N.
One no. head race tunnel of 11.25m diameter and 4.289 km long shall be aligned on the left bank
from intake structure and 1 no. intake for auxiliary powerhouse (90 MW) shall be located at the
right bank. The underground power house (140MW X 6) shall be located on left bank of the Chenab
near ladrari nala near to Raothak Khola.
The siting and alignment of the project components like diversion structure, intake structure,
underground conductor system and power house etc. is mainly based on the geological condition of
the rocks. During investigation and planning stage and also at the time of preparation of DPR,
detailed surface and sub-surface investigations are carried out at different alternative sites and
balance is struck in favor of the best alternative.
The site, about 1 km d/s of the above site and 250 m u/s of Kidur Nallah is suitable for a concrete
dam as no suitable location is possible for locating a Chute /Side Channel spillway. At the site the
river gorge is deep and narrow and granitic genesis is exposed on both banks. The diversion tunnel
can be in the right bank and the spillway can be in the middle portion of the concrete dam. The
length of the power tunnel, to be located on left bank, would be around 4.29 km.
Thus, it is abundantly clear that the proposed project is site specific. Thus, it is clear that land
acquisition at any other alternative place for locating the project components is not plausible by any
stretch of imagination. The locations of quarry and muck disposal site have also been considered in
view of techno-economical consideration. All the muck designated sites are near to the work
components as well as avoiding private land to the best possible extent. The rock-in-situ quarry sites
are mostly in forest land obviating private land. It is thus manifest that feasibility of land acquisition
at any other alternate site is not feasible in the least.
10.5.2.5
Assessment of bare minimum extent of land needed for the project.
The land requirement for various components of the project i.e. dam, intake structure and
underground works have been in sync with the dimensions determined on the basis of detailed
hydraulic as well as structural design. The land required for various components of dam and spillway
to pass the design flood discharge is based on as per standard designed practices, IS:6966(Part-I).
likewise, the tunnel diameter has been finalized on the basis of economical diameter. The
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dimensions of penstocks, power house, draft tube and TRT has been fixed on the basis of detailed
design. Some quantity of the muck generated has been proposed for consumptive use for
construction material thereby implying minimization of land required for muck disposal site as well
as quarry sites. Thus, to keep the land requirement to the minimum, an all-out effort has been
made.
10.5.3.
Resettlement & Rehabilitation Principles
On the basis of the primary and secondary data collected in respect of the project affected families
a draft R & R Plan has been formulated in consonance with the principles enunciated in “The Right
to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act,
2013”, which has come into force from 1-1-2014, notified by Government of India. Besides this
meeting the mandatory requirement, certain works relating to social welfare and community
development are also considered in consultation with local authorities and representatives of
affected families to make the R&R Plan for the proposed project so that a greater degree of
acceptability for implementation of the plan is achieved.
10.5.3.1
Definitions Followed in the Present R & R Plan
For this project, procedure and compensation will be as per the RFCT_LARR 2013 and following key
definitions will be followed:
"Administrator" means an officer appointed for the purpose of rehabilitation and
resettlement of affected families under sub-section (l) of section 43;
(b) "affected area" means such area as may be notified by the appropriate Government for the
purposes of land acquisition; (c) 'affected family" includes(i) a family whose land or other immovable property has been acquired;
(a)
(ii)
a family which does not own any land but a member or members of such family may be
agricultural labourers, tenants including any form of tenancy or holding of usufruct right,
share-croppers or artisans or who may be working in the affected area for three years
prior to the acquisition of the land, whose primary source of livelihood stand affected by
the acquisition of land;
(iii)
the Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers who have lost any of their
forest rights recognized under the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 due to acquisition of land;
(iv)
family whose primary source of livelihood for three years prior to the acquisition of the
land is dependent on forests or water bodies and includes gatherers of forest produce,
hunters, fisher folk and boatmen and such livelihood is affected due to acquisition of
land;
(v)
a member of the family who has been assigned land by the State Government or the
Central Government under any of its schemes and such land is under acquisition;
(vi)
a family residing on any land in the urban areas for preceding three years or more prior
to the acquisition of the land or whose primary source of livelihood for three years prior
to the acquisition of the land is affected by the acquisition of such land;
(d) "agricultural land" means land used for the purpose of--
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(i)
agriculture or horticulture;
(ii)
dairy farming, poultry farming, pisciculture, sericulture, seed farming breeding of
livestock or nursery g rowing medicinal herbs;
(iii)
raising of crops, trees, grass or garden produce; and
(iv)
land used for the grazing of cattle;
(e) "appropriate Government" means, -
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(i)
in relation to acquisition of land situated within the territory of, a State, the State
Government:
(ii)
in relation to acquisition of land situated within a Union territory (except Puducherry),
the Central Government;
(iii)
in relation to acquisition of land situated within the Union territory of Puducherry, the
Government of Union territory of Puducherry;
(iv)
in relation to acquisition of land for public purpose in more than one State, the Central
Government, in consultation with the concerned State Governments or Union territories;
and
(v)
in relation to the acquisition of land for the purpose of the Union as may be specified by
notification, the Central Government:
Provided that in respect of a public purpose in a District for an area not exceeding
such as may be notified by the appropriate Government, the Collector of such District
shall be deemed to be the appropriate Government;
"Authority" means the Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement Authority
established under section 5l;
"Collector" means the Collector of a revenue district, and includes a Deputy Commissioner
and any officer specially designated by the appropriate Government to perform the functions
of a Collector under this Act;
"Commissioner'' means the Commissioner for Rehabilitation and Resettlement appointed
under sub-section (l) of section 44;
"cost of acquisition" includes(i)
amount of compensation which includes solatium, any enhanced compensation ordered
by the Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement Authority or the Court and
interest payable thereon and any other amount determined as payable to the affected
families by such Authority or Court;
(ii)
demurrage to be paid for damages caused lo the land and standing crops in the process
of acquisition;
(iii)
cost of acquisition of land and building for settlement of displaced or adversely affected
families;
(iv)
cost of development of infrastructure and amenities at the resettlement areas;
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(v)
cost of rehabilitation and resettlement as determined in accordance with the provisions
of this Act:
(vi)
administrative cost, -
for acquisition of land, including both in the project site and out of project area
lands, not exceeding such percentage of the cost of compensation as may be
specified by the appropriate Government;
(B) for rehabilitation and resettlement of the owners of the land and other affected
families whose land has been acquired or proposed to be acquired or other
families affected by such acquisition;
(vii) cost of undertaking 'Social impact Assessment study'; (j) "company" means(A)
a company as defined in section 3 of the Companies Act, 1956. Other than a
Government company:
(ii) a society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 or under any
corresponding law for the time being in force in a State;
(k) "displaced family" means any family, who on account of acquisition of land has to be
relocated and resettled from the affected area to the resettlement area;
(l) "entitled to act" in relation to a person, shall be deemed to include the following persons,
namely:
(i)
trustees for other persons beneficially interested with reference to any such case, and
that to the same extent as the person beneficially interested could have acted if free
from disability;
(ii) the guardians of minors and the committees or managers of lunatics to the same
extent as the minors, lunatics or other persons of unsound mind themselves, if free
from disability, could have acted:
Provided that the provisions of Order X XX II of the First Schedule to the Code of Civil
Procedure,
(i)
I908 shall, mutatis mutandis, apply in the case of persons interested appearing before a
Collector or Authority by a next friend, or by a guardian for the case, in proceedings under
this Act:
(m) "family" includes a person, his or her spouse, minor children, minor brothers and minor
sisters dependent on him:
Provided that widows. divorcees and women deserted by families shall be considered
separate families:
Explanation. -An adult of either gender with or without spouse or children or dependents
shall be considered as a separate family for the purposes of this Act.
(n) "holding of land" means the total land held by a person as an owner, occupant or tenant or
otherwise;
(o) "infrastructure project" shall include any one or more of the items specified in clause (b) of
subsection of section 2;
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"land" includes benefits to arise out of land, and things attached to the earth or permanently
fastened to anything attached to the earth:
(q) "landless" means such persons or class of persons who may be, (p)
(i) considered or specified as such under any State law for the time being in force; or
in a case of landless not being specified under sub-clause (i), as may be specified by the
appropriate Government;
(r) "land owner" includes any person, (ii)
whose name is recorded as the owner of the land or building or part thereof, in the
records of the authority concerned; or
(ii) any person who is granted forest rights under the Scheduled Tribes and Other
Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 or under any other
law for the time being in force; or
(iii) who is entitled to be granted Patta rights on the land under any law of the State
including assigned lands: or
(iv) any person who has been declared as such by an order of the court or Authority;
(i)
"local authority" includes a town planning authority (by whatever name called) set up under
any Law for the time being in force, a Panchayat as defined in article 243 and a Municipality
as defined in article 243P, of the Constitution;
(t) "marginal farmer" means a cultivator with an un-irrigated land holding up to one hectare or
irrigated land holding up to one-half hectare;
(u) "market value" means the value of land determined in accordance with section 26;
(s)
"notification" means a notification published in the Gazette of India or, as the case may be,
the Gazette of a State and the expression "notify" shall be construed accordingly;
(w) "patta" shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in the relevant Central or Slate Acts or
rules or regulations made thereunder; (x) "person interested" means(i) all persons claiming an interest in compensation to be made on account of the
acquisition of land under this Act;
(ii) the Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers, who have lost any forest
rights recognized under the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006;
(iii) a person interested in an easement affecting the land;
(v)
persons having tenancy rights under the relevant State laws including share-croppers
by whatever name they may be called; and
(v) any person whose primary source of livelihood is likely to be adversely affected;
(iv)
"prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
(z) "project" means a project for which land is being acquired, irrespective of the number of
persons affected;
(za) "public purpose" means the activities specified under sub-section (l) of section 2;
(y)
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(zb)
"Requiring Body" means a company, a body corporate, an institution, or any other
organization or person for whom land is to be acquired by the appropriate Government,
and includes the appropriate Government, if the acquisition of land is for such Government
either for its own use or for subsequent transfer of such land is for public purpose to a
company, body corporate, an institution, or any other organization, as the case may be,
under lease, license or through any other mode of transfer of land;
(zc) “Resettlement Area" means an area where the affected families who have been displaced as
a result of land acquisition are resettled by the appropriate Government;
(zd) “Scheduled Areas, means the Scheduled Areas as defined in section 2 of the Provisions of the
Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996;
(ze) “small farmer” means a cultivator with an un-irrigated land holding up to two hectares or with
an irrigated land holding up to one hectare, but more than the holding of a marginal farmer.
10.5.4.
Compensation for House and Other Properties
The compensation for a housing unit has been determined as substitution/replacement cost based
on the rates prescribed for “kutcha” units with thatched roof, and with sheeted roof/RCC roof @ Rs
300/sq. m Rs. 8000/sq. m respectively without consideration of any depreciation on cost has been
worked out in Table 10.34. Besides housing units, Kothas, Fruit bearing and non-fruit bearing trees
shall also be acquired for which budgetary provision has been made in Table 10.35.
Table 10.34 : Compensation due to Acquisition of Houses
Village
No. of
Houses
Private Structures
(Residential)
Plinth area
Amount
(sq. m)
(Rs lakh)
Layee
Kundal
Mati
Gulabgarh
Laddar
3
7
-
480
1120
-
Atholi
-
-
Affani
Total
10
1600
38.40
89.60
-
128.00
Cattle Shed
Government
Govt.Structures
Plinth
Amount
area (sq.
(Rs)
m)
-
Plinth
area (sq.
m)
560
840
200
320
240
Amount
(Rs lakh)
40
1.2
-
-
1.2
40
1.2
67.2
-
-
1.2
195.2
2240
16.8
25.2
6
9.6
7.2
Table 10.35 : Compensation due to Acquisition of Properties
S.N.
1
2
3
Particular
Compensation for houses of all types
Compensation for Government buildings
Compensation for Fruit & Non-Fruit Bearing Trees
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Amount
(Rs lakh)
Amount (Rs lakh)
195.20
100.00
295.20
300
55.2
114.8
6
9.6
7.2
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
10.5.5.
Compensation Land Acquisition
The private land requirement for the project is 43 ha. Component of compensation package in
respect of land acquired under the Act as contained in First Schedule to“The Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013” is
tabulated in Table 10.36.
Table 10.36 : Compensation For land Acquisition
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Component of compensation package as per
Act,2013
Market value of land as per collector’ rate
Value of assets attached to land or building
Sum of S.N.1&2
Solatium @ 100% of sum of S.N.1&2
Final award in rural areas sum of S.N.3& 4
Interest for 6 months on compensation @12%
Administrative charges@1% on
Total (S.N.5+S.N.6+S.N.7)
10.5.6.
Quantity
Unit
Rate
43.00
-
ha
-
100.0
-
9190.40
9741.82
Rs
Rs.
Rs
100%
12%/yr.
1%
Amount
(Rs lakh)
4300.00
295.20
4595.20
4595.20
9190.40
551.42
97.42
9839.24
Budget for R&R Benefits
Budget for R&R benefits has been prepared keeping in view the numbers of project affected families
losing houses, land, cattle sheds, etc. The elements of rehabilitation and resettlement entitlement as
contained in Second Schedule to “The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013” have been followed as shown in Table
10.37.
Table 10.37 : Compensation For land Acquisition
Provisions
No. of Eligible Rate as per
nuclear families Act
Provisions of housing units in case of displacement (in rural areas as per
20
Indira Awas Yojana specifications).
The appropriate government shall ensure that the affected families are 20
provided with the following options:
a. Where jobs are created through the project, after providing
suitable training and skill development in the required filed,
make provision for employment at a rate not lower than the
minimum wages provided for in any other law for the time
being in force, to at least one member per affected family in
the project or arrange for job in such other project as may be
required; or
b. One-time payment of five lac rupees per affected family; or
Annuity policies that shall pay not less than two thousand rupees per
month per family for twenty years, with appropriate indexation to the
consumer price index for agricultural labours
Each affected family which is displaced from the land acquired shall be 20
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Cost (in
Rs lakh.)
Rs 146000
29.20
Rs. 5 lakh per
affected
family
100.00
Rs. 86000
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given a monthly subsistence allowance equivalent to three thousand
rupees per month for a period of one year from the date of award.
In addition to this amount, the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
Tribes displaced from Scheduled Areas shall receive an amount
equivalent to fifty thousand rupees.
Each affected family which is displaced shall get a one-time financial
assistance of fifty thousand rupees as transportation cost for shifting of
the family, building material, belongings and cattle
Each affected family having cattle or having a petty shop shall get onetime financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate
government may, by notification specify subject to a minimum of
twenty – five thousand rupees for construction of cattle shed or petty
shop as the case may be.
Each affected family shall be given a one-time “Resettlement
Allowance” of fifty thousand rupees only.
Merit scholarship scheme for the wards of Project Affected Families
(PAFs) and other residents of project affected zone who may be
pursuing vocational or professional course
Each PAF will be provided 100 units of electricity per month for a
period of 10 years from the date of commissioning of the project. If the
consumption of the PAF is less than that then the difference will be
compensated in cash
Total
10.5.7.
20
Rs. 50000
10.00
56
Rs. 25000
14.00
20
Rs. 50000
10.00
400
24000
96.00
446 x 100 x 12 x
10 = 5352000
unit
@ Rs. 5 / unit
267.60
544.00
Infrastructure Facility Proposed in Resettlement Area
The project as per DPR does not envisage provision for development of Resettlement and
Rehabilitation area as the project affected families shall be paid compensation for their assets and
land, apart from the R&R grant under the RFCTLARR Act, 2013 and other benefits. As the displaced
family will settle at their own there shall be no need for creating infrastructure facilities for the PAFs.
In case the displaced PAF wish to be resettled at a new resettlement colony, the new colony shall be
provided with minimum facilities infrastructure amenities/ facilities. Appropriate rehabilitation plan
in consonance with the prevalent laws, at the time of acquisition of land and assets, shall be
implemented.
10.5.8.
Preference of PAF in Terms of Compensation
Most of the people interacted have shown their willingness to be compensated for the acquired
agriculture land but a few people expected the project proponent to provide agriculture land.. They
have shown their willingness to receive in cash other ex-gratia payments and landless grants,
transitional / subsistence allowance. As the displaced family will settle at their own there shall be
no need for creating infrastructure facilities.
10.5.9.
Dispute Redressal Mechanism
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The appropriate Govt., for implementing the rehabilitation and resettlement scheme and
monitoring and review of the progress thereof and conducting social audit by Rehabilitation &
Resettlement Administration, where it has been so designated and where it has not been
designated, in that scenario, shall constitute a committee to be called as resettlement and
rehabilitation committee under Chairmanship of a Senior Government Officer. The Resettlement &
Rehabilitation Committee constituted as above besides the officers of J&K Govt. shall inter-alia
include as one of its members: 10.5.10.
Appointment of Ombudsman
For Timely Redressal of Grievances/Complaints touching and arising within the framework of this
policy, the Govt. of J&K shall appoint an ombudsman.
10.5.11.
Summary of Cost
The cost because of implementing Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan including the cost of land
acquisition out to Rs.10383 lakh and is presented in Table 10.38.
Table 10.38 : Total Cost under R&R Plan
S.N.
Particular
1
2
Land Acquisition Cost
R&R Grants
Total
Say
Amount
(Rs lakh)
9839.24
544.00
10383.24
10383.00
10.6. Green Belt Development Plan
10.6.1.
Introduction
While improving the aesthetic of the area the greenbelt though functioning as pollutant sinks while
scavenging pollutants, also incidentally help in developing habitats for birds and animals. The plants
in their function as scavenger of pollutants are also prone to suffer toxicity of air pollutants like any
other living organism. In order to mitigate and minimize environmental impacts from air pollution,
noise pollution, soil erosion etc. arising due to construction of project, greenbelt development
around the project sites is a good option. Green canopy not only absorbs some of these pollutants
but also improves the environment. Therefore, a “Green Belt Development Plan” by using the local
species has been proposed around the project area, colonies and the project roads.
10.6.1.1
Development of Greenbelt
The green belt is proposed to be developed within the project area along the network of approach
roads, residential areas, office complex, surge shaft site, power house site, and other working areas
like crushing and aggregate processing plant, batching plant and workshops. The strategy worked
out for development of green belt consists of the following:
•
•
The species selected should be capable of growing fast,
The species should be wind firm and long lived.
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Broad leaf trees growing above 10 m in height should be planted along the roads, offices and
infrastructure facilities.
The species should form a dense crown cover.
The species should form a litter in abundance on the plantation flow.
Generally local/indigenous fast-growing trees shrubs should be planted.
The trees should be protected by plantation of non-palatable shrub species to avoid browsing
by animals.
Placement of tree guards (metal tree guard, pre-fab RCC tree guard, Fiber tree guard etc.),
should be provided to save avenue plantation.
For protection against biotic interference thorn fencing around the plantation, circular trench
around the planting pit and sown with fast growing thorny shrubs on the ridge should be
followed.
It is proposed that extensive plantation in degraded forest land around the periphery of diversion
barrage, area around power house will be taken up besides road side plantation along
approach/haul roads. In areas wherever private land falls along the periphery of the project area the
plantation will be done by distributing saplings free of cost to villagers, so that they are motivated to
take up plantation in their land.
10.6.2.
Guidelines and Techniques for Green Belt Development
Extensive survey in the project area was undertaken to observe the vegetation types and its density.
Soil characteristics were also kept in mind. Based on the survey and environmental conditions
suitable plant species have been proposed for green belt development. To meet the requirement of
saplings for development of green belt, a temporary nursery with following details is suggested:
10.6.2.1
Size of Nursery
The size of nursery depends upon the number and type of seedlings to be produced. To produce
50,000 plants a nursery of about 0.5 ha area would be required.
10.6.2.2
Nursery Site Selection
A well-drained site near the areas where plantation is to be carried out is always preferred. Light
shading site for the nursery is important for the protection of the young seedlings against sun, frost,
hailstorms or heavy rains. Sites, which are prone to water logging, should not be selected and sites
shall be selected in consultation with Forest Department preferably near the existing one.
Modernization of existing nursery may also be explored. In the present case the modernization of
forest nursery at Gulabgarh (2.50 ha) is proposed to meet and the demand of 50,000 trees under
the green belt development plan.
10.6.2.3
Transportation
The nursery should be readily accessible all the year round in order to facilitate transportation of
materials required in the nursery and dispatch of seedlings from the nursery.
10.6.2.4
Fertilizer Application
The organic fertilizer produced through domestic organic waste coupled with vermin compost can
be utilized for the nursery. Farmyard manure (FYM) can also be used but chemical fertilizer should
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be avoided. The compost / vermin compost proposed to be developed through solid waste
management.
10.6.2.5
Soil and Soil Fertility
The best site for raising the nursery is the area, which has got a thick layer of humus. The fertile and
well-drained soil with sandy loam to loamy texture, pH varying from 5.5-7.5 should always the
preferred for nursery sites.
10.6.2.6
Water Supply and Drainage
The site should have perennial water supply. The drainage of soil has important bearing on the
health of seedlings.
10.6.2.7
Species to be Planted
The choice of plant species for plantation in greenbelt is mainly governed by the natural factors of
bio-climate of the area. For efficacious removal of pollutants (gasses / fugitive dust), It is essential
that the plants developed in conditions confirming to adequate supply of nutrition for their growth,
availability of water to avoid water stress i.e. to maintain openness of stomatal apertures and form
of epidermal structures. Besides the adequate exposure to sunlight and wind i.e. without hindrance
to free flow of air. In the project area, pollutants like SO2 and NOx shall result from the operation of
construction/excavation machinery and movement of vehicles besides particulate matter mostly
SPM/PM10 shall result as fugitive dust emission from movement of vehicles on Kutcha Haul roads
and also as primary source from quarrying activities. It is suggested that spreading / round canopy
shaped trees should be planted nearby the construction site like stone crushers / excavation sites
and oblong and conical trees along the roadside. For absorption of gases pollutants, it is necessary
to plant such trees which have tolerance towards pollutants at reasonable concentration; have
longer foliage period and freely exposed foliage besides large number of stomatal apertures. For
removal of suspended particulate matter high trees with good spread of crown with leaves firmly
supported on petioles and abundance of surface area on bark and foliage should be planted. As per
bio-climatic zone of India the study area lies in Western Himalayan region in valley temperate subzone. A list of indigenous trees found suitable after identification of species for raising in the nursery
and for development of green belt around the project area is given in Table 10.39.
Table 10.39 : Suggested Plant Species for Green Belt Development
S. N.
Trees
Local name
1
Ulmus wallichiana
Kashmir Elm
2
Populus nigra
Populus
3
Morus alba
Mulberry, Shehtoot, tuta
4
Pyrus pashia
Indian wild pear
5
Prunus armenica
Plumcot, Khubani
6
Pyrus malus
Apple, Saib
7
Ailanthus excelsa
Ardusi, Peeda
8
Aesculus indica
Goo Green, Indian Horse Chestnut
9
Juglans regia
Walnut, Akhrot
10
Robinia pseudoacacia
Black Locust
11
Salix alba
White Willow
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12
Xanthoxylum armatum
Winged prickly-ash
13
Alnus nitida
Champ, Himalayan Alder
14
Celtis australialize
Khirak
15
Prinsipia utilis
Himalayan Cherry
Besides, the above tree species, the shrub species identified for plantations are; Cotoneaster
bacillaris, Colutea nepalensis, Elaeagnus umbellata, Spiraea canescens and Rosa webbiana.
10.6.2.8
Precautions during Plantation
Some important precautions should be taken during the plantation, which are as under:
•
Open grazing is practiced in general in the area; therefore, protection should be provided in
advance.
•
Polyculture should be practiced. Mixture by group should be preferred over intimate mixture.
•
Species mentioned should be planted in sufficient numbers so as to increase their population
size in the area.
•
Multipurpose species should be planted in large numbers, so as to provide direct benefit to
people living around.
10.6.3.
Green Belt Development
In order to raise the green belt around project areas and other components the total requirement of
different species of plants will be for 30,000 saplings. Since the green belt is to be created over a
period of five years the maintenance for a period of five years of nursery and plantation works will
be required. The beating up of mortality may be done with the plant stocks proposed to be
generated in the nursery over the complete duration of the plan.
10.6.3.1
Road side plantation
Cost of the plantation has been calculated as per the existing schedule of rate, material cost (plants,
FYM, tree guard, etc.) and the total area of treatment. One row each for tree, shrub and bio-fencing
has been proposed with a spacing of 3 m x 3 m for trees and 2 m x 2 m for shrubs (to take care of
the mortality in the next season). The pit size has been recommended as 45 x 45 x 45 cm for trees
and 30 x 30 x 30 cm for shrubs. The cost of pit digging and filling is estimated at Rs. 10 per pit. Input
of FYM @ 2 kg/pit has been suggested costing around Rs.5/pit. Cost of plantation including
transport has been estimated at Rs. 10/plant making the total cost of planting one tree as Rs. 25. For
the protection of trees from the cattle and other losses, thorny bushes guards are required. Along
the approach roads of about 10 km length plantation will be done on both sides where ever feasible
as such plantation of about 6660 saplings will be done. Plantation along roads must take into
account visibility aspects on curves so as to ensure safe driving.
10.6.3.2
Green Belt around Diversion Dam/Reservoir / MAT to Power House
Plantation at the intake site, reservoir rim in 10 m width along 7.0 km length on either banks i.e. in
about 14 ha and 1.0 ha in respect of Dam and power house MAT sites totalling about 15 ha has been
proposed for control of erosion and siltation of the stream and aesthetic importance. The total cost
for planting in 15 ha area @ Rs. 88,200/ ha including establishment charges works out to be Rs.
13.28 lakh.
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10.6.3.3
Green Belt around Residential Area and Office Complex
Plantation around the office complexes is proposed to be done so that greenery is developed.
Precaution should be exercised by not planting large size trees around buildings and other similar
structures as during winter the sun rays are obstructed by them invariably and much wanted
sunshine is impaired. Besides this, it is also proposed to develop green belt around the working
areas for trapping the dust and noise. Plantation of avenue, ornamental and fruit trees is proposed
in these areas along with the area around office complex. The ornamental, fruit plants will be
procured from the local market while the avenue plants will be raised in the project nursery. For
providing green belt around dam, residential areas and office complex a provision of Rs.60.90 lakh
has already been made under head M-Plantation in the DPR.
10.6.4. Cost Estimate of Green Belt Development
The itemized summery of cost for green belt development is presented in Table 10.40.
Table 10.40 : Summary of Cost for Green Belt Development
S.N.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Component
Development of 0.5 ha nursery @ Rs. 20.0 lakh / ha
Maintenance of nursery @ 2.0 lakh/each year for 5 years
Cost of planting of saplings around dam, intake and power house MAT
site for 15 ha @ Rs. 88200/ha
Maintenance cost for 5 years – 2 chowkidars @ Rs. 8000/- per month
Thorny brush wood protection guard for 6600 saplings along road side @
7.20/No.
Live hedge fencing on either side of the approach and haul road. (10km)
on either side@ Rs. 12/RM
Cost of planting 6600 saplings along road side @ Rs. 25/- each
Plantation around colonies and office complex
Contingency
Total
Less provision under sub-head “M-plantation” as per DPR
Net debitable under green belt development plan
Say Rs.
Cost (Rs lakh)
10.00
10.00
13.28
9.60
0.48
2.40
1.65
40.00
2.00
89.41
60.90
28.51
29.00
10.7. Reservoir Rim Treatment Plan
10.7.1.
Introduction
The impounding reservoir behind the proposed dam, top El 1766 masl, having FRL and MDDL
respectively at 1764 masl and 1750.75 masl, shall extend at FRL to a distance of 8.75 km in river
Chenab and live storage of 17 MCM at FRL (1764 masl) and diurnal storage 8.5 MCM respectively.
The reservoir shall submerge 331 ha of land. The reservoir shall also extend into eight nadi/nala
details of which are given in Table 10.41. Due to the project a sudden change shall be brought about
in the existing riverine scenario to lacustrine condition. The toe of steep hills towering over the river
bed shall be subjected to elevated water surface level, due to the reservoir. The rock mass which
had not experienced the flow of river before shall be subjected to hydraulic conditions apart from
many other direct and indirect factors responsible for instability of land masses. All such factors that
facilitate sliding in one way or the other can be grouped into two headings i.e. internal and external
factors.
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The internal factors include such because which tends to reduce the shearing strength of the rocks,
the water content of the rock masses, their mineralogical composition and metrological character,
structural features and the state of stress are important internal factors. External factors include
mainly vibrations either naturally by an earthquake or artificial due to heavy traffic and rock
blasting. Besides these, removal of support at the foot of the slope i.e. toe failure by high velocity of
flow is another cause. Water charging of soil strata due to water storage reduces coefficient of
friction causing land slide or slope failures. Therefore, an assessment of geological conditions and
geo-technical evaluation of the reservoir area gives adequate information of the behavior of
reservoir.
In the stretch of the river where the reservoir shall be formed, it runs through a narrow defile
between very steep cliffs for about 4 km and then before opening out to comparatively wider vale,
Paddar valley. Therefore, most of the area drains directly into the river. The project area is well
interspersed by a system of rivers and tributaries which are prone to flash floods. It represents a
typical steep – sided young valley with overlapping spurs. The stretch is an area of high energetic
relief where the river is in its active down cutting stage and flows more or less in a straight course
westward. The submergence map with location of landslides, is shown in Figure 10.10.
