What is the general name for the cells of the immune response?<br>White blood cells (WBCs) or Leukocytes<br>
White Blood Cells can be found in the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> or <span class=cloze>[...]</span>White Blood Cells can be found in the <span class=cloze>peripheral blood</span> or <span class=cloze>tissues</span><br> Blood cell formation is known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Blood cell formation is known as <span class=cloze>hematopoiesis</span><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> can develop into any type of blood cell and they are found in the <span class=cloze>[...]</span><span class=cloze>Hematopoietic stem cells</span> can develop into any type of blood cell and they are found in the <span class=cloze>bone marrow</span><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> control the different developmental pathways for hematopoietic stem cells<span class=cloze>Cytokines</span> and <span class=cloze>Growth factors</span> control the different developmental pathways for hematopoietic stem cells<br> Hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into <span class=cloze>[...]</span> or <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into <span class=cloze>common myeloid progenitor</span> or <span class=cloze>common lymphoid progenitor&nbsp;</span><br> Common myeloid progenitors gives rise to cells that are mainly involved in <span class=cloze>[...]</span> immunityCommon myeloid progenitors gives rise to cells that are mainly involved in <span class=cloze>innate</span> immunity<br> Common lymphoid progenitors gives rise to cells that are mainly involved in <span class=cloze>[...]</span> immunityCommon lymphoid progenitors gives rise to cells that are mainly involved in <span class=cloze>adaptive</span> immunity<br> Which kind of cells can the Common Myeloid Progenitor differentiate into?Neutrophils, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophils, Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Dendritic Cells
Which kind of cells can the Common Lymphoid Progenitor differentiate into?T Cells, B Cells, NK Cells, and Dendritic Cells
Which innate cells are mostly found in peripheral blood?<b>Granulocytes </b><i><b>(aka Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes)</b><br></i><div>- Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils</div><div><br></div><div>Monocytes <i>(not considered a granulocyte)</i></div>
Which innate cells are mainly found in the tissues?Macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells
Which cells are considered to be <b>granulocytes</b>?Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils<br><br><i>**MONOCYTES ARE <b>NOT </b>CONSIDERED GRANULOCYTES**</i>
Cells of the adaptive immune response are collectively known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Cells of the adaptive immune response are collectively known as <span class=cloze>lymphocytes</span><br> Which kind of white blood cells are lymphocytes?T-cells and B-cells<br><br>* NK cells??
Natural Killer (NK) cells are unique because they have <span class=cloze>[...]</span> immunity function but come from the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Natural Killer (NK) cells are unique because they have <span class=cloze>innate</span> immunity function but come from the <span class=cloze>common lymphoid progenitor&nbsp;</span><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are the most abundant white blood cell<span class=cloze>Neutrophils</span> are the most abundant white blood cell<br> Which white blood cell is the first to respond to the infection site?Neutrophils
What are the main functions of neutrophils?1. Phagocytosis<div><br></div><div>2. Digestion of microbes</div>
The number of neutrophils increase during <span class=cloze>[...]</span>The number of neutrophils increase during <span class=cloze>acute infection</span><br> Neutrophils can migrate from the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> to the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and they live for a few <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Neutrophils can migrate from the <span class=cloze>blood</span> to the <span class=cloze>tissues</span> and they live for a few <span class=cloze>days</span><br> Neutrophils have a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> nucleusNeutrophils have a <span class=cloze>segmented/lobed</span> nucleus<br> What kind of granules are found in <b>neutrophils</b>&nbsp;and what are their functions?&nbsp;- Primary and Secondary Granules<div><br></div><div>- Antimicrobial products</div>
Monocytes have a <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;nucleusMonocytes have a <span class=cloze>horseshoe-shaped</span>&nbsp;nucleus<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are not considered a granulocyte but still contain granules<span class=cloze>Monocytes</span> are not considered a granulocyte but still contain granules<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are phagocytic and contain a digestive vacuole<span class=cloze>Monocytes</span> are phagocytic and contain a digestive vacuole<br> Monocytes can differentiate into <span class=cloze>[...]</span> when they enter the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Monocytes can differentiate into <span class=cloze>macrophages</span> when they enter the <span class=cloze>tissue</span><br> Macrophages are derived from <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and have a life span of <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Macrophages are derived from <span class=cloze>monocytes</span> and have a life span of <span class=cloze>months</span><br> Macrophages have different types/names depending on their location. What are two examples?1. Alveolar macrophage<div><br></div><div>2. Microglia</div>
What are the 3 functions of macrophages?1. Phagocytosis and digestion<div><br></div><div>2. Secretion of antimicrobial molecules</div><div><br></div><div>3. Antigen presentation to T cells</div>
<span class=cloze>[...]</span> can activate macrophages which causes killing of intracellular microbes<span class=cloze>T cells</span> can activate macrophages which causes killing of intracellular microbes<br> <div><br></div><div><br></div><i>T cell stimulates macrophage<b> ===&gt;</b> Increased Killing</i>
The number of <b>eosinophils</b>&nbsp;increases in <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span>The number of <b>eosinophils</b>&nbsp;increases in <span class=cloze>allergy</span> and <span class=cloze>parasitic infection</span><br> Eosinophils have a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> nucleusEosinophils have a <span class=cloze>bi-lobed</span> nucleus<br> Eosinophil's granules contain <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Eosinophil's granules contain <span class=cloze>antimicrobial products</span> and <span class=cloze>cytokines</span><br> What functions do <b>eosinophils</b>&nbsp;have?1. Phagocytosis <i>(NOT A MAJOR WEAPON)</i><div><i><br></i></div><div>2. Secrete enzymes that kill large microbes <i>(e.g. parasites)</i></div>
What white blood cell is least abundant?Basophils
What are the function of <b>basophils</b>?1. Allergic response <i>(histamine &amp; cytokine secretion)</i><div><i><br></i></div><div>2. Stimulate B Cells to produce antibodies</div><div><br></div><div>3. Regulate T cell responses</div>
How long is the life span for basophils?Hours
Mast cells are mainly found in the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Mast cells are mainly found in the <span class=cloze>tissues</span><br> What type of tissues are <b>mast cells </b>found in?1. Skin<div><br></div><div>2. Mucosa</div><div><br></div><div>3. Connective tissues</div>
What are the main functions of <b>mast cells</b>?1. Secretion of histamine and enzymes<div><br></div><div>2. Allergic response</div>
Mast cells can live for several <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Mast cells can live for several <span class=cloze>months</span><br> Which white blood cell has robust phagocytosis?Dendritic cell
Which white blood cell has robust antigen presentation to T cells?Dendritic cells
Dendritic cells are mostly found in the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Dendritic cells are mostly found in the <span class=cloze>tissues</span><br> What is the <b>major </b>antigen presenting cell for the primary response?Dendritic Cells
Lymphocytes have a nucleus that is <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Lymphocytes have a nucleus that is <span class=cloze>large</span> and <span class=cloze>round</span><br> List the abundance of lymphocytes from most numerous to least numerousT cells &gt; B cells &gt; NK cells
T cells have an antigen receptor of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> specificityT cells have an antigen receptor of <span class=cloze>one</span> specificity<br> T cells recognize antigen fragments that are presented on <span class=cloze>[...]</span>T cells recognize antigen fragments that are presented on <span class=cloze>MHC molecules</span><br> All T cells have the surface protein <span class=cloze>[...]</span>All T cells have the surface protein <span class=cloze>CD3</span><br> Helper T cells have the surface protein <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Helper T cells have the surface protein <span class=cloze>CD4+</span><br> What are the functions of helper T cells?1. Produce cytokines<div><br></div><div>2. Help activate B cells</div><div><br></div><div>3. Help activate macrophages</div>
Cytotoxic T cells have the surface protein <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Cytotoxic T cells have the surface protein <span class=cloze>CD8+</span><br> What are the functions of Cytotoxic T cells?1. Kill virus-infected cells<div><br></div><div>2. Kill cancer cells</div>
The ratio of CD4 to CD8 cells is <span class=cloze>[...]</span>The ratio of CD4 to CD8 cells is <span class=cloze>2:1</span><br> Regulatory T cells express transcription factor <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Regulatory T cells express transcription factor <span class=cloze>Foxp3</span><br> What are the functions of regulatory T cells?1. Control immune response<div><br></div><div>2. Prevent autoimmunity</div>
How are Natural Killer (NK) cells different from T and B cells?NK cells are activated without the help of other cells
Natural killer cells have direct cell <span class=cloze>[...]</span> of target cellsNatural killer cells have direct cell <span class=cloze>killing</span> of target cells<br> Natural Killer (NK) cells provide early defense against <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Natural Killer (NK) cells provide early defense against <span class=cloze>virus-infected cells</span> and <span class=cloze>tumor cells</span><br> What are the primary lymphoid organs?Thymus and Bone marrow
What is the source of hematopoietic stem cells?Bone marrow
