Metabolic Processes - Part II Test Review Part A: True and False Aerobic cellular respiration requires that oxygen be present. A. True B. False Aerobic cellular respiration requires that oxygen be present. A. True B. False Cellular respiration results in the relatively rapid, uncontrolled release of energy from a molecule of glucose to produce ATP for use by cells for various functions. A. True B. False Cellular respiration results in the relatively rapid, uncontrolled release of energy from a molecule of glucose to produce ATP for use by cells for various functions. A. True B. False- relatively slow controlled The function of enzymes in a biochemical pathway is to speed the reactions up in order to produce product more efficiently. A. True B. False The function of enzymes in a biochemical pathway is to speed the reactions up in order to produce product more efficiently. A. True B. False - control the reactions Enzymes lower activation energy. A. True B. False Enzymes lower activation energy. A. True B. False Krebs cycle is located in the matrix of the mitochondria. A. True B. False Krebs cycle is located in the matrix of the mitochondria. A. True B. False The electron transport chain is located on the inner portion of the cell membrane. A. True B. False The electron transport chain is located on the inner portion of the cell membrane. A. True B. False - inner mitochondrial membrane When oxygen is scarce in human muscle tissue, ethanol fermentation takes place in order to keep glycolysis running. A. True B. False When oxygen is scarce in human muscle tissue, ethanol fermentation takes place in order to keep glycolysis running. A. True B. False - lactic acid fermentation The ultimate metabolic waste product from the metabolism of proteins is ammonia. A. True B. False The ultimate metabolic waste product from the metabolism of proteins is ammonia. A. True B. False Fatty acids need to be metabolized to pyruvate before they can enter Krebs cycle. A. True B. False Fatty acids need to be metabolized to pyruvate before they can enter Krebs cycle. A. True B. False - acetly-CoA In the absence of oxygen, human muscle cells convert pyruvate to lactate in order to keep resupplying glycolysis with NAD+. A. True B. False In the absence of oxygen, human muscle cells convert pyruvate to lactate in order to keep resupplying glycolysis with NAD+. A. True B. False Through ethanol fermentation, yeast are able to metabolize glucose to ethanol and produce distilled spirits of around 40% alcohol directly. A. True B. False Through ethanol fermentation, yeast are able to metabolize glucose to ethanol and produce distilled spirits of around 40% alcohol directly. A. True B. False - 12% alcohol directly Part B: Multiple Choice Which of the following processes most likely does not involve anaerobic conditions? a. yeast causing bread dough to rise b. bacteria working in an aeration tank at a sewage plant c. bacteria in the soil help in composting d. alcohol is produced in fermentation e. sewage breaks down in a septic tank Which of the following processes most likely does not involve anaerobic conditions? a. yeast causing bread dough to rise b. bacteria working in an aeration tank at a sewage plant c. bacteria in the soil help in composting d. alcohol is produced in fermentation e. sewage breaks down in a septic tank Which of the following would you expect yeast cells to be able to use for anaerobic respiration? a. b. c. d. e. maltose fructose sucrose glucose all of the above Which of the following would you expect yeast cells to be able to use for anaerobic respiration? a. b. c. d. e. maltose fructose sucrose glucose all of the above In which of the following situations would you least expect to find anaerobic respiration occurring? a. a vat in which beer is being manufactured b. a human brain engaged in writing this test c. the inside of a bacterium living inside a human intestine d. a runner's leg muscle during a 400m dash e. the sediments at the bottom of a pond In which of the following situations would you least expect to find anaerobic respiration occurring? a. a vat in which beer is being manufactured b. a human brain engaged in writing this test c. the inside of a bacterium living inside a human intestine d. a runner's leg muscle during a 400m dash e. the sediments at the bottom of a pond During aerobic cellular respiration, which of the following is the most common type of reaction to take place in the cell? a. hydrolysis b. condensation c. neutralization d. redox e. dehydration During aerobic cellular respiration, which of the following is the most common type of reaction to take place in the cell? a. hydrolysis b. condensation c. neutralization d. redox e. dehydration The reactants in cellular respiration, glucose, and oxygen are stable compounds. How do these substances react? a. the activation energy is reduced by a higher pressure inside the cell b. the activation energy is reduced by a higher temperature inside the mitochondrion c. the activation energy is reduced by enzymes d. the activation energy is reduced by inorganic catalysts e. none of the above The reactants in cellular respiration, glucose, and oxygen are stable compounds. How do these substances react? a. the activation energy is reduced by a higher pressure inside the cell b. the activation energy is reduced by a higher temperature inside the mitochondrion c. the activation energy is reduced by enzymes d. the activation energy is reduced by inorganic catalysts e. none of the