Table 10.41 : Details of Nadi / Nala into which the Reservoir Extends
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10.7.2.
Name of Nadi / Nala
Sungala
Kichar
Karna
Mutha
Alphani
Honser
Punch
Kundal
Bank
Right
Right
Left
Left
Left
Left
Left
Left
Causes of Land Slides / Slope Failures
Identification of causes attributing a landslide is helpful in assessment of appropriate restoration /
protection measures. A few causes responsible for the rampant slides and other mass movement in
the area are: Lithological and structural condition of bed rocks
Poor structural state of slates and quartzite and their lithological characteristics are the passive
cause of incidence of landslides in the area.
Meteorological Factors
The reservoir area receives very nominal annual rainfall. The downpour over geologically and
structurally deformed rocks like shales and phyllite causes slope failure. During rainy season,
abundant percolation through joints of quartzites/slates causes rise in pore water pressure and thus
the movement of grain.
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Denudation
Deforestation brought about by illegal and indiscriminate felling of trees, removal of vegetal cover
by people aggravated by the forest fire and the construction of roads through susceptible zones
cause denudation of slope surface and activates the slides.
Toe-Erosion
Just like the base failure of any structure caused by eccentric loading condition, the fast-flowing
currents attack the toe material of weaker zones and the erosion process of the river on outer banks
promotes the toe.
10.7.3.
Treatment Measures for Land Slides
The slides observed on hill slopes just in the vicinity of the proposed reservoir area and the places
where mass movement has been distinctly noted and which are said to be existing for sufficient long
time, need corrective or control measures before water level changes are brought about by the
impounding of proposed reservoir.
A control method for landslides is based on either strengthening earth materials (increasing resisting
force) or reducing the mass weight within potential sliding mass (decreasing driving force) or both.
For a sliding mass, the control methods require halting or reversing those factors that worsen its
stability. The conventional methods are best suited to these slides which are already in their critical
stage. The measure includes profile modifications, adequate surface drainage to avoid saturation of
water, stabilization of landslide by vegetation, “hard” remedial treatment as retaining or restraining
structures and ground anchors etc. The biological measures are proposed for non-submergence
zone and include such mean which render stabilization of surface of land slide by vegetation such as
plantation of grass, shrubs, trees. Along moist drainage line is suggested. Contours hedge with
extremely dense planting of cutting of perennial shrubs / bushes shall be resorted to. The location of
landslides is shown in Figure 10.10 and their pictorial view is shown in Figure 10.11. The details of
proposed measures engineering / biological in respect of each of the land slide with cost are shown
in Table 10.42.
Table 10.42 : Details of Proposed Engineering and Biological Control Measures
Land
Slide No.
L-1
L-2
Description of Measures
Retaining wall of stone masonry in
cement mortar 1:6 ,2x100x4x1.4
Retaining wall of dry-stone masonry
2x100x3x1.3
RCC retaining wall 6m high
Shrub plantation
Seed spray
Sub-Total for L-1
Retaining wall of stone masonry in.
cement mortar, 2x250x4x1.4
RCC retaining wall 6m high
Shrub plantation
Seed spray
Sub-Total for L-2
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Quantity
Unit
1120
m3
1782.00
Amount
(INR Lakh)
19.96
780
m3
996.00
7.77
100
40000
10
RM
No.
Kg.
26505
5.00
5000.00
2800
m3
1782.00
26.51
2.00
0.50
56.74
49.90
250
80000
20
RM
No.
kg
26505.00
5.00
5000.00
Rate
66.27
4.00
1.00
121.17
309
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Land
Slide No.
L-3
L-4
L-5
Quantity
Unit
Retaining wall of stone masonry in
cement mortar, 300x4x1.4
1680
m3
178200
Amount
(INR Lakh)
29.94
Retaining wall of dry-stone masonry
3x300x3x1.3
3510
m3
996.00
34.96
RCC retaining wall, 4x50
Gabion wall ,50x10x2x1.5
200
1500
RM
m3
26505.00
1240
53.10
18.60
Shrub plantation
Seed spray
Tree plantation
Sub-Total for L-3
Retaining wall of stone masonry in cm,
300x4x1.4
20000
10
400
No.
Kg
No.
5.00
5000
50
1680
m3
1782.00
1.00
0.50
0.20
138.3
29.94
Retaining wall of dry-stone masonry
300x3x1.3
RCC retaining wall 6m high
Gabion wall, 30x10x2x1.5
Shrub plantation
Tree plantation
Sub-Total for L-4
Retaining wall of stone masonry in
cement mortar, 2x300x4x1.4
Retaining wall of dry-stone masonry
2x300x3x1.3
RCC retaining wall, 4x50
Gabion wall, 40x10x2x1.5
Shrub plantation
Seed spray
1170
m3
996.00
11.65
150
900
20000
200
RM
m3
No.
No.
26505.00
1240.00
5.00
50
3360
m3
1782.00
39.76
11.16
1.00
0.10
93.61
59.88
2340
m3
996.00
23.31
200
1200
100000
40
RM
m3
No.
Kg
26505.00
1240.00
5.00
5000
53.10
14.88
5.0
2.0
Description of Measures
Sub-Total for L-5
Grand Total L-1 to L-5
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Rate
158.17
567.99
310
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
N
Open Scurb
gN
he
Ku
Chauki
HACHOT FOREST
Rutana
Chanas
KUGON FOREST
Phulin
Rope Bridge
Gad
Rel
Dense mixed jungle
SHIMPAN
N
irir
Sh
SHASHO R H
ar
Pan
N
r D
ha
BODARBAN FOREST
DAM SITE
ala
ng
Su
SHIRIR FOREST
L id
rer
N
CH
AN
DR
A
SHIRIR
kidu
rN
KIDUR
Her Pass
OR
Kara
na
Iamur Puhali
N
WUCHIR FOREST
Nalhoran
BH
AG
A
L-5
Na
Ka
tsa
i
rku
Dhu
r
Dense mixed jungle
GA
DO
R
Khatasar Puhali
R
Gwardhar Puhali
L-4
Rotdhar Puhali
Somot Puhali
Dense mixed jungle
Kahot Puhali
Sen Puhali
DANDWAR FOREST
Laie
L-3
Kadhel
a
aN
Talatun Puholi
Nagariun
Zar
KOL
Charwas Puhali
Kirthai
th
Mu
Sungul
Diaban Puhali
Rawhar Puhali
SORA FOREST
Aphani
BHETAL BUZAR FOREST
Mat
Gulabgar
Kijai
N
Aphani
Hahswa
Dense mixed jungle
L-2
L-1
ko
ta
ru
r
PO
Kundal
Hugai
Arthal
Lauj
LAUJ FOREST
0
LEGEND
Scale
ROAD
1
RIVER
CONTOUR
DAM SITE
VILLAGE
LOCATION MAP OF LAND SLIDE
Figure 10.10 : Location of Landslide Zone
Landslide -1
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District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Landslide -2
Landslide -3
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Landslide -5
Figure 10.11 : Pictorial view of Land Slides
10.7.4.
Protection of Houses / Fields
The human settlements and agricultural fields at some villages are very close to FRL of reservoir.
Therefore, such places need protection for their land and houses for which it is proposed to
construct concrete retaining wall along the stretch of reservoir at potentially vulnerable places
having a combined length of about 0.600 km as depicted in Table 10.43. The cost of protection
walls of 6 m height has been assessed as Rs. 160.50 lakh and is shown in Table 10.44.
Table 10.43 : Village wise length of RCC Wall Protection
S. No.
1.
2.
Name of Village
Lai
Kirthai
Total
Length (km)
0.40
0.20
0.60
Table 10.44 : Cost of Protection Walls
S. N.
1.
2.
3.
Particulars
CC M: 20 for RCC wall
Base = 600 x 3.6 x 0.4 = 864
Stem = 600x 5.6x0.33 = 1109
Total = 1973
Cost of steel reinforcement
Centering and shuttering
2x600x0.4 = 480
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Quantity
1973
Unit
m3
Rate
65110
40
7200
MT
m2
55000
132.00
Amount (Rs lakh)
128.46
22.40
9.50
313
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
2x600x5.6 = 6720
Total
= 7200
Total
10.7.5.
160.50
Treatment at The Mouth of Streams Joining Reservoir
The hill torrents / rivulet has steep gradient and during rains very high discharges flow in them with
high velocity. Wherever these torrents meet main rivers there is a large difference in their bed
levels. Such torrents are also potential carrier of highly sediment concentrated flows resulting from
high velocities attained by them during flash floods which some time becomes as high as 10m/sec.
Loose deposits or shoal are therefore often witnessed just upstream of confluence point of such
streams with main river. The mouths of these streams have a tendency of sliding and widening
basically because of following reasons:
These are subjected to change in hydraulic conditions depending upon the fluctuation of water level
of the main river during different period of the year and abrupt water level changes brought about
during monsoon. The changed gradient of ground water affects the pore water pressure of the soil
mass of banks at the mouthing and reduces the shear strength of the rock-mass which disintegrates.
The sediment load carried by the hill streams get deposited at the mouth and thus obstruct the high
flow during monsoon there by increasing the flow velocity near banks which cause toe-erosion.
Due to the changes in flow conditions at the mouth of streams, from super critical to sub critical the
energy dissipation takes place and the bank material faces the onslaught.
The FRL of the reservoir has to vary between El. 1764 masl to 1750.75 masl i.e. 13.25 m though the
variation is to take effect over a considerable long period/duration, there are no chances of sudden
draw down of water in the reservoir, yet due to looseness of strata at the mouths sliding cannot be
ruled out.
The mouth of the streams is generally constituted of riverine material usually shingle, pebbles,
boulder and fine sediments like clay, silt and sand which have lower shear strength. Swelling caused
due to hydration of clay is the main cause of mass movement.
Therefore, the mouth of these streams directly draining into reservoir need to be protected against
toe-erosion at the level of FRL of reservoir by RCC retaining wall in the immediate length of either
bank followed by gabion walls. The sediment load transported by the streams can be minimized by
making check dam size 10 m x 1.5 m x 3.0 m, 20 each in respect of 8 Nadi / Nala meeting the
reservoir. The cost of these works has been assessed as Rs. 100 lakhs (Table 10.45).
Table 10.45 : Cost Estimate of Mouth Treatment of Stream
S. No.
Measures
Quantity
Unit
Rate
Amount
(Rs. Lakh)
1.
RCC retaining wall 6m high in 40m length
each on both bank of a nala at the mouth
i.e. in 3200 m length for all 8 drains
320
RM
26505
84.82
2.
Gabion wall approx. 50m length on each
bank of Khad in continuation of RCC
retaining wall in total length 400m Total
quantity = 400x 2x 1.5
1200
m3
1240.00
14.88
3.
Check dams 40 no. of size 10x1.5x3 m
1800
m3
1721.00
30.98
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
S. No.
Measures
Quantity
Unit
Rate
Amount
(Rs. Lakh)
Total
10.7.6.
130.68
Overall Cost of Reservoir Rim Treatment
The summed-up cost of various activities involved in the comprehensive reservoir rim treatment
plan is Rs. 836.00 lakh as enumerated in Table 10.46.
Table 10.46 : Total Cost of Reservoir Rim Treatment
S. No.
Measures to be adopted
1.
2.
3.
Treatment of landslides
Protection of houses / fields
Treatment of the mouth of the major streams/khad joining
reservoir directly
Grand Total
Say
Amount
(Rs Lakh)
598.30
160.50
130.68
889.48
889.00
10.8. Muck Management Plan
10.8.1.
General
For construction of different components of the project substantial surface and underground
excavation in over burden and rock for Dam intake structure, intake tunnel, desilting chambers,
flushing duct, headrace tunnel, tank and tail race and powerhouse etc. would be required. The
excavation shall result in large quantity of excavated material i.e. muck which shall have to be
evacuated, disposed of and roller compacted or laid on mild slopes pari-passu with the excavation
work, to such designated areas where the muck piles do not substantially interfere with either
environment / ecology or the river flow regime and cause turbidity impairing the quality of water.
The disposal of muck has to be scientifically planned keeping in view the pecuniary aspects
necessitating nearness to the generating component of work, which understandably reduce the
travel time of dumpers, interference to surface flow and ground water aquifer, and disposition of
habitation. In the present case, the total quantity of muck / debris, to be generated due to the
project, shall be 31,32,878 cum which 21,93,015 cum shall be consumed on project work leaving
9,39,863 cum to be dumped at designated sites. It is, therefore, proposed to utilize about 70% of the
excavated material on the project activities. The balance 30% shall have to be disposed of away
from sites so as to make available the clear site for construction activities. The balance muck shall be
properly stacked and roller compacted or dumped on slopes and treated to mix and match with the
surrounding environ with least change in landscape. The component wise details of muck generation
and its management is shown in Table 10.47.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Table 10.47 : Component Wise Details of the Muck Generated and its Management
S.
N.
Project Component
1
U/s and d/s coffer dam
Excavation
in earth
and
boulder
and
riverbed
Quantity of
Muck/Debris
generated
3746
37464
Total
Quantity of
Muck/Debris
Estimated
Quantity of
Muck/Debris
proposed to
be utilized
Balance to
be dumped
Muck
quantity
with
swell
factor
41210
28,847
12,363
17555
Dump
site
D-1
D-1,
D-2
D-2
2
Diversion tunnel
9843
165622
175465
1,22,826
52,640
74748
3
Main Dam
26470
264701
291171
2,03,820
87,351
124039
4
Intake
5095
241674
246769
1,72,738
74,031
105124
5
Desilting Chamber
0
454360
454360
3,18,052
1,36,308
193557
6
HRT
0
622197
622197
4,35,538
1,86,659
265056
7
Surge Shaft
0
97430
97430
68,201
29,229
41505
D-6
8
Press. Shaft, Penstock
0
118710
118710
83,097
35,613
50570
D-6
9
U/G Power house
0
361506
361506
2,53,054
1,08,452
154002
10
TRT
0
44227
44227
30,959
13,268
18841
D-6
D-7
D-7
11
Dam Toe Power House
22890
228900
251790
1,76,253
75,537
107263
D-7
12
TRC
38913
389130
428043
2,99,630
1,28,413
182346
D-7
106957
3025921
3132878
21,93,015
9,39,863
1334606
Total
10.8.2.
D-2,
D-3
D-3,
D-4
D-5,
D-6
Quantity of Muck Generated and Its Consumptive Use
It is eloquent from Table 10.47 that 31,32,878 cum which 21,93,015 cum shall be consumed on
project work leaving 9,39,863 cum, which amounts to 1334606 cum on swell basis, shall be dumped
at designated sites. Thus, 21,93,015 cum is proposed to be re-utilized as construction material for
consumptive use in non-wearing surface like back fill, shotcreting and plum concrete in construction
of water conductor system like HRT, surge shaft, pressure shaft, MAT, TRT, other adits and in
development works. Thus, the remaining 1334606 cum quantity shall be disposed of at six sites. The
disposed muck at these sites shall be roller compacted to develop terraces for erecting labour
camps, site offices, storage yards and other job facilities. Both dumping locations shall be well
supported at base and at also at higher elevation by suitable retaining structures. Subsequently all
the spoil tips (muck disposal sites) will be developed by taking up plantation through biotechnological method to generate a thick forest canopy over them. The location of dumping sites
MD-1 to MD-6 is shown in Figure 10.12
.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
N
Open Scurb
Chauki
g
he
Ku
HACHOT FOREST
Rutana
Chanas
N
KUGON FOREST
Phulin
Rope Bridge
Gad
Rel
M-4
M-7 M-6 M-5
Dense mixed jungle
SHIMPAN
N
irir
Sh
SHASHO R H
M-3
Pan
Nar
M-1 DAM
BODARBAN FOREST
SITE
a
al
ng
u
S
SHIRIR FOREST
L id
rer
N
CH
AN
DR
A
SHIRIR
kidu
rN
Iamur Puhali
KIDUR
N
WUCHIR FOREST
Nalhoran
BH
AG
A
Her Pass
OR
Kar
ana
Na
Ka
tsa
r D
h
M-2
rkui
Dhu
ar
Dense mixed jungle
GA
DO
R
Khatasar Puha
R
Gwardhar Puhali
So
Dense mixed jun
Sen Puhali
Laie
DANDWAR FOREST
Kadhel
Zar
Talatun Puholi
ha
ut
Figure 10.12 : Location of Dumping
Na
Kirthai
Sung
M
Rawhar Puhali
The selection of muck disposal sites was carried out considering the quantity of the muck,
Aphani
BHETAL BUZAR FOREST
landscape, cost effectiveness, nearness to source of generation, absence
of ground andi N surface Kijai
Aphan
water, relief and scope for afforestation works. The details of dumping sites along with
their Hahswa
total
capacity and amount of muck to be disposed are enumerated in Table 10.48.
Dense mixed jungle
S
S. N.
Location of Dumping Site
1
D-1, located about 600m d/s of
LEGEND
dam
ROAD
2
RIVER 100 m u/s of
D-2, located about
Pan Nar
Area
(ha)
1.14
Capacity
(cum)
64000
Quantity
(cum)
57280
4.20
203700
182300
1.60
132400
118500
8.00
393400
319643
4.00
216000
153320
CONTOUR
DAM SITE
3
D-3, located about 50m d/s of
VILLAGE
Pan Nar
4
D-4. located near RD 47km on
Kishtwar –Gulabgarh Road
D-5, located about 200m u/s of
Shirir Nala
LOCATION MAP OF MUCK DISPOSAL SITE
5.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
ko
ta
ru
r
Kun
Table 10.48 : Muck Disposal Site Details
Remarks
Lau
LAUJ FOREST
The dumped muck shall be roller
compacted to provide raised
platform for fabrication workshop
The dumped muck shall be roller
compacted to provide raised
platform
The dumped muck shall be roller
compacted to provide raised
platform
The dumped muck shall be roller
compacted
The dumped muck shall be roller
compacted.
317
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
6.
D-6, located about 100m d/s of
Shirir Nala
4.00
252000
185540
7
D-7, located about 200m u/s of
Lidrer Nala
Total
5.40
418400
318023
28.34
16,79,900
1334606
10.8.3.
Description on Muck Disposal Sites
10.8.3.1
Muck Disposal Site MD-1
The dumped muck shall be roller
compacted to provide raised
platform for labour camps.
The dumped muck shall be roller
compacted
The proposed muck disposal site is located about 600 m d/s of dam axis on left bank of Chenab on
Kishtwar - Gulagarh road. The average dimension of the site is 800 m x 14.3 m and with 5 m average
height it is capable of holding 64,000 cum of muck against which 57280 cum quantity, to be
obtained from excavation of dam is proposed to be dumped. The plan area of the site is 1.14 ha. The
general view of the site and the plot of typical x-section with supporting structure (RCC retaining
wall) at the toe of dump profile is shown in Figure 10.13 and Figure 10.14 respectively.
Figure 10.13 : General View of Dumping Site D-1
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
MUCK DUMPING SITE -D1
X- Section - 00m
AREA = 100 sqm
LEGEND
1730
MUCK
1720
NSL
HFL
COUNTERFORT RCC
RETAINING WALL
1710
1700
1690
40°
1680
1670
30m
10m
1660
HFL - 1648(masl)
1650
1640
1630
1620
1610
1600
20
0
40
60
80
100
MUCK DUMPING SITE -D1
X- Section - 800m
REA = 60 sqm
LEGEND
1730
MUCK
1720
NSL
HFL
COUNTERFORT RCC
RETAINING WALL
1710
1700
30m
1690
1680
10m
1670
1660
1650
HFL - 1637(masl)
1640
1630
1620
1610
1600
20
0
40
60
80
Figure 10.14 : Typical cross section of Dumping Site D-1
10.8.3.2
Muck Disposal Site D-2
The proposed muck disposal site is located about 100 m u/s of Pan Nar Nala on left bank of the
Chenab on Kishtwar – Gulabgarh road. The average dimension of the site is 1400 m x 30 m and with
4.35 m average height it is capable of holding 2,03,700 cum of muck against which 1,82,300 cum, to
be obtained from the excavation of dam is proposed to be dumped and properly roller compacted
to provide raised platform for contactor’s camp. The plan area of the site is 4.20 ha. The general
view of the site and the plot of typical x-section with supporting structure (RCC retaining wall) at the
toe of dump profile is shown in Figure 10.15 and Figure 10.16 respectively.
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Figure 10.15 : General View of Dumping Site D-2
MUCK DUMPING SITE -D2
X- Section - 00m
AREA = 198 sqm
LEGEND
MUCK
1730
NSL
HFL
COUNTERFORT RCC
RETAINING WALL
1720
1710
1700
1690
1680
40°
30m
1670
10m
1660
1650
1640
HFL - 1632(masl)
1630
1620
1610
1600
20
0
40
60
80
120
100
MUCK DUMPING SITE -D2
X- Section - 1400m
AREA = 93 sqm
LEGEND
1730
MUCK
1720
NSL
HFL
COUNTERFORT RCC
RETAINING WALL
1710
1700
1690
1680
40°
1670
1660
30m
10m
1650
1640
HFL - 1627(masl)
1630
1620
1610
1600
0
20
40
60
80
100
Figure 10.16 : Typical cross section of Dumping Site D-2
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
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10.8.3.3
Muck Disposal Site D-3
The proposed muck disposal site is located about 50 m d/s of Pan Nar Nala on L/B of the Chenab on
Kishtwar – Gulabgarh road. The average dimension of the site is 800 m x 20 m and with 7.4 m
average height it is capable of holding 1,32,400 cum of muck against which 1,18,500 cum, to be
obtained of dam and intake shall be dumped and properly roller compacted to provide platform for
temporary colony. The plan area of the site is 1.60 ha. The general view of the site and the plot of
typical x-section with supporting structure (RCC retaining wall) at the toe of dump profile is shown in
Figure 10.17 and Figure 10.18 respectively.
Figure 10.17 : General View of Dumping Site D-3
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
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MUCK DUMPING SITE -D3
X- Section - 00m
AREA = 175sqm
LEGEND
1730
MUCK
1720
NSL
HFL
COUNTERFORT RCC
RETAINING WALL
1710
1700
1690
1680
40°
1670
1660
30m
10m
1650
1640
HFL - 1628(masl)
1630
1620
1610
1600
20
0
40
60
80
120
100
MUCK DUMPING SITE -D3
X- Section - 800m
AREA = 156 sqm
LEGEND
1730
MUCK
1720
NSL
HFL
COUNTERFORT RCC
RETAINING WALL
1710
1700
1690
1680
1670
40°
30m
1660
1650
10m
1640
1630
HFL - 1622(masl)
1620
1610
1600
20
0
40
60
80
100
Figure 10.18 : Typical cross section of Dumping Site D-3
10.8.3.4
Muck Disposal Site D-4
The proposed muck disposal site is located on left bank of the Chenab, RD 47 km on Kishtwar –
Gulabgarh road. The average dimension of the site is 1000 m x 80 m and with 4.9 m average height
it is capable of holding 3,93,000 cum of muck against which 3,19,643 cum, to be obtained of dam
and intake shall be dumped and properly roller compacted to provide platform for temporary
colony. The plan area of the site is 8.0 ha. The general view of the site and the plot of typical xsection with supporting structure (RCC retaining wall) at the toe of dump profile is shown in Figure
10.19 and Figure 10.20 respectively.
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Figure 10.19 : General View of Dumping Site D-4
MUCK DUMPING SITE -D4
X- Section - 00m
AREA = 438sqm
LEGEND
1720
MUCK
1710
NSL
HFL
COUNTERFORT RCC
RETAINING WALL
1700
1690
1680
1670
1660
1650
40°
1640
1630
30m
10m
1620
HFL - 1608(masl)
1610
1600
1590
1580
0
20
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
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60
80
100
120
140
160
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EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
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MUCK DUMPING SITE -D4
X- Section - 1000m
AREA = 348 sqm
LEGEND
1710
MUCK
1700
NSL
HFL
COUNTERFORT RCC
RETAINING WALL
1690
1680
1670
1660
1650
40°
30m
1640
1630
10m
1620
1610
HFL - 1554(masl)
1600
1590
1580
20
0
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
210
Figure 10.20 : Typical cross section of Dumping Site D-4
10.8.3.5
Muck Disposal Site D-5
The proposed muck disposal site is located about 100 m u/s of Shirir Nala on left bank of Chenab on
Kishtwar - Gulagarh road. The average dimension of the site is 800 m x 50 m and with 5.4 m average
height it is capable of holding 2,16,000 cum of muck against which 1,53,320 cum quantity, to be
obtained from part excavation of HRT is proposed to be dumped. The general view of the site and
the plot of typical x-section with supporting structure (RCC retaining wall) at the toe of dump profile
is shown in Figure 10.21 and Figure 10.22 respectively.
Figure 10.21 : General View of Dumping Site D-5
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X- Section - 00m
AREA = 293sqm
LEGEND
1690
MUCK
1680
NSL
HFL
COUNTERFORT RCC
RETAINING WALL
1670
1660
1650
1640
40°
1630
30m
1620
10m
1610
1600
HFL - 1592(masl)
1590
1580
1570
1560
1550
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
MUCK DUMPING SITE -D5
X- Section - 800m
AREA = 247sqm
1690
LEGEND
1680
MUCK
1670
NSL
HFL
COUNTERFORT RCC
RETAINING WALL
1660
1650
1640
1630
1620
40°
30m
1610
10m
1600
1590
HFL - 1557(masl)
1580
1570
1560
1550
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Figure 10.22 : Typical cross section of Dumping Site D-5
10.8.3.6
Muck Disposal Site D-6
The proposed muck disposal site is located about 100 m d/s of Shirir Nala on left bank of Chenab on
Kishtwar - Gulagarh road. The average dimension of the site is 800 m x 50 m and with 6.3 m average
height it is capable of holding 2,52,000 cum of muck against which 1,85,540 cum quantity, to be
obtained from part excavation of HRT is proposed to be dumped. The plan area of the site is 4 ha.
The general view of the site and the plot of typical x-section with supporting structure (RCC retaining
wall) at the toe of dump profile is shown in Figure 10.23 and Figure 10.24 respectively.
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Figure 10.23 : General View of Dumping Site D-6
MUCK DUMPING SITE -D6
X- Section - 00m
AREA = 327sqm
LEGEND
1690
MUCK
1680
NSL
HFL
COUNTERFORT RCC
RETAINING WALL
1670
1660
1650
1640
1630
1620
1610
40°
1600
30m
1590
10m
1580
1570
HFL - 1566(masl)
1560
1550
20
0
40
60
80
100
120
140
MUCK DUMPING SITE -D6
X- Section - 800m
AREA = 303 sqm
1650
LEGEND
MUCK
1640
NSL
HFL
COUNTERFORT RCC
RETAINING WALL
1630
1620
1610
1600
1590
40°
30m
1580
10m
1570
1560
HFL - 1556(masl)
1550
1540
1530
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
180
160
Figure 10.24 : Typical cross section of Dumping Site D-6
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10.8.3.7
Muck Disposal Site D-7
The proposed muck disposal site is located about 250 m u/s of Lidrer Nala on left bank of Chenab on
Kishtwar - Gulagarh road. The average dimension of the site is 900 m x 60 m and with 7.6 m average
height it is capable of holding 4,10,400 cum of muck against which 3,18,023 cum quantity, to be
obtained from adits, surge tank, powerhouse cavern and tail race tunnel is proposed to be dumped.
The plan area of the site is 5.40 ha. The general view of the site and the plot of typical x-section with
supporting structure (RCC retaining wall) at the toe of dump profile is shown in Figure 10.25 and
Figure 10.26 respectively.
Figure 10.25 : General View of Dumping Site D-7
MUCK DUMPING SITE -D7
X- Section - 00m
AREA = 499 sqm
LEGEND
1630
MUCK
1620
NSL
HFL
COUNTERFORT RCC
RETAINING WALL
1610
1600
1590
40°
30m
1580
10m
1570
1560
HFL - 1554(masl)
1550
1540
1530
1520
0
20
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60
80
100
120
140
160
180
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MUCK DUMPING SITE -D7
X- Section - 900m
AREA =413 sqm
LEGEND
1630
MUCK
1620
NSL
HFL
COUNTERFORT RCC
RETAINING WALL
1610
1600
1590
40°
1580
1570
30m
10m
1560
HFL - 1551(masl)
1550
1540
1530
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
175 180
Figure 10.26 : Typical cross section of Dumping Site D-7
10.8.4.
Implementation of Engineering & Biological Measures
As already explained engineering measures like providing of GI wire crates/retaining walls and
compaction of muck will provide stability to the profile of muck piles.
10.8.4.1
Engineering Measures
It has been observed that after excavation the disposal of muck creates problem as it is susceptible
to scattering unless the muck disposal yards are supported with engineering measures such as
retaining structures, crate walls and gabions. All the dumping sites need proper handling to avoid
spilling of muck into the river water while dumping and in the post dumping stages. The muck
disposal sites have to be developed from below the ground level by providing RCC retaining wall in
height of 10 m on water facing side and about 30 m from the point of intersection of HFL at site with
the riverbank. Proper weep holes with inverted filter behind shall be provided at a spacing of 1.5 m
c/c. It is proposed to develop dumping sites into terraces for erecting labour camps and after
completion of work shall be rehabilitated by afforestation. The cost of engineering measures has
been worked out on the basis of RCC retaining wall. After erection of RCC retaining wall the muck
brought in dumpers shall be dumped and dozed behind it in such a manner that rock mass is
properly stacked with minimum of voids.