The <b>development </b>of T cells occurs in the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>The <b>development </b>of T cells occurs in the <span class=cloze>bone marrow</span><br> The <b>maturation </b>of T cells occurs in the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>The <b>maturation </b>of T cells occurs in the <span class=cloze>thymus</span><br> The thymus is located atop of the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>The thymus is located atop of the <span class=cloze>heart</span><br> The site of B cell <b>development </b>is the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>The site of B cell <b>development </b>is the <span class=cloze>bone marrow</span><br> The site of B cell <b>maturation </b>is the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>The site of B cell <b>maturation </b>is the <span class=cloze>bone marrow</span><br> Which lymphoid organ shrinks after puberty?Thymus
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?1. Spleen<div><br></div><div>2. Lymph Nodes</div><div><br></div><div>3. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue <i>(MALT)</i></div>
Lymphocytes spend a lot of their time in the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>, but often go into the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Lymphocytes spend a lot of their time in the <span class=cloze>tissues</span>, but often go into the <span class=cloze>blood</span> and <span class=cloze>lymphatics</span><br> Lymphocytes will die within <span class=cloze>[...]</span> when there is no <span class=cloze>[...]</span> stimulationLymphocytes will die within <span class=cloze>days</span> when there is no <span class=cloze>antigen</span> stimulation<br> The secondary lymphoid organs is a site where <span class=cloze>[...]</span> can be foundThe secondary lymphoid organs is a site where <span class=cloze>naive lymphocytes</span> can be found<br> In the secondary lymphoid organs, naive lymphocytes can encounter a presented <span class=cloze>[...]</span>In the secondary lymphoid organs, naive lymphocytes can encounter a presented <span class=cloze>antigen</span><br> What is the largest secondary lymphoid organ?Spleen
The function of the spleen is to filter <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> in the bloodThe function of the spleen is to filter <span class=cloze>old/dying cells</span> and <span class=cloze>antigens</span> in the blood<br> The spleen is made up of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span>The spleen is made up of <span class=cloze>red pulp</span> and <span class=cloze>white pulp</span><br> What is the function of the red pulp in the spleen?Disposal of old red blood cells
What does the white pulp of the spleen contain?T cells<div><br></div><div>B cells</div><div><br></div><div>Dendritic Cells and Macrophages to trap Antigens</div>
<span class=cloze>[...]</span> is water and solutes from blood that are in the lymphatic system<span class=cloze>Lymph</span> is water and solutes from blood that are in the lymphatic system<br> Some lymph and interstitial fluid enters back into the blood through the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Some lymph and interstitial fluid enters back into the blood through the <span class=cloze>veins</span><br> Some lymph is collected by lymphatic vessels which leads to the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Some lymph is collected by lymphatic vessels which leads to the <span class=cloze>lymph nodes</span><br> Antigens that enter through the skin go to the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> first, then get carried by lymph to the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Antigens that enter through the skin go to the <span class=cloze>tissues</span> first, then get carried by lymph to the <span class=cloze>lymph nodes</span><br> The lymph nodes consist of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> to trap antigensThe lymph nodes consist of <span class=cloze>dendritic cells</span> and <span class=cloze>macrophages</span> to trap antigens<br> In the lymph nodes, B cell zones are known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span>In the lymph nodes, B cell zones are known as <span class=cloze>follicles</span><br> In the lymph nodes, when sites of B cells become activated it is known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span>In the lymph nodes, when sites of B cells become activated it is known as <span class=cloze>germinal centers</span><br> When a B cell is activated, it becomes a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> that produces <span class=cloze>[...]</span>When a B cell is activated, it becomes a <span class=cloze>plasma cell</span> that produces <span class=cloze>antibodies</span><br> In the lymph nodes, T cell zones are known as the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and they have interactions with <span class=cloze>[...]</span>In the lymph nodes, T cell zones are known as the <span class=cloze>paracortical area</span> and they have interactions with <span class=cloze>antigen presenting cells</span><br> When a T cell recognizes an antigen in the lymph node, it stops <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and begins to <span class=cloze>[...]</span>. It will then exit the lymph node after <span class=cloze>[...]</span> days&nbsp;When a T cell recognizes an antigen in the lymph node, it stops <span class=cloze>circulation</span> and begins to <span class=cloze>proliferate</span>. It will then exit the lymph node after <span class=cloze>5</span> days&nbsp;<br> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the sites where MOST antigens enter the bodyThe <span class=cloze>mucosa</span> is the sites where MOST antigens enter the body<br> At the mucosa, many <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are there to present antigens&nbsp;At the mucosa, many <span class=cloze>dendritic cells</span> are there to present antigens&nbsp;<br> In the mucosa, T regulatory cells prevent response vs. non-pathogenic microbes by secreting <span class=cloze>[...]</span> proteins (cytokines)In the mucosa, T regulatory cells prevent response vs. non-pathogenic microbes by secreting <span class=cloze>anti-inflammatory</span> proteins (cytokines)<br> B cells have antigen receptors of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> specificityB cells have antigen receptors of <span class=cloze>one</span> specificity<br> B cells become <span class=cloze>[...]</span> after they are activated and have a function of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> productionB cells become <span class=cloze>plasma cells</span> after they are activated and have a function of <span class=cloze>antibody</span> production<br> <i>* Plasma cell = effector cell form of B cell</i>
What are the surface proteins that B cells contain?CD19 and CD21
M cells allow <span class=cloze>[...]</span> to enter the lymphoid follicle in the mucosaM cells allow <span class=cloze>antigens</span> to enter the lymphoid follicle in the mucosa<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are molecules that, by itself, generate adaptive immune response<span class=cloze>Immunogens</span> are molecules that, by itself, generate adaptive immune response<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> can specifically bind to an antibody and have its fragment recognized by T cells <i>(may not induce response)</i><span class=cloze>Antigens</span> can specifically bind to an antibody and have its fragment recognized by T cells <i>(may not induce response)</i><br> What are the <u>host factors</u> that influence the host respones to an antigen?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What are the <u>host factors</u> that influence the host respones to an antigen?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Health, Age, Genetics</span></div><br> MNEMONIC: HAG<div><br></div><div><b>H</b>ealth <b>A</b>ge <b>G</b>enetics</div>
Neonates have an immune response that is underdeveloped and it is aided by the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Neonates have an immune response that is underdeveloped and it is aided by the <span class=cloze>maternal response</span><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> have an immune response that is underdeveloped and it is aided by the maternal response<span class=cloze>Neonates</span> have an immune response that is underdeveloped and it is aided by the maternal response<br> If you are exposed to a <u>small dose</u>&nbsp;of an antigen, what branch of the immune system will act on it?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>If you are exposed to a <u>small dose</u>&nbsp;of an antigen, what branch of the immune system will act on it?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Innate immunity</span></div><br> If you are exposed to a <u>larger dose</u>&nbsp;of an antigen, what branch of the immune system will act on it?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>If you are exposed to a <u>larger dose</u>&nbsp;of an antigen, what branch of the immune system will act on it?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Adaptive immunity</span></div><br> An immune reponse will be greater when there is a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> of an antigenAn immune reponse will be greater when there is a <span class=cloze>larger dose</span> of an antigen<br> An immune reponse will be <span class=cloze>[...]</span> when there is a larger dose of an antigenAn immune reponse will be <span class=cloze>greater</span> when there is a larger dose of an antigen<br> If your body obtains <u>too much</u> of an antigen then immune tolerance happens and an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> won't occurIf your body obtains <u>too much</u> of an antigen then immune tolerance happens and an <span class=cloze>immune response</span> won't occur<br> If your body obtains <u>too much</u> of an antigen then <span class=cloze>[...]</span> happens and an immune response won't occurIf your body obtains <u>too much</u> of an antigen then <span class=cloze>immune tolerance</span> happens and an immune response won't occur<br> In <span class=cloze>[...]</span> exposure, the antigen is in the blood and usually travels to the spleenIn <span class=cloze>intravenous</span> exposure, the antigen is in the blood and usually travels to the spleen<br> In intravenous exposure, the antigen is in the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and usually travels to the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>In intravenous exposure, the antigen is in the <span class=cloze>blood</span> and usually travels to the <span class=cloze>spleen</span><br> <div>No cloze 3 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div><br> In <u>intradermal and subcutaneous</u> exposure, the antigen is found in/under the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and it usually travels to the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>In <u>intradermal and subcutaneous</u> exposure, the antigen is found in/under the <span class=cloze>skin</span> and it usually travels to the <span class=cloze>lymph nodes</span><br> In <span class=cloze>[...]