ANIMAL KINGDOM INTRODUCTION 01 03 OVERVIEW EXERCISE 02 04 THE TOPIC ASSIGNMENT INTRODUCTION Zoology Came from the Greek words Zoo = animals logos= to study “History is the zoology of the Human Race.” —Franz Grillparzer 01 OVERVIEW WHAT IS THIS TOPIC ABOUT? Fundamental Properties of Life Theory of Evolution Definition of Terms Origin and Chemistry of Life WHAT IS LIFE? ■ No simple definition ■ The history of life shows extensive and ongoing change called evolution ■ Answer must be based on the common history of life on earth Properties of Life Chemical Uniqueness: Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex molecular organization Complexity and Hierarchical Organization: Living systems demonstrate unique and complex hierarchical organization Reproduction: Living systems can reproduce themselves Possession of a Genetic Program: A genetic program provides fidelity of inheritance Properties of Life Metabolism: Living organisms maintain themselves by acquiring nutrients from their environments Development: All organisms pass through characteristic life cycle Environmental Interaction: All animals interact with their environments Movement: Living systems and their part show precise and controlled Movements arising from within The system SATURN VENUS Saturn is the ringed planet. It’s a gas giant, composed mostly of hydrogen and helium Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot Theory of Evolution ● On the Origin of Species- Charles Darwin Principles of Science Scientific Method Hypothesis Theory Paradigm Scientific revolution For the first 3 Billion years of earth’s history life existed only as single celled bacteria and protists 3/4ths of all geologic time was dominated by primitive, slowly evolving microbes virtually the entire basic organization of the biological world dates from this time Multi cellular bacteria and protists set the stage for animals unicellular 1 BY ago multicellular organisms appeared and began to diversify MULTICELLULARITY Advantages: ● ● ● allows individual cells to become more specialized for specific functions allow much more variation in size & shape multicellular organism becomes more resilient Disadvantages: ● ● multicellularity was not a major step but a natural progression toward increased competitive interaction and specialization ● ● ● ● ● individual cells become completely dependent on each other larger organisms need MUCH MORE food and oxygen as size increases need more elaborate ways to supply each cell with nutrients and remove wastes need method of coordination and control to get all parts on the “same page” need some kind of support, especially on land, to counteract gravity Dispersal becomes more of an issue HISTORY OF ANIMAL LIFE Fossils ● ● The Animal Kingdom has dominated life on earth for the past 600 MY (at least in terms of ‘visible’ species) we have a fairly good fossil record as evidence of life’s history over this time ● the oldest species are very different from the species in the world today ● the total number of species has generally increased over the history of life on earth Theories of Evolution and Heredity ● Common Descent All forms of life descended from a common ancestor through a branching of lineages ● Multiplication of Species The evolutionary process produces new species by splitting and transforming older ones ● Gradualism Large differences in anatomic traits that characterize diverse species originate through the accumulation of many small incremental changes over very long periods of time NATURAL SELECTION Adaptation A creative process that generates novel forms from the small individual variations that occur among organisms within a population PROBLEM SOLUTION lacked a successful theory of heredity Neo-Darwinism Describes Darwin’s theories as modified by incorporating the Chromosomal Theory Of Inheritance Mendelian Heredity and the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance consists of mating or “crossing” populations of organisms that are true-breeding for alternative traits, and then following hereditary transmission of those traits through subsequent generations True Breeding True breeding organisms are those that can transit certain traits to all their offspring. True breeding organisms appear to be similar to each other in appearance, respond similarly to the environment and are homogenous for many characteristics that differentiate them from other members of the same species. Angora Cats Duschand Arabian Horse HOMOLOGY similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor. (Common descent) WHAT IS A SPECIES? 1. Descend from a common ancestor 2. Exhibit reproductive compatibility HOW DO NEW SPECIES APPEAR? Speciation is a gradual process by which populations evolve into different species. It is how a new kind of plant or animal species is created. Speciation occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics. SO WHAT EXACTLY IS AN ANIMAL? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. All animals are multicellular organism Most animals are motile Most animals have true tissues, organs and organ systems All animals are heterotrophs Most animals produce energy by aerobic respiration Most animals store extra energy as fats or oils Most animals have a head with distinct sense organs and some kind of a brain Most animals have outgrowths or appendages Most reproduce sexually and asexually Most animals show complex development Behavior is an important tool for animal survival Most animals can produce unique chemicals All can adapt and occur across generations THANKS! CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik. Please keep this slide for attribution.