10.8.4.2
Biological Measures
Biological measures, however, require special efforts as the muck disposed in disposal yards will in
general be devoid of nutrients and soil contents to support vegetation. The selection of soil for
spreading over such an area would require nutrient profiling of soil for different base elements.
Suitable ad mixture of nutrients would be done before placing the soil on the top surface of muck
disposal areas to have administered growth of forest canopy.
10.8.4.3
Plantation Technique
In view of the peculiar site conditions particularly the soil conditions, the planting technique for all
the categories of the plants has to be very site specific and suited to the stress conditions as
anticipated and discussed above. The planting substrates would need to be considerably improved
to support the plants in their initial stages of establishment. The moisture retention capability,
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availability of nutrients and soil aeration, permeability and porosity would require intervention and
assistance.
Multistoried and multipurpose plantations are proposed to be raised on the muck dumping sites as
also in road side strips using grasses, shrubs and bushes in the under story and trees in the upper
story. Nursery raised grass slips, seedlings of shrubs & bushes and tree species would be planted in
the area combined with grass sowing in patches. In addition, cuttings of bushes and shrubs can also
be planted to supplement the nursery raised stock but this would substitute requirement of raising
the nursery of these species. Intimate mixture of species would be avoided right at the planning
stage and would be strictly followed during planting. Each patch should contain maximum of two
species. Grasses would be mixed by groups in rows, shrubs and bushes by group again in rows.
Grass slip planting and grass seed sowing would be done in strips at 0.10 m x 0.10 m spacing in the
prepared staggered patches of 1 m x 0.5 m with a depth of 0.30 m. Soil mixture would be used while
filling the patches. Balance dug up soil/muck will be stacked along the patch on the downhill side for
rain water tapping and enhanced percolation in the patch. Number of such patches in each hectare
is proposed at 500.
Shrubs and bushes would be planted in elongated strips of 1.5 m x 0.5 m with a depth of 0.45m. Soil
mixture would be used while filling the patches. Balance dug up soil/muck will be stacked along the
patch on the downhill side for water tapping and better percolation in the patch. These would be
staggered throughout the area numbering 500 per hectare. Each patch would have two rows of
planting with staggered spacing between plants in a row as 15 cm and distance between rows as 15
cm.
Planting of trees would be done in contour staggered pits of 0.60 m x 0.60 m x 0.60 m size
numbering 800 per hectare. Out of these 800 plants, about 200 plants per hectare are meant for
planting along the periphery of the area. If the periphery gets filled up with lesser numbers, the
remainder would be planted in the core/main area. Soil mixture would be used while filling the pits.
Balance dug up soil/muck will be stacked on downhill side of the pit for trapping the rain water and
allowing it to percolate in the pit.
It is proposed to use soil mixture in the pits & patches consisting of soil imported from nearby areas
mixed with compost or human or vermin-compost or all of these. The ratio for the mix would be 5
parts: Compost/manure 2 parts: Sand 2 part: and humus or vermin-compost 1 part. This will make
nutrients really available for the plants in the preliminary stages and also help increase soil aeration,
porosity & permeability and improved moisture available for the plants.
The stabilization sites from the time of execution of biological measures would be protected with
barbed wire fencing on 2m high RCC posts and provided with inspection paths. Since the muck
dumping sites are being provided with either RCC walls or the wire crate (gabion) wall on the valley
side (towards river) which is not negotiable by animals and human beings, fencing would not be
required along the entire perimeter. Hence, it would be done on the vulnerable sections i.e. towards
the hillside only.
The proposed costs include nursery costs for initial planting and also for mortality replacement.
The biological measures shall be taken up towards the end of construction. The plantations would
be maintained for a period of 5 years by irrigating the plantation during dry seasons, mortality
replacement and repair of fencing & inspection paths within the area. The task of irrigation would
be performed by the watch & ward provided in the cost estimate.
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Although the sites would be either leveled or finished in a grade, yet due to rains and sliding etc.,
they tend to develop rills and gulley causing acceleration in the rate of erosion. As such, while
carrying out plantation; suitable soil conservation measures would also be taken.
10.8.5.
Species for Plantation
Afforestation with suitable plant species of high ecological and economic value and adaptable to
local conditions will be undertaken at the rate of 800 plants per hectare in accordance with canopy
cover requirement. The major plant species which can be used in the area are given in Table 10.49.
Table 10.49 : Name of the Plant Species
Botanical Name
Alnus nitida
Betula utilis
Cedrus deodara
Cupressus torulosa
Juniperus macropoda
Pinus gerardiana
Prunus armeniaca
Juglans regia
Prunus cornuta
Pinus wallichiana
Fraxinus xanthoxyloides
Populus ciliata
Salix alba
Local Name
Kosh, Kunish, Nyun
Bhojpatra, Pad
Kelo, Diar, Kialmang
Devidiar
Guggal, Dhup, Shur
Neoza, Chilagoza, Ri
Chuli, Chul
Akhrot
Krun, Birdcherry
Kail
Thumb
Kramal
Shon
Besides, the above tree species, the shrub species identified for plantations are; Cotoneaster
bacillaris, Colutea nepalensis, Elaeagnus umbellata, Spiraea canescens and Rosa webbiana.
10.8.6.
Cost Estimate for Muck Disposal Plan
The cost estimate for muck disposal plan indicating engineering, biological, bio-technological
measures and maintenance is provided in Table 10.50.
Table 10.50 : Cost Estimate for Muck Disposal Plan
S. N.
Particulars
A. Engineering Measures
1
RCC counterfort retaining wall 8m height for retaining
muck at disposal site D-1 (800m), D-2 (1400), D-3 (800m),
D-4 (1000m), D-5 (800m), D-6 (800m) and D-7(900m) i.e.
in total length of 6500m
Quantity
Unit
Rate (Rs.)
Amount
(Rs. lakh)
6500
RM
100000
6500
Sub-total (A)
B. Biological Measures
1.
Plantation of muck disposal sites
2.
Barbed wire fencing on 2m high RCC posts
3.
Cost of portable pump with accessories
4.
Cost of sprinkler system of irrigation
5.
Watch and ward 4 no. @ Rs. 10000 p.m. for 5 years
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
28.3
28.3
7
28.3
240
ha
ha
No.
ha
Man month
485432
30000
150000
25000
15000
330
6500
137.38
8.49
7.00
7.08
36.00
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
Subtotal (B)
Grand Total (A) + (B)
Say
10.8.7.
195.95
6695.95
6696.00
Cost Model for Plantation
The cost model for plantation on muck dumping sites is given in Table 10.51.
Table 10.51 : Cost Model for Plantation on Muck Dumping Sites (Per hectare)
S.N.
Particular
Qty.
Unit
Rate
Amount (Rs.)
(Rs.)
A.
PALANTATION:
(1)
GRASS SLIP PLANTING AND GRASS SEED SOWING:
1
Preparation of soil mixture (soil, sand, humus &
compost) including digging, purchase, carriage to
the site of work and mixing at site.
75.00
Cum.
850.00
63750
2
Digging of staggered patches 1 m x 0.50 m x 0.30 m
@ 500 patches/ha.
75.00
Cum.
50.00
3750
3
Filling of staggered patches with imported soil
mixture.
75.00
Cum.
15.00
1125
4
Extraction of grass slips from nursery beds @ 50
slips per patch.
25000
Per Slip
0.12
3000
5
Carriage of grass slips from nursery to work site.
25000
Per Slip
0.15
3750
6
Planting of the extracted grass slips in above
patches @ 50 slips per patch.
25000
Per Slip
0.18
4500
7
Cost of grass slips (in nursery).
25000
Per Slip
0.5
12500
8
Purchase of grass seeds @ 5 gm. Per patch.
2.50
Kg.
115.00
288
9
Sowing of grass seeds in furrows in each patch.
500
Patch.
2.50
1250
Total
93913
(II)
SHRUBS AND BUSHES PLANTATION:
1
Preparation of soil mixture (soil, sand, humus &
compost) including digging, purchase, carriage to
the site of work and mixing at site.
168.75
Cum.
850.00
143438
2
Digging of elongated patches 1.5 x 0.50 m x 0.45 m
@ 500 patches/ha.
168.75
Cum.
50.00
8438
3
Filling of elongated patches with imported soil
mixture.
168.75
Cum.
15.00
2531
4
Extraction of shrubs & bushes from nursery beds @
50 per patch.
25000
Per plant
0.15
3750
5
Carriage of shrubs & bushes from nursery to work
25000
Per plant
0.15
3750
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site.
6
Planting of the extracted shrubs & bushes un above
patches @ 50 per patch.
25000
Per plant
0.20
5000
7
Cost of shrubs & bushes (in nursery).
25000
Per plant
1.00
25000
Toatl
191906
15491
(III)
FOUR LINE STRIP PLANTATION (TREE SPECIES):
1
Preparation of soil mixture (soil, sand, humus &
compost) including digging, purchase, carriage to
the site of work and mixing at site.
18.225
Cum.
850.00
2
Digging of pits (45cm x 45cm x 45cm) in periphery of
area.
200
No.
4.45
890
3
Filling of pits (45cm x 45cm x 45 cm) with imported
soil mixture.
200
No.
1.27
254
4
Extracted of plants from nursery beds.
200
No.
0.25
50
5
Carriage of plants from nursery to the work site
over average distance of 10 km uphill carriage.
200
Nos/Km.
0.17
340
6
Planting of extracted plants in above pits including
ramming.
200
No.
0.86
172
7
Mulching of plants with grass.
200
No.
0.28
56
8
Cost of plants (in nursery).
200
No.
1.00
200
Total
17453
(IV)
PLANTATION OF TREE SPECIES IN BLANK AREA:
1
Preparation of soil mixture (soil, sand, humus &
compost) including digging, purchase, carriage to
the site of work and mixing at site
54.675.
Cum.
850.00
46474
2
Digging of pits (45cm x 45cm x 45cm) for B/L
plantation.
600
No.
4.45
2670
3
Filling of pits (45cm x 45cm x 45cm) for B/L
plantation with imported soil mixture.
600
No.
1.27
762
4
Extraction of plants from nursery beds.
600
No.
0.25
150
5
Carriage of plants from nursery to the work site
over an average distance of 10 Km uphill carriage.
600
No. per
Km.
0.17
1020
6
Planting of B/L plants in pits including ramming.
600
No.
0.86
516
7
Mulching of B/L plants with grass.
600
No.
0.28
168
8
Cost of plants (in nursery).
600
No.
4.00
2400
Total
(V)
MAINTENANCE:
1
1st year maintenance.
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Ha.
4000
54160
4000
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2
2nd year maintenance.
1
Ha.
3600
3600
3
3rd year maintenance.
1
Ha.
3200
3200
4
4th year maintenance.
1
Ha.
2800
2800
5
5th year maintenance.
1
Ha.
2000
2000
6
Watch and ward of plantation for 5 years (60
months @ 1000/=) including irrigation during lean
seasons.
1
Ha.
1000
60000
Total
B.
SOIL CONSERVATION:
1.
Construction of gulley plugs, small check walls/dams etc.
L.S.
78000
50000
Total (A) + (B)
4,85,432
10.9. Restoration Plan for Quarry Sites
10.9.1.
General
The Kirthai HEP, Stage-I mainly involves construction of diversion dam, intake structure, inlet
tunnels, desilting chamber, flushing ducts, head race tunnel, underground powerhouse and
transformer hall, main access tunnel, tail race tunnel and other adits and tunnels. For the
construction of such component’s huge quantities of concrete work, structural steel work,
shotcreting and grouting and fixing of pre-cast lagging is involved for which construction materials
like coarse and fine aggregates, boulders, stones and earth for backfilling are required besides
cement, structural steel and reinforcement steel. The quantities of construction material like fine
aggregate, single or coarse aggregate filter material, backfill earth for various uses and their
potential quarry/mining sites are mentioned in Table 10.52.
Table 10.52 : Quantity of Various Materials
S. No
Material
1
2
Fine aggregate for concrete
Coarse aggregate
3.
4.
5.
Rock fill material
Graded filter material
Impervious material
Total
Quantity
(lakh m3)
10.38
20.76
1.64
0.22
0.30
33.30
Quarry/ Mining Sites
In situ Rock quarry sites Q-1 & Q-2 after crushing of rock mass.
In situ Rock quarry sites Q-1 & Q-2 and from excavation of
underground works.
From excavation of diversion tunnel and bank stripping of dam.
River shoal deposits, Q-3.
Borrow area in Atholi Village.
Excavation of construction material entails land acquisition and management of quarry areas later to
maintain the environment in its natural state. Therefore, during material survey/investigation it was
realized that the quarry areas may be identified in river plain as far as possible and the material
excavated from different components be utilized. In view of this, one site d/s of dam for filter
material and two in-situ rock quarries have been identified.
10.9.2.
Details of Quarry Sites
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In construction of the project, about 33.30 lakh cum material comprising of aggregate/stone, filter
material and rock fill material and clay, shall be required. To meet this demand stream/river bed
shoals in and around River Chenab were investigated. It is also proposed that the excavated material
derived from the underground and open surface works will be utilized and about 21,93,015 cum
excavated material will therefore, be used out of excavated material. The coarse aggregate obtained
through crushing of excavated muck shall be utilized in non-wearing concrete works like back fill
concrete in water conductor system like HRT, pressure shaft, MAT, TRT and other adits and also in
shotcreting and grouting works. The lining and structural concrete shall be made from aggregates
obtained from in-situ rock quarry located u/s of Lidrari Nala and also from in-situ rock quarry located
between 2.2 to 2.6 km d/s of Kirthai HEP Stage - II dam on Kisthwar Gulabgarh road. Assuming the
total losses (30%) to be accounted for in the quantity estimation of raw material from quarry site to
aggregate processing plant for producing aggregates, the total quantity of raw material works out to
be 17.35 lac cum. The location plan of the quarry/mining sites is depicted in Figure 10.27.
N
Open Scurb
Chauki
g
he
Ku
HACHOT FOREST
Rutana
Chanas
N
KUGON FOREST
Phulin
Rope Bridge
Rel
Dense mixed jungle
Gad
SHIMPAN
Nar
BODARBAN FOREST
Pan
DAM SITE
a
al
ng
Su
SHIRIR FOREST
L id
rer
N
CH
AN
DR
A
SHIRIR
KIDUR
Kar
a
Iamur Puhali
na
Na
kidu
rN
Ka
tsa
rkui
Dhu
r
SHASHO R H
Dense mixed jungle
N
r D
ha
ui
urk
Sh
Q-1
N
WUCHIR FOREST
Nalhoran
BH
AG
A
Her Pass
OR
Q-2
GA
DO
R
Khatasar Puhali
R
Gwardhar Puhali
Rotdhar Puhali
Somot Puhali
Dense mixed jungle
Kahot Puhali
Sen Puhali
DANDWAR FOREST
Laie
Kadhel
Nagariun
Zar
Talatun Puholi
ha
ut
M
Na
KOL
Charwas Puhali
Kirthai
Sungul
Diaban Puhali
Rawhar Puhali
BHETAL BUZAR FOREST
Aphani
SORA FOREST
Aphani
Q-3
Kijai
N
Mat
Gulabgar
Hahswa
PO
Kundal
ko
ta
ru
r
Dense mixed jungle
Huga
Arthal
Lauj
LAUJ FOREST
0
Scale
LEGEND
1
ROAD
RIVER
CONTOUR
DAM SITE
VILLAGE
LOCATION MAP OF QUARRY SITE
Figure 10.27 : Location Plan of the Quarry/Mining Sites
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10.9.2.2
Quarry Site, Q-1
It is in situ rock quarry located on left bank of Chenab and Left bank of Lidrer Nala d/s of bridge on
Lidrari Nala, on Kishtwar - Gulabgarh road. The quarry lies in forest and about 6 km d/s of dam site.
Assuming the proposed quarry dimension of 300 m x 95 m and with 30 m height of excavation on a
hill slope of 600, the quarry shall yield about 8 lakhs cum of blasted material which is mainly gneiss.
The CSMRS, New Delhi who have conducted field and laboratory investigations for samples from the
site have found the rocks from the quarry suitable for use as coarse aggregate as well as crushed
fine aggregate in concrete for non-wearing surface. The plan area required for quarry shall be 3.0ha.
The general view of the site is shown in Figure 10.28.
Figure 10.28 : The General View of the Quarry Site Q-1
10.9.2.3
Quarry Site, Q-2
It is in situ rock quarry located on left bank of Chenab about 2.2 km d/s of dam site and is located on
Kishtwar - Gulabgarh road. Assuming the proposed quarry dimension of 500 m x 75 m and with 30 m
height of excavation on a hill slope of 600, the quarry shall yield about 9.0 lac cum of blasted
material which is mainly gneiss. The CSMRS, New Delhi who have conducted field and laboratory
investigations for samples from the site have found the rocks from the quarry suitable for use as
coarse aggregate as well as crushed fine aggregate in concrete for non-wearing surface. The plan
area required for quarry shall be 4.0 ha and it shall be near to the dam site. The general view of the
site is shown in Figure 10.29 and Figure 10.30.
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Figure 10.29 : The General View of the Quarry Site Q-2
Figure 10.30 : The General View of the Quarry Site Q-2
10.9.3.
Quarry Site, Q-3
The quarry site is a shoal deposit in the Chenab, located about 6.8 km from Gulabgarh on left bank
of Chenab. The site is closed to Aphani Nala. The quarry area involves 1.0 ha Government land.
Assuming average mining in 3.0 m depth, it shall yield about 0.3 lac cum material involving boulder,
shingle and sand of different grades which can meet the requirement of graded filter material
required in the core and bottom of the two coffer dams. The general view of the quarry is presented
in Figure 10.31.
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Figure 10.31 : General View of the Quarry Site Q-3
10.9.4.
Clay Borrow Area
For meeting the requirement of 0.3 lac cum of the clay core material, some borrow area is to be
delineated by the project proponent based on the analysis of samples to be taken from pits to be
made in agriculture area under Atholi villages.
10.9.5.
Environmental Impacts
The environmental impacts of excavation of construction materials such as rock mass/boulder and
sand for construction of hydroelectric projects depend on excavation process, local hydrological
conditions, climate, rock types, size and type of operations and topography. Impacts also vary with
stage of development at quarry sites e.g. development of working platforms has a less impact
compared to the excavation of aggregates and sand. Physical changes in the soil, water and air
associated with environment impacts would be due to excavation and degradation of land around
the quarry and on biota around it. About 70% excavated material from surface and the proposed
underground works shall be utilized together with river bed materials obtained from 1 river bed
quarry and two other rock quarries. The rock face areas of rock quarries do not require any major
restoration measures. However, keeping in view the fact that due to blasting etc. the rock features
along the joint surfaces may get weak or disturbed, for overcoming which some rock bolting and
shotcrete measures along the exposed face are proposed. The river shoal area falls in the river
bed/plain, as such no restoration measures are proposed for them. The river shoal quarry sites will
be restored during the flood season as this fall within the river course of River Chenab. Therefore,
the river bed quarry activity shall not lead to any negative impact either during the functioning of
the quarry or later. Quarry site No. 3 shall be submerged in the pond and thus need no restoration.
Blasting shall not be allowed in the river bed. Copious use of sprinkler shall be resorted to stock piles
of aggregate and the washing of the aggregate shall be first allowed to settle in the setting tanks
before disposing into river. As a dust arrester G.C sheet shield shall be erected on the valley side of
portion of Kishtwar – Gulabgarh road.
The civil contractors shall erect stone crusher and mixing plant erected after seeking consent to
establish and operate under relevant section of Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
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and Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 from State Pollution Control Board and as
per their safety norms and guide lines.
10.9.6.
Treatment Measures for Restoration
The biological and engineering measures are proposed to be implemented for restoration of rock
quarry Q-1 & Q-2.
10.9.6.1
Biological Measures
Under the biological measures, plantation over an area of 12 ha as per the suitability of the area will
be conducted to bring the diverted area under rock quarry No. 1 & 2 under forest cover after these
are no more needed. In addition to plantation, seeding of local plant species will also be done to
enhance natural regeneration. The plantation technique and the rate of plantation shall be as in the
case of biological treatment of muck disposal sites.
10.9.6.2
Barbed Wire Fencing
The area of rock quarry site will be fenced first to ward off animals from entering the quarry area
and later to protect the plantation from grazing and to enhance natural regeneration.
10.9.6.3
Engineering Measures
For the reclamation of the quarry sites, the following engineering measures are proposed.
10.9.6.4
Protective Shield
Along 2000 m length of the Kirthai - Gulabgarh road near quarry site Q-1, Q-2 & Q-3 proper G. C.
Sheet Shielding shall be erected to safeguard against fugitive dust particles.
10.9.7.
Cost Estimate for Restoration of Borrow Areas
The details of the expenditure likely to be incurred on the implementation of biological and
engineering measures to be adopted are placed in Table 10.53.
Table 10.53 : Cost estimates for restoration of borrow areas
SI.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Item of Work
Qty.
Unit
Rate (Rs.)
Stone masonry (1:6) in retaining
wall of 4 m height in 75 m
Plantation in 5 ha. Including
maintenance for 5 years.
300
Cum
3000
Amount (Rs.
in lac)
9.00
5.0
ha
250000
12.50
Watch and ward 3 No
Chowkidars @ Rs 15000 p.m. for
5 years
Provision for Settling Tanks
180
months
15000
24.00
LS
5.50
Providing G.C. Sheet shield in
500 m length.
For execution of eco-friendly
management plan for 3 nos.
quarry area
500
Rm
2000
10.00
Job
LS
Job
24.00
Total
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10.9.8.
Landscape and Restoration Plan
Kirthai HEP, Stage-I encompassing a diversion dam, underground water conductor system and
powerhouse is located in the interior area of Paddar block of District Kishtwar. Being in remote
interior and at a detour from District Headquarter, Kishtwar, the dam site on rock outcrop provides
a limited site for landscaping besides being in deep gorge too. The water conductor system, the
powerhouse and appurtenant works are all underground structures and thus their landscaping is not
warranted. Considering this the landscape plan is restrictive in nature being limited to dam site,
residential and office complex areas. Provision in DPR, for development of garden, parks and lawns
in the residential areas/office complexes under the head M-Plantation should be earmarked in the
DPR. It is proposed to provide landscaping for the area around dam complex. The financial provision
of landscape works is presented in Table 10.54.
Table 10.54 : Cost Estimate for Landscaping Plan
S. No
Particular
Quantity
1
Providing two view points on Kishtwar-Pangi road, one near
exit point of Tail race and the other at a suitable location on
road.
Providing Channel fencing along approach road to dam
Providing ornamental, avenue and flowering plants and
flower beds near left bank of dam
Providing rest benches
Providing for lighting arrangements to enhance the night
effect
Watch and ward
Provision for recurring cost on maintenance of item 1
through 5 @ 2.5% of cost per year for 5 years
Provision for meeting electricity Charges @ Rs 1.5 lacs per
year for 5 years.
Contingencies
LS
Amount (Rs
lakh)
5.00
LS
LS
10.00
4.00
LS
LS
1.00
5.00
LS
LS
5.00
1.25
LS
7.50
LS
Total
Say
1.00
39.75
40.00
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Therefore, the overall cost of Restoration of Quarry area and landscaping plan is Rs. 85 lakhs + Rs. 40
Lakh = Rs. 125 lakhs
10.10. Disaster Management Plan
10.10.1.
Introduction
Any hydroelectric project if not designed on the sound principles of design after detail investigations
in respect of hydrology, geology, seismicity etc., could spell a large-scale calamity. Thus, these are
inherent risk to the project like improper investigation, planning, designing and construction which
ultimately lead to human catastrophe. Though through detailed field investigations it has been
ensured that the dam is founded on firm foundation, designed for suitable seismic design
parameters and the spillway has been designed for passing 9600 cumecs discharge, yet in view of
that uncertain element of “Force majeure” the eventuality of a disaster cannot be ignored but a
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rescue plan must be devised for confronting such an exigency without being caught in the vast realm
of unpreparedness.
A disaster is an unwarranted, untoward and emergent situation that culminates into heavy toll of
life and property and is a calamity sometimes caused by “force majeure” and by human error. The
identification of all types of disaster in any proposed project scenario involves the critical review of
the project vis-à-vis the study of historical past incidents/disasters in the similar situations. The
evolution of disaster management plan dwells on various aspects such as provision of evacuation
paths, setting up of alarms and warning systems, establishing communicating system besides
delineating an Emergency Response Organization with an Effective Response System. Keeping in
view the grievous affects a disaster can cause on human or animal population, loss of property and
environment in and around the areas of impact. Therefore, it is essential to assess the possibility of
such failures in context to the present project and formulate a contingent plan.
The proposed diversion dam of Kirthai HEP, Stage-II on the Chenab. The 219.8 m long dam
comprises of 126.8 m non-overflow section and 93 m overflow section. The crest elevation of
spillway has been kept at El. 1712.5 masl, while FRL is at El. 1764 masl and the dam foundation level
(lowest) shall be kept at 1650 masl. The FRL and MDDL have been fixed at El. 1764 masl and 1750.75
masl respectively.
The project is R-O-R scheme and thus has very small live storage of 17.0 MCM only. The pond level
shall fluctuate according to peak power generation. On the u/s of the project, Kirthai I HEP, has also
been conceived and on the d/s of the project Kiru HEP is proposed. Therefore, a comprehensive
monitoring network system has to be established to combat jointly the threat due to failure of any
of these schemes. For accomplishing this full proof “no communication failure” system has to be
evolved.
10.10.2.
Model for Dam Break Analysis
For reasons of simplicity, generally, wide applicability and the uncertainty in the actual mechanism,
the BOSS DAMBRK model has been used. The model uses failure time interval, terminal size and
shape of the breach as the inputs. The possible shapes of the breach that can be accomplished by
the model are rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal. The model can adopt either storage routing or
dynamic routing methods for routing floods through reservoirs depending on the nature of flood
wave movement in reservoirs at the time failure.
The dynamic wave method based on the complete equations of unsteady flow is the appropriate
technique to route the flood hydrograph through the downstream valley. The method is derived
from the original equations developed by St. Venant. The model uses St. Venant’s equations for
routing dam break floods in channels.
10.10.3.
Methodology
The National Weather Service’s DAMBRK model developed by Dr. L. Fread has been used in the
study. This model simulates the failure of dam, computes the resultant outflow hydrograph and
simulates movement of the dam break flood wave through the downstream river valley. The model
is built around three major capabilities, which are reservoir routing, breach simulation and river
routing. However, it does no rainfall-runoff analysis and storm inflow hydrographs to the upstream
of reservoir must be developed external to the model. A brief description of the capabilities of the
model is described in the following paragraphs
Reservoir Routing
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The storage routing is based on the law of conservation given as:
I –Q = dS/dt …………………….….. (1)
in which, I is reservoir inflow. Q is the total reservoir outflow which includes the flow spillway,
breach, overtopping flow and head independent discharge, and rate of change of reservoir storage
volume. Equation (1) can be expressed in finite difference form as:
(1 + I’) 2 - (Q + Q’)/2 = ∆ S/∆t -. -----(2)
in which the prime (‘) superscript denotes the values at the time t - ∆t and the notation
approximates the differential. The term ∆S may be expressed as:
∆S = (As +A’s) (h-h’)/2 ……………… (3)
In which, As is the reservoir surface area coincidental with the elevation (h) and is a function of h.
The discharge Q which is to be evaluated from equation (2) is a function of h and this known h is
evaluated using Newton–Raphson iteration technique and thus the estimation of discharge
corresponding to h.
Dynamic Routing
The hydrologic storage routing technique, expressed by equation (2) implies that the water surface
elevation within the reservoir is horizontal. This assumption is quite adequate for gradually
occurring breaches with no substantial reservoir inflow hydrographs. However, when the breach is
specified to form almost instantaneously to produce a negative wave within the reservoir, and/or
the reservoir inflow hydrograph is significant enough to produce a positive wave progressing
through the reservoir, a routing option which simulates the negative and /or positive wave occurring
within the reservoir may be used in DAMBRK model. Such a technique is referred to as dynamic
routing. The routing principle is same as dynamic routing in river reaches and it is performed using
St. Venant’s equation. The movement of the dam break flood wave through the downstream river
channel is simulated using the complete unsteady flow equations for one dimensional open channel
flow, alternatively known as St. Venant’s equations. These equations consist of the continuity
equation
∂Q
∂(A +A0)
___+ _______ = q ………………………………… (4)
∂t
∂t
and the conservation of momentum equation:
∂Q
∂(A2/ +A)
∂h
___+ _______ + g A ( ---- + Sf +S e) + Lc = 0 ……(5)
∂t
∂t
∂t
where,
A = active cross – sectional flow area
A0 = inactive (off-channel storage) cross – sectional area
X = distance the channel
q = lateral inflow or outflow per unit distance along the channel
g = acceleration due to gravity
Q = discharge
H = water surface elevation
Ss = friction slope
Se = expansion – contraction loss slope
Lc = lateral inflow/outflow momentum effect due to assumed flow path of inflow being
perpendicular to the main flow
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The friction slope and expansion – contraction loss slope is evaluated by the following equation
n3 Q2
= --------------- ……………………….…….(6)
2.21 A2 R¾
Sf
and,
K∆(Q/A)2
Se = -------------------- ……………………………….……. (7)
2g ∆ X
where,
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
R = A/B where B is the top width of the active portion of the channel
K = Expansion – contraction coefficient varying from 0.1 to 0.3 for contraction and 0.5 to – 1.0
expansion ‘
∆(Q/A)2 = Difference in (Q/A)2 for cross sections at their end of a reach
The non-linear partial differential equations (4) and (5) are represented by a corresponding set of
non-linear finite difference algebraic equations and they are solved by the Newton – Raphson
method using weighted four-point implicit scheme to evaluate Q and h. The initial conditions are
given by known steady discharge at the dam, for which steady state non-uniform boundary flow
equation are used. The outflow hydrograph from the reservoir is the upstream boundary condition
for the channel routing and the model can deal with fully supercritical flow or fully supercritical flow
in the reach or the upstream reach having supercritical flow and downstream reach having subs
critical flow. There is a choice of downstream boundary conditions such as internally calculated loop
rating curve, user provided single valued rating curve, user provided time dependent water surface
elevation, critical depth and dam which may pass flow via spillways, overtopping and/ or breaching.