</span> exposure, the antigen is found in/under the skin and it usually travels to the lymph nodesIn <span class=cloze><u>intradermal and subcutaneous</u></span> exposure, the antigen is found in/under the skin and it usually travels to the lymph nodes<br> In <span class=cloze>[...]</span> exposure, the antigen is in the mucosa and usually goes to tissues of MALT <i>(Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues)</i>In <span class=cloze><u>oral</u></span> exposure, the antigen is in the mucosa and usually goes to tissues of MALT <i>(Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues)</i><br> In <u>oral</u> exposure, the antigen is in the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and usually goes to tissues of <span class=cloze>[...]</span>In <u>oral</u> exposure, the antigen is in the <span class=cloze>mucosa</span> and usually goes to tissues of <span class=cloze>MALT <i>(Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues)</i></span><br> The <u>size</u> of an antigen influences the host response toward it. For example, the greater the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> of the antigen, the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> the host response will be.The <u>size</u> of an antigen influences the host response toward it. For example, the greater the <span class=cloze>molecular weight</span> of the antigen, the <span class=cloze>greater</span> the host response will be.<br> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> of an antigen influences the host response toward it. For example, the greater the molecular weight of the antigen, the greater the host response will be.The <span class=cloze><u>size</u></span> of an antigen influences the host response toward it. For example, the greater the molecular weight of the antigen, the greater the host response will be.<br> Autoantigen is a transplant from <u>self</u>. <i>An example is a <span class=cloze>[...]</span></i>Autoantigen is a transplant from <u>self</u>. <i>An example is a <span class=cloze>skin graft</span></i><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a transplant from <u>self</u>. <i>An example is a skin graft</i><span class=cloze>Autoantigen</span> is a transplant from <u>self</u>. <i>An example is a skin graft</i><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is transplant from other humans <i>(e.g. immediate family, other relative, unrelated people)</i><span class=cloze>Alloantigen</span> is transplant from other humans <i>(e.g. immediate family, other relative, unrelated people)</i><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is transplant from an animal<span class=cloze>Heteroantigen/Xenotransplant</span> is transplant from an animal<br> Rank the following in increasing immune response: <i>Heteroantigen/Xenotransplant, Autoantigen, Alloantigen</i><div><i><br></i></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><i><br></i></div>Rank the following in increasing immune response: <i>Heteroantigen/Xenotransplant, Autoantigen, Alloantigen</i><div><i><br></i></div><div><span class=cloze>Autoantigen &lt;&nbsp;Alloantigen &lt;&nbsp;Heteroantigen/Xenotransplant</span><i><br></i></div><br> Which kind of antigens are&nbsp;<u>potent inducers</u> of the immune response?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>Which kind of antigens are&nbsp;<u>potent inducers</u> of the immune response?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Proteins and Polysaccharides</span></div><br> What is the <b>most potent inducer</b>&nbsp;of the immune response?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What is the <b>most potent inducer</b>&nbsp;of the immune response?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Proteins</span></div><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are potent inducers because they have huge variations in shapes<span class=cloze>Proteins</span> are potent inducers because they have huge variations in shapes<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are less potent than proteins and are smaller with less variation, but usually appear as glycoproteins and glycolipids<span class=cloze>Carbohydrates</span> are less potent than proteins and are smaller with less variation, but usually appear as glycoproteins and glycolipids<br> Carbohydrates are less potent than proteins and are smaller with less variation, but usually appear as <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Carbohydrates are less potent than proteins and are smaller with less variation, but usually appear as <span class=cloze>glycoproteins</span> and <span class=cloze>glycolipids</span><br> Macromolecules such as <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> usually require a <u>carrier molecule</u>&nbsp;to be immunogenicMacromolecules such as <span class=cloze>Lipids</span> and <span class=cloze>DNA</span> usually require a <u>carrier molecule</u>&nbsp;to be immunogenic<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> have little to no variation since they are simple repeating subunits and they produce no immune response<span class=cloze>Synthetic materials</span> have little to no variation since they are simple repeating subunits and they produce no immune response<br> Antigens that are able to be <u>digested</u> into <span class=cloze>[...]</span> will elicit a better immune response since it will be able to be processed and presented on MHC molecules.Antigens that are able to be <u>digested</u> into <span class=cloze>smaller fragments</span> will elicit a better immune response since it will be able to be processed and presented on MHC molecules.<br> <br><div><br></div><div><b><i>*** Leads to T-cells being activated --&gt; T cells will then activate B cells&nbsp;</i></b></div>
Antigens that are able to be <u>digested</u> into smaller fragments will elicit a better immune response since it will be able to be <span class=cloze>[...]</span> on MHC molecules.Antigens that are able to be <u>digested</u> into smaller fragments will elicit a better immune response since it will be able to be <span class=cloze>processed and presented</span> on MHC molecules.<br> <br><div><br></div><div><b><i>*** Leads to T-cells being activated --&gt; T cells will then activate B cells&nbsp;</i></b></div>
If an antigen can't be <span class=cloze>[...]</span> then T cell and B cell immune response won't be induced&nbsp;If an antigen can't be <span class=cloze>digested and/or presented</span> then T cell and B cell immune response won't be induced&nbsp;<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are sepcific parts of an antigen that are recognized by lymphocytes"<span class=cloze>Epitopes</span> are sepcific parts of an antigen that are recognized by lymphocytes<br> <img src=""paste-220649ddbb739d14e1f7f0f48cda1cced9468d75.jpg"">"
Antigens can have many <span class=cloze>[...]</span> that <u>stimulate many</u> unique lymphocyte responsesAntigens can have many <span class=cloze>epitopes</span> that <u>stimulate many</u> unique lymphocyte responses<br> Antigens can have many epitopes that <u>stimulate many</u> unique <span class=cloze>[...]</span> responsesAntigens can have many epitopes that <u>stimulate many</u> unique <span class=cloze>lymphocyte</span> responses<br> <u>T cells</u> will recognize <span class=cloze>[...]</span> such as peptide fragments&nbsp;<u>T cells</u> will recognize <span class=cloze>internal epitopes</span> such as peptide fragments&nbsp;<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are the internal portion of a larger molecule that are recognized by T cells<span class=cloze>Internal epitopes</span> are the internal portion of a larger molecule that are recognized by T cells<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> bind to the external parts of the antigen and <u>no protein degredation</u>&nbsp;is needed<span class=cloze>B cell receptors and antibodies</span> bind to the external parts of the antigen and <u>no protein degredation</u>&nbsp;is needed<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are recognized by their linear and consecutive amino acid sequence <i>(primary structure)</i>"<span class=cloze>Linear epitopes</span> are recognized by their linear and consecutive amino acid sequence <i>(primary structure)</i><br> <img src=""paste-3ba28541b3e459c5f05cce05a2ef5dc6b9cd9c45.jpg"">"
<span class=cloze>[...]</span> have non-consecutive portions recognized at once and it is based on protein structure <i>(conformation)</i>"<span class=cloze>Conformational epitopes</span> have non-consecutive portions recognized at once and it is based on protein structure <i>(conformation)</i><br> <img src=""paste-05baaaca36b11cab0ee61aae4e4c7a2c9bfa8d76.jpg"">"
<span class=cloze>[...]</span> are small non-immunogenic substances that don't cause an immune response on their own<span class=cloze>Haptens</span> are small non-immunogenic substances that don't cause an immune response on their own<br> Haptens will induce an immune response and antibody production when they are linked to a <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Haptens will induce an immune response and antibody production when they are linked to a <span class=cloze>carrier substance</span><br> Haptens will induce an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> when they are linked to a carrier substanceHaptens will induce an <span class=cloze>immune response</span> and <span class=cloze>antibody production</span> when they are linked to a carrier substance<br> <div>No cloze 3 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div><br> Haptens alone <u>can't cross-link B cell receptors</u> and this causes <span class=cloze>[...]</span>"Haptens alone <u>can't cross-link B cell receptors</u> and this causes <span class=cloze>no B cell activation</span><br> <img src=""paste-1ad42a52d236f540ce5079eda4b8f8f3f41233f2.jpg"">"
"Haptens alone <u>can't cross-link antibodies</u>&nbsp;to <span class=cloze>[...]</span> which causes <u style="""">no visualization in diagnostic testing</u>""Haptens alone <u>can't cross-link antibodies</u>&nbsp;to <span class=cloze>precipitate out</span> which causes <u style="""">no visualization in diagnostic testing</u><br> <img src=""paste-8bfbae6f8f0523cbbde0f944a4c85252580623ef.jpg"">"
The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> allows cross-linking to occur on B cells and antibodies which produces more visualization and B cell activity"The <span class=cloze>hapten-carrier conjugate</span> allows cross-linking to occur on B cells and antibodies which produces more visualization and B cell activity<br> <img src=""paste-0b6f09f9854013ef67efd3391034b300ea05feaa.jpg"">"