above Glycolysis can best be described as which of the following kinds of pathways? a. catabolic and synthetic b. glycolytic and aerobic c. aerobic and catabolic d. anaerobic and catabolic e. anaerobic and anabolic Glycolysis can best be described as which of the following kinds of pathways? a. catabolic and synthetic b. glycolytic and aerobic c. aerobic and catabolic d. anaerobic and catabolic e. anaerobic and anabolic What is the function of water in oxidative phosphorylation? a. accept electrons during Krebs cycle b. hydrolyze carbohydrates c. add hydrogen ions to pyruvate at the end of glycolysis d. supply hydrogen ions e. supply electrons for the reduction of NADP What is the function of water in oxidative phosphorylation? a. accept electrons during Krebs cycle b. hydrolyze carbohydrates c. add hydrogen ions to pyruvate at the end of glycolysis d. supply hydrogen ions e. supply electrons for the reduction of NADP Where in the electron transport chain does the energy come from for the synthesis of ATP? a. the combination of hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen to form water b. the breakdown of water c. the cytochromes d. an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane e. oxygen Where in the electron transport chain does the energy come from for the synthesis of ATP? a. the combination of hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen to form water b. the breakdown of water c. the cytochromes d. an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane e. oxygen At the end of the electron transport chain, the final product is which of the following? a. b. c. d. e. cytochrome oxidase pyruvate co-enzyme A ATP water At the end of the electron transport chain, the final product is which of the following? a. b. c. d. e. cytochrome oxidase pyruvate co-enzyme A ATP water Proteins are to ribosomes as ATP is to which of the following cell organelles? a. b. c. d. e. centrioles mitochondria Golgi apparatus chromosomes nucleus Proteins are to ribosomes as ATP is to which of the following cell organelles? a. b. c. d. e. centrioles mitochondria Golgi apparatus chromosomes nucleus Glucose is slightly modified at the beginning of glycolysis. Which of the following modifications takes place? a. b. c. d. e. addition of an atom of oxygen addition of a phosphate group removal of an atom of oxygen addition of a hydrogen removal of a molecule of water Glucose is slightly modified at the beginning of glycolysis. Which of the following modifications takes place? a. b. c. d. e. addition of an atom of oxygen addition of a phosphate group removal of an atom of oxygen addition of a hydrogen removal of a molecule of water In which of the following forms is energy immediately made available for use by living cells? a. b. c. d. e. ATP glucose ADP fats starch In which of the following forms is energy immediately made available for use by living cells? a. b. c. d. e. ATP glucose ADP fats starch The final product from the electron transport chain that contains most of the electrons is which of the following? a. b. c. d. e. cytochrome oxidase oxygen chlorophyll ATP water The final product from the electron transport chain that contains most of the electrons is which of the following? a. b. c. d. e. cytochrome oxidase oxygen chlorophyll ATP water During aerobic cellular respiration, which of the following molecules activates Krebs cycle? a. citrate b. pyruvate c. cytochrome oxidase d. acetyl coenzyme A e. carbon dioxide During aerobic cellular respiration, which of the following molecules activates Krebs cycle? a. citrate b. pyruvate c. cytochrome oxidase d. acetyl coenzyme A e. carbon dioxide Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration for which of the following reasons? a. less ATP is produced in anaerobic respiration b. aerobic respiration allows for rapid oxidation during strenuous exercise c. blood carries more than enough oxygen to support aerobic respiration d. only bacteria and yeast use anaerobic respiration e. most animals have to breathe air in order to survive Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration for which of the following reasons? a. less ATP is produced in anaerobic respiration b. aerobic respiration allows for rapid oxidation during strenuous exercise c. blood carries more than enough oxygen to support aerobic respiration d. only bacteria and yeast use anaerobic respiration e. most animals have to breathe air in order to survive At the end of glycolysis, most of the energy originally found in glucose is located in molecules of a. b. c. d. e. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) reduced NAD pyruvate ATP lactate At the end of glycolysis, most of the energy originally found in glucose is located in molecules of a. b. c. d. e. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) reduced NAD pyruvate ATP lactate When muscles cells do work under anaerobic conditions, the muscle cells a. use lactate to synthesize glycogen for glycolysis b. use the pyruvate-acetyl-CoA shunt as an alternative energy source c. get their energy from oxidative phosphorylation instead d. produce lactate and release energy that way e. stop functioning, which results in cramping When muscles cells do work under anaerobic conditions, the muscle cells a. use lactate to synthesize glycogen for glycolysis b. use the pyruvate-acetyl-CoA shunt as an alternative energy source c. get their energy from oxidative phosphorylation instead d. produce lactate and release energy that way e. stop functioning, which results in cramping Proteins and fats may be used in respiration if first they are converted, respectively, into a. pyruvate and lactate b. pyruvate and acetyl CoA c. pyruvate and citrate d. citrate and oxaloacetate e. oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA Proteins and fats may be used in respiration if first they are converted, respectively, into a. pyruvate and lactate b. pyruvate and acetyl CoA c. pyruvate and citrate d. citrate and oxaloacetate e. oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA Amino acids can enter cellular respiration, but first they have to be a. b. d. c. e. deaminated hydrolyzed converted to glucose phosphorylated converted into protein Amino acids can enter cellular respiration, but first they have to be a. b. d. c. e. deaminated hydrolyzed converted to glucose phosphorylated converted into protein Part C: Short Answer How are the chemical equations for cellular respiration and photosynthesis related? It is the same equation, just reversed for photosynthesis. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy How can the process of cellular respiration be kept track of? In cellular respiration there are three components to track: (1) rearrangement of Carbon skeleton (2)production of ATP and (3) reduction/oxidation reactions (REDOX) In the overall reaction for cellular respiration, what is oxidized and what is reduced? Ultimately, glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced to form water What is the “final electron acceptor” in cellular respiration? What molecules transfer or carry the electrons? (You should be able to identify both of these molecules.) The final electron acceptor in cellular respiration is oxygen. Electron carriers are co-enzymes or cytochromes. Glycolysis What is another general name for glucose in these reactions? Another general name for glucose is " substrate". Describe the process in which energy is supplied to “kick start” glycolysis. The process where energy is supplied to kick start glycolysis is substrate-level phosphorylation. What is “substrate level phosphorylation”? Why is it important? ATP is synthesized through the action of an enzyme directly on a respiratory substrate. The Citric Acid Cycle (aka The Krebs Cycle): What must happen to pyruvate before it can enter the CAC? Pyruvate must first cross the membranes of the mitochondrion, where it is converted to acetyl co-enzyme A (acetyl co-A) by the removal of CO2 and the reduction of NAD+ to NADH + H+. Why is this part of cellular respiration called the Citric Acid Cycle? This part of cellular respiration is called the Citric Acid Cycle because citric acid is a major intermediate created when acetyl co-A and oxaloacetate join together at the beginning of the cycle. How many rotations of the CAC are required for one glucose molecule? Two rotations of the CAC are required for one glucose molecule. At this point in the process of cellular respiration, where is most of energy from glucose stored? At this point, most of the energy from glucose is stored as NADH + H+ (reduced NAD+). The Electron Transport Chain: How many ATP are produced from one NADH + H+? How many ATP are produced from one FADH2? What is this process called? Three molecules of ATP are produced from one NADH + H+. Two ATP are generated from one FADH2. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation. How are the electrons moved in the ETC? Electrons are moved along by a series of electron carriers in order of decreasing electrical potential. At three positions in the chain the energy drop is sufficient to drive the synthesis of ATP. (Recall: ATP synthesis is an endergonic reaction.) Describe the electron carriers which make up the ETC? The electron carriers are made up of four multiprotein complexes which extend across the mitochondrial inner membrane. How do the large number of folds of the inner mitochondrion membrane assist in this process? How is this folding related to specific energy requirements of the cell? The large number of folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane provide a large surface area to accommodate a large number of electron transport complexes. Mitochondria in insect flight muscles and other cells with high energy requirements typically have an extensively folded inner membrane. Cells with lower energy requirements have fewer folds. Describe chemiosmosis completely? Chemisomosis is the theory of ATP synthesis, proposed by Mitchell, which states that a proton gradient is created across a membrane, and as the protons return through a membrane via a channel, ATP is produced. Respiratory Control: What 2 processes are “coupled” in order to control cellular respiration? ATP synthesis and electron transport are "coupled" in order to control cellular respiration. How do some poisons interfere with respiratory control? What is the result? Dinitrophenol (DNP) transports protons across membrane (sending them back into the matrix), eliminating the proton motive force, bypassing the ATP synthase channel. Distinguish between alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation involves the breakdown of pyruvate into acetaldehyde by the removal of CO2 and finally to ethanol by the oxidation of NADH + H +. This occurs in the absence of oxygen in yeast cells. Lactic acid fermentation involves the breakdown of pyruvate, in the absence of oxygen, to lactic acid by the oxidation of NADH + H+. This occurs in animal muscle cells and in certain microogranisms.