10.10.4.
Statement of the Problem
The computation of flood wave resulting from a dam breach basically involves two scenarios which
can be considered jointly or separately: (1) the outflow hydrograph from the pond (2) the routing of
the flood wave downstream from the breached dam along the river valley and the flood plain. If
breach outflow is independent of downstream conditions, or if their effect can be neglected, the
reservoir outflow hydrograph is referred to as the free outflow hydrograph. In this case, the
computation of the flood characteristics is divided into two distinct phases: (a) the determination of
outflow hydrograph with or without the routing of the negative wave the reservoir, and (b) the
routing of flood wave downstream from the breached dam. In this study the problem of simulating
the failure of “Dam” and computing the free outflow hydrograph from the breached section using
storage routing technique’ with the aim of reproducing the maximum water level marks reached
during the passage of flood wave is considered. The information regarding inflow hydrograph into
the pond due to the storm at the time of failure, the structural and the hydraulic characteristics
details of the dam, the time of failure, the channel cross sections details, the maximum water level
marks reached in the reservoir at the time of failure and those observed in the downstream reach of
the dam to the passage of flood wave etc. are available for the study.
10.10.5.
Availability of Data
The input data required for the U.S. National Weather Service’s BOSS DAMBRK model can be
categorized into two groups. The first data group pertains to the dam and inflow hydrograph into
the reservoir and the second group pertains to the routing of the outflow hydrograph through the
downstream valley. These are described in the following paragraphs.
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First Data Group
Regarding the data group pertaining to the dam, the information on reservoir elevation-volume
relationship, spillway details, elevation of bottom and top of Dam, elevation of water surface in the
reservoir at the beginning of analysis and at the time of failure, breach description data are
required. The particulars of the data used under each of the above-mentioned categories are given
in Annexure-V. In the present case breach formation time, has been assumed as 0.5 hour.
Second Data Group
The second group of data pertaining to the routing of the outflow hydrograph through the
downstream valley consists of a description of cross-sections, hydraulic resistance coefficients of the
reach, steady state flow in the river at the beginning of the simulation and downstream boundary
condition. The cross section is specified by location mileage, and tables of top width and
corresponding elevation. In this study, three cross sections located at 0, 5 and 15 respectively from
the Dam have been used.
10.10.6.
Result and Conclusions
The maximum stage elevation and maximum flow at different cross-section at various distances
downstream of the Dam is shown in Table 10.55.
Table 10.55 : Flood Crest Summary
Cross
Section
Location
(km)
0.00
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.00
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Maximum
Stage
Elevation
(m MSL)
1766.52
1631.21
1620.19
1609.32
1598.49
1587.88
1577.25
1566.60
1555.94
1545.36
1534.80
1524.22
1513.62
1503.07
1492.55
1482.02
1471.47
1460.93
1450.45
1439.95
1429.44
1418.92
Maximum
Flow
(cumec)
56772
56772
55838
54871
53894
53068
52800
52390
51870
51270
51113
50847
50486
50044
49868
49680
49412
49071
48860
48727
48524
48257
Time To
Maximum
Stage
(hr.)
0.03
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.58
0.58
0.58
0.58
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
Maximum
Flow
Velocity
(m/sec)
5.75
19.79
17.62
17.74
17.81
17.85
17.88
17.89
17.92
17.96
17.99
18.01
18.05
18.09
18.13
18.15
18.20
18.24
18.28
18.31
18.36
18.41
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It can be inferred from the result that maximum flow 56772 cumec corresponding to maximum
stage elevation 1766.52 masl has been achieved due to breach at km. 0.00 d/s of Dam and
thereafter the maximum flow has gradually attenuated to 48257 cumec at Km 15 corresponding to
maximum stage 1418.92. This is because for reaches further downstream from Dam axis, the flow
wave characteristics may be predominantly influenced by channel geometry. The combined outflow
hydrograph and stage elevation plot curve due the simulation of Dam Break is shown in Figure 10.32
and 10.33.
The Dam break study has been carried out if the 35 m width of the spill way gets washed away with
breach bottom EL at 1650 masl, which is the flow level of drainage cum inspection gallery. The
failure is also assumed to occur when the Dam receives design flood of 9600 cumec.
The following conclusions could be drawn:
1. Failure of the diversion Dam like the proposed dam, which is designed to the present technical
standards and built with adequate quality control, is a very-very remote possibility
2. Failure of the diversion Dam like the proposed dam, which is designed to the present technical
standards and built with adequate quality control, is a very-very remote possibility.
3. The assumed condition that bays of spillway get washed away is only Hypothetical.
Figure 10.32 : Combined Discharge Outflow hydrograph
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Figure 10.33 : Combined Stage Hydrograph
10.10.7.
Disaster Management Plan
The emergency planning for dam break scenario is devised on the basis of results of dam break
analysis mainly the travel time of flood wave to various locations in the downstream stretch of the
river. It is inferred form the analysis that in case of main dam failure the flood peak discharge as it
prorogates through valley shall inundate downstream stretch of five km within 30 minutes but in
this reach no settlement shall be affected due to crash flood from dam due to its breaking. In view of
the fact that even up to 15 km d/s of the dam, no settlement is very near to the river there is no risk
of flooding of the settlements. Thus, due to the breaking of the dam the major risk shall be to the
persons who have for some reason or the other has entered the river bed / plain. The plan is,
therefore, based on such measures, which are purely preventive in nature.
The flood period during monsoon generally is reckoned from June with the onset of monsoon and
ends with withdrawal of south-west monsoon by the end of September. Before the onset of
monsoon all hydro-mechanical equipment, electrical gadgets, captive power plant and public
announcement and communication system should be kept in perfect readiness. The degree of
alertness has to enhance during high stage of river manifested with sharp increase in discharge.
Though there cannot be very sharp edge demarcation between different levels of emergency yet the
following flood conditions have been contemplated and the preventive measures suggested against
each as given in Table 10.56.
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Table 10.56 : Status of Emergency
S. N.
1.
10.10.7.1
Status of
emergency
Normal
Flood
Water Level
Preventive measures
Below FRL i.e. El 1764 masl
and flood discharge below
9600 Cumecs
Utmost vigil observed in regulation of
spillway gates
(1) All gates fully operational
(2) All the official should attend dam site.
Local officials informed and warning system
be kept on alert.
Communication & public announcement
system should be put into operation and
flood warning issued to people
(1) All staff from dam site, power house &
TRT outlets alerted to move to safer places
(2) Possibility of dam failure should be
flashed to District Administration.
District Administration and Project
authorities be intimated and only life
saving measures should be resorted too
2.
Level –1
Emergency
Rises above El 1764 masl
but below El 1766 masl
3.
Level –3
Emergency
Top of dam i.e. El 1766 masl
4.
Disaster
Rising above El 1766 masl
and the breach appears in
any form
Dam Safety and Maintenance Manual
Based on standard recommended guidelines for the safety inspection of dams a manual should be
prepared by the project proponents in respect of dam safety surveillance and monitoring aspects.
This should be updated with the availability of instrumentation data and observation data with
periodical review. The need for greater vigil has to be emphasized during first reservoir
impoundment and first few years of operation. The manual should also delve on the routine
maintenance schedule of all hydro-mechanical and electrical instruments. It should be eloquent in
respect of quantum of specific construction material needed for emergency repair along with
delineation of the suitable locations for its stocking and also identify the much-needed machinery
and equipment for executing emergency repair work and for accomplishing the evacuation plan.
10.10.7.2
Emergency Action Plan (EAP)
Dam safety programme as indicated above includes the formation of an Emergency Action Plan for
the dam. An emergency is defined as a condition of serious nature which develops unexpectedly and
endangers downstream property and human life and required immediate attention. Emergency
Action Plan should include all potential indicators of likely failure of the dam, since the primary
concern is for timely and reliable identification and evaluation of existing of potential emergency.
This EAP presents warning and notification procedures to follow during the monsoon season in case
of failure or potential failure of the dam. The objective is to provide timely warning to nearby
residents and alert key personnel responsible for taking action in case of emergency.
10.10.7.3
Administration and Procedural Aspects
The administrative and procedural aspects of the Emergency Action Plan consist of flow chart
depicting the names and addresses of the responsible officials. In order of hierarchy, the following
system will usually be appropriate. In the event that the failure is imminent, or the failure has
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occurred or a potential emergency conditions is developing, the observer at the site is required to
report it to the Junior Engineer / Assistant Engineer who will report to the Executive Engineer /
Superintending Engineer for their reporting to the Chief Engineer through a wireless system or by
any available fastest communication system. The Engineer-in-Charge is usually responsible for
making cognizant with the developing situation to the Civil Administration viz. District Magistrate.
Each personnel are to acknowledge his/her responsibilities under the EAP in an appropriate format
at a priority.
The technical aspects of the EAP consist of preventive action to be taken with regards to the
structural safety of the dam. The EAP is drawn at a priority for the regular inspection of the dam. For
this purpose, providing an adequate and easy access to the dam site is a necessity. The dam, its
sluices, overflows and non-overflow sections should be properly illuminated for effective operations
during night time. Whenever sinkholes, boils, increased leakages, movement of masonry rock, gate
failure, rapid rise or fall of the level in the reservoir, rise in the level of reservoir beyond the
maximum working level, or wave overrun of the dam crest are observed, the personnel on patrol is
required to inform immediately to the Junior Engineer (JE)/Assistant Engineer (AE) for initiation of
the execution of EAP. They are required to inform the Engineer-in-Charge and the local
administrative authorities. It is desirable if the downstream inhabitants are warned using siren, if
available, so as to make them aware the likely imminent danger.
The other preventive measures may include availability of sufficient number of sandbags at several
selected downstream locations and logs (for holding and sandbags) and at the dam site, one tractor,
two motor boats, gas lanterns, Manila ropes and life jackets. Areas from where the labour can be
mobilized should be chalked out at a priority. In addition to these, public participation in the process
of execution of the EAP may further help in amelioration of the adverse impacts of the likely
disaster. For this, it is necessary that the public should be made aware of its responsibilities.
10.10.7.4
Preventive Action
Once the likelihood of an emergency situation is suspected, action has to be initiated to prevent a
failure. The point at which each situation reaches an emergency status shall be specified and at that
stage the vigilance and surveillance shall be upgraded both in respect of time and level. At this stage
a thorough inspection of the dam should be carried out to locate any visible sign(s) of distress.
Engineers responsible for preventive action should identify sources of equipment needed for repair,
materials, labour and expertise for use during an emergency. The amount and type of material
required for emergency repairs should be determined for dam, depending upon its characteristics,
design, construction history and past behavior. It is desirable to stockpile suitable construction
materials at appropriate sites. The anticipated need of equipment should be evaluated and if these
are not available at the dam site, the exact location and availability of these equipment should be
determined and specified. The sources/agencies must have necessary instructions for assistance
during emergency. Due to the inherent uncertainties about their effectiveness, preventive actions
should usually be carried out simultaneously with the appropriate notification on alert situation or a
warning situation.
10.10.7.5
Communication System
An effective communication system and a downstream warning system are absolutely essential for
the success of an emergency preparedness plan. The difference between a high flood and dambreak situation must be made lucidly clear to the downstream population.
10.10.7.6
Evacuations Plans
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Emergency Action Plan includes evacuation plans and procedures for implementation based on local
needs. These could be:
- Demarcation / prioritization of areas to be evacuated.
- Notification procedures and evacuation instructions.
- Safe routes, transport and traffic control.
- Safe areas/shelters.
- Functions and responsibilities of members of evacuation team.
Any precarious situation during floods will be communicated either by an alert situation or by an
alert situation followed by a warning situation. An alert situation would indicate that although
failure of flooding is not imminent, a more serious situation could occur unless conditions improve.
A warning situation would indicate that flooding is imminent as a result of an impending failure of
the dam. It would normally include an order for evacuation of delineated inundation areas.
10.10.7.7
Evacuation Team
It will comprise of following official / Representative:
- District Magistrate (D. M.)/his Nominated officer (To peacefully relocate the people to places at
higher elevation with state administration).
-
Engineer in charge of the project (Team Leader)
-
Superintendent of Police (S. P.)/Nominated Police Officer (To maintain law and order)
-
Chief Medical Officer (C. M. O.) of the area (To tackle morbidity of affected people)
-
Sarpanch/Affected village Representative to execute the resettlement operation with the aid of
state machinery and project proponents.
-
Sub committees at village level
The Engineer-in-Charge will be responsible for the entire operation including prompt determination
of the flood situation time to time. Once the red alert is declared the whole state machinery will
come into swing and will start evacuating people in the inundation areas delineated in the
inundation maps. For successful execution, annually demo exercise will be done. D. M. is to monitor
the entire operation.
10.10.7.8
Public Awareness for Disaster Mitigation
In addition, guidelines that have to be followed by the inhabitants of flood prone areas, in the event
of flood resulting from dam failure, which form part of public awareness for disaster mitigation may
also include following:
1. Listen to the radio for advance information and advice.
2. Disconnect all electrical appliances and move all valuable personal and household goods beyond
the reach of floodwater, if one is warned or if one suspects that flood waters may enter the
house.
3. Move vehicles, farm animals and movables goods to the higher place nearby.
4. Keep sources of water pollution i.e. insecticides out of the reach of water.
5. Turn off electricity and LPG gas before one has to leave the house.
6. Lock all outside doors and windows if one has to leave the house.
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7. Do not enter floodwaters.
8. Never wander around a flood area.
10.10.7.9
Notifications
Notification procedures are an integral part of any emergency action plan. Separate procedures
should be established for slowly and rapidly developing situations and failure. Notifications would
include communication of either an alert situation or an alert situation followed by a warning
situation. An alert situation would indicate that although failure or flooding is not imminent, a more
serious situation could occur unless conditions improve. A warning situation would indicate that
flooding is imminent as a result of an impending failure of the dam. It would normally include an
order for evacuation of delineated inundation areas.
10.10.7.10 Notification Procedures
Copies of the EAP that also include the above-described inundation map are displayed at prominent
locations, in the rooms and locations of the personnel named in the notification chart. For a regular
watch on the flood level situation, it is necessary that the flood cells be manned by two or more
people so that an alternative person is always available for notification round the clock. For speedy
and unhindered communication, a wireless system is a preferable mode of communication.
Telephones may be kept for back up, wherever available. It is also preferred that the entire flood
cells, if more than one, are tuned in the same wireless channel. It will ensure communication from
the dam site to the control rooms. The communication can be established by messenger service in
the absence of such modes of communication.
10.10.7.11 Management after receding of Flood Water
It is to be accepted that in the event of dam break, even with maximum efforts, the loss of human
lives, livestock and property would be inevitable. Under such a scenario, a massive effort would be
used by various government agencies to provide various relief measures to the evacuees.
Formulation of a plan delineating such measures is beyond the scope of work of this document.
However, some of the measures which need to be implemented are listed as below: •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
10.10.8.
Provision of various food items and shelter to the evacuees.
Provision of fuel for various evacuees.
Provision of adequate fodder supply.
Arrangements for potable water supply.
Commissioning of low-cost sewage treatment and sanitation facilities, and disposal of treatment
sewage.
Expeditious disposal of dead bodies human and livestock.
Immunization programmes for prevention of outbreak of epidemics of various water related
diseases.
Adequate stocks of medicines of various diseases, especially water-related diseases.
Communication between Different Projects
Two other HEP, viz. Kirthai Stage-I HEP and Kiru HEP have been proposed on u/s and d/s of the
proposed Kirthai HEP, Stage-II. These projects shall run in tandem. Therefore, a comprehensive
monitoring network system has to be established to combat jointly the threat due to failure of any
of these schemes. For accomplishing these, a full poof “no communication failure” system has to has
to be evolved.
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10.10.9.
Flood Forecasting
The importance of flood forecasting is paramount in a dam break scenario, by overtopping, when
little or no reaction time is left for the people to evacuate to safe places. Effective and accurate
flood warning can facilitate the evacuation of people living in flood zone, their property and
livestock, opportune maintenance and early alerting of emergency services besides exercising
legitimate control by adjusting downstream releases from reservoir / ponds or achieving the balance
pond. An advance warning of approaching flood allows suitable reservoir operation for moderating
its intensity / peak and also helps in ensuring full storage and for flood relief purposes.
The catchment of the Chenab, up to the proposed dam site, extends approximately 8350 Sq. Km in
area. River flows are constituted of two main natural components viz., run-off resulting from
precipitation and base flow derived from spring flows. Due to mountains topography, the excessive
bed slope causes rapid run-off from the contributing hill torrents to the main river. There is no
extensive network of meteorological station, rain gauge; snow-gauge; gauge and discharge sites in
the catchment area. Many of the sub-watersheds within the catchment are un-gauged. Currently
flood warning relies on issuing of alerts when the river level at a few location reaches are within a
few meter below the high flood levels observed in the past. Sometime these warnings may be
accurate but due to very little lead time between the HFL being very fast approached and the
commencement of flooding. Due to the existence of fertile agricultural land and its expansion along
the river banks and concentration of population in the region of submergence area, there is a need
for developing an operational flood forecasting system as a part of preparedness strategies for
disastrous flood events by providing advance warning several days ahead such that the public and
the district authorities have adequate time at their disposal without being panicky.
Due to morphological characteristics, the flood plains and the area near to the river / stream banks,
classified under land use class agriculture and settlement, are more prone to the flood hazards. In
such areas delineation of flood zone and its height besides detecting the characteristics of floods in
different return periods is most significant. Thus flood zonation is not only essential in respect of
various development activities in the likely inundation area, but also for study of ecological and
environment impacts. For the study of flood zonation, within the likely inundation area, for different
time periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years, topography maps at 1:1000 scale shall have to be
developed.
All forms of flood forecasting use some type of trigger mechanism to anticipate when the water
level of the river at the flood risk area shall exceed the threshold. When the trigger reaches a
predetermined level that is less than the threshold, a warning is triggered. In case of a small river, a
rainfall-runoff based model may be adequate within reasonable limits of accuracy. In case of large
rivers, like Chenab, forecasting of discharge by upstream stages, with a high degree of sophistication
is involved. The main aim is to assess the future output at different time as accurately as possible,
i.e. within narrow error bonds, starting with measurements of present and past input quantities.
Interaction between a comprehensive hydrological model and geographical information system
(GIS) technique provides a better forecasting tool. The main requirement of a hydrological model is
description of flow channel characteristics and land surface as input data to the watershed model.
The flood zonation is actualize, development and perfection of the applied engineering hydrology
and its aim is to acquire a real time rainfall data and river flow by short wave, radio and satellite
network, and using them tin rainfall runoff models to forecast.
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For enabling GIS based flood forecasting using hydrological model, a network of meteorological
station, rainfall and snowfall gauges, gauge and discharge sites equipped with latest state-of-the-art
gadgets, meteorological radar shall have to be established. Survey of inundation area at 1:1000
scales with 1.0 meter shall have to be conducted. On these counts, a sum of Rs. 15 Lakh is being
earmarked.
10.10.10.
Cost Estimate
The budget for different activities required to be carried out for mitigation and prevention of dam
break hazard exclusively from the dam is given in Table-10.57.
Table 10.57 : Cost Estimate for Implementing DMP
S. N.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
6.
Particular
Installation of alert system in control room and at Gulabgarh
Setting up of communication system between u/s and d/s of project
Setting up of communication system between dam and d/s settlements
Public information system
Cost of equipment and T&P
Flood forecasting
Training and miscellaneous
Total
Cost
(Rs. lakh)
3.00
5.00
10.00
2.00
15.00
15.00
5.00
55.00
10.11. Water Air and Noise Management Plan
10.11.1.
Control of Air Pollution
10.11.1.1
Impacts on Air Quality
In a water resources project, air pollution occurs mainly during project construction phase. The
major sources of air pollution during construction phase are:
• Fuel combustion in various construction equipment, e.g. heavy earth movers, loaders, drillers,
rock bolters, diesel generating sets, compressors etc.
• Fugitive emissions from stone aggregate crushers.
• Impacts due to vehicular movement
Pollution due to fuel combustion in various equipment
The running operation of various construction equipment involves combustion of fossil fuel for
running the engine. Normally, diesel is used in such equipment. The major pollutant, which gets
emitted because of diesel combustion, is SO2. The PM10 emissions are minimal due to low ash
content. Based on experience in similar projects, PM10 and SO2 are not expected to increase
significantly. Thus, in the proposed project, no significant impact on ambient air quality is expected
because of operation of various construction equipment.
Emissions from various crushers
The operation of crushers (500 and 200 tph) during the construction phase is likely to generate
fugitive emissions, which can move even up to 1 km in predominant wind direction. During crushing
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operations, fugitive emissions comprising of the suspended particulate matter will be generated.
There could be marginal impacts to settlements close to the site at which crushers are
commissioned. However, based on experience, adverse impacts on this account are not anticipated.
The labour camps, colonies, etc. shall be located outside the impact zone (about 1.5 to 2 km) of the
crusher plant.
Impacts due to vehicular movement
During construction phase, there will be increased vehicular movement for transportation of various
construction materials to the project site. Large quantity of dust is likely to be entrained due to the
movement of trucks and other heavy vehicles. However, such ground level emissions do not travel
for long distances. Thus, no major adverse impacts are anticipated on this account.
10.11.1.2
Mitigation Measures
Control of Emissions
Minor air quality impacts will be caused by emissions from construction vehicles, equipment and DG
sets, and emissions from transportation traffic. Frequent truck trips will be required during the
construction period for removal of excavated material and delivery of concrete mix and other
equipment and materials. The following measures are recommended to control air pollution:
• The contractor will be responsible for maintaining properly functioning construction equipment
to minimize exhaust.
• Construction equipment and vehicles will be switched off when not used for extended periods
of time.
• Unnecessary idle running of construction vehicles to be prohibited.
• Effective traffic management to be undertaken to avoid significant delays in and around the
project area.
• Road damage caused by sub-project activities will be promptly attended to with proper road
repair and maintenance work.
Air Pollution control due to DG sets
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has issued emission limits for generators up to 800 KW.
The same are outlined in Table 10.58 and are recommended to be followed.
Table 10.58 : Emission Limits for DG Sets Prescribed By CPCB
Parameter
Emission limits (gm/kwh)
NOx
9.2
HC
1.3
CO
2.5
PM
0.3
Smoke limit*
0.7
Note: * Light absorption coefficient at full load (m-1)
The above standards need to be followed by the contractor operating the DG sets.
Dust Control
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The project authorities will work in close association with representatives from the community living
near project area to identify areas of concern and to mitigate dust-related impacts effectively (e.g.,
through direct meetings, utilization of construction management and inspection program, and/or
through the complaint response program). To minimize issues related to the generation of dust
during the construction phase of the project, the following measures have been identified:
• Identification of construction limits (minimal area required for construction activities).
• When practical, excavated spoils will be removed as the contractor proceeds along the length
of the activity.
• When necessary, stockpiling of excavated material will be covered or staged offsite location
with muck being delivered as needed during the course of construction.
• Excessive soil on paved areas will be sprayed (wet) and/or swept and unpaved areas will be
sprayed and/or mulched. The use of petroleum products or similar products for such activities
will be strictly prohibited.
• Contractors will be required to cover stockpiled soils and trucks hauling soil, sand, and other
loose materials (or require trucks to maintain at least two feet of freeboard).
• Contractor shall ensure that there is effective traffic management at site. The number of
trucks/vehicles to move at various construction sites to be fixed.
• Dust sweeping - The construction area and vicinity (access roads and working areas) shall be
swept daily or as necessary to ensure there is no visible dust. Kutcha surface / earthen roads
shall be sprinkled with water twice a day.
• Dust mufflers shall be provided at batching plants and stone aggregate crushers.
Implementing Agency
Various management measures required for control of air pollution need to be included in the
Tender Document for the Contractor involved in construction activities. The same shall be
monitored on a regular basis by the project proponents. Provision of water for spray @ Rs.
750/tanker for 3 tankers per day for a construction period of 240 days/year for 6 years a sum of Rs.
32.40 lakh is being earmarked under air pollution control measures for copious sprinkling in project
area for dust suppression.
10.11.2.
Impacts on Noise Levels
In a water resource project, the impacts on ambient air noise levels are expected only during the
project construction phase, due to operation of heavy earth moving machinery, etc. Likewise, noise
due to quarrying, blasting, vehicular movement will have some adverse impact on the ambient noise
levels in the area.
10.11.2.1
Mitigation Measures
The contractors will be required to maintain proper functioning of equipment and comply with
occupational safety and health standards. The construction equipment will be equipped with noise
suppression devices and properly maintained mufflers.
•
•
•
Vehicles to be equipped with mufflers recommended by the vehicle manufacturer.
Staging of construction equipment and unnecessary idling of equipment within noise sensitive
areas to be strictly avoided.
Use of temporary sound fences or barriers with acoustic material at sensitive locations
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•
•
Notification shall be provided at a conspicuous place close to residential areas within 100 meter
of major noise generating activities. The notification will describe the noise abatement
measures that will be implemented.
Monitoring of noise levels will be conducted during the construction phase of the project. In
case of exceeding of pre-determined acceptable noise levels by the machinery will require the
contractor(s) to halt work and remedy the situation prior to continuing construction.
The following Noise Standards for DG sets are recommended for the running of DG sets during the
construction:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
10.11.2.2
The maximum permissible sound pressure level for new diesel generator sets with rated
capacity up to 1000 KVA shall be 75 dB(A) at 1 m from the enclosure surface.
Noise from the DG set should be controlled by providing an acoustic enclosure or by treating
the enclosure acoustically.
The Acoustic Enclosure should be made of CRCA sheets of appropriate thickness and structural/
sheet metal base. The walls of the enclosure should be insulated with fire retardant foam to
comply with the 75 dB(A) at 1m sound levels specified by CPCB, Ministry of Environment &
Forests.
The acoustic enclosure/acoustic treatment of the room should be designed for minimum 25
dB(A) insertion loss or for meeting the ambient noise standards, whichever is on the higher
side.
The DG set should also be provided with proper exhaust muffler with insertion loss of minimum
25 dB(A).
Proper efforts to be made to bring down the noise levels due to the DG set, outside its
premises, within the ambient air noise requirements by proper placing and control measures.
A proper routine and preventive maintenance procedure for the DG set should be set and
followed in consultation with the DG set manufacturer which would help prevent noise levels of
the DG set from deteriorating with use.
Mitigation Measures of Noise from Stone Crushers
Based on literature review, noise generated by crushers is in the range of 79-80 dB(A) at 80 m
from the crusher. Thus, noise level at 160 m from the crusher shall be of the order of 74 dB(A).
The exposure to labour operating in such high noise areas shall be restricted up to 30 minutes
daily. Alternatively, the workers need to be provided with ear muffs or plugs, to attenuate the
noise level near the crusher by at least 15 dB(A). The exposure to noise level in such a scenario is
limited up to 4 hours per day.
It is known that continuous exposure to noise levels above 90 dB(A) affects the hearing of the
workers/operators and hence has to be avoided. Other physiological and psychological effects
have also been reported in literature, but the effect on hearing has been specially stressed. To
prevent these effects, it has been recommended by international specialist organizations that
the exposure period of affected persons be limited as specified in Table 10.59.
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Table 10.59 : Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA
Maximum equivalent
continuous
noise level dB(A)
90
95
100
105
110
115
Unprotected exposure period/day for 8hrs/day and 5
days/week
8
4
2
1
0.5
0.25 (No exposure permitted at or above this level)
The workers deployed at such locations where the noise levels are high shall be provided with
earplugs or ear muffs or a combination of two with Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) values of 30dB(A).
The protection provided by such hearing protector at a place where noise time weighted average
(TWA) is 90dB(A) has been worked out as per Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Standard Z 94.214 as under: Estimated noise exposure=Leq- {NRR (0.5)-3} dB(A)
Workplace noise time-weighted average (TWA) = 90 dBA
Earplug with NRR = 30 dB
Estimated noise exposure = 90 – [(30) (0.5)-3] = 78 dBA
Rs. 1.60 lakh has been earmarked towards cost of earplugs/ear muff including replacement during 5
years.
10.11.3.