If autoantigens induce an immune response in the host, what disease is possible?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>If autoantigens induce an immune response in the host, what disease is possible?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Autoimmune disease</span></div><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> with highly similar structures to self-antigens can cause the production of cross-reactive antibodies that react with self-antigens&nbsp;<span class=cloze>Heteroantigens</span> with highly similar structures to self-antigens can cause the production of cross-reactive antibodies that react with self-antigens&nbsp;<br> Heteroantigens with highly similar structures to self-antigens can cause the production of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> that react with self-antigens&nbsp;Heteroantigens with highly similar structures to self-antigens can cause the production of <span class=cloze>cross-reactive antibodies</span> that react with self-antigens&nbsp;<br> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> on red blood cells have similarity to certain bacterial structuresThe <span class=cloze>A &amp; B antigens</span> on red blood cells have similarity to certain bacterial structures<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are <u>messenger proteins</u> that are secreted by cells in response to microbes/products and other chemical messengers<span class=cloze>Cytokines</span> are <u>messenger proteins</u> that are secreted by cells in response to microbes/products and other chemical messengers<br> Cytokines are <u>messenger proteins</u> that are secreted by cells in response to <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Cytokines are <u>messenger proteins</u> that are secreted by cells in response to <span class=cloze>microbes/products</span> and <span class=cloze>other chemical messengers</span><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> signaling acts on cells close by<span class=cloze>Paracrine</span> signaling acts on cells close by<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> signaling is when a cell acts on itself<span class=cloze>Autocrine</span> signaling is when a cell acts on itself<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> signaling is systemic and acts on a longer-range<span class=cloze>Endocrine</span> signaling is systemic and acts on a longer-range<br> When a cytokine binds onto the receptor of the recipient cell, certain functions of the cell are <span class=cloze>[...]</span> or <span class=cloze>[...]</span><div><br></div><div><u>For example:</u></div><div><i>- Gene transcription (production of proteins)</i></div><div><i>- Growth &amp; Differentiation</i></div><div><i>- Inflammation/Anti-inflammation</i></div><div><i>- Inhibition/regulation of immune response</i></div>When a cytokine binds onto the receptor of the recipient cell, certain functions of the cell are <span class=cloze>induced</span> or <span class=cloze>shut down</span><div><br></div><div><u>For example:</u></div><div><i>- Gene transcription (production of proteins)</i></div><div><i>- Growth &amp; Differentiation</i></div><div><i>- Inflammation/Anti-inflammation</i></div><div><i>- Inhibition/regulation of immune response</i></div><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when different cytokines have the same effect<span class=cloze>Redundancy</span> is when different cytokines have the same effect<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when one cytokine has multiple effects<span class=cloze>Pleiotropy</span> is when one cytokine has multiple effects<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the additive effect of multiple cytokines <i>(response amplification)</i><span class=cloze>Synergy</span> is the additive effect of multiple cytokines <i>(response amplification)</i><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when one cytokine exerts the opposing effect on another<span class=cloze>Antagonism</span> is when one cytokine exerts the opposing effect on another<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are a series of cytokine-producing steps culminating in an effect<span class=cloze>Cytokine cascades</span> are a series of cytokine-producing steps culminating in an effect<br> Normally, when a pathogen is eliminated the cyotkine response <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Normally, when a pathogen is eliminated the cyotkine response <span class=cloze>decreases</span><br> The <u>dysregulation</u> of cytokines can cause a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> to occur which is a massive production of cytokines"The <u>dysregulation</u> of cytokines can cause a <span class=cloze>""cytokine storm""</span> to occur which is a massive production of cytokines<br> "
What <u>harmful effects</u> are caused by the massive production of cytokines?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What <u>harmful effects</u> are caused by the massive production of cytokines?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Fever, hypotension, hypoperfusion <i>(shock)</i>, organ failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation <i>(DIC)</i> </span></div><br> The effects of <u>innate response cytokines</u> are exerted <span class=cloze>[...]</span> after an antigen is recognizedThe effects of <u>innate response cytokines</u> are exerted <span class=cloze>early</span> after an antigen is recognized<br> What are the main effects of <u>innate response cyotkines</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What are the main effects of <u>innate response cyotkines</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Inflammation and anti-viral response</span></div><br> What are main examples of innate response cytokines?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>"What are main examples of innate response cytokines?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β</span>, IFN-α, and IFN-<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β</span></span><br></div><br> "
<span class=cloze>[...]</span> are chemical messengers that <u>attract</u> other cells<span class=cloze>Chemokines</span> are chemical messengers that <u>attract</u> other cells<br> <br><div><br></div><div><i>***Different than cytokines</i></div>
"What is the function of IL-1α<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">&nbsp;and IL-1</span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β?</span><div><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);""><br></span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>""What is the function of IL-1α<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">&nbsp;and IL-1</span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β?</span><div><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);""><br></span></div><div><span class=cloze><div>1. Induce inflammation</div><div>2. ↑ endothelial cell adhesion molecules <i>(helps w/ inflammation)</i></div><div>3. ↑ chemokines and IL-6</div><div>4. Fever</div></span><br></div><br> "
"IL-1α and IL-1<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β</span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">&nbsp;are an endogenous pyrogen which causes a&nbsp;</span>fever to occur and this <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span>""IL-1α and IL-1<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β</span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">&nbsp;are an endogenous pyrogen which causes a&nbsp;</span>fever to occur and this <span class=cloze>slows microbe growth</span> and <span class=cloze>increases immune reactions/cell activity<i>(acts as catalyst that increases immune)</i></span><br> "
"<span class=cloze>[...]</span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">&nbsp;are an endogenous pyrogen which causes a&nbsp;</span>fever to occur and this slows microbe growth and increases immune reactions/cell activity<i>(acts as catalyst that increases immune)</i>""<span class=cloze>IL-1α and IL-1<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β</span></span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">&nbsp;are an endogenous pyrogen which causes a&nbsp;</span>fever to occur and this slows microbe growth and increases immune reactions/cell activity<i>(acts as catalyst that increases immune)</i><br> "
"IL-1α and IL-1<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β</span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">&nbsp;are an endogenous pyrogen which causes a&nbsp;</span><span class=cloze>[...]</span> to occur and this slows microbe growth and increases immune reactions/cell activity<i>(acts as catalyst that increases immune)</i>""IL-1α and IL-1<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β</span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">&nbsp;are an endogenous pyrogen which causes a&nbsp;</span><span class=cloze>fever</span> to occur and this slows microbe growth and increases immune reactions/cell activity<i>(acts as catalyst that increases immune)</i><br> "
The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is an early induced anti-pathogen responseThe <span class=cloze>acute phase response</span> is an early induced anti-pathogen response<br> "<span class=cloze>[...]</span><font color=""#202124"">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</font><span class=cloze>[...]</span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">&nbsp;are apart of the ""acute phase"" response</span>""<span class=cloze>IL-1α</span><font color=""#202124"">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</font><span class=cloze><font color=""#202124"">IL-1</font><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β</span></span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">&nbsp;are apart of the ""acute phase"" response</span><br> "
<span class=cloze>[...]</span> is found <u>intracellular</u>&nbsp;and it is released when the cell is damaged or dead<span class=cloze>IL-1α</span> is found <u>intracellular</u>&nbsp;and it is released when the cell is damaged or dead<br> IL-1α is found <u>intracellular</u>&nbsp;and it is released when the cell is <span class=cloze>[...]</span> or <span class=cloze>[...]</span>IL-1α is found <u>intracellular</u>&nbsp;and it is released when the cell is <span class=cloze>damaged</span> or <span class=cloze>dead</span><br> What are the <u>systemic effects</u> of IL-1β?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What are the <u>systemic effects</u> of IL-1β?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>1. Phagocyte activation</div><div>2. Fever and inflammation</div><div>3. Acute-phase protein production</div></span><br></div><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is an <u>inhibitor</u> that blocks the IL-1 receptor and shuts inflammation off<span class=cloze>IL-1RA</span> is an <u>inhibitor</u> that blocks the IL-1 receptor and shuts inflammation off<br> IL-1RA is an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> that blocks the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and shuts inflammation offIL-1RA is an <span class=cloze><u>inhibitor</u></span> that blocks the <span class=cloze>IL-1 receptor</span> and shuts inflammation off<br> TNF-α is made by <span class=cloze>[...]</span>TNF-α is made by <span class=cloze>activated macrophages</span><br> <div><br></div><div><i>* Think <b>A</b>lpha = <b>A</b>ctivated Macrophages</i></div>