Control of Water Pollution During Construction Phase
During project construction phase, sufficient measures need to be implemented to control the
problem of water pollution from various sources. The sewage generated from various labour camps
is proposed to be treated in an oxidation ditch, prior to its disposal. However, efforts shall be made
to discharge the treated effluent only in these water bodies, which are not used for meeting
domestic water requirements. It is proposed to provide adequate capacity STP for project colony
and labour colony for which an amount of Rs 55 lakh has been earmarked.
The construction activities would require a crusher to crush large lumps of rocks to the requisite size
for coarse as well as fine aggregates. The effluent generated from these crushers will have highsuspended solids. The effluent needs to be treated before disposal. Settling tanks of appropriate size
for treatment of effluent from various crushers should be provided.
During tunneling work the ground water flows into the tunnel along with construction water, which
is used for various works like drilling, shotcreting, etc. The effluent thus generated in the tunnel
contains high suspended solids. Normally, water is collected in the side drains and drained off into
the nearest water body without treatment. It is recommended to construct a settling tank of
adequate size to settle the suspended impurities. Effluents are expected to be generated from adit
locations. The sludge from the various settling tanks can be collected once in 15 days and disposed
at the site designed for disposal of municipal solid wastes from the labour camps. The sludge after
drying could also be used as cover material for landfill disposal site. An amount of Rs.5.00 lakh has
been earmarked for construction of various settling tanks.
10.11.4.
Cost Involved Towards Control of Water, Air & Noise Pollution
The cost of mitigative measures suggested for control of water, air and noise is given in Table 10.60.
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Table 10.60 : Cost of Mitigative Measures
S. N.
Particulars
Amount (Rs lakh)
1.
Control of air pollution
32.40
2.
3.
Control of noise pollution
Control of water pollution
02.60
60.00
Total
95.00
10.12. Public Health Delivery Plan
10.12.1.
Introduction
The project area lies in Paddar Block of district Kishtwar and the project affected villages are
situated on both banks of the Chenab. These villages are located between elevation 1750 masl to
2000 masl. The data on the health status, prevailing diseases and other information on health and
hygiene were collected from the existing PHC at Atholi and from the health workers of the area.
From the information collected, it has been revealed that no ethnic disease is associated with
people of the region but acute dysentery, gastrointestinal problems, acute respiratory infection are
common endemic diseases prevalent in the area. The incidence of hypothyroidism has reduced with
the mandatory sale of iodized salt in the area. The incidence of Malaria is not there. The status of
existing health facilities available in the affected area and its near vicinity are given in Table 10.61.
Table 10.61 : Existing Health Facilities in the Project Affected Area
S. N.
1
Name of
Village
Atholi
Medical
Facilities
PHC
2
Massu
PHC
3
Keeru
PHC
4
Sohal
Ayurvedic
Dispensary
Types of Diseases prevailing in the area
Respiratory Diseases, Dysentery,
Diarrhoea
Tuberculosis, Heart Problems &
Respiratory disease
Tuberculosis, dysentery, diarrhea &
Respiratory disease
Dysentery, Diarrhea, Tuberculosis,
Respiratory disease
Distance from
project (km)
12
20
42
24
The annual statement for year 2014 showing institutional cases due to communicable and noncommunicable diseases obtained from SMO, PHC Atholi is summarized in Table 10.62.
It is inferred from the table that lung diseases, diarrhoea, bacillary dysentery, and respiratory
diseases are common diseases prevalent in the area. Acute bacterial and viral respiratory infections
are affecting large number of the people in this zone, which requires advanced medical treatments
to reduce the number of incidences. The prevalent diseases observed by the health centres among
the local inhabitants of the area are acute respiratory infection, fever, Reproductory tract infection
(RTI), scabies, worm disease, ENT, skin diseases, common cold, diarrhoea, leuchoria, back pain,
accidental cases and eye infection etc. Initial health assessment reveals that there is no specific
health hazard in study area.
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Table 10.62 : Summary of Diseases Prevalent in the Study Area
Sl.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Name of diseases
Total
Acute diarrhea diseases including gastrointestinal etc.
Ascarises
Viral fever
Conjunctivitis
Acute respiratory infection including influenza but excluding pneumonia
Pneumonia
Hypertension
All other diseases
Total
10.12.2.
2305
426
1250
293
1440
380
390
9675
16159
Likely Impacts on Human Health Due to The Project
Construction of the proposed project may cause the following impacts on health of local residents
and the work force:Fuel and dust emission may cause respiratory problems like asthma for which mitigating measures
like wet excavation of exposed surfaces, battery operated muck cars in underground excavation
shall be deployed. Frequent water sprinkling at least thrice a day shall be carried out on haul roads
in the project activity area. All approach roads to site shall be metaled.
The scheme involves a diversion dam, where the flowing discharge, is made to impound upstream of
the dam to be diverted through underground conveyance system for continuous generation of
power including peaking demand. Thus the pond level shall be subjected to fluctuation and the
chances of water surface being still are not there. However, localized stagnation in borrow pit areas
is expected during construction in some of the areas, which may require sprinkling of antibacterial/insecticides to control propagation of bacteria related disease.
The influx of labour-force during construction warrants proper sanitation and hygiene facilities to
avoid diseases related to sewage pollutants such as Typhoid, Cholera & Gastroenteritis.
10.12.3.
Proposed Health Management Plan
Based on the impact evaluation following mitigation measures are proposed to be adopted for
management of health environment: 10.12.3.1
Awareness Programme
The project authorities should undertake through “Hospital Kalyan Samiti “, Atholi, various
awareness programmes by organizing camps and poster presentation etc. in the directly affected
areas to bring about awareness on prevention and control of various diseases such as Malaria,
Dengue, Cholera, Gastroenteritis, STD, AIDS, Cancer etc. Special emphasis should also be given to
provide awareness on Family Planning to the local people. Special awareness programmes should be
undertaken to explain to people about diseases like Tuberculosis (TB) and Asthma.
10.12.3.2
Asthma
Asthma is a long-term (chronic) disease of the airways which are involved in carrying air in and out
of the lungs. Its symptoms are caused by inflammation, which makes the airways red, swollen,
narrower and extra sensitive to irritants. This leads to recurrent attacks of wheezing, breathlessness,
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chest tightness and coughing. Asthma does not stay the same, but changes over time and every
person with asthma has a good and bad days. However, if asthma is properly treated, one can enjoy
long periods without symptoms or attacks. The causes of asthma are not fully understood. Asthma is
usually caused by a mixture of hereditary (which a person is born with) and environmental factors.
Allergens from house dust mites and pets are the most common causes, but many other allergens,
such as pollen and moulds, can cause asthma. Some patients with asthma have no obvious allergies.
Treatment of asthma requires two types of medicines, preventers and relievers. Preventers are
medicines that prevent asthma attacks from starting. The most effective and most commonly used
preventer medicines are inhaled glucocorticosteroids. Reliever medicines, like inhaled salbutamol,
salmeterol etc., provide rapid relief from an asthma attack by quickly opening the narrowed airways
(dilating the bronchi).
10.12.3.3
Tuberculosis (TB)
It is a communicable, but curable bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The
lungs are primarily involved, but the infection can spread to other organs. TB is spread through the
air when a person with TB in the lungs or throat coughs or sneezes, sending TB germs in the air.
When other people breathe in these germs, they may become infected. The primary stage of the
infection is usually asymptomatic (without symptoms). Pulmonary TB develops in the minority of
people whose immune systems do not successfully contain the primary infection. In this case, the
disease may occur within weeks after the primary infection. TB may also lie dormant for years and
reappear after the initial infection is contained.
TB infection becomes ‘disease’ when the body’s defenses are weakened, due to aging, a serious
illness, stressful event, drug or alcohol abuse, HIV infection (the virus that causes AIDS) or other
conditions. When inactive TB germs become active, they multiply and damage the lungs or other
parts of the body and the disease develops. Only about 10% of people infected with TB germs
develop TB disease.
10.12.3.4
Malaria
Once adult mosquitoes have emerged, the ambient temperature, humidity and rains will determine
their chances of survival. To transmit malaria successfully female anopheles must survive long
enough after they have become infected (through a blood meal on an infected human) to allow the
parasite they now harbour to complete their growth cycle. That cycle takes 9-21 days @ 250 C.
Below a minimum ambient temperature (150 C for plasmodium vivax, 200 C for P falciparum) the
cycle cannot be completed and malaria cannot be transmitted. In the study area, the average
maximum temperature during month of May to September is near 270C, thus chances for
transmission of malaria from an infected person cannot be ruled out.
10.12.4.
Establishment of Project Hospital
In the wake of the fact that the proposed site of Kirthai, Stage-I & II is very near being 16 km from
each, the project proponent shall develop and maintain a common and full-fledged hospital within
the project area, which shall have trained staff, equipment and medicines besides manning a mobile
health van which will render on-site medical assistance to the local folk of the project affected
villages with a frequency of twice a month for 5 years. However, onsite medical facility should also
be provided in the labour colonies/camps along with first aid facilities at all the working sites. The
capital cost of establishing and development hospital at the project site shall be covered under sub
head “K-building” in the DPR. The hospital facilities would be available to the staff, workers and local
people. Free medicines should be distributed to the identified project affected families who shall be
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provided with identity cards and to the locals. Provision for ambulances, which will function around
the clock, should be made in the DPR, under sub head “Q-Spl T & P”. Free facilities of ambulance
shall be made available to the project affected families (PAFs) and project labourers and for the
people meeting accident on the state highway /district roads. Under subhead “O-Miscellaneous”
provision shall be earmarked for O & M charges for ambulances and therefore, additional O & M
charges for mobile health van have been included in the plan. The cost of providing free veterinary
health services in the project affected villages shall also be provided in the plan. Provision should be
provided in DPR for arranging medical equipment for hospital. The project authorities should
undertake various health care programmes in consultation with State Health Department such as
providing vaccination and other primary health care facilities. Provision of Rs 10.0 lac shall have to
be made for providing medical assistance like free medicines for labourers, PAF and local people. It
is also proposed to provide aid for purchase of medical equipment for PHC at Atholi which is the
nearest PHC under the project area but inadequately provided and thus need to be strengthened.
One-time financial aid for strengthening PHC for Massu is also envisaged under the plan.
10.12.5.
Malaria Control and Vaccination Programme
The borrow pits caused during construction activities provide habitat ground for mosquito
population increase and develop the risk of malaria & elephantiasis during rains. However, proper
arrangements should be made and implemented for maintaining hygienic conditions in the area.
Besides these, arrangements are proposed to distribute medicines and anti-malarial drugs as and
when required. Various vaccination programmes shall be arranged periodically as and when
required for the locals of the project area.
10.12.6.
Bio-Medical Wastes from Hospitals
In view of proposed dispensary to be located at proposed permanent colony in the project area, the
hospital waste management should be considered a priority. All kinds of hospital waste are
considered as hazardous waste. Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human beings. It may include waste like scrap, anatomical waste, culture media,
discarded medicines, chemical waste, syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.
This waste is highly infectious and can be serious threat to human health if not managed in a
scientific and discriminate manner. It is expected that generation of such hazardous waste will be
very less. For management, special type of collection container and incinerator should be placed
near the hospital for proper collection and disposal of hospital waste. Hospital waste should be
incinerated or buried at isolated, identified sites, strictly in accordance with the provisions of the
Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules1998 and amendment,2003. Any kind of hospital
waste should not be either recycled or reused. Incinerator/Autoclave is also a legal requirement for
hospital waste management so that the non-biodegradable waste generated from colony as well as
hospital can be scientifically disposed. One small-scale incinerator must be installed at suitable site
in project area for reduction of total volume of non-biodegradable solid waste.
10.12.7.
Cost Estimate for Health Management Plan
The details of the expenditure likely to be incurred on the implementation of the Health
Management Plan other than the construction of project dispensary project, to be equally
apportioned between KHEP-Iand II are given in Table 10.63. Thus, the cost of plan for KHEP-II shall
be Rs 414.00 lakh.
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Table 10.63 : Budget Estimate of Health Management Plan
S. N.
Particulars
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Free medicines for labourers @ Rs. 9.0 lakh dispensary per year for 6 years
Capital cost of mobile heath van with accessories
O & M charges of mobile heath van @ Rs 6 lakh/year for 6 years
Cost of one incinerator to be provided at project hospital
O & M charges for incinerator @ Rs. 1.0 lakh/ year for 6 years
6.
Provision for salary of a doctor and para-medical staff and disposable items @ 4
lakh/month for six years)
Total
Amount
(Rs. lakh)
54.0
20.00
36.00
10.00
6.00
288.00
414.00
10.13. Labour Management Plan for Health &Safety Plan
10.13.1.
Introduction
Construction projects, which invariably engaged large number of contract workers, are highly prone
to hazards pertaining to site activities. Generally, the workers come from the rural areas and
agricultural background and do not have adequate training in construction safety and some time
workers from varied trades are also drawn into construction activities. Thus, workers are exposed to
various risks and occupational diseases and health hazards which sometimes cause grave injuries
and prolong illness. Therefore, it is incumbent upon the project proponent to have certain safety
guidelines for site activities and create awareness among the workers, supervisors and engineers.
A hydroelectric construction project like any other construction project has significant impact on
health and safety during project execution and its operational stage which need to be managed
systematically since the project inception. In hydroelectric project the risk is involved to the labour
in various activities like excavation on hill slope, underground excavation, quarrying operation,
works related to Electrical and Mechanical components, various activities in workshop and machine
halls. The project envisages deployment of workforce to the tune of 1800 mainly comprising of
skilled/semi-skilled/unskilled workers at the peak construction stage.
10.13.2.
Legal Framework for Health and Safety Management
The Indian standard listed below contain provision for managing Occupational Health and Safety
Management (Table 10.64).
Table 10.64 : International standards of Health & Safety
S.N.
IS: No
Title
1
15793:2007
2
3
4
15883 (part-I) :2009
18001:2007
IS 15883 (Part 5)
Managing Environment, Occupation Health and Safety Legal
Compliance – Requirement of good practices.
Guidelines for construction project management.
Occupational Health and Safety Management System
Guidelines for construction project Management-Health and
Safety Management
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As per general requirement under OH&S management system the organization (project proponent)
shall establish, document, implement, maintain and continually improve an OH&S management
system, in accordance with the requirement of this standard. The organization shall define and
document the scope of its OH&S management system.
10.13.3.
Health and management safety requirement
The project proponent shall have a written statement prescribing the health and safety policy of the
organization. The policy shall convey the management commitment and its intent towards health
and safety, its implementing organization and arrangement to ensure that the set objectives are
met. It shall also provide a framework for establishing, maintaining and periodically reviewing health
and safety objectives and targets. The salient aspects which will be covered in the project health and
safety plan are:
•
Project specific health and safety objectives, targets and programmes in line with health and
safety policy;
•
Hazard identification and risk assessment;
•
Health and safety organization;
•
Resources, roles, responsibility and authority;
•
General health and safety rules;
•
Health and safety requirements to be followed by sub-contractors;
•
Operation control procedure;
•
Activities requiring work permit system and its procedure;
•
Management of traffic safety inside the project;
•
Access control of employees;
•
Safety of visitors;
•
Management of critical activities such as work a height, material handling and working with
plant and machinery;
•
Ensuring the competency and awareness of the workmen;
•
Fire prevention and firefighting plan;
•
Emergency preparedness and response plan;
•
Traffic management plan;
•
Training matrix; and
•
Personal Protective Equipment Matrix.
•
Health and safety performance monitoring measures such as Inspection, Audit Incident
reporting and investigation procedure
10.13.3.1
Resource, Roles, Responsibility and Authority
Project manager shall define, document and communicate the roles, responsibilities and authorities
of all personnel like health and safety officer and supervisor who manage, perform and verify
activities having an effect on health and safety risks.
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The line management personnel who are responsible for execution of activities are directly
responsible for health and safety in the work under their control.
Health and safety officers shall administratively report to the project manager and functionally
report to the senior health and safety representative of the organization.
Health and safety supervisors shall be engaged to assist the health and safety officers in performing
their duties.
Management shall provide adequate resources essential to effectively manage the health and safety
management system requirements of the project. The resources shall include human resources,
organizational infrastructure, technology and financial resources.
10.13.3.2
Competence, Training and Awareness
It shall be ensured that all employees are competent to perform the assigned work safely on the
basis of appropriate education, training or experience. Training needs of the different category of
employees shall be identified at the beginning of the project and a training matrix and training plan
shall be prepared for implementation. The objective of health and safety Training shall be
•
to equip the employee with necessary knowledge and skill to perform the work assigned to him
in a safe manner;
•
to foster continual improvement; and
•
to imbibe safety culture.
After completion of training due procedure shall be followed for obtaining the feedback from the
participants on the effectiveness of the training.
10.13.3.3
Health and Safety Reporting
Procedures shall be established for timely recording and reporting of information required for
continual improvement of health and safety performance. Reporting procedures shall cover:
•
Incident reporting
•
Non-conformance reporting
•
Health and safety performance reporting
•
Hazard Identification reporting
•
Statutory reporting requirements
•
Stakeholder reporting
The recording of reporting of health and
documented in the project health and safety plan.
10.13.3.4
safety
performance
shall
be
clearly
Permit to Work Systems
Activities requiring permit to work shall be decided before starting the construction and shall be
suitably documented in the project health and safety plan. Some of the activities which may require
permit to work are:
•
Excavation
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•
Entry into confined spaces
•
Electrical work (HV/LV)
•
Opening manholes, covers and grills
•
Blasting operation
•
Hot work
•
Work on plant, machinery and other power-driven equipment.
•
Working at height
•
Working at night
The project team may establish a permit to work system for any other hazardous activity which they
feel need to be controlled administratively for safe execution.
10.13.3.5
Certification of Plant and Machinery, Lifting
Tools and Tackles Lifting appliance such as crane, hoist, derrick, winch, gin pole, sheer legs, jack,
pulley block and other equipment used for lifting materials, objects or building worker; lifting gear
such as ropes, chains, hooks and slings; and other accessories of a lifting appliance shall be tested
and examined by a competent person for the first time. These shall thereafter be tested and
examined by a competent person once every year as per the provision of Building and other
Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 and other
relevant central and state rules and regulations. Apart from the above statutory testing and
examination, project specific procedures shall be established to ensure the fitness of machinery and
equipment being deployed at the project for the first time. Regular Inspections shall be carried out
to ensure that machinery and equipment continue to be in safe condition.
10.13.3.6
Fire Prevention and Control
Fire prevention measures such as controlling the ignition source and segregation of flammable
materials shall be implemented to prevent fire.
Adequate firefighting facilities such as portable first aid fire extinguishers, fire buckets filled with
water and sand, water pipelines and hoses shall be established and maintained regularly.
Firefighting arrangements provided shall be suitable to fight the possible type of fire that may occur
depending on the type of flammable material. Fire facilities shall be placed strategically such that
they are accessible from any location of the site without travelling for long distances. Employees
shall be trained on fire prevention and firefighting measures on a regular basis.
10.13.3.7
Access Control
It is advisable to establish access control measures at the construction project to control movement
of workmen and visitors. Access control may be achieved by entry pass, bar-coded cards and
biometric systems or other suitable means.
10.13.3.8
Safety of Visitors
Visitors for the project shall be given health and safety induction before they are allowed in to the
construction project. It shall include the minimum PPE to be used, hazards and risks at the work
area, restricted areas of entry, emergency response arrangements, etc.
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10.13.3.9
Traffic and Logistics Management
Traffic management plan shall be prepared as a part of the project health and safety plan at the
initial stage of the project to manage the traffic inside the project site. Traffic management plan
shall include:
• Measures for segregating pedestrian and vehicle traffic;
• Establish project specific traffic rules such as speed limit and one-way etc.;
• Managing the flow of traffic such that blind zones and hazardous junctions are not present;
• Managing the flow of traffic such that reversing can be avoided as far as possible; and
• Use of traffic control devices such as road humps, convex mirrors, delineators traffic signals
and barriers.
It shall be planned to deploy flag man, security personnel and traffic marshals at critical areas to
regulate traffic.
10.13.4.
Occupational Health Management Plan
The process of surface and underground excavation / quarrying leads to some health hazards. The
most significant occupational health impacts are Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) and
Occupational Lung Disease (OLD) due to inhalation of dust. Medical examination of employees at
the initial stage and periodically, shall be done by a team of qualified medical officers provided by
the project proponent. Regular medical check-up camps shall also be arranged for detection of
occupational diseases and minor disease in the nearby rural population. Free check-up and medicine
for treatment for their acute and chronic illness shall be provided.
10.13.4.1
Potential Risk of Project Activities
The surface and underground excavation for the project, by the nature of the activities involved, are
accompanied with risk of medium to high degree involving blasting. The risks associated with the
project are not hazardous, but if any, they are only accidents and incidents, associated with
construction machinery or transportation activity, if adequate controls or safety systems are not
adopted. The rock excavation by deploying excavators / JCB/loaders/ rock-breakers besides drilling
and blasting and loading on to the trucks by Backhoe can have risks of accidents if human failure or
errors are not taken care of. The Accidents, if any, may not be fatal, but are potential to cause
temporary or permanent disabilities. Thus, the need for adequate safety at work places is needed.
Some minor incidents like exhaustion, sun-strokes, or other health related incidents may take place,
which can be avoided with adequate safety regulations and measures. Transportation of
construction material, excavated muck for disposal and crushed stone aggregates to various
construction sites are some of the activates associated with accidents on road and at the project
site. However, with effective safety measures the accidents can be avoided and prevented.
10.13.4.2
Safety of Machine Use at Project Site
The major machinery to be deployed at site shall be excavators/JCB, Backhoe and loaders which can
excavate earth mix with boulders / rock mass and load on to vehicles. The area where machinery
shall be operated will be under supervision of trained operators and helpers besides technically
qualified foreman to ensure that the machinery is operated as per specified design parameters of
the manufacturer. Before the work is initiated every day, the routine check-up especially with regard
to its hydraulic systems, mechanical conditions, and other operating systems shall be performed.
The movement of trucks/trippers/tractors for loading /transportation of material within the project
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area and haul road area shall be regulated by a trained supervisor who shall be responsible for the
safety of vehicle movement and prevention of accidents or incidents associated with the vehicular
movement. All staff working with the construction machinery shall be trained in first-aid and other
safety measures, accident or incident prevention and reporting and communication mechanisms.
10.13.4.3
Occupational Health & Safety (OHS)
The excavated material and construction material do not contain any toxic element. Therefore, the
likelihood of any health hazard does not arise due to their handling per se. However, the process of
excavation / quarrying leads to some health hazards. The dust generated due to excavation loading
and movement on Kutcha/riverbed haul road creates air borne dust which has silica contents. The
dust is the main pollutant of concern for the workers engaged in the excavation activities. The most
significant occupational health impacts are Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) and Occupational
Lung Disease (OLD) like allergic rhinitis and asthma due to inhalation of dust. Working in open during
summer can expose workers to the direct sun rays causing heat strokes, cramps and burns besides
leading to exhaustion. In extreme windy conditions the dust particles forcing way into the eyes can
create itching as well as allergic conjunctivitis of eye. Medical examination of employees at the
initial stage and periodically, shall be done by a team of qualified medical officers provided by the
project proponent.
The initial medical examination of every person employed in the project within a period of five years
of the date so notified and the said examination shall be so arranged over a period of five years that
one fifth of the persons employed at the mine undergo the examination every year. The periodical
medical examination thereafter of every person employed in the mine shall be conducted at
intervals of not more than five years. In the present case since the lease is only for five years. It is
suggested that the initial medical examination for all workers must be arranged during the first year
of appointment and the periodical check-up during fourth and fifth year after the appointment.
Regular medical check-up camps shall also be arranged for detection of occupational diseases and
minor disease in the nearby rural population. Free check-up and medicine for treatment for their
acute and chronic illness shall be provided. The medical examination schedule is provided in Table
10.65.
Table 10.65 : Schedule of Medical Check-up
S. N.
Particular
1- Y
2- Y
3-Y
4-Y
5-Y
Total
1
Initial medical check-up of employees for lung function,
audiometric test, tuberculosis and pulmonary disease at the
time of appointment
1050
1050
-
-
-
2100
2
Periodical Medical Check-up of employees (audiometric
test, eye- check-up, Lung function and respiratory test)
-
1050
1050
2100
10.13.4.4
•
•
•
Occupational Health & Safety Measures to Control Dust Inhalation
Providing a working environment that is conducive to safety and health.
The management of occupational safety and health is the prime responsibility of mine
management.
Employee involvement and commitment in the implementation of health and safety guidelines.
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Periodical health check-ups
Implementing safety and health management system and assessing the effectiveness through
periodic audits.
Monitoring the effects of mining activities on safety and health and conducting regular
performance reviews.
Provision of necessary personal protective equipment.
Establishing and maintaining a system of medical surveillance for employees
Ensuring employees at all levels receive appropriate training and are competent to carry out
their duties and responsibilities.
All the above precautions would be adopted to prevent dust generation at site and to be dispersed
in the outside environment. However, for the safety of workers at site, engaged at strategic
locations / dust generation points like loading and unloading points, screening sieve, dust masks
would be provided. Dust masks would prevent inhalation of PM10/PM2.5 thereby reducing the risk of
lung diseases and other respiratory disorders. Regular health monitoring of workers will be carried
out.
10.13.4.5
Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL)
Blasting causes intermittent high level of noises whereas the continuous running of construction
machinery / compressors / wagon drills / rock breakers leads to high noise level in the immediate
vicinity of the point of noise emission. Hearing conservation programmes exists at all operations.
Baseline audiogram forms the basis for future assessment of employees in terms of hearing loss.
Using engineering initiatives to reduce noise at source is the priority management tool. The hearing
conservation programme includes the provision of Hearing Protection Devises (HPDs) and annual
audiometry examination of all employees. Apart from provision of HPDs emphasis is also laid on
training the employees’ responsibility to protect his / her hearing.
10.13.4.6
Occupational Lung Diseases (OLD)
There will be regular health camps for all the workers and nearby rural people. Lung function tests,
chest X-rays etc. shall be carried out and any health disorders will be evaluated. The budget shall be
earmarked for the necessary protective devices and training needs by the project proponent.
10.13.4.7
Cost Estimate
For initial and periodical medical check-up of employee of the mines, who are engaged at the active
construction site, budgetary provision of Rs. 1250 employee/year shall be made. The provision at
this stage is being made for 2100 skilled/semi-skilled / unskilled workers. The cost estimate is
provided in Table 10.66.
Table 10.66 : Cost Estimate for OHS
S. N.
1.
2.
Particular
Quantity
Unit
Rate
Initial medical check-up of employees for lung
function, audiometric test, tuberculosis and
pulmonary disease at the time of appointment
Periodical Medical Check-up of the employees
(Audiometric Test, Eye – Check-up, Lung function
and respiratory test)
2100
Man
1250
Amount
(Rs. lakh)
26.25
2100
Man
1250
26.25
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3.
Provision for personal protection equipment like
helmets, ear plug, dust mask, shoes, goggles etc.,
for workers
Total
10.13.5.
Safe Working Procedure:
10.13.5.1
Demolition:
2100
No.
1000
21.00
73.50
74.00
Before any demolition work is commenced and also during the progress of the work:
•
Appropriate warning signs shall be displayed for cautioning persons approaching the demolition
area. The area shall be cordoned off properly.
•
Before demolition operations begin, the Contractor shall ensure that the power on all electric
service lines is shut off and the lines are cut or disconnected at or outside the demolition site. If
it is necessary to maintain electric power during demolition operation, the required service lines
shall be adequately protected against damage.
•
Persons handling heavy materials /equipment shall wear safety shoes.
10.13.5.2
Earthwork in excavation and backfilling:
The Contractor shall take all safety precautions during the execution of awarded work and shall
maintain and leave the site safe at all times.
•
The Contractor shall ensure the stability and safety of the excavation, adjacent structures,
existing services and the works of other agencies.
•
Open excavations shall be cordoned off by suitable railing/barricading and photo‐luminescent
warning signals installed so as to prevent persons slipping or falling into the excavations.
Warning signals shall be visible at night also and the area shall be well illuminated during the
work.
•
All blasting operations, if permitted by Engineer‐in‐charge, shall be carried out on the basis of
procedures approved by Inspector of Explosives. All works in this connection shall be carried out
as per I.S Code of Practice. Barricades, photo‐luminescent warning signs, etc. shall be placed on
the roads/open area. Prior approval of such operation shall be obtained from Safety
Officer/Engineer‐In‐Charge of Works.
•
Contractor shall arrange adequate and efficient mechanical dewatering system as
recommended by Engineer‐in‐charge. These pumps shall be inspected and maintained in proper
working condition. The electrically operated pumps shall be connected to ELCB of proper rating
for safety of the person operating/shifting them.
•
Contractor shall wash the wheels, of the transport vehicles carrying excavated soil, with water
jet before moving out of the site premises so that there is no spill over of soil on the existing
roads. In case there is any such spill over on the roads, the same shall be cleaned by the
contractor by manual / mechanical means immediately at no extra cost.
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10.13.5.3
Reinforcement and Concrete works:
Concreting:
•
Proper exhaust ventilation shall be available at the cement store and during casting work in
confined places. PPE for protection of workers viz. respirators, hand gloves, gumboots, etc. shall
be provided by the contractor to the workers handling cement bags and concrete manually.
•
The contractor shall provide ear‐muffs to the operator / worker exposed to continuous
high‐level of noise and ear‐plugs to all workers involved in the concreting work.