What are the several functions of <b>TNF-α</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What are the several functions of <b>TNF-α</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>1. Acute-phase response and fever</div><div>2.&nbsp;↑ vasodilation and vascular permeability</div><div>3.&nbsp;↑ adhesion molecule</div><div>4.&nbsp;↑ chemokine expression</div><div>5.&nbsp;↑ Antigen presentation <i>(leads to T cell activation)</i></div></span><br></div><br> <br><div><b><u>MNEMONIC</u></b>: CAPAFAV</div>
<b>TNF-α</b> has a high inflammatory response to what microorganism?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><b>TNF-α</b> has a high inflammatory response to what microorganism?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Gram-negative bacteria</span></div><br> <u>Gram-negative bacteria</u> have <span class=cloze>[...]</span> which in high amounts causes <span class=cloze>[...]</span><u>Gram-negative bacteria</u> have <span class=cloze>LPS</span> which in high amounts causes <span class=cloze>septic shock</span><br> <b>TNF-α</b> plays a role in what kind of diseases?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><b>TNF-α</b> plays a role in what kind of diseases?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Autoimmune diseases</span></div><br> <br><div><i>*** Think TNF-<b>A</b>lpha = Autoimmune diseases</i></div>
IL-6 is induced by <span class=cloze>[...]</span>IL-6 is induced by <span class=cloze>IL-1</span><br> IL-6 is apart of the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and has <span class=cloze>[...]</span> depending on biological context/other cytokinesIL-6 is apart of the <span class=cloze>inflammatory cascade</span> and has <span class=cloze>different functions</span> depending on biological context/other cytokines<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is apart of the inflammatory cascade and has different functions depending on biological context/other cytokines<span class=cloze>IL-6</span> is apart of the inflammatory cascade and has different functions depending on biological context/other cytokines<br> What are the functions of IL-6?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What are the functions of IL-6?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>1. Induces acute-phase proteins</div><div>2. Stimulates CD4+ T cells to secrete pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines</div><div>3. Stimulates B cells to proliferate and produce antibodies</div></span><br></div><br> What organ produce acute phase proteins?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What organ produce acute phase proteins?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Liver</span></div><br> "TGF-<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β is&nbsp;</span><span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">and has&nbsp;</span><span class=cloze>[...]</span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">&nbsp;function</span>""TGF-<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β is&nbsp;</span><span class=cloze>inhibitory</span>&nbsp;<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">and has&nbsp;</span><span class=cloze>anti-inflammatory</span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">&nbsp;function</span><br> "
"What are the functions of Transforming Growth Factor-<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β</span>&nbsp;<i>(TGF-<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β?)</span></i><div><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);""><br></span></div><div><br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>""What are the functions of Transforming Growth Factor-<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β</span>&nbsp;<i>(TGF-<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β?)</span></i><div><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);""><br></span></div><div><br><div><span class=cloze></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">Anti-inflammatory</span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">1.&nbsp;</span>↓ some T cell responses</div><div>2.&nbsp;↓ macrophage activation</div></span><br></div><br> "
Type I interferons include <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br>Type I interferons include <span class=cloze>IFN-α and IFN-β</span><br><br> IFN-α and IFN-β are made by a subtype of <span class=cloze>[...]</span>IFN-α and IFN-β are made by a subtype of <span class=cloze>dendritic cells</span><br> "What are the functions of IFN-α and IFN-<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β?</span><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>""What are the functions of IFN-α and IFN-<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β?</span><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>1. Disrupt viral replication</div><div>2. Activate NK cells</div><div>3. ↑ presentation of viral antigens</div></span><br></div><br> <br><div><br></div><div><i>*** IFN is innate immunity so thats why it increases NK cells and not CD8+</i></div>"
<span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the migration of cells<span class=cloze>Chemotaxis</span> is the migration of cells<br> Chemokines are part of the <u>inflammatory response</u> and induced by cytokines such as <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Chemokines are part of the <u>inflammatory response</u> and induced by cytokines such as <span class=cloze>IL-6</span> and <span class=cloze>TNF-α</span><br> <u>Chemokines</u>&nbsp;have different structural families with <span class=cloze>[...]</span> at the N-terminus<u>Chemokines</u>&nbsp;have different structural families with <span class=cloze>cysteines</span> at the N-terminus<br> <div><br></div><div><i>*** Think <b>C</b>hemoki<b>n</b>es = <b>C</b>ysteine <b>N</b>-terminus</i></div>
White blood cells can have a receptor for a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> chemokine or receptors for <span class=cloze>[...]</span> chemokinesWhite blood cells can have a receptor for a <span class=cloze>single</span> chemokine or receptors for <span class=cloze>multiple</span> chemokines<br> White blood cells move along a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> of chemokines to where they need to goWhite blood cells move along a <span class=cloze>concentration gradient</span> of chemokines to where they need to go<br> CXCL8 is also known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span>CXCL8 is also known as <span class=cloze>IL-8</span><br> <div>No cloze 3 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div><br> <u>Adaptive response cytokines</u> are often made by <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span><u>Adaptive response cytokines</u> are often made by <span class=cloze>helper T cells</span> and <span class=cloze>innate cells <i>(promotes specific lymphocyte responses)</i></span><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> direct the development of naive T cells into a subset"<span class=cloze>Cytokines</span> direct the development of naive T cells into a subset<br> <img src=""paste-ccc84d2ba5018fd26541a27ca78af404d58cc11d.jpg"">"
<span class=cloze>[...]</span> stimulates the differentation into <u>Th1</u>"<span class=cloze>IL-12</span> stimulates the differentation into <u>Th1</u><br> <img src=""paste-ccc84d2ba5018fd26541a27ca78af404d58cc11d.jpg"">"
<span class=cloze>[...]</span> stimulates the differentation into <u>Th2</u><span class=cloze>IL-4</span> stimulates the differentation into <u>Th2</u><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> stimulate the differentation into <u>Th17</u>"<span class=cloze>TGF-β and IL-6</span> stimulate the differentation into <u>Th17</u><br> <img src=""paste-ccc84d2ba5018fd26541a27ca78af404d58cc11d.jpg"">"
<span class=cloze>[...]</span> stimulates the differentation into a <u>Regulatory T Cell</u>"<span class=cloze>TGF-β</span> stimulates the differentation into a <u>Regulatory T Cell</u><br> <img src=""paste-ccc84d2ba5018fd26541a27ca78af404d58cc11d.jpg"">"
What function do&nbsp;<u>Th1</u> cells have?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>"What function do&nbsp;<u>Th1</u> cells have?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Cell-mediated immunity</span></div><br> <img src=""paste-ccc84d2ba5018fd26541a27ca78af404d58cc11d.jpg"">"
What function do <u>Th2</u> cells have?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>"What function do <u>Th2</u> cells have?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Humoral (Ab) response</span></div><br> <img src=""paste-ccc84d2ba5018fd26541a27ca78af404d58cc11d.jpg"">"
What functions do <u>Th17</u> cells have?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>"What functions do <u>Th17</u> cells have?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>1. Protection against extracellular microbes/fungi&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div>2. Mucosal defense</div></span><br></div><br> <img src=""paste-ccc84d2ba5018fd26541a27ca78af404d58cc11d.jpg"">"
What are the functions of <u>IL-12</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What are the functions of <u>IL-12</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>1. Induces Th1 lineage</div><div><br></div><div>2. Enhances NK cell activity</div></span><br></div><br> "What are the functions of <u>IFN-</u><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);""><u>γ</u>?</span><div><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);""><br></span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>""What are the functions of <u>IFN-</u><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);""><u>γ</u>?</span><div><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);""><br></span></div><div><span class=cloze><div><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">1.&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: rgb(77, 81, 86);""><b>↑</b></span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">&nbsp;MHC expression <i>(antigen presentation)</i></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);""><i><br></i></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">2. Activates macrophages <i>(more robust activity and killing of intracellular microbes)</i></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);""><i><br></i></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">3. Regulates NK and cytotoxic T cells</span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);""><br></span></div><div><font color=""#202124"">4. Induces more Th1 differentation&nbsp;</font></div></span><br></div><br> "