•
Wheels of concrete pump / concrete mixer shall be placed on firm ground / platform. Pump
accessories shall be checked for its safe working pressure considering maximum pipe line height.
A pressure release valve shall be attached to the pump to release the excess pressure.
•
The pipeline for transporting the concrete shall have the shortest route with minimum bends
and shall be installed on firm supports at suitable intervals. Pipeline shall be properly joined with
clamps and securely tied to nearby support and checked in advance before starting the
concreting. Pipe segments shall be cleaned in advance to avoid choking of concrete during
casting.
•
All mechanical equipment/tools used in concreting activity like batching plant/concrete mixer,
concrete pumps, vibrators, etc. shall be operated by trained person only.
Reinforcement:
•
Bar bending and cutting yard shall be properly cordoned / barricaded and entry shall be
restricted.
•
Re‐bar bending and cutting machines shall be handled by trained operator / skilled workers.
•
Shifting of cut re‐bars shall be done by mechanical means as far as possible. When re-bars are
shifted manually, it shall be done with proper care and proper balance shall be maintained.
Clear access shall be provided for shifting of re‐bars.
•
Proper support shall be given to the column bars by means of rings / props against undesirable
sway.
•
Free ends of the binding wires shall be bent inside to avoid injuries.
•
Proper PPE viz. leather / cotton hand gloves, goggles, etc., for the people handling / shifting and
cutting / tying of re‐bar, shall be used for protection from injury and other occupational
diseases.
Formwork for concreting:
•
Shuttering and supporting members viz. props, tie rods, etc. shall be of adequate strength to
support the load / pressure of concrete and the formwork scheme shall be approved by
Engineer‐In‐Charge in advance. The procedure approved by Engineer‐In‐
•
Charge shall be followed for mixing, transporting and pouring of concrete.
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•
10.13.5.4
While removing formwork from vertical surfaces, the shuttering board shall be adequately
supported by props, in order to prevent the same from toppling / slipping, until it is lowered on
ground safely. Same support with props shall be provided during erection of formwork too until
the plywood is secured in desired place with tie rods.
Scaffolding and Working at Height:
General:
•
All the workers, supervisors and engineers of the contractor, who will work at height, shall have
valid height passes issued by the Safety Officer.
•
The scaffold to be erected for working at height shall be designed for the estimated load.
•
The erected scaffold shall be inspected and cleared by the safety officer of the contractor.
•
The scaffold shall be checked for its condition i.e. it shall be free from bends, cuts, rust, etc. All
vertical members shall be in plumb and correctly spaced. The joints of vertical and horizontal
members shall be properly connected with couplers, lock pins, etc. The scaffold shall be
securely tied with permanent structure as per the requirement of IS:3696 – 1991 (Part 1)
(Reaffirmed in 2002).
•
The working platform and the access to the scaffold shall be free from all debris and loose
materials.
•
Contractor shall provide necessary PPEs as per relevant I.S. Codes for the workers working at
height viz. full harness safety belt, fall arrestor, kinetic shock absorber, safety helmet, gloves,
etc.
Working platform:
•
The quality of wooden planks or MS grill plates for decking of working platform shall be made of
good quality material and free from any defects, etc. The load carrying capacity of the working
platform shall be designed in consultation with Engineer‐in‐charge. Working platform, gangways
and stairways shall be so constructed that they shall not sag unduly or unequally.
•
All working platforms shall have guard rails at 1.0 m height with middle rails at 0.5 m height
from the platform and 15 cm high toe boards securely tied with the vertical posts.
•
The spacing of vertical posts shall not exceed 2.0 m Centre to Centre.
•
The contractor shall provide grab rope / life line all around the working platform/level, at height,
which will provide tying / anchoring facility for the safety belt / fall arrestor.
•
Contractor shall provide safety net under all working platform/level at height to protect fall of
men and materials from above and such safety nets shall conform to IS:11057‐1984.
•
Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent danger from electrical lines and equipment.
Scaffolding, ladder, working platform, gangways, etc. shall not exist within 5m of any
un‐insulated electric wire. Whenever electric power and lighting cables are required to run
through (pass on) the scaffolding or electrical equipment are used, such scaffolding structures
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shall have minimum two earth connections with earth continuity conforming to relevant IS Code
of Practice.
Ladder:
•
Safe means of access shall be provided to all working platforms and other elevated working
places with the help of ladders.
•
Ladder shall be placed in an inclination not steeper than 1 in 4 (1horizontal and 4 vertical).
•
Every ladder shall be securely fixed at bottom from sliding/slipping.
10.13.5.5
Construction machinery and Tools:
The operation and maintenance of any construction machinery shall be as per manufacturer’s
guidelines & checklists and by trained personnel only.
Earth moving machinery:
The contractor shall ensure the stability of the equipment, while working, depending on the load
bearing capacity of the ground; which may reduce due to presence of moisture and due to
vibration effect. The contractor shall provide bearing plates, packing, etc. to strengthen the ground
below outriggers or wheel or crawler of the equipment. All earth moving equipment shall have Roll
Over Protective Structures, sound suppressers, seat belts, reverse alarms, warning horns,
windshield wipers and easily approachable control and lever for brake system and emergency stop.
They shall be checked at the time of delivery and they shall be properly maintained. Contractor
shall display warning sign for keeping away from the moving parts of such equipment and the area
of operation of such machinery shall be properly cordoned. The shovel / bucket of the earth
moving equipment shall be rested on ground when the equipment is not working. Operation of
such equipment shall always be carried out by trained operator accompanied by the designated
helper.
•
Bulldozers: The blade of Bulldozer shall be inspected at least once in a week. The blade shall not
be used as a brake except in emergency. The position of the blade shall be adjusted while
travelling up or down the gradient. The Bulldozer shall be parked on levelled ground, by applying
hand brakes and by lowering blade.
Lifting and hoisting machinery:
•
Lifting machines and tackles shall be of good mechanical construction, sound material and
adequate strength and free from any defects and shall be kept in good repair and in good
working condition. Every rope used in hoisting or lowering materials or as the means of
suspension shall be as per manufacturer’s guidelines, of good quality and adequate strength and
dimension and free from any defect. Test certificates of such ropes, D‐shackles, etc. shall be
submitted in advance by the contractor.
•
Every crane operator or lifting appliance operator shall be properly qualified. No person under
the age of 18 years shall be in charge of any hoisting machine or to give signal to operator of
such machine.
•
The base of such hoisting equipment shall be kept in perfect horizontal condition since any tilt
would reduce the load carrying capacity of the equipment. The foundation shall be firm enough
to support the equipment. The level shall be checked every day before starting the work in case
of mobile hoisting equipment.
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•
Thorough inspection and load testing of lifting machines and tackles shall be done by a third
party, at least once in every 12 months and the records of such inspection and testing shall be
maintained and a copy shall be submitted by the contractor to the departmental representative
at site. Motors, transmission, couplings, belts, chain drives and other moving parts of hoisting
appliances shall be provided with adequate safeguards. Hoisting appliances shall be provided
with such means as it shall minimize the risk of any part of a suspended load becoming
accidentally displaced or lowered.
Tower Cranes: Erection & Commissioning
The type of the tower crane to be used shall be selected based on the load to be lifted, the
reach of the boom and the height at which the material is to be shifted. The contractor shall
follow all the safety instructions given in the manufacturer’s manual for erection, dismantling or
extension (jumping) of tower cranes. The contractor shall submit the operation manual,
provided by the manufacturer, to the departmental representative before erection of the same
at site. For both movable and fixed tower cranes, the adequacy of the counterweight shall be
ensured. The base of the tower crane shall be in perfect horizontal level. Base shall be capable
of bearing the loads during the operation of tower crane.
•
Operation – The crane shall never be used to pick the loads which are out of the crane’s reach or
to do skew pulls of any sort. The load (to be lifted by the crane) shall be free from any sticky
characteristic which may cause sudden jerk while lifting. No worker / person shall be lifted by
tower crane. Any kind of swinging of lifted load, to put them out of crane’s reach, shall not be
tried. The operator shall not reverse the motor in order to achieve quicker stop to save time. He
shall execute one operation at a time only and shall never combine horizontal movement of
trolley with vertical movement of lifting hook. Tower crane shall be protected from sway due to
wind load, etc. during operation. Precautions in high wind load shall be taken as per
manufacturer’s guide. Various components and parts of the tower crane like wire ropes, pulleys,
structural members of the tower and boom, etc. shall be periodically checked and properly
maintained by the mechanical engineer of the contractor. Proper lighting arrangement with
the boom and the tower of the crane shall be provided as safety arrangements for clear visibility
during night. The tower crane shall be provided with the siren / horn facility in order to caution
the workers in vicinity during operation of the crane. The operator shall take “START” and
“HOISTING” signal from the designated helper / supervisor only; however, “STOP” signal can be
taken from anyone.
•
Maintenance ‐ The balancing rope, trolley rope, hoisting rope and erection rope shall be
checked as per maintenance guidelines given by the manufacturer and they shall be replaced
immediately as and when required. For regular maintenance, the manufacturer’s manual shall
be followed.
Mobile Cranes:
The contractor shall take care that, the engine of the crane shall be kept running with the gear
engaged and maintain a slow speed, while moving down the hill. While travelling uphill or
downhill, the boom shall always be kept downhill in order to prevent the boom from falling
back. The soil of working area, movement area and parking area of the mobile crane shall be
well compacted and shall have proper drainage arrangement. The area shall be dry, levelled and
firm enough to hold the load of the mobile crane. The lifting hook shall be tied / anchored while
the crane is moving or not operational. Before starting operation at the beginning of day’s work,
the capacity load shall be picked up to 0.3 m above the ground to test the drift, if any, due to
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faulty brakes. The brakes shall be ‘ON’ when a rubber tyre crane is operated. The operator shall
always avoid any jerky start or a fast swing during operation of the crane since it increases the
risk of overturning of the crane. The pressure in the pneumatic tyre shall be maintained
correctly in all wheeled machines.
Transporting Machinery:
•
Trucks, tippers, dumpers used in transportation of excavated earth or other materials; which are
loaded with mechanical excavators, shovels / loaders shall have strong canopies over the
driver’s cabin to protect them from injuries while loading. The driver’s cabin for all the vehicles
at construction site shall have a system of sound and vibration suppression, seat belts, reverse
horn/alarm, rear view mirror, wide windshield, triplex glass, wiper, sun visor, etc. Brakes and
control shall be designed so as to get locked when the vehicle is parked. While going down the
gradient, the speed of the vehicle should be controlled. Hydraulic retarder shall be used for big
dumpers. Persons holding valid driving licenses for heavy motor vehicle shall be engaged as
drivers of the respective type of vehicles. Every dumper, tipper, truck, etc. shall be accompanied
by helper and driver shall take all signals from his helper only. The access road of such transport
vehicle shall be firm and levelled as far as practicable and shall be free from any obstacle.
Batching Plants:
The batching plants shall be calibrated by the contractor at least once in a month and such
records shall be made available to the departmental staff for record.
•
The installation, operation, maintenance and decommissioning of batching plant shall be done
as per manufacturer’s guidelines and manuals. All electrical works and connections shall be
done by a licensed electrician under supervision of electrical engineer of the contractor. The DG
requirement (in case of power cuts) shall be of at least 150% of the overload capacity. The
operations of hopper, scrapper and pan mixer shall be smooth and periodic inspection shall be
done as per manufacturer’s guidelines. The material bins shall be checked periodically for
presence of any boulders, lumps, etc. which may choke in the hopper causing disruption of
operation of the batching plant. Proper care shall be taken during feeding cement silo from the
bulker for any loose joints in the feeder pipe and pump of the silo. The silo shall have a guarded
monkey ladder for access to the top. The person accessing the top of silo shall seek work permit
in advance and shall use proper PPE while climbing. The outer surface of the silo shall be
properly painted and maintained against weathering effects. The contractor shall make available
at least one fire extinguisher near the operator cabin of the batching plant and the same shall be
maintained in good condition at all times. The operator cabin and the scrapper cabin shall be
well ventilated and dust proof. The underground water tank/Vat of the batching plant shall be
covered with suitable protective cover and shall be cordoned all around.
Hydraulic Machines:
•
Hydraulic operated machines like mechanical excavators, jacks, or any other hydraulically
operated parts, etc. shall be handled carefully. The pressure relief valves mounted on the
Hydraulic construction equipment shall not be tampered. These machines shall be equipped
with the foam based fire extinguisher. These machines shall be maintained at regular intervals
as per the manufacturer’s manual, to avoid failure of brakes, hydraulic system, etc. Regular
checking shall be done for such equipment for any leakage, condition of the hoses and
connections, etc. Contractor shall give proper training to the operator, mechanic, etc. before
they handle the equipment.
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10.13.5.6
Dewatering pumps, Concrete pumps, Boom placer pumps:
•
The rotating parts of the dewatering pump shall be well guarded. Only authorized operator /
mechanic shall operate the pump on requirement. He shall not wear any loose clothes while
operating the pump. The exhaust of the smoke shall be away from the workers working in the
surrounding area. The pump shall be operated and maintained as per the manufacturer’s
guidelines.
•
For electrically operated dewatering pumps including submersible pumps, special care shall be
taken while operating them. Such pumps shall be fitted with ELCB of proper rating. The power
shall be put off before shifting or removal of the submersible pumps.
•
Only authorized operator / electrician shall be allowed to operate the same.
Stationery Concrete Pumps and Boom Placer pumps:
The commissioning, operation and maintenance of concrete pumps (both stationery and boom
placer type) shall be done as per manufacturer’s guidelines or manual provided along with the
equipment. The safety procedure and tips as mentioned in these guidelines shall not be
violated. A copy of such manuals shall be submitted to the department before installing the
equipment at site. Apart from manufacturer’s manual, the following guidelines shall be followed
for operation and maintenance of the concrete pumps:
•
The operation, maintenance and signaling of concrete pumps shall be done by trained and
authorized personnel having minimum 18 years of age.
•
Place of work shall be so selected that the visibility of batching plant operator/transit mixer
driver, concrete pump operator, signal man/supervisor and hose man (at the pouring point) is
ensured all at a time. In case such visibility between all the above people cannot be ensured,
then at least the pump operator shall be able to see the batching plant operator and signal man
separately. The pump operator shall play most important role in pouring and he shall be
properly trained by the safety officer/site Engineer of the contractor to understand the signaling
process properly in order to ensure smooth concreting activity at site.
•
When the concrete is being placed in the hopper of the pump (either from batching plant chute
or transit mixer chute), no person shall climb on the hopper of the pump.
•
The danger zones (within working area) like hose end position, beneath the placing boom,
moving parts of the concrete pump and its hopper, its support legs and the area of the concrete
pipe line, etc. shall be identified by the safety officer/ mechanical engineer in advance.
Accordingly, these areas shall be cordoned and restricted movement shall be ensured as
practicable as possible.
•
The concrete pipeline (delivery system) for stationary pumps shall be checked by the mechanical
engineer before he seeks work permit for concreting activity, for proper clamping of the pipe
joints, supports for pipeline, etc. The pipeline shall have minimum number of bends and shall be
straight as far as possible. In case pipeline needs to change the direction, then there shall be at
least 5 m straight portion just after the concrete pump. The bends in the pipeline shall be as
smooth as possible.
•
Inspection interval shall be decided based on manufacturer’s guideline, age of the concrete
pump, quantity of the operating hours and output of concrete.
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•
Personal protective equipment like helmet, safety shoes, ear defenders (ear muff/ ear plug),
protective gloves and goggles, face mask/respiratory protector, etc. shall be arranged by the
contractor for all the workers working on concrete pump.
•
Concrete pump shall have suitable pressure relief valve, set at a predetermined pressure level,
in order to ensure safety of the workers as well as the pump.
10.13.5.7
Structural Steel Fabrication:
Welding and Gas Cutting:
Welding and gas cutting operations shall be done only by qualified and authorized persons and
as per IS: 818‐1968 (Reaffirmed in 2008). No hot job shall be done without approved work
permit.
•
Welding and gas cutting shall not be carried out in places where flammable/any materials such
as combustible/flammable chemicals, dyes, hessian cloth, wooden pieces, cylinders, etc. are
kept within 10 m from the spot of fabrication or gas cutting.
Electric Arc Welding:
For Electric Arc welding the following additional safety precautions shall be taken:
•
All power connections shall be routed through ELCB of proper rating and machine connections
shall be through MCB. Double earthing shall be provided to the welding machine. A provision of
a separate return path shall be ensured. ii) The cable to be used shall be of adequate capacity
corresponding to output of the welding transformer / generator and shall be routed through dry
isolated path. Welding cable terminals shall be provided with lugs and connected properly.
Proper insulation of cable with insulation tape of approved quality shall be ensured and only
double insulated cable shall be used. Extension of welding cables shall be done using standard
connectors. iii) Pipe lines carrying flammables shall not be used as part of earth conductor, but a
separate earth conductor shall be connected to the machine directly from the job. Painting and
Dye Penetration testing shall not be done near electric arc welding. iv) Personal contact with the
electrode or other live parts of electric welding equipment shall be avoided. Wires and cables
shall not be hung from any metal hook.
•
Accidental contact of electrodes with ground shall be prevented.
•
The welding cables shall not be allowed to get entangled with power cables. It shall be ensured
that the cables are not damaged by movement of materials. Dragging and coiling of cable shall
be avoided. vii) For Dye Penetration test, necessary care shall be taken so that there is no hot
job going on nearby. Place of the test shall be well ventilated.
Erection:
Only trained operators and workers shall be engaged for the erection of structural fabricated
members. For erection by mechanical means, the safety procedures shall be followed in
addition to the following guidelines:
•
The heavy materials shall not be manually handled. They shall be handled and shifted by
mechanical means like crane, hydra, trolley, etc. of adequate capacity.
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•
All mechanical transport devices and erection equipment shall be operated with the assistance
of a helper / supervisor exclusively for proper signaling.
•
While erecting fabricated members, suitable guy rope arrangement shall be made to avoid
sudden toppling of derrick.
•
Chain pulley block, D‐shackles and wire ropes (lifting appliances) shall be of rated capacity at
least 2.0 times more than the maximum desired load to be lifted. Hooks, jigs and fixtures used
shall be marked with their capacities.
•
Two or more slings shall be used for lifting the loads and they shall be tied as per the center of
gravity of the load to be lifted.
10.13.5.8
Electrical Safety:
Guidelines for providing temporary power supply at the site and general safety procedures for
using electricity are given as under. Following safety requirements shall be complied with before
the Contractor uses the power supply.
The Contractor shall submit a list of licensed electrical staff to be posted at site. It shall be the
responsibility of the Contractor to provide and maintain complete installation on the load side of
the supply point about the safety requirements at site. All cabling and installation shall comply
with the appropriate statutory requirements given below and shall be subject to approval of the
Departmental Engineer‐in‐charge/ Electrical Engineer.
•
The Electricity Act, 1910 (as amended in 2003)
•
Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948
•
Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 (as amended in 2005)
•
National Electric Code 1985 (as amended in 2005)
•
Other relevant rules of Local Bodies and Electricity Boards
10.13.5.9
Fire Safety:
The contractor shall take all necessary precautions to prevent outbreak of fires at the construction
site. Adequate provisions shall be made to extinguish fires should they still break out.
•
Quantities of combustible materials like timber, coal, paints, etc. shall be the minimum required
in order to avoid unnecessary accumulation of combustibles at site.
•
Containers of paints, thinners and allied materials shall be stored in a separate room which shall
be well ventilated and free from excessive heat, sparks, flame or direct rays of the sun. The
containers of paint shall be kept covered or properly fitted with lid and shall not be kept open
except while using.
•
Fire extinguishers suitable for the different classes of fire such as Class A, B, C & D as per IS:
2190‐1992 (Reaffirmed in 2010) shall be made available at the appropriate places in the
construction site. The date of last maintenance of fire extinguisher shall be displayed properly
on the same by using maintenance tag. The fire extinguishers shall be sent for
maintenance/refilling at least once in 6 months or whenever exhausted. The safety officer shall
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inspect the condition of the plunger, safety pin, switch grip, hose tube, etc. at least once in a
month and
•
report shall be submitted to the departmental representative as per the format enclosed as
Annexure 14.
•
Adequate number of contractor’s workmen and supervisors shall be given training in firefighting
and extinguishing methods.
•
The safety officer of the contractor shall plan for site evacuation in fire emergency in order to
facilitate to easy and safe exits for entire site work force and supervisory staff. He shall identify
and train the designated staff or supervisor for specific role in site evacuation plan.
•
The telephone number of the nearest fire station shall be displayed at suitable locations (near
telephone, main entrance of the site, first aid center, stores, etc.) in bold distinct font.
Housekeeping:
•
The Contractor shall promote and upkeep the practice of good housekeeping throughout the
contact period in order to create a safe and hygienic working environment at site. The
contractor shall maintain a separate housekeeping team of workers and supervisors who shall
maintain the hygienic conditions at site. He shall at all times, keep his work spot, site office,
labour toilets and surroundings and roads clean and tidy from rubbish, scrap, surplus materials
and unwanted materials, tools and equipment. The contractor shall follow the recommendation
of IS: 4082‐1996 (Reaffirmed in 2003) for stacking and storage of construction materials and
components at site.
•
After the completion of the work, the contractor shall have removed from the work premises all
scaffoldings, surplus materials, scrap, rubbish and all temporary structures, huts and sanitary
arrangements used/installed for his workmen at site. The contractor shall stack all undesirable
materials and debris to the designated area at his own cost, as directed by Engineer‐in‐charge.
Common Hazards:
•
Barricading and Sign Boards: All work areas around excavated pits, trenches, openings,
scaffolding, vehicle movement areas, etc. shall be well cordoned / barricaded with the help of
railing, safety tapes (photo luminescent), etc. Photo luminescent sign boards and warnings shall
be displayed at required locations and they shall be clearly visible from a distance even at low or
no illumination.
•
Noise: Suitable ear protection (ear muff) shall be provided to the workers, who are exposed to
high noise levels (85dBA and above), e.g. concrete pump operator, vibrator operator, batching
plant operator, air compressor operator, grinding machine operator, breaking rocks with
pavement breaker, etc. The exposure duration in case of these workers shall be restricted. Other
workers and staff who are in the close vicinity of high noise level such as unskilled worker
engaged in concreting works, etc. shall be provided with ear plugs.
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•
Area Illumination: Adequate lighting facilities such as flood lights, halogen lamps, hand lights
and area lighting shall be provided by the contractor at the site of work, storage area of
materials and equipment and temporary access roads within his working area. The intensity of
illumination shall depend on the nature of work and the same shall be planned by the contractor
in advance based on the recommendations of Handbook on Functional Requirements of
Industrial Buildings (Lighting & Ventilation: SP32‐1986).
•
Dust and fumes: Confined areas like main access tunnel (MAT), adit to different underground
components of the project like HRT, Surge Shaft, etc. shall be under forced ventilation (using
blowers) for at least 3‐7 air changes per hour depending on presence of dust and fumes
generated from grinding, gas cutting, welding, etc. Adequate measure like dust
extractor/arresters shall be available for use to prevent spread of dust to nearby areas during
open area operations. Workers shall be rested for sufficient time after everyone hour of
continuous working in dust. The same worker shall not be engaged for many days continuously
and they shall be engaged/kept on job rotation. All necessary PPEs like dust respirators, safety
goggles, hand gloves, ear plugs, protective clothes, etc. shall be provided. Any illness due to
continuous work in dust or fume shall be immediately reported to the First Aid Centre.
The cost components for ensuring certain measures for safety of labour during construction has
been enumerated in Table 10.67.
Table 10.67 : Cost Estimate for Safety Against Common Hazards
S. N.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
10.13.6.
Particular
Cost of Barricading work areas around excavated pits, quarry area/muck
disposal sites
Cost of Caution and Sign Boards
Cost of Fire extinguishers
Implements for housekeeping in site offices and work site
Illumination facilities in work area
Total
Amount
(Rs. lakh)
10.00
2.00
3.00
2.00
5.00
22.00
Cost Estimate for Occupational Health and Safety Management
The cost components for ensuring occupational health and measures for safety of labour during
construction has been enumerated in Table 10.68.
Table 10.68 : Cost Estimate of OHS & Safety of Labour
S. No.
Particular
1.
2.
Cost estimate for Occupational Health Management (Table 10.66)
Cost of Safety management during construction (Table 10.67)
Total
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Amount
(Rs lakh)
74.00
22.00
96.00
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10.14. Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Plan
10.14.1.
Introduction
During the construction phase of the project, there will be an influx of technical staff, laborers and
other service providers into the project area. The proposed project has also envisaged four colonies
to house project employees including personnel for other utility services with their families. Sewage
and solid waste will be generated from the colonies. It is very essential that from the planning stage,
sewerage management and solid waste disposal facilities should be conceptualized to maintain the
health of the people and the environment. The main sources of wastes in case of the proposed
project can be divided into following categories:
➢ Municipal waste from residential areas
➢ Solid wastes from labour camps
➢ Bio-medical wastes from Dispensary
Since most of the dam operations shall be automated or mechanized, very few people shall be
staying in the project during the operation phase. The solid waste is primary problem during the
construction phase of the project. Solid waste generated from temporary and permanent colonies in
construction as well as operation phase requires special management to dispose of as warranted
under the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.
10.14.2.
Responsibilities of Project Authority
The project authority, as principal waste generator, shall, within the territorial area of the project
complex/ colony, be responsible for the implementation of the provisions of Solid Wastes
Management Rules, 2016, issued by MOEF vide S.O.1357 (E) dated 8th, April 2016, and for any
infrastructure development for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and
disposal of municipal solid wastes.
Any municipal solid waste generated in the project complex/ project colony/ labour colony, shall be
managed and handled in accordance with the duties set forth under clause 4 (1) through 4(3) and
clause 20 in respect of landfill. The management plan has, therefore, been framed taking into
consideration compliance criteria against each parameter as set out under Schedule-II, some of
which are described in the foregoing paragraphs.
10.14.3.
Collection of Municipal Solid Wastes
The project authorities shall prohibit littering of solid wastes in the area under their control by
resorting to following: ➢ Organizing house-to-house collection of solid waste on regular pre-informed timing and
scheduling through any of the methods, like community bin collection (Central bin).
➢ Devising collection of wastes from office complexes, hotels and commercial areas.
➢ Avoiding mixing of Bio-medical wastes with municipal solid wastes.
➢ Collected waste from residential areas shall be transferred to community bin by hand-driven
containerized carts or other small vehicle. Horticulture and construction / demolition wastes or
debris shall be separately collected and disposed of.
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➢ Waste like dry leaves shall not be burnt.
➢ Collection of wastes from vegetable and fruit shops and meat shops and also dry leaves
collected from avenues/ parks, which are biodegradable in nature to be finally disposed of
through aerobic composting in composting units of size 8 m x 2.5 m built from bricks. The
compost thus obtained shall be used for development of flower beds and avenue plantation
around colonies and office areas and also in biological measures to be adopted in respect of soil
tips developed at muck disposal sites.
10.14.4.
Segregation of Municipal Solid Wastes
The project authority shall organize awareness programmes to encourage the generators of wastes
and to ensure community participation in waste segregation. For this purpose, regular meeting at
quarterly intervals shall be arranged with representatives of resident of colonies.
10.14.5.
Storage of Municipal Solid Wastes
The project authority shall establish and maintain storage facilities in such a manner as they do not
create unhygienic and insanitary conditions around it. Following criteria shall be taken into account
while establishing and maintaining storage facilities.
➢ Storage facilities of bins shall have ‘easy to operate ‘design for handling, transfer and
transportation of waste. Bins for storage of bio-degradable wastes shall be painted green, those
for storage of recyclable wastes shall be painted white and those for storage of other wastes
shall be painted black.
➢ Manual handling of waste shall be prohibited. If unavoidable due to constraints, manual
handling shall be carried out under proper precaution with due care for safety of workers.
10.14.6.
Transportation of Municipal Solid Wastes
Vehicles used for transportation of wastes shall be covered. Wastes should not be visible to public,
nor exposed to open environment preventing their scattering. Transportation vehicles shall be so
designed that multiple handling of waste, prior to final disposal, is avoided.
10.14.7.
Processing of Solid Wastes
The project authorities shall adopt suitable technology or combination of such technologies to make
use of wastes so as to minimize burden on landfill. Following criteria shall be adopted: ➢ The biodegradable wastes shall be processed by composting, vermi-composting, anaerobic
digestion for stabilization of wastes.
➢ Mixed waste containing recoverable resources shall follow the route to recycling. Incineration
can also be used for processing wastes.
10.14.8.
Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes
Land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable inert waste and other waste that are not
suitable for recycling or for biological processing. The landfill sites shall be selected as per criteria
mentioned under Schedule I (A) and (I) of rules. In terms of clause 21of the rules any-recyclable
waste having calorific value of 1500K/Cal/kg or more shall not be disposed on landfills and shall be
used for generating energy by giving away as feed stock for preparing refuse derived oil. Before
establishing any land fill site ground water quality within 50m of its periphery should be monitored
covering pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon.
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10.14.9.
Municipal Waste +from Residential Areas
The permanent and temporary project colonies for staff shall be created at two locations i.e.