What are the functions of <u>IL-2</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What are the functions of <u>IL-2</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>1. Proliferation of T and B cells</div><div><br></div><div>2. Enhances NK cell activity</div></span><br></div><br> What cytokines does <u>Th1</u> secrete?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What cytokines does <u>Th1</u> secrete?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>IL-12</div><div><br></div><div>IFN-γ</div><div><br></div><div>IL-2</div></span><br></div><br> What is the function <u>IL-4</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What is the function <u>IL-4</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>1.&nbsp;↑&nbsp;IL-5 and IL-13 <i>(parasite response and allergy)</i></div><div><br></div><div>2.&nbsp;↑&nbsp;antigen presentation and antigen presenting cell activity</div><div><br></div><div>3. Stimulates eosinophils</div><div><br></div><div>4. Production of certain antibody subclasses</div></span><br></div><br> "What two cells secrete <u style="""">IL-4</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>""What two cells secrete <u style="""">IL-4</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Th2 cell and Basophils</span></div><br> "
What is the function of <u>IL-10</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What is the function of <u>IL-10</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>1. Anti-inflammatory</div><div><br></div><div>2.&nbsp;↓ antigen presentation</div><div><br></div><div>3.&nbsp;↓ IL-12 production and Th1 response&nbsp;</div></span><br></div><br> What cytokines does <u>Th2</u> secrete?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What cytokines does <u>Th2</u> secrete?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>IL-4 and IL-10</span></div><br> What cytokines does <u>Th17</u> secrete?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What cytokines does <u>Th17</u> secrete?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>IL-17 and IL-23</span></div><br> What are the functions of <u>IL-17</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>"What are the functions of <u>IL-17</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>1. Recruits neutrophils</div><div><br></div><div>2. Induces TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β</span>, and IL-8 <i>(many non-cells / connective tissue related)</i></div></span><br></div><br> "
What is the function of <u>IL-23</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What is the function of <u>IL-23</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Differentating/survival factor for Th17</span></div><br> What white blood cells secrete <u>IL-23</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What white blood cells secrete <u>IL-23</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Dendritic cells and Macrophages</span></div><br> When <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is <b>dysregulated </b>it leads to several autoimmune diseasesWhen <span class=cloze><u>Th17</u></span>&nbsp;is <b>dysregulated </b>it leads to several autoimmune diseases<br> When <u>Th17</u>&nbsp;is <b>dysregulated </b>it leads to <span class=cloze>[...]</span>When <u>Th17</u>&nbsp;is <b>dysregulated </b>it leads to <span class=cloze>several autoimmune diseases</span><br> What key proteins/surface markers indicate a <u>T regulatory cel</u>l?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What key proteins/surface markers indicate a <u>T regulatory cel</u>l?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>CD4+, CD25+, and Foxp3</span></div><br> A <u>natural Regulatory T Cell</u> develops in the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>A <u>natural Regulatory T Cell</u> develops in the <span class=cloze>thymus</span><br> An <u>induced Regulatory T cell</u>&nbsp;develops in the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>An <u>induced Regulatory T cell</u>&nbsp;develops in the <span class=cloze>periphery</span><br> What cytokines do <u>Regulatory T cells</u> secrete?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What cytokines do <u>Regulatory T cells</u> secrete?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>IL-10 and IL-35</span></div><br> What is the function of <u>IL-10</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What is the function of <u>IL-10</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Inhibitory and anti-inflammatory</span></div><br> What is the function of <u>IL-35</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What is the function of <u>IL-35</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Inhibitory and anti-inflammatory</span></div><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> stimulates red blood cell production<span class=cloze>Erythropoietin</span> stimulates red blood cell production<br> What is prescribed for <u>anemia</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What is prescribed for <u>anemia</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Erythropoietin <i>(increases oxygen due to RBC production)</i></span></div><br> What cytokine is required for differentation into the <u>lymphoid lineage</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What cytokine is required for differentation into the <u>lymphoid lineage</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>IL-7</span></div><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> will work with various <u>Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)</u> to form platelets, red blood cells, and various white blood cells<span class=cloze>IL-3</span> will work with various <u>Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)</u> to form platelets, red blood cells, and various white blood cells<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> leads toward the myeloid branch during white blood cell formation<span class=cloze>Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor&nbsp;<i>(GM-CSF)</i></span> leads toward the myeloid branch during white blood cell formation<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> leads towards the monocyte/macrophage lineage in white blood cell production<span class=cloze>Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)</span> leads towards the monocyte/macrophage lineage in white blood cell production<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> leads to the neutrophil lineage in white blood cell production<span class=cloze>Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)</span> leads to the neutrophil lineage in white blood cell production<br> <div>The complement is a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> response to pathogens</div><div>The complement is a <span class=cloze>very early and non-specific</span> response to pathogens</div><br> Most of the <u>serum&nbsp;proteins</u> involved in the <u>complement</u> are synthesized by which organ?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>Most of the <u>serum&nbsp;proteins</u> involved in the <u>complement</u> are synthesized by which organ?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Liver</span></div><br> The <u>serum proteins</u> in the <b>complement </b>are known as zymogens which means they are <span class=cloze>[...]</span>The <u>serum proteins</u> in the <b>complement </b>are known as zymogens which means they are <span class=cloze>inactive in the absence of infection</span><br> The <u>serum proteins</u> in the <b>complement </b>are known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span> which means they are inactive in the absence of infectionThe <u>serum proteins</u> in the <b>complement </b>are known as <span class=cloze>zymogens</span> which means they are inactive in the absence of infection<br> Pathogens can use the&nbsp;<u>complement system</u>&nbsp;as a virulence factor by exploiting the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Pathogens can use the&nbsp;<u>complement system</u>&nbsp;as a virulence factor by exploiting the <span class=cloze>regulatory proteins</span><br> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> in the complement are <u>inactivated quickly</u> and <u>travel short distances to bind</u>The <span class=cloze>serum proteins</span> in the complement are <u>inactivated quickly</u> and <u>travel short distances to bind</u><br> What are the <b>three</b>&nbsp;<b>complement pathways</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What are the <b>three</b>&nbsp;<b>complement pathways</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Classical, Lectin, and Alternative</span></div><br> What are the <u>anti-pathogen</u>&nbsp;outcomes for the complement?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>"What are the <u>anti-pathogen</u>&nbsp;outcomes for the complement?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>1) Induces inflammation</div><div><br></div><div>2) Opsonization which helps with phagocytosis</div><div><br></div><div>3) Membrane attack complex ; lysis of microbe</div></span><br></div><br> <img src=""paste-15990b0ba018fc7a9e4c413cb934bfe393d07328.jpg"">"
What is the stimulus for the <u>classical pathway</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>"What is the stimulus for the <u>classical pathway</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Anitbodies bound to microbe surface</span></div><br> <img src=""paste-e87cb4b7205210944f53376ede3547737bcc8bf4.jpg"">"
What is the difference between IgM and IgG?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What is the difference between IgM and IgG?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>IgM - Pentamer with 10 binding sites</div><div><br></div><div>IgG - Monomer&nbsp;</div></span><br></div><br> What subclass of antibody is <u>very efficient</u> at activating the <b>classical pathway</b> of the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What subclass of antibody is <u>very efficient</u> at activating the <b>classical pathway</b> of the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>IgM <i>(pentamer)</i></span><br></div><br> What <u>portion of the antibody</u> will C1q bind to in the classical pathway?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>"What <u>portion of the antibody</u> will C1q bind to in the classical pathway?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Fc - ""Constant region""</span></div><br> "