Gulabgarh and Atholi. The colonies will have family accommodations, bachelor’s accommodation
besides accommodations for floating population. The total expected population in the project
colony will be 1200 persons. In the colony, use of plastic bags be discouraged and use of
biodegradable cotton and jute bags be encouraged. The average solid waste generated in the colony
has been assumed to be approx. 0.75 kg [dry-weight]/ per person/day. Thus, the solid waste
generated by 1200 persons in the project colony on average daily, weekly, monthly and annual basis
is given in the Table 10.69.
All households need to be instructed to sort their wastes and store the food, biodegradable and
non-biodegradable wastes viz. bottles, cans etc. in separate containers. Two numbers of doorstep
waste collectors per house will be arranged and given to each family. A handcart shall be deployed
to collect the wastes from the doorsteps daily.
Table 10.69 : Solid Waste Generated from Project Colony (kg dry weight)
Garbage Generation
Per Person
By 1200 persons
Per Day(kg)
0.75
900
Per Week(kg)
5.25
6300
Per Month(kg)
22.5
27000
Per Year(kg)
270.00
324000
The collected biodegradable wastes will be disposed of at a suitable landfill site, to be developed.
The area will be properly fenced to avoid animals to feed on the wastes. The organic waste collected
will be suitably processed to form compost. The compost thus produced shall be utilized in parks
and plantation area around colony. The recyclable (non- biodegradable) wastes can be collected at
a place and can be incinerated at regular interval of time. Apart from this, there will be provision for
cleaning the streets of the colony to keep the surrounding area clean.
Considering water requirement of about 70 liter / head / day in hilly areas and on an average a
person generates about 50 lit. of sewage per day and therefore, about 60,000 lit. /day of domestic
sewage along with other waste are expected to be generated from the colony. In the light of the fact
that conventional septic tank system, which is too expensive and requires a large volume of water
for flushing and is also riddled with problems like periodic cleaning and disposal of sludge, flush
compost toilet which requires only 1.5-2.0 liters of water for flushing as against 12 to 14 liters in
case of former shall be resorted to. Flush toilet is eco-friendly, technically appropriate, socioculturally acceptable and economically affordable. Flush compost toilet shall be adopted in
residential area. For inspection houses / office areas Thermophilic Aerobic Composter which
requires only 6 to 10 days to make compost from any biodegradable waste, without any manual
handing during composting shall be adopted. Adequate provision shall have to be earmarked under
the sub-head “O-Miscellaneous” as the capital cost of sewerage disposal and storm water drainage
and O & M charges respectively.
10.14.10.
Solid Waste from Labour Colony
The executing agency shall ensure employment to bona fide Kashmiris in all the unskilled / skilled
and other non-executive categories of staff with the contractors and sub-contractors as may be
required for implementation of the project. If it is not possible to recruit 100% staff from local
populace for justifiable reasons, then not less than 50% of the total employees from bona fide
residents shall be adhered to.
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About 2100 workers (labour and staff) would be engaged temporarily during peak construction
period. It is expected that 50% of the total work force shall be locally available from adjacent areas
and thus labour colony shall be designed to house 1050 workforces. It is proposed to provide family
residences to 175 workers while the balance shall remain in bachelor accommodation.
The labour colonies shall be located at different sites in the project area. Around 175 labourers are
expected to reside in the labour colonies with their families and 875 numbers in bachelor
accommodation at any given time, during the peak construction phase of the project. Proper care
has to be taken to manage the solid waste generated from the labour colony for a population of
1575 residential persons and 50 floating population i.e. for 1625 persons.
It is estimated that total solid waste generation per day by labour population residing in the labour
colony would be approximately 1220 kg dry weight. This would be to 36600 kg dry weight, and
439200 kg dry weight per month and per annum respectively. For maintaining the cleanliness of the
labour colony and to restrict from disposing the solid waste into the river, this solid waste
management plan has been formulated. No dumping of solid waste should be allowed near any
water body or nalla. For solid waste collection 12 iron storage vats, each of 5 cum capacity, will be
located at convenient dumping locations in the colonies. Each vat will have the capacity of holding
500 kg dry weight of garbage, which will be emptied at regular time intervals and the biodegradable
waste will be transported to the landfill sites. Use of plastic bags need to be totally banned in the
labour colony. Periodical awareness should also be provided in order to avoid use of plastic bags.
Proper sanitary facilities would also be provided at the labour colonies. The standard municipal
designs for community sanitation facilities in hill areas have been taken into consideration while
formulating the sanitation scheme for the labour colony. Flush compost toilets shall be provided for
175 residences of workforce besides eight community latrines of five-seated unit each with three
bathrooms constructed at appropriate locations at a cost of Rs. 15.0 lakh per unit having a total cost
of Rs. 120.00 lakh. The financial provision for this purpose has been provided in cost estimate for
solid waste management.
10.14.11.
Treatment of waste
Various waste minimization techniques like Bio-methanation, microbial composting, vermincomposting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate processing for bio-stabilization of
biodegradable wastes to be adopted are described in following sub-sections: 10.14.11.1 Landfill
Only the non-usable, non-recyclable, non-biodegradable, non-combustible and non-reactive inert
waste shall be sent to sanitary landfill. Generally, from sanitary landfill, there is negligible risk for
generation of methane, due to the decay of vegetable matters, as it slowly diffuses at low
concentration through the covering material. The most serious risk from sanitary landfill is that of
pollution from leachates. Hence, the bed of the disposal sites should be covered with an impervious
material to ensure that leachate does not lead to soil and water pollution. During long dry periods
the surface of a sanitary landfill can become dusty, causing discomfort to locals in and around such
sites. Covering of the disposed material would prevent entrainment of fugitive emissions as well.
Paper and other material also flies off the landfill area due to wind currents. This often creates a
nuisance in the immediate vicinity of the landfill site. The landfill site, therefore, needs to be skirted
with wire fence of about 3 m high with paper catchers to avoid fly of papers. Once the landfill
operation is complete, the entire landfill site is to be suitably capped by an impervious material like
clay. To ward off entries of dogs and monkeys, the landfill site shall have welded wire fencing all
around.
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10.14.11.2 Composting
Processing of solid waste by resorting to aerobic/anaerobic composting yields organic manure along
with macro/ micro nutrients for plants. The segregated biodegradable waste is the feedstock for a
composting unit. Based on the quantum of solid waste likely to be generated, simple windrow
composting has been preferred. The process involves placing of sorted feedstock in long narrow
piles called windrows which are periodically turned/agitated for ensuring aeration. Each day’s waste
shall be placed in a window which are rectangular. Several windrows shall be put to use. After a
fixed periodical interval, the windrow shall be turned from outside to middle to destroy harmful
insects/larvae. After 21 days windrow shall be broken and screened through 25mm mesh to screen
out oversized materials. The compost thus screened shall be stored for a month to ensure that it is
fully stabilized before being used in green belt.
10.14.11.3 Vermin Composting
Vermicomposting provides the nutrients and growth enhancing hormones necessary for plant
growth. The fruits, flowers and vegetables and other plant products grown using vermicompost are
reported to have better keeping quality. The process of composting crop residues/ kitchen garbage
using earthworms comprise spreading the agricultural wastes and cow dung in layers as 1.5 m wide
and 0.9 m high beds of required length. Earthworms are introduced in between the layers @ 350
worms per m3 of bed volume. The beds are maintained at about 40 - 50% moisture content and a
temperature of 200 - 30o C by sprinkling water over the beds. The earthworms being voracious
eaters consume the biodegradable matter and give out a part of the matter as excreta or vermin
castings. The Verm casting containing nutrients is rich manure for the healthy growing of plants.
Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx excavatius are some of the species for rearing to convert
organic wastes into manure. The worms feed on any biodegradable matter ranging from kitchen
garbage and vermicomposting units are ideally suited to locations / units with generation of
considerable quantities of organic wastes.
A small Vermicomposting unit can be located in project colony. The unit shall have vermin 3 beds
under open shed. The dimension of beds could be 10m(L)x1.0 m (W)x 0.75m (H)and it shall be laid
above ground level.
The beds have always to be kept moist with about 50% moisture content. Since it shall near the
project colony no separate watering arrangement shall be required. Worms @ 350 worms per cubic
meter of bed space should be adequate to start with and to build up the required population in
about two cycles or three without unduly affecting the estimated production. The area has to be
fenced to prevent trespass by animals and other unwanted elements. The work of shredding raw
material, loosening of beds for aeration, shifting of compost and packing shall be done manually.
10.14.11.4 Incineration
The combustible component of waste is made to burn inside a furnace, when the waste combines
with oxygen releasing mostly carbon monoxide and water vapors and heat energy. Incineration can
reduce the volume of uncompacted waste in excess of 90% leaving the inert residue of ash, glass,
metal and other solid materials called bottom ash. The gaseous by-products along with particulate
matter are removed through emission control devices like baghouse filters and electrostatic
precipitators. Bottom ash if not hazardous is disposed in landfill. For energy recovery a water tube
wall furnace can be put to use for energy recovery. Waste to energy systems is more expensive to
build and operate as compared to plain incinerators.
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10.14.11.5 Recycling
Apart from the municipal solid waste in labour colony of project area, a lot of waste is expected to
be generated on account of construction activities mainly consisting of cement bags, iron scrap,
packing material, etc. It is expected that most of the iron scrap and packing material would be
recycled since it has reuse value apart from monetary values and hence, it is proposed that
stipulations should be imposed on suppliers and contractors to take away the scrap and packing
materials. Apart from above, substantial cement will be required for constructional works. Since
cement is supplied in 50 Kg plastic bags, many plastic bags would require proper disposal through
annual public auction with a provision of monthly disposal of such bags. Iron scraps have a resale
value and therefore these shall be auctioned to steel re-rollers.
10.14.12.
Cost Estimate for Solid Waste Management
The overall cost estimates for the management plan are shown in Table 10.70.
Table 10.70 : Cost Estimate for Solid Waste Management Plan
S. N.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
10.14.13.
Description
Qty.
Unit
Rate
(Rs lakh)
Amount
(Rs. lakh)
Flush composite toilets for labour colony
Community toilet with 5 seats with Effluent
Treatment system
Cleaning worker for 5 years (10 x 12 x 5)
175
10
No
No
0.10
15.00
17.50
150.00
600
0.15
90.00
Door step plastic dustbin (40-liter) @ 2/family
including one-time replacement
Waste collection handcarts including onetime replacement
Landfill R&M
Implements such as. Brooms, spade etc. and
R&M
Anti-malarial, anti-insecticides equipment &
spraying material
Iron storage vat (3.1 m x 1.25 m x 1.25 m)
Maintenance of 1 Trucks @ Rs 5 lakh / Yr for
5 Yr
O & M charges of incinerator @ Rs. 1.0 lakh /
year for 5 years for one incinerator
Developing simple composting unit with size
7.5 m x 2.2 m, three chambered build from
brick
Developing Vermin composting unit
Capital cost of one incinerator
Contingency
Total
5500
Man
months
No
0.004
22.00
80
No
0.03
2.40
1
5
Job
Yr
LS
0.50
95.00
2.50
5
Yr
0.50
2.50
12
5
No
Yr
1.0
5.00
12.00
25.00
5
No.
1.20
6.00
1
Job
LS
5.00
1
1
LS
Job
No.
LS
10.00
10.00
10.00
5.00
454.90
Hazardous Wastes Management
Hazardous waste inter alia includes burnt mobile oil from vehicles and construction machinery
and equipment, batteries and like items specified in column (3) of Schedule-I of Hazardous and
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other Wastes (Management &Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.These will be disposed of
by auctioning them to the recycling vendors approved by the CPCB or State Pollution Control
Board in consonance with Hazardous and other Wastes (Management &Transboundary
Movement) Rules,2016. Under the rules, certain responsivities have been rested on the occupier
of hazardous and other wastes generator for safe and environmentally sound management of
hazardous wastes staring from pollution prevention to safe disposal. Hazardous waste shall be
sent or sold by the occupier to an authorized actual user or disposed in an authorized disposal
facility only. Occupier shall transport wastes through an authorized or certified transporter to an
authorized actual user or to an authorized disposal facility as per the provisions of these rules.
Under the rules, the occupiers of facilities generating hazardous & other wastes may store for a
period of not more than ninety (90) days and a maximum quant of ten (10) tons. An area shall
be designated as a storage area known as Central Hazardous Waste accumulation area. This is
an area where hazardous wastes are accumulated prior to being picked up for treatment,
recycling or disposal. A sum of Rs 15.0 lakh has been earmarked for storage and handling of the
waste
10.14.14.
E-Waste Management
E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016, applies to consumer electrical and electronic equipment listed
in Schedule I, including their components, consumables, parts and spares which make the product
operational. Electrical equipment (LED/LCD TV sets, refrigerators, air conditioners, fluorescent and
mercury lamps) and electronic equipment (Telex, Telephones, Computers, Printers, Cartridges)
including their components, consumables, parts and spares mentioned under Schedule-I are
covered under the rules.
Under clause 9 (1) of E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016, consumers or bulk consumers of electrical
and electronic equipment listed in Schedule I shall ensure that e-waste generated by them is
channelized through collection center or dealer of authorized producer or dismantler or recycler or
through the designated take back service provider of the producer to authorized dismantler or
recycler. The collection, storage, transportation, segregation, refurbishment, dismantling, recycling
and disposal of e-waste shall be in accordance with the procedures prescribed in the guidelines
published by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time. Implementation of e-waste
(Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2016 shall be in accordance with the guidelines
prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time. For properly storage of e-waste
before its disposal, as sum of Rs.2.0 lakh has been earmarked.
10.14.15.
Cost Estimate for Waste Management
The overal cost for management of different type of waste is summarized l in Table 10.71.
Table 10.71 : Cost Estimate for Waste Management Plan
S.N.
1
2
3
Particulars
Solid Waste Management
Hazardous Waste Management
E-waste Management
Total
Say
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Amount (Rs. Lakh)
454.90
15.00
2.00
471.90
472.00
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10.15. Local Area Development Plan
10.15.1.
Introduction
In supersession of OM F.No.22-65/2017-IA.III, dated Ist May,2018, regarding mandatory provision
for project proponent of Greenfield as well as Brown field projects to undertake CER initiative in
project affected areas and in pursuant to the Ministry OM dated 30.09.2020, wherein it has been
provided that such concerns raised during public hearing which were committed for addressal by
the project proponent and prescribed as a specific condition by EAC/SEAC while recommending of
EC, shall be addressed/undertaken for implementation by the project proponent under Local area
Development Plan (LADP).
As large-scale investment is being made in the area by way of construction of project, benefits
should reach to the local population so that there is remarkable improvement in their quality of life.
Provisions will be made by the project proponent for the infrastructure development programme in
the project area as per the needs of the local population. Thus, the proposed strategy should be
formulated by keeping in view the existing facilities and giving due consideration to the views of the
local people.
10.15.2.
Environment Policy of Project Developer
The Project Developer, follows the policy adopted by the State Government which is affirmed to its
commitment in sustainable development of the state. The Project Developer, is strictly adhering to
the Central and the State Rules and Acts in context to the environment protection. The department
is responsible for monitoring and evaluation of the various provisions of the policy and is expected
to perform in future is to mainstream environmental concerns in various development initiatives of
the state, especially poverty and livelihood related issues. The Project Developer shall comply with
the environmental norms and conditions set forth in the main Environmental Clearance of various
project and shall submit compliance to the MoEF&CC periodically as warranted under the EC letter.
10.15.2.1
Infringement / deviation of the environment or forest norms/conditions
The Project Developer shall comply with the environmental norms set out by the Center / State
Government, which are being closely monitored by the MoEF&CC, New Delhi and the State Pollution
Control Board J&K, Forest Department. Any infringement / deviation / violation of the rules
contained in various environment and other rules and acts such as Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, 1987, and Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control)
Rule 2000, if and whenever brought to the notice of Project Developer, the same shall be addressed
by the corporation / construction agencies engaged for the project. As a safeguard a welldocumented Environment monitoring plan has been formulated.
10.15.2.2
Aim of Project Developer
The project developer would aim at the improvement in the living standards of inhabitants in the
project area not only by being a catalyst for development but also by developing infrastructure in
the area. The infrastructure development will be in addition to the rightful compensation to the
project affected families. Besides, meeting the mandatory requirement, certain works relating to
social welfare and community development, besides providing environmental services, are also
considered in consultation with local authorities and representatives of Gram Panchayats of project
affected area where in the project area is covered, so that more acceptability for implementation of
the plan is achieved. A provision shall be made for implementing Local Area Development Plan to be
financed by the project developer as CER initiatives.
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As large-scale investment is being made in the area by way of construction of project, benefits
should reach to the local population so that there is remarkable improvement in their quality of life.
Provisions will be made by the project proponent for the infrastructure development programme in
the project area as per the needs of the local population. Thus, the proposed LADP strategy should
be formulated by keeping in view the existing facilities and giving due consideration to the views of
the local people.
10.15.3.
Development Committee
The entire contribution towards LADP activities to be maintained in the shape of Local Area
Development Fund (LADF), which will be administered by a committee comprising of various
stakeholders including Government departments, project developers and local members from
project affected areas.
10.15.3.1
Aims & Objectives
Under the Central Policy provision shall be made for ensuring sustainable development by ensuring
that while the projects are developed in the State, the local communities in the project area also
benefit in the process by way of enhanced development at project cost. Further allocation of such
resources also needs to be based on pre-determined objective parameters. The people of the
affected area should be aware of the allocations likely to flow to them so that on the one hand
gainful infrastructure and local development activities can be planned well in advance and on the
other hand local communities develop an interest in expeditious completion of projects.
10.15.3.2
Institutional Arrangement for Administration of Fund
The fund will be administered by a committee which will be constituted as shown in Table 10.72.
Table 10.72 : Committee for Administration of Fund
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Committee Members
Deputy Commissioner of concerned district
Chairman, Zila Parishad concerned district
Representative of the Project Developer
District level officers of PWD, Irrigation
Forest, Rural Dev. Departments
Representatives of Block Samiti
Pradhan(s) of all affected Panchayat (s)
Additional District Magistrate
10.15.3.3
Designation
Chairman
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member Secretary
Functions and Responsibilities of Committee
The Committee is entrusted with, but not limited to, the following activities in its jurisdiction and
will be subject to directions of State Government from time to time: a)
Realization of contributions to fund from project promoters as per norms fixed by the State
Government.
b)
Overall management, control and administration of fund including documentation and
maintenance of accounts.
c)
Approval of shelves of schemes and finalization of Annual Action Plan in respect of each
project, allotment of funds to executing agencies.
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d)
Monitoring and supervision of implementation of schemes under LADC.
e)
Review the progress of all administrative and statutory clearances and removal of local
hurdles, if any, settlement of local issues to facilitate timely execution of the projects.
10.15.4.
Activities Proposed Under Local Area Development Plan
Activities have been based on the issues raised and suggestion made during the course of public
hearings held at village Kirthai, Tehsil Atholi in Kishtwar district on 30.10.2017. The majority of
villagers singularly and severally demanded the amenities/facilities/development activities, which
have been grouped into following sub heads:
10.15.4.1
Health Care
a) Medical Camps shall be organized periodically.
b) The Govt. Medicare system at nearby PHC Atholi and Massu should be improved/strengthened by
providing the latest equipment/ consumables in consultation with hospital authorities.
10.15.4.2
Education
a) Support for infrastructure development in village schools
b) The schools in the project affected villages/ block should be provided with books, furniture,
games gadgets, stationery and computers etc.
c) Setting up a model School.
10.15.4.3
Infrastructure Development
a) Promotion of Solar Energy and provision for street lighting
b) Setting up of Recreation Facilities
c) Sports facility like development of playground, sports kit etc.
d) Construction of paths/cremation ground/grave yard
e) Construction of Tourist complex at Gulabgarh
10.15.4.4
Sanitation and Drinking water facilities
a) Construction of community toilets in village Panchayats.
10.15.4.5
Skill Development and Training
a) Employment opportunity be created through training.
b) Proper facilities should be provided for animal husbandry and agriculture.
c) Schemes be explored for employment generation.
d) Capacity building programs should be implemented for the development of skills in dairy farming,
kitchen garden, horticulture and host of other income generating activities.
10.15.4.6
Environment Enhancement
a) Environment enhancement around villages by plantation.
b) Support for development of Fruit trees in the area
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10.15.5.
Cost Under Corporate Environmental Responsibility
As per provision under O.M. F.No.22-65/2017-IA.III, dated 30th September,2020, such concerns
raised during public hearing which were committed for addressal by the project proponent, after
deliberation on the commitment and prescribed as a specific condition while recommending of EC,
shall be addressed/undertaken for implementation by the project proponent underLocal area
Development Plan. Since no expenditure can be incurred, without an approved budget for it, the
tentative cost likely to be debited to project has been assessed in Table 10.73 and year wise break
up is shown in Table10.74.
Table 10.73 : Budget Estimate for LADP
S. N.
1
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
2
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
3
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
4
(i)
(ii)
5
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Description
Health Care
Health checkup camps; awareness programme once a year in
every project affected village i.e., 7 X 5
Rennovation of PHC Atholiand Massu and strengthening of
Medicare facilities by providing medical equipments
Strengthening of Medicare facilities at district hospital Kishtwar
Education
Books to block /village school libraries
Support for infrastructure development in schools
E-learning for schools
Infrastructure Development
Providing 15 Watts Solar Street Light
Updating /renovation/repairing of Community Centers,
Anganwadi buildings, etc.
Support for developing playground at Atholi
Support for local school with game equipment/gadgets
Construction of internal path/cremation shed/grave yard.
Developing Tata Pani Hot spring as tourist spot.
Setting ITI at Atholi
Setting up of Tourist Complex at Gulabgarh
Setting up of Tourist Complex at Machail
Sanitations and drinking water facilities
Community toilet with 6 WC seats and bathing rooms complete.
Iron Storage Vat (3.1m x 1.25m x 1.25m)
Skill Development and Training
Vocational training like TV and other electronic gadgets
repairing/computer course/welding /motor driving etc., with
notional seed money
Promotion of self-help groups by proposing livelihood activities in
goatry, poultry, bee keeping, tailoring.
Women empowerment by way of training in Kitchen garden
sewing and providing kits
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD.
Qtty
Unit
Rate
(Rs.
Lakh)
35
No.
0.60
21.00
1
Job
LS
50.00
1
Job
LS
50.00
7
7
7
No
No.
No.
0.50
4.0
5.0
3.50
28.00
35.00
150
No.
0.30
45.00
1
Job
LS
50.00
1
6
1
1
Job
No.
Job
Job
LS
0.25
LS
LS
20.00
1.50
40.00
20.00
1
1
1
No
No
No
-
300.00
250.00
300.00
2
20
No.
No.
15.00
0.75
30.00
15.00
250
No.
0.10
25.00
3
No.
3.00
9.00
320
No.
0.10
32.00
388
Amount
(Rs. Lakh)
EIA/EMP Report for 930MW Kirthai-II Hydro Electric Power Project,
District Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir
S. N.
Description
6
(i)
Environment Enhancement
Horticulture development in Village Panchayat
Total
Qtty
Unit
Rate
(Rs.
Lakh)
5
ha
5.00
Amount
(Rs. Lakh)
25.00
1350.00
Table 10.74 : Year Wise Break-up of Funds for LADP
S. N.
1
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
2
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
3
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
4
(i)
Description
Health Care
Health checkup camps; awareness
programme once a year in every
project affected village i.e., 7 X 6
Rennovation of PHC Atholiand Massu
and strengthening of Medicare
facilities
by
providing
medical
equipments
Strengthening of Medicare facilities at
district hospital Kishtwar
Education
Books to block /village school libraries
Support
for
infrastructure
development in schools
E-learning for schools
Infrastructure Development
Providing 15 Watts Solar Street Light
Updating /renovation/repairing of
Community
Centers,
Anganwadi
buildings, etc.
Support for developing playground at
Atholi
Support for local school with game
equipment/gadgets
Construction
of
internal
path/cremation shed/grave yard.
Developing Tata Pani Hot spring as
tourist spot.
Amount
(Rs. Lakh)
21.00
Year wise break up of fund
1-Y
4.20
2-Y
3-Y
4-Y
5-Y
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
50.00
25.0
25.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
50.00
20.00
15.00
15.00
0.00
0.00
3.50
28.00
0.70
8.00
0.70
5.0
0.70
5.0
0.70
5.0
0.70
5.0
35.00
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
45.00
50.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
15.0
0.00
15.0
25.0
15.0
25.0
20.00
0.00
0.00
20.0
0.00
0.00
1.50
0.50
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
40.00
12.00
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
20.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
10.00
Setting ITI at Atholi
Setting up of Tourist Complex at Gulabgarh
Setting up of Tourist Complex at Machail
300.00
250.00
300.00
0.00
150.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
150.00
150.00
150.00
150.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Sanitations and drinking water
facilities
Community toilet with 6 WC seats and
30.00
15.00
15.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
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S. N.
(ii)
(iii)
5
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
6
(i)
Description
bathing rooms complete.
Iron Storage Vat (3.1m x 1.25m x
1.25m)
Providing STP in 10 villages with sewer
line complete.
Skill Development and Training
Vocational training like TV and other
electronic gadgets repairing/computer
course/welding /motor driving etc.,
with notional seed money
Promotion of self-help groups by
proposing livelihood activities in
goatry, poultry, bee keeping, tailoring.
Women empowerment by way of
training in Kitchen garden sewing and
providing kits
Environment Enhancement
Horticulture development in Village
Panchayat
Year wise break up of fund
Amount
(Rs. Lakh)
1-Y
2-Y
3-Y
4-Y
5-Y
15.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
200.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
50.00
50.00
25.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
9.00
6.00
3.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
32.00
0.00
8..00
8.00
8.00
8.00
25.00
10.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
0.00
1350.00
113.40
400.15
547.15
197.15
92.15
10.16. Environmental Safeguards During Construction
10.16.1.
Introduction
The state is endowed with bounty of natural environmental assets such as forests, wildlife, clean air,
fertile land, mineral reserves and human resource etc. The construction of hydro power project
entails a wanton use of natural resources and cause their degradation and depletion. Due to large –
scale anthropogenic intervention in construction projects, the pollution gets accumulated in the ecosystem and deplete the environmental stock. Therefore, it is imperative that the project proponent
need to manage the flow of environmental services and minimize the depreciation of the
environmental attributes to remain sustainable in the long run. This can be accomplished efficiently
if the identified adverse impacts are mitigated pari-passu with the construction stage. On this count,
it is legitimate to follow the environmental safeguards during construction.
10.16.2.
Construction Related Impacts and consequent safeguards
Management of construction-related impacts would be the responsibility of the project proponent
(through its contractors, as and where relevant, and as described in the EMP). The plans for
managing the construction site impacts include plans and guidelines for managing and restoring the
muck disposal sites (including advance protection measures for the sites, before muck is disposed in
these sites), management and reinstatements for the quarries, management of effluent discharge,
management of safety and health issues, and a chance find procedure for conservation of cultural
properties. These measures are described in detail in the EMP, and in the supporting environmental
documents. Supervision and monitoring will be essential to ensure full implementation of the
detailed plans. These arrangements have been described as part of the EMP.
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10.16.2.1
Safeguard from Pollution from Labour Camps during Construction Phase:
The aggregation of large labour population and technical staff during construction phase is likely to
put significant stress because of discharge of sewage, solid wastes and other pollutants. The total
population due to congregation of work force and their families during construction phase is
expected to increase the local population significantly. This is likely to affect the existing
infrastructure. Thus, the EMP has identified several measures to be implemented to maintain the
facilities in labour camps, sanitation and sewage treatment facilities, solid waste management, and
provision of community kitchen.
10.16.2.2
Safeguard from Land Degradation and Pollution from Road Construction:
In hilly terrain, road construction often generates significant quantity of wastes (muck) due to the
stripping of the rocks to make way for the roads. The stripped muck is generally cleared by dumping
the material along the slopes. These dumped materials finally flow down to the valleys and
ultimately finds its way in to the river. The EMP includes measures so that the stripped material
would be collected and dumped in the designated muck disposal areas, protection against erosion,
and bio-engineering measures to protect the road slopes.
10.16.2.3
Safeguard related to Muck Disposal:
For managing huge quantity of muck to be generated by the project, a muck disposal plan has been
prepared. The plan includes, over and above reuse of part of the muck as construction material for
the project, site protection and rehabilitation measures which includes civil works, vegetative
measures, fencing and planting. As dumping areas are located closed to river Chenab, there are
chances of rolling down of muck/ loose material leading to blockage in river flow or contamination
of water due to silting. To avoid this, retaining walls of adequate height are to be developed at 30m
from the point of intersection of HFL with the river bank.
10.16.2.4
Safeguard and control of air pollution, noise pollution and water pollution.
Due to excavation as well as stone crushing activities, there shall be increase in the ground level
concentration of the Ambient Air Quality particularly PM10. There will be temporary increase in the
noise levels at the project site. But the noise level will be largely attenuated due to presence of thick
canopy of vegetal cover of the forests. Besides this the human settlement is far away from the
project site. All crushers will have cyclone, and particulate filters. Workers would be provided with
effective personal protective gears such as masks, ear muffs or ear plugs. Equipment and machinery
should be maintained regularly to keep the noise generation at the design level. Silencers and
mufflers of the individual machinery are to be regularly checked. The sewage generated from
various labour camps shall be treated in septic tanks before disposal by discharging into the river.