<span class=cloze>[...]</span> is known as the classical C3 convertase<span class=cloze>C4b2a</span> is known as the classical C3 convertase<br> C4b2a is known as the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>C4b2a is known as the <span class=cloze>classical C3 convertase</span><br> What protein is a <u>major opsonin</u>&nbsp;in the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What protein is a <u>major opsonin</u>&nbsp;in the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>C3b</span></div><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is known as the classical C5 convertase<span class=cloze>C4b2a3b</span> is known as the classical C5 convertase<br> C4b2a3b is known as the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>C4b2a3b is known as the <span class=cloze>classical C5 convertase</span><br> To form the <u>membrane attack complex</u>, <span class=cloze>[...]</span> binds to the microbe surface and recruits <span class=cloze>[...]</span> creating the protein complex <span class=cloze>[...]</span>To form the <u>membrane attack complex</u>, <span class=cloze>C5b</span> binds to the microbe surface and recruits <span class=cloze>C6-C9</span> creating the protein complex <span class=cloze>C5b-C9</span><br> C5b-C9 that is not on the surface of the cell is known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span>. This is&nbsp;<u>soluble</u> can be <u>measured in our serum</u>&nbsp;for indication of the formation of the membrane attack complex&nbsp;C5b-C9 that is not on the surface of the cell is known as <span class=cloze>sC5b-C9</span>. This is&nbsp;<u>soluble</u> can be <u>measured in our serum</u>&nbsp;for indication of the formation of the membrane attack complex&nbsp;<br> What is the stimulus for the <u>lectin pathway</u>&nbsp;in the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What is the stimulus for the <u>lectin pathway</u>&nbsp;in the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Certain carbs on microbes</span></div><br> In the <u>lectin pathway</u>&nbsp;of the complement system, <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are analogous to C1q.<div><br></div><div>An example of one is <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>In the <u>lectin pathway</u>&nbsp;of the complement system, <span class=cloze>lectins</span> and <span class=cloze>ficolins</span> are analogous to C1q.<div><br></div><div>An example of one is <span class=cloze>Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)</span></div><br> How does the <u>alternative pathway</u>&nbsp;get activated and what are 2 ways it can start?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>How does the <u>alternative pathway</u>&nbsp;get activated and what are 2 ways it can start?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Activated spontaneously</div><div><br></div><div>1) C3b already present on microbe surface<i>&nbsp;(from other pathway)</i></div><div>2) Hydrolysis of C3&nbsp;</div></span><br></div><br> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> acts to <u>amplify</u> the classical and lectin pathway of the complement systemThe <span class=cloze>alternative pathway</span> acts to <u>amplify</u> the classical and lectin pathway of the complement system<br> Diagram the alternative pathway up until the MAC<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>Diagram the alternative pathway up until the MAC<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Factor B binds to C3b&nbsp; <b>===&gt;</b> Factor D cleaves Factor B <b>===&gt;</b> C3bBb <i>(Alternative C3 converatse)</i>&nbsp;is formed and Factor P stabilizes&nbsp;<b>===&gt;</b>&nbsp;C3 cleaved and C3b binds to C3bBb and forms C3b2Bb <i>(Alternative C5 convertase)</i>&nbsp;<b>===&gt;</b> C5 cleaved and C5b binds to microbe surface recruiting C6-C9 forming MAC</span><br></div><br> In the <u>alternative pathway</u>, <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is known as the alternative C3 convertaseIn the <u>alternative pathway</u>, <span class=cloze>C3bBb</span> is known as the alternative C3 convertase<br> C3bBb is not stable so <span class=cloze>[...]</span> binds to C3Bb to help stabilize itC3bBb is not stable so <span class=cloze>Factor P <i>(properdin)</i></span> binds to C3Bb to help stabilize it<br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is known as the alternative C5 convertase<span class=cloze>C3b2Bb</span> is known as the alternative C5 convertase<br> In the complement system, which proteins are involved in <u>inflammation</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>In the complement system, which proteins are involved in <u>inflammation</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>C4a, C3a, C5a</span></div><br> In the complement system, which proteins are involved in <u>opsoninization</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>In the complement system, which proteins are involved in <u>opsoninization</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>C3b, C4b</span></div><br> In the complement system, which proteins are involved in the&nbsp;<u>membrane attack complex</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>In the complement system, which proteins are involved in the&nbsp;<u>membrane attack complex</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>C5b-9</span></div><br> What is the function of <u>complement receptor 1</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>"What is the function of <u>complement receptor 1</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Binds C3b <i>(allows coated microbe with C3b on it to bind to host cell)</i></span><br></div><br> <img src=""paste-69ea7a1747869e07684061242e9e8881984a6709.jpg"">"
Which white blood cells contain <u>complement receptor 1 (CR1)</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>Which white blood cells contain <u>complement receptor 1 (CR1)</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Macrophage and Neutrophils</span></div><br> The complement system triggers <span class=cloze>[...]</span> when C5a binds to C5a receptor on the host cell"The complement system triggers <span class=cloze>phagocytosis</span> when C5a binds to C5a receptor on the host cell<br> <img src=""paste-69ea7a1747869e07684061242e9e8881984a6709.jpg"">"
The complement system triggers phagocytosis when <span class=cloze>[...]</span> binds to <span class=cloze>[...]</span> receptor on the host cell"The complement system triggers phagocytosis when <span class=cloze>C5a</span> binds to <span class=cloze>C5a</span> receptor on the host cell<br> <img src=""paste-69ea7a1747869e07684061242e9e8881984a6709.jpg"">"
What are the functions of the anaphylotoxins from the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What are the functions of the anaphylotoxins from the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Vascular permeability</div><div>Histamine release</div><div>Chemotaxis</div><div>Reactive oxygen species release</div></span><br></div><br> What is the most <b>potent</b>&nbsp;anaphylotoxin from the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What is the most <b>potent</b>&nbsp;anaphylotoxin from the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>C5a <i>(chemotaxis and Reactive oxygen species activation)</i></span><br></div><br> What proteins are the <u>anaphylotaxins</u> of the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What proteins are the <u>anaphylotaxins</u> of the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>C3a, C4a, C5a</span></div><br> What protein is <u>central to ALL pathways</u> of the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What protein is <u>central to ALL pathways</u> of the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>C3b</span></div><br> How does <u>C1 inhibitor <i>(C1-INH)</i></u>&nbsp;regulate the complement system?&nbsp;<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>How does <u>C1 inhibitor <i>(C1-INH)</i></u>&nbsp;regulate the complement system?&nbsp;<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Binds to C1r &amp; C1s leading to dissociation and inactivation ===&gt; C4 and C2 not cleaved</div><div><br></div><div>Inactivates MASP-2 in lectin pathway</div></span><br></div><br> How does <u>C4 binding protein (C4BP)</u>&nbsp;regulate the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>How does <u>C4 binding protein (C4BP)</u>&nbsp;regulate the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Binds C4b and can prevent C4b-C2 binding and can dissociate C4b2a</div><div><br></div><div>Factor I then breaks down C4b</div></span><br></div><br> How can <u>complement receptor 1 (CR1)</u> regulate the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>How can <u>complement receptor 1 (CR1)</u> regulate the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Binds C3b and C4b and then Factor I break it down</span></div><br> How does <u>membrane cofactor protein (MCP)</u> regulate the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>How does <u>membrane cofactor protein (MCP)</u> regulate the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Degrades C3b and C4b with Factor I</span></div><br> What is the <u>most efficient</u>&nbsp;Factor-I mediated C3b degredation mechanism?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What is the <u>most efficient</u>&nbsp;Factor-I mediated C3b degredation mechanism?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Membrane cofactor protein (MCP)</span></div><br> How does <u>decay-accelerating factor (DAF)</u> regulate the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>How does <u>decay-accelerating factor (DAF)</u> regulate the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Dissociates both C3 convertases</div><div><br></div><div>Binds C3b and C4b <i>(DOESN'T DEGRADE)</i></div></span><br></div><br> In which complement regulatory system is Factor I <u>NOT</u> involved?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>In which complement regulatory system is Factor I <u>NOT</u> involved?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Decay-accelerating factor (DAF)</span></div><br> How does <u>Factor H</u> regulate the alternative pathway of the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>How does <u>Factor H</u> regulate the alternative pathway of the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>1) Binds C3b which causes no Factor B binding</div><div><br></div><div>2) Works with Factor I to degrade C3b</div><div><br></div><div>3) Can remove C3b from C5 convertase</div></span><br></div><br> How does Protein S regulate the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>How does Protein S regulate the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Regulates MAC ; Binds sC5b-7 so complex doesn't bind to cell</span></div><br> How does <u>protectin (CD59)</u> regulate the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>How does <u>protectin (CD59)</u> regulate the complement system?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Prevents polymerization of C9 which leads to no pore formation</span></div><br> What are the <u>hallmarks</u>&nbsp;of inflammation?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What are the <u>hallmarks</u>&nbsp;of inflammation?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function</span></div><br> Upon detection of cell damage or infection, <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> will be released by epithelial cells and white blood cells&nbsp;Upon detection of cell damage or infection, <span class=cloze>cytokines</span> and <span class=cloze>chemokines</span> will be released by epithelial cells and white blood cells&nbsp;<br> When cell damage or infection is detected the upregulation of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> occurs on the cells of the capillariesWhen cell damage or infection is detected the upregulation of <span class=cloze>adhesion molecules</span> occurs on the cells of the capillaries<br> What effects does <u>vasodilation</u> have?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What effects does <u>vasodilation</u> have?