The septic tanks shall be located so as not to pollute the drinking water sources. During tunneling
work, the ground water flows into the tunnel along with construction water, which is used for
various works like drilling, shortcreting, etc. Settling tanks of adequate size to settle the suspended
impurities will be constructed. The sludge from the various settling tanks can be collected once in 15
days and disposed at the site designed for disposal of municipal solid wastes from the labour camps.
During construction stage periodical environmental monitoring of ambient air quality and noise and
water quality from different sources has been planned and incorporated in the relevant
management plan.
10.16.2.5
Impacts on Physical Cultural Resources
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The project area does not have known archaeological or historical sites or remains. This has been
confirmed by a field based archaeological examination of the project area.
10.16.2.6
Safeguard for involuntary land acquisition
For construction of project private land shall have to be acquired. The land requirement for various
components of the project i.e. diversion structure, intake structure and underground works have
been in sync with the dimensions determined on the basis of detailed hydraulic as well as structural
design. Some quantity of the muck generated has been proposed for consumptive use for
construction material thereby implying minimization of land required for muck disposal site as well
as quarry sites. Thus, to keep the land requirement to the minimum, an all-out effort has been
made. On the basis of the primary and secondary data collected in respect of the project affected
families a draft R & R Plan has been formulated in consonance with the principles enunciated in
“The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act, 2013”, which has come into force from 1-1-2014, notified by Government of
India.
10.16.2.7
Impacts Due to Loss of Forests
Due to diversion of forest land for the project purpose there will be loss to the existing flora coming
within the submergence area as well as other project components. As a safeguard measure,
compensatory afforestation has been formulated as per the statutory requirement.
10.16.3.
Road Construction
The project construction would entail significant vehicular movement for transportation of
construction machinery, construction material, Muck Disposal. Some of the existing roads in the
project area would require widening. To execute the various civil works, roads would be made for
linking the work site to other sites and to job facility areas. Most of the access roads connecting to
the project components shall be black topped while the temporary roads for the river quarry shall
be WBM roads. As per DPR, the length of the road to the dam site and other project areas including
widening of road shall be 15km while the length of roads to quarry and muck site shall be 5km.
10.16.3.1
Impacts Due to Construction of Roads
The construction of roads can lead to the following impacts:
•
•
•
10.16.3.2
The topography of the project area has steep to precipitous slope, which descends rapidly into
valleys. The conditions can give rise to erosion hazards due to net downhill movement of soil
aggregates.
Construction of new roads increases the accessibility of a hitherto undisturbed areas resulting in
greater human interferences and subsequent adverse impacts on the ecosystem.
Increased air pollution during construction phase.
Management Measures
The approach roads will have to be constructed as a part of the access to the construction site. Road
construction may result in loosening of soil/rock at places and give rise to landslides particularly due
to seepage water.
Landslides on steeply sloping bank can largely be controlled by provision of suitable drainage. The
basic principle is to intercept and divert as much water as possible, before it arrives at a point,
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where it becomes a nuisance. The other erosion hazard is that of surface erosion of the bank, which
is best controlled by vegetation. For such terrain of the project area which does not support
vegetation, engineering solutions such as surface drainage, sub-surface drainage, toe protection and
rock bolting can be used. The overall budget for construction of roads and bridges has been
earmarked under sub-head “R-Communications” in the DPR.
Road construction will generate muck due to the stripping / blasting of the rocks. The stripped
material would be collected (to the maximum extent) and dumped in the designated muck disposal
area, which will have retaining wall to prevent the muck to flow down into the river. After disposal
operation is complete at the dumpsite, the dump yard shall be stabilized by terracing and overlain
with geo-textile and seeded with suitable grass species.
The various aspects to be considered while making the project roads are briefly described in the
following paragraphs.
10.16.3.3
Construction
•
The clearing area shall be properly demarcated. Where erosion is likely to be a problem,
operations shall be so scheduled and performed that grading operations and permanent erosion
control of features can follow immediately thereafter, if the project conditions permit;
otherwise, temporary erosion control measures shall be provided between successive
construction stages.
•
The method of balanced cut and fill formation shall be adopted to avoid large difference in cut
and fill quantities.
The cut slopes shall be suitably protected by breast walls, provision of flat stable slopes,
construction of catch water and intercepting drains, treatment of slopes and unstable areas above
and underneath the road, etc.
Excavated material shall not be thrown haphazardly but dumped at designated dumping sites which
shall be stabilized by terracing and overlain with geo-textile and seeded with suitable grass species.
The access roads leading to power house, surge shaft, intake and dam shall be black topped while
the roads in the river quarry site and muck disposal sites shall be kutcha roads.
10.16.3.4
Drainage
•
All artificial drains shall be linked with the existing natural drainage system.
•
Surface drains shall have gentle slopes. Where falls in levels are to be negotiated, check dams
with silting basins shall be constructed and that soil is not eroded and carried away by high
velocity flows.
•
Location and alignment of culverts shall also be so chosen as to avoid severe erosion at outlets
and siltation at inlets.
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10.16.3.5
Grassing and Planting
•
Tree felling for road construction/works shall be avoided wherever possible. However,
compensatory afforestation shall be carried out for forest land used for the purpose.
•
Afforestation with suitable species will be attempted and sustained along the roadside to a
sufficient distance on either side of the road.
10.16.3.6
Other measures
•
Water will be sprayed regularly during construction phase of the haul roads to prevent
entrainment of dust.
•
Regular compaction of temporary roads shall also be carried out
10.16.4.
Budget
An amount of Rs 70.00 lakh has been earmarked for implementation of measures to mitigate
adverse impacts due to construction of roads (Table 10.75).
Table 10.75 : Details of expenditure for implementation of measures for management
S. N.
Item
1.
2.
Vacuum Clearing and grubbing @ Rs.0.30 lakh /km/year for 5 km of haul road
Provision of water for spray @ Rs. 750/tanker for 4 tankers per day for a
construction period of 240 days/year for 5.0 years
Providing Revetments and Breast walls
Total
3.
Cost
(Rs lakh)
9.00
36.00
25.00
70.00
10.17. Energy Conservation Measures
10.17.1.
Introduction
The execution of Kirthai HEP, Stage-I and appurtenant works there under have been proposed to be
carried out contractually to be completed in 60 months’ time. Infrastructure facilities shall be
developed pari passu with the construction activities. With the commencement of construction
activities the deployment of labour force comprising of skilled/semi-skilled/unskilled will take place
and at a given point of time 2100 workforce shall be engaged. It is expected that 50% of the total
work force shall be locally available and manpower to the tune of 1050 persons shall be imported
from other parts of the country. The temporary labour camps will be established at suitable location
in the project area. The fuel need of the labourers/ workers has to be attended in an organized
manner otherwise the labour may resort to indiscriminate felling of trees and shrubs owing to their
cost free and easy availability at leisure. Consequent deforestation if continued shall adversely affect
the ecosystem; therefore, pre-emptive action plan has to be devised to meet the fuel needs of
workers especially those residing in the labour camps. These objects can be best accomplished by
mandatory banning of the use of fuel wood in the labour camps besides complying with the
following obligatory steps:
•
In every contract document, mandatory clause should be made for the contractors to provide
community kitchen facilities to labourers who reside without family and to ensure supply of LPG
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fuel to the labourers living with families in camps failing which the contractor shall solely be
held responsible and liable for penalty and or remedial action.
•
10.17.2.
Providing free electricity for domestic purpose to the labourers residing in labour camps.
Alternate to Fuelwood
The fuel shall be required by the labour for cooking purpose, warming the rooms during cold months
and also for warming water. In natural course, if the workforce is allowed to manage these at their
will, the first choice shall be the free and readily available natural and conventional resources i.e.
fuel wood. Thus pressure due to immigrating labour using fuel-wood extracted free from the local
forest shall increase in alarming proportion which may lead to complete denudation of forest in
nearby pockets. Therefore, to avoid immediate pressure for fuel-wood in the adjoining forest and
consequential increased production of carbon emission it is proposed to use LPG for cooking and
electricity for lighting and heating.
10.17.3.
Scheme for Substitute Fuel to Labourers
Under this scheme a practical work plan has been prepared for implementing the subsidized fuel
scheme for the work force of the project. It is proposed to provide LPG connection for cooking,
kerosene and electricity for heating purposes.
10.17.3.1
Provision for LPG
It is proposed to establish a gas agency within the premises of project Head Quarters at Pilli village,
which will cater to the requirement of gas for cooking purposes of the employees and workmen/
labourer. Each workman family can refill 1 (one) cylinder after every 30 or more days depending on
actual consumption. About 2100 work force (skilled/unskilled) would be engaged temporarily during
peak construction period, out of which 50% shall be from bona fide residents of J & K. It is expected
that 50% of the work force belonging to resident Kashmiris shall be locally available from the
adjacent areas and shall manage to work at site by making to and fro journey from their home. Thus,
out of balance 1050 numbers, about 175 workmen shall reside in colonies with their families and
rest 875 in bachelor accommodations like dormitories/ field camps. The requirement of gas cylinder
per month has been worked out based on one cylinder per month for workmen living in family
accommodations and one cylinder for a group of 3 workers living in dormitories/ labour camps. The
total requirement of LPG cylinders for stipulated 5-year project period @ 467 cylinder / month
works to 28020 numbers.
10.17.3.2
Provision for Electricity
Electricity supply should be arranged for lighting purpose to the tune of two 100 W bulbs per family
and provision of street light should be made in the labour colony at the contractor’s cost. However,
use of LED should be encouraged from the consideration of saving of power and economy. The
electricity for heating purposes shall be provided at one (02) unit/day for each of 875 workers
residing in bachelor’s accommodation and two (05) unit/day for each of 175 workers residing in
family accommodations. Thus, the total consumption per day on this count shall be 2625 units and
the overall consumption during 60 months shall be 4725000 units.
10.17.3.3
Energy Conservation Devices
With a view to conserve electrical energy, wherever possible, it is proposed to resort to solar lighting
system for street lighting / park lighting etc. Besides this the workers shall be discouraged for using
conventional electric bulb/florescent tube lights which consume more wattage. For this the workers
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shall be encouraged to use energy saving lighting devices like LED Bulbs which shall be provided at
subsidized rates to the workers.
10.17.4.
Debitable Cost of Providing Fuelwood Substitute
The difference in cost of using fuel wood and other suggested substitutes which the contractors
shall be loading in their tendered rates and which finally shall be debited to the cost of project has
been assessed to the tune of Rs. 311 lakhs as shown in Table 10.76.
Table 10.76 : Cost of Providing Fuel Wood Substitute
S. N.
Item
Unit
1
Conventional Fuel wood
Qtl.
2
Alternate fuel
(I)
LPG
Cylinder
(ii)
Electricity
Unit
Sub Total (2)
3
Difference between conventional
and alternate cost
4
Providing LED Bulbs at 80% subsidy
to workers
5
Providing Solar Street Lighting (SL7Nos.
15 Watts Solar Street Light) in
snow bound areas
6
Providing Stainless Steel Flat Plate
Nos.
Collector Solar Water Heater
(200lpd) complete with tank
Total
Say
Estimated
Consumption
Per
Project
month
period
630
37800
Rate
(Rs.)
Cost (Rs.
lakh)
550
207.90
467
78750
28020
4725000
900
5
-
-
-
252.18
236.25
488.43
280.53
-
-
3.00
50
30000
15.00
-
40
30000
12.00
310.53
311.00
It is thus eloquent from the table that the additional cost due to application of alternate fuel to fuel
wood due to environmental constraint shall be attributed to the environment management of the
project under provision for substituted fuel. The cost is inconsequential when compared to the loss
of 3500 trees which would have been cut for meeting the fuel wood requirement. The assessment is
based on very conservative approach by adopting conversion factor of 3.6 Qtl/cum and the cubical
content of a tree as 3 cum. per tree. This implies that on the assumed average stock density of 200
trees per ha, in all 17.5 ha forest area would have to be sacrificed for this purpose.
10.18. Summary of Cost Estimates Under EMP
10.18.1.
Summary of Cost
The summary of cost estimate of various environment management plans as contained in this report
is enumerated below in Table-10.77.
Table 10.77 : Summary of Total Cost Estimate
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S.N.
Plans
Total Cost
(Rs Lakh)
Capital Cost
(Rs Lakh)
Annual
Recurring Cost
(Rs lakh)
1.
Catchment Area Treatment Plan
5000.00
4400.00
120.00
2.
3.
4.
Compensatory Afforestation Scheme
Wildlife and Bio-diversity Management plan
Fisheries Management Plan
7470.00
110.00
760.00
7345.00
55.00
25.00
11.00
5.
6.
Resettlement & Rehabilitation Plan
Green Belt Development Plan
10383.00
29.00
760.00
10383.00
19.00
0.00
0.00
2.00
7.
Reservoir Rim Treatment Plan
889.00
889.00
0.00
8.
Muck Management Plan
10.00
Restoration Plan for Quarry & Landscape plan
10.
Disaster Management Plan
95.00
40.00
6.00
3.00
11.
Water, Air and Noise Management Plan
6696.00
125.00
55.00
95.00
6696.00
9.
12.
13.
Public Health Delivery Plan
Labour Management Plan
70.00
15.00
26.00
5.00
38.40
14.00
14.
Sanitation & Solid Waste Management Plan
472.00
225.00
49.40
15.
Local Area Development Plan
1350.00
1350.00
0.00
16.
Environmental Safeguards
70.00
25.00
9.00
17.
Energy Conservation Measures
311.00
30.00
56.20
18.
Environmental Monitoring Plan
82.00
30.50
10.30
34200.00
32453.50
359.30
207.00
96.00
Grand Total
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Chapter 11.
: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
11.1. Background
Considering the vast and untapped potential and availability, of the hydro resources in India, the
development of hydropower projects is required to be explored fully. Power generation from such
projects is also comparatively less damaging for the environment. Though power production from
hydro resources does have its environmental concerns such as large inundations, disposal of muck
and rehabilitation and resettlement (R&R) problems, they can be suitably handled with appropriate
plans. e.g. the problem of muck disposal is always resolvable if the restoration of disposal areas is
carried out in a scientific way. It would also be appropriate to state here that the problems related
to large inundations and R&R issues may be tackled by going in for run-of-the-river schemes in place
of large reservoir schemes as the quantum of inundation and displacement will be much less in runof-the-river scheme projects.
The Kirthai HEP underwent evolutionary change for obviating a large-scale displacement of people
of Paddar Valley and submergence of 643 ha and 1760 ha agricultural and forest land respectively.
The finally emerged schemes now encompass:
(i)
(ii)
Kirthai HEP – I
As a first development, 122 M high dam from river bed level, near village Gulabgarh, about
275 m upstream of existing Bailey bridge across the Chenab, with 160m long HRT leading to
underground power house (380 MW) and an auxiliary surface powerhouse (10 MW) on right
bank.
Kirthai HEP – II
As a second stage development to utilize the full potential, another 121 m high dam (above
riverbed level) about 16 km d/s of the dam axis of stage – I and 250 m u/s of Kidur Nallah
with 4.289 km HRT leading to underground power house (840 MW) and dam-toe
powerhouse (90 MW).
11.2. Need for The Project
The need for Kirthai HEP, Stage-II, installed capacity 930 MW, in the lower reach of the Chenab
Basin, which stores 10360 MW power potential being 85.7% of the total hydropower potential of
the state, has therefore been considered in context of power shortage in the Northern region in
general and in the country as whole. The project has been conceptualized as a run-of-the-river
under the ambitions cascading development programme of hydropower in the Chenab basin, is an
upstream development of the proposed Kiru HEP (600MW) and is on the downstream of the
proposed Kirthai HEP (3900MW). Thus, Kirthai HEP, Stage-II, installed capacity 9300 MW, shall have
a maximum live storage of 17.0 MCM at FRL El 1764 masl and diurnal storage of 2.4 MCM for the
peaking purpose. It presents itself as techno-viable and an attractive scheme for statutory clearance
and development.
11.3. Location and Approach
The project is in Tehsil Paddar; with headquarter at Atholi, of newly created district of Kishtwar of
Jammu & Kashmir. The proposed diversion dam on the Chenab shall be located near Kidur about
13.5 km downstream of Gulabgarh at longitude 760 04’ 37” E and latitude 330 18’ 41” N. The
underground powerhouse shall be located on left bank of the Chenab near Lidrari Nalla. The project
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site is accessible by NH-1A up to Batote and beyond it up to Kishtwar by NH–1B and then up to
Gulabgarh by black topped road being manned by the BRO.
11.4. Project Features
Kirthai HEP, Stage-II, has been contemplated as a run of the river scheme on the Chenab. It
envisages utilization of river water through average net head of 225.0 m for generation of annual
energy of 3159.72 MU at 90% dependability, through an underground powerhouse (6X140MW) to
be located on the left bank of the Chenab near Lidrari Nalla and a dam toe power house with
average net head of 99.95m for generation of annual energy of 307.19 MU, thereby resulting into an
annual generation of 3466.19 MU. The project comprises of 121 m high concrete gravity dam (from
deepest foundation level), with overall length 219.80 m at top i.e. El 1766 mamsl and consisting of
93 m long over flow section. The sluice spillway, with 5 bays fitted with radial gates(9mx11.5m), with
crest at El 1712.5 mamsl, has been designed to pass the PMF of 9600 cumec. A power intake with
invert level at El 1731.80 mamsl shall convey the regulated discharge four desilting chambers
(440mx19mx24.87m) which in turn are joined to four flushing tunnels/ducts (3.6mx2.5m) to escape
silt laden water into the river. Appropriate HRT manifold shall be provided from which 10.5 m
diameter 4.289 km long HRT, with invert level at the start El 1725.00 mamsl, shall take off to convey
421.87 cumec discharge to 31.6 m diameter surge shaft connected at its lower end to concrete lined
steel liner pressure shafts (3 No,5.25m diameter,827m long), each further bifurcating to unit
penstocks to feed six number generating units of 140 MW capacity each under average net rated
head of 220.62 m and housed in an underground power house of cavity size 187.5 m X 22 m X 49.7m
on the left bank of the Chenab. The discharge through draft tubes shall be led to the river through
10.5m diameter352.5m long circular tunnel with average outfall at El 1530 mamsl. For dam toe
powerhouse a Power intake shall be provided in the dam block-9 to exploit the environmental flow
release of 99.71 cumec at a net head of 99.43 m at the dam toe power house. The water from the
powerhouse shall be conveyed through 51m long TRC.
The reservoir FRL has been fixed at El 1764 mamsl from the consideration of submergence alone.
The Minimum Draw Down Level (MDDL) has been estimated at 1750.75 m, from consideration of
the live storage of 17 MCM, available between the proposed FRL and MDDL, to be adequate for
peaking operation of the station for about 44 hours in a week with flows corresponding to the
minimum mean discharge (MMD) and releases within the daily volume restrictions of 50% to 130%
of the corresponding daily inflows permissible within the scope of the Indus Water Treaty. The
average load factor of the operation of the main power house during lean period would be about
10.1%% ensuring peak operation of the power house for about 2.4 hours daily. Annual Plant Load
factor of the main station would be about 43.00%. The firm power from the project shall be118.8
MW. The power generated will be helpful in mitigation of the power shortage in Northern Grid. The
project, proposed to be completed in five years’ time frame, shall require 2100 persons including
professionals, technical, skilled and unskilled labours during the peak construction stage.
11.5. Environment Impact Assessment
The EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. has conducted the Environment Impact study, as per ToR issued by the
MoEFCC vide letter no. J-12011/6/2008-IA-1 5th June 2013.
11.6. Existing Status of Environment
11.6.1. Physical Environment
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The catchment is having variable physiography, climate, geology, slope, soil types and land
use/land cover.
11.6.2. Local Geology of Project Area
Geological mapping has revealed that all the components of the project are located on the Pias
Granite which is intruded within the Kishtwar Window.
11.6.3. Land use/Land Cover
The dominating land use classes are, dense forest (37.19%), open forest (40.09%), snow / glacier
(16.53%) and agriculture land (3.09%)
11.6.4. Total Land Requirement for Construction of the Project
For execution of the project 225.50 ha land, falling in Tehsil Paddar of District Kishtwar, shall be
required of which the apportionment between State, Private and Reserved forest land shall be 40.00
ha, 43.00 ha, 142.25 ha respectively
11.6.5. Archaeological / Historical Monuments/Sensitive Area
No archaeological monument of national importance either lies in the project area or in its
submergence area. No National Park, Sanctuary, Defense Establishments, Archeological
Monuments, Notified Eco-sensitive areas or protected area under Wild Life (Protection) Act exists
within the project area or within 10 km from it.
11.6.6. Soil Quality
The soil texture is Sandy loam. The soil pH ranges from 6.8 to 7.78, thereby indicating the soil is
neutral to slightly alkaline. The Organic Carbon content of soil varied from 0.8% to 2.2%, thereby
implying that soils are high in organic content. Available nitrogen content in the surface soils ranges
between 28 and 95 mg/kg (64.0 kg/ha- 222kg/ha) thereby indicating that soils are low in available
nitrogen content. Available phosphorus content ranges between 3.8 and 9.6 mg/kg (8.7 kg/ha-22.3
kg/ha) thereby indicating that soils are low to medium in available phosphorus. Available potassium
content in these soil ranges between 21.8 and 59.4mg/kg (49.7 kg/ha-38.1 kg/ha) thereby indicating
that the soils are low to medium in potassium content.
11.6.7. Air and Noise Environment
The monitoring results of ambient air quality observed during 2014 shows that the pollutants
concentration in the air is well below the permissible limit (PM10: 33.4 - 60 µg/m3; SO2: 2.8 – 7.9
µg/m3; NOx:7.1-15.9 µg/m3) as there are no industries in the area and the density of vehicular
traffic is not alarming. The monitoring results of ambient air quality observed during pre-monsoon
2019, were show that the maximum concentration of PM10, PM2.5, NOX and SO2 observed was
60.8µg/m3, 38.3µg/m3 15.9 µg/m3 and 7.1 µg/m3 respectively. Thus, it was found that during
additional season too, the concentration of pollutants was within the limits. The noise monitoring
shows that day and night time noise levels are higher at dam site near river bed due to flow of
river. The noise level is within the prescribed limit in all the monitoring stations except dam site
11.6.8. Water Environment
The pH values of all analyzed samples ranged between 7.3 to 7.7 and are within the acceptable limit
(6.5-8.5). The TDS levels ranged from 51 to 92 mg/l and were less than the desirable limit of 500
mg/l. Total hardness levels ranged from 36 to 82 mg/l and were well below the acceptable limit of
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200 mg/l. The dissolved oxygen values ranged between 8.1 to 9.5 mg/l and were more than 6mg/l,
i.e., the limit under CPCB Water Quality Criteria for designated best use (A). The chlorides level in
surface water samples ranged from 6 -16 mg/l and were below the acceptable limit of 250 mg/l. The
sulphates level ranged from 5.5 to 17 mg/l and were below the acceptable limit of 200 mg/l.
Nitrates at all the locations were within the acceptable limit (45 mg/l) as it ranged between 1.5 to
3.0 mg/l. Iron at all the locations were within the acceptable limit (1.0 mg/l) as it ranged between
0.03 to 0.04 mg/l. The fluoride content in water ranged between 0.06 to 0.83 mg/l i.e., within the
tolerance limit (1.5 mg/l). The heavy metal content was found below detectable limits. The BOD
values ranged between 0.3 to 1.0 mg/l and were within the CPCB criteria of less than 2mg/l for Class
A water. The Total Coliform level were less than 50 MPN/100ml, the limits specified for Class A
water under CPCB Water Quality Criteria for designated best use. The water is suitable for meeting
drinking water requirements after conventional treatment and disinfection.
The analysis results have been compared with the drinking water quality standard (IS 10500 :2012)
reference values and also in respect of CPCB Water Quality Criteria for designated best use. The pH
values of all analyzed samples ranged between 7.52 to 7.62 and are within the acceptable limit (6.58.5). The TDS levels ranged from 53 to 100 mg/l and were less than the desirable limit of 500 mg/l.
Total hardness levels ranged from 16.5 to 43 mg/l and were well below the acceptable limit of 200
mg/l. The dissolved oxygen values ranged between 7.8 to 8.8 mg/l and were more than 6mg/l, i.e.,
the limit under CPCB Water Quality Criteria for designated best use (A). The chlorides level in
surface water samples ranged from 10 -20.8 mg/l and were below the acceptable limit of 250 mg/l.
The sulphates level ranged from 2.8 to 5.8 mg/l and were below the acceptable limit of 200 mg/l.
Nitrates at all the locations were within the acceptable limit (45 mg/l) as it ranged between 1.6 to
2.2 mg/l. The fluoride content in water ranged between 0.56 to 0.78 mg/l i.e., within the tolerance
limit (1.5 mg/l). The heavy metal content was found below detectable limits.
The BOD values ranged between 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l and were within the CPCB criteria of less than 2mg/l
for Class A water. The Total Coliform level were less than 500 MPN/100ml, the limits specified for
Class B water under CPCB Water Quality Criteria for designated best use. The water is suitable for
meeting drinking water requirements after conventional treatment and disinfection.
All physical and general parameters for ground water samples taken during pre-monsoon 2019 were
observed within the desirable limit as per IS10500:2012 (Second Revision).
11.6.9. Status of Biological Environment
11.6.9.1
Flora of The Project Area
Up-Stream Region
In the upstream region 3 sampling locations were selected these are submergence area, Gulabgarh
and Kirthai village. village. The most dominant plant species found at Gulabgarh are conifers (Cedrus
deodara/Pinus wallichiana), Quercus baloot, Poplus alba, and Pinus girardiana Shrub flora at this site
was dominated with Adhatoda vasica, Artemisia brevifolia and Buddleja asiatica. Herbaceous flora
was dominated with Amaranthus hybridus, Tridax procumbens and Cannabis sativa.
Vegetation of lower area of the right bank in Kirthai is dominated with Quercus baloot while upper
stretch of right bank is dominated by Cedrus deodara. Left bank of the river is predominated with
Quercus-devdar mixed forest. Artemisia brevifolia, Punica granatum, and Adhatoda vasica sp were
found the leading species in shrub flora. Herbaceous flora was dominated with Tridax procumbens,
Leucas cephalotes and Hedera nepalensis.
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Submergence area has been sampled near Dam site, Laie bridge and Kirthai. Cedrus deodara,
Quercus baloot and Alnus nitida were the tree species recorded from the area. Agave cantula,
Xanthium sp, Rosa macrophylla and Punica granatum were the leading species in shrub flora.
Herbaceous flora was dominated with Cannabis sativa, Tridax procumbens and Rumex sp.
Dam Site
Tree flora was dominated with Quercus baloot followed by Cedrus deodara and Alnus nitida.
Xanthium sp Desmodium elegans and Artemisia brevifolia were leading species in shrub’s flora
whereas herb’s flora was predominated with Cannabis sativa, Tridax procumbens and Amaranthus
hybridus.
Down-Stream Region
In the downstream Quercus baloot, Berberis aristata and Cannabis sativa were the dominant plant
species in tree, shrub and herb layers respectively.
Threatened species
Three RET species have been recorded/reported from study area; Viola sp, Juglans regia, Pinus
gerardiana.
11.6.9.2
Fauna
The Faunal study for the proposed Kirthai Hydro-electric project stage I was carried out in both the
submergence and influence zone of both upstream and downstream. The climate of the region is
wet temperate type as per Champion & Seth (1968).
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17 mammalian species of 5 order were recorded/reported during the survey.
Markhor, Himalayan Black Bear, Panther, Lynx are the species belonging to Schedule-I category
as per the Wildlife Protection Act (1972).
A total of 19 bird species belonging to 6 orders were observed during the survey.
As many as 14 species of butterflies belonging to 4 families were recorded from the impact zone
of the project.
The phytoplanktonic community in the study area comprised of three (3) major classes namely
Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae. The total number of 21 taxa were
recorded at different sites during the study period of which, Bacillariophyceae comprised of
eleven (11), Chlorophyceae of six (7) and Cyanophyceae with only one (3) taxa.
A total of 20 periphytic taxa were recorded belonged to three (3) classes, Bacillariophyceae,
Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae. The periphytic community represents total number of 20
taxa at different sites of which, Bacillariophyceae represents of fifteen (14), Chlorophyceae of
five (5) and Cyanophyceae with only one (1) taxa as recorded in phytoplankton community.
In the project area no fish were observed or catched in Winter and Pre-Monsoon season.
However, Schizothorax richardsonii (gray) having a size of 22 cm was recorded in monsoon
season at downstream tributary (Honser Nallah) near Kirthai. As per consultation with
concerned fisheries officials and researchers, EIA references available and public consultation
conducted at Gulabgarh, Kishtwar, fish diversity and density are limited to few species like Snow
Trout (Schizothorax richardsonii) only fish recorded during Monsoon season, Loaches
(Nemachelus sp. and Botia sp.,) Glyptosternoids (Glyptothorax sp.)
11.6.10.
Social and Cultural Background of The Area
11.6.10.1
Demographic Profile and Literacy Rate of The Study Area
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There are altogether 12 Villages, including projected affected villages, in the study area. The total
number of households are 1828 whereas population is 8893. The average household size is 4.86.
Scheduled caste population comprise 14.1 % of the total population whereas Scheduled Tribe
population is 3%. Sex Ratio is 917 females per 100