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Increase blood flow</div><div><br></div><div>Decrease blood velocity</div><div><br></div><div>Increase white blood cells</div></span><br></div><br> What does <u>vascular permeability</u> cause?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What does <u>vascular permeability</u> cause?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Allows cells and soluble mediators into tissues</div><div><br></div><div>Edema <i>(fluid in tissue) ---&gt; swelling</i></div></span><br></div><br> What is the <b>FIRST</b>&nbsp;white blood cell to respond in inflammation?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What is the <b>FIRST</b>&nbsp;white blood cell to respond in inflammation?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Neutrophils</span></div><br> What is the <b>SECOND</b>&nbsp;white blood cell to respond in inflammation?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What is the <b>SECOND</b>&nbsp;white blood cell to respond in inflammation?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Monocytes/Macrophages</span></div><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is cell movement between the endothelial cells into the tissues via a chemokine gradient<span class=cloze>Diapedesis</span> is cell movement between the endothelial cells into the tissues via a chemokine gradient<br> What is the <u>stimulus</u>&nbsp;that causes inflammation?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What is the <u>stimulus</u>&nbsp;that causes inflammation?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Antigen recognition</span></div><br> What are some white blood cell products that are released in the <b>intial </b>inflammation response?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What are some white blood cell products that are released in the <b>intial </b>inflammation response?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Prostoglandins and leukotrines</span></div><br> What functions do <u>prostaglandins and leukotrines</u> have?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What functions do <u>prostaglandins and leukotrines</u> have?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Pain, chemotaxis, and permeability</span></div><br> What affect do <u>chemokines</u> have on leukocytes?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What affect do <u>chemokines</u> have on leukocytes?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Increase integrin expression</span></div><br> Where are <u>selectins</u> found and what is their function?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>Where are <u>selectins</u> found and what is their function?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Found on endothelium</div><div><br></div><div>Bind to carbs on white blood cells</div></span><br></div><br> Where are&nbsp;<u>integrins</u>&nbsp;found and what is their function?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>Where are&nbsp;<u>integrins</u>&nbsp;found and what is their function?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Found on immune cells</div><div><br></div><div>Bind to intracellular adhesion molecules <i>(ICAMS) </i>and components of extracellular matrix</div></span><br></div><br> <u>Integrins</u> help white blood cells have stronger binding to endothelium which helps in <span class=cloze>[...]</span><u>Integrins</u> help white blood cells have stronger binding to endothelium which helps in <span class=cloze>extravasation <i>(getting into tissues)</i></span><br> "Where is <u>""Immunoglobulin superfamily""</u> found and what function does it have?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>""Where is <u>""Immunoglobulin superfamily""</u> found and what function does it have?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Found on endothelial cells and some white blood cells</div><div><br></div><div>Ligand for integrins and roles in cell adhesion</div></span><br></div><br> "
What occurs in&nbsp;<u>step one</u>&nbsp;of the cell adhesion process?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What occurs in&nbsp;<u>step one</u>&nbsp;of the cell adhesion process?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div><u><b>Intial tethering</b></u></div><div><u><br></u></div><div>1) Increase in selectin expression on endothelial cells</div><div><br></div><div>2) Selectins bind certain carb groups on immune cells</div><div><br></div><div>3) Rolling adhesion occurs <i>(reversible binding)</i></div></span><br></div><br> What is <u>step two</u> of the cell adhesion process?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What is <u>step two</u> of the cell adhesion process?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div><b><u>Stronger binding</u></b></div><div><b><u><br></u></b></div><div>Integrins on WBCs bind to ICAM on endothelium</div><div><br></div><div>Chemokine receptors on WBCs bind to chemokines on endothelium</div><div><br></div><div>Tighter binding causes rolling to stop</div></span><br></div><br> What is <u>step 3</u>&nbsp;of the cell adhesion process?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What is <u>step 3</u>&nbsp;of the cell adhesion process?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div><u>Entering tissue</u></div><div><br></div><div>Diapedesis occurs</div><div><br></div><div>Enzymes break basement membrane</div></span><br></div><br> What is <u>step four</u>&nbsp;of the cell adhesion process?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What is <u>step four</u>&nbsp;of the cell adhesion process?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div><u>Confronting infection</u></div><div><u><br></u></div><div>Migration through tissues via chemokine gradient</div></span><br></div><br> What is the function of IL-8?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What is the function of IL-8?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Chemokine that attracts <b>neutrophils</b></span><br></div><br> What is the function of CCL2?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What is the function of CCL2?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>chemokine that recruits monocytes</span></div><br> What is the benefit of inflammatory cytokines inducing <u>clotting factors</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What is the benefit of inflammatory cytokines inducing <u>clotting factors</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Decreases microbe spread in blood</div><div><br></div><div>Microbes and immune cells directed to lymphatics <i>(adaptive immunity activation)</i></div></span><br></div><br> A <u>systemic infection</u> with <span class=cloze>[...]</span> in the blood can cause <u>sepsis</u>A <u>systemic infection</u> with <span class=cloze>gram-negative microbes</span> in the blood can cause <u>sepsis</u><br> Why is a <u>massive</u> release of inflammatory cytokines deadly?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>Why is a <u>massive</u> release of inflammatory cytokines deadly?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Can cause sepsis</div><div><br></div><div>Widespread vasodilation (septic shock and low BP)</div><div><br></div><div>Widespread clotting (DIC)</div></span><br></div><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are proteins that are produced by the liver and have anti-pathogen functions<span class=cloze>Acute-phase proteins</span> are proteins that are produced by the liver and have anti-pathogen functions<br> Are acute-phase response proteins involved with innate or adaptive immunity?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>Are acute-phase response proteins involved with innate or adaptive immunity?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Innate immunity (nonspecific)</span></div><br> Which major cytokine acts on the liver to produce acute phase proteins?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>Which major cytokine acts on the liver to produce acute phase proteins?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>IL-6</span></div><br> What are the function of <u>C-reative protein</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What are the function of <u>C-reative protein</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Binds to lipopolysaccharides leading to opsonization</div><div><br></div><div>Binds and activates C1</div></span><br></div><br> What is the function of <u>Mannose-binding lectin</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What is the function of <u>Mannose-binding lectin</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Binds to mannose on pathogens</div><div><br></div><div>Activates complement</div><div><br></div><div>Opsonization</div></span><br></div><br> "What inflammatory cytokines are known as ""<u>endogenous pyrogens</u>""?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>""What inflammatory cytokines are known as ""<u>endogenous pyrogens</u>""?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">β</span></span><br></div><br> "
Why can a fever be good?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>Why can a fever be good?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Inhibits microbial growth</div><div><br></div><div>Increases immune reaction efficiency</div></span><br></div><br> How do the endogenous pyrogens activate fevers?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>How do the endogenous pyrogens activate fevers?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Induce COX-2 expression which leads to PGE2 synthesis and that acts on the hypothalamus to increase body temperature</span></div><br> Which acute-phase protein is increased by 100x-1000x during infection?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>Which acute-phase protein is increased by 100x-1000x during infection?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>C-reactive protein</span></div><br> Which acute-phase protein is used to <u>measure infection progress</u> for response to treatment?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>Which acute-phase protein is used to <u>measure infection progress</u> for response to treatment?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>C-reative protein</span></div><br> Which acute phase protein is <u>increased after a heart attack</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>Which acute phase protein is <u>increased after a heart attack</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>C-reative protein</span></div><br> What acute phase protein is an indicator of acute inflammation?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What acute phase protein is an indicator of acute inflammation?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>C-reative protein</span></div><br> What acute phase protein is increased by 100x-1000x during an infection especially a <u>bacterial infection</u>?<div><br><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What acute phase protein is increased by 100x-1000x during an infection especially a <u>bacterial infection</u>?<div><br><span class=cloze>Serum amyloid A (SAA)</span></div><br> What is the function of Serum Amyloid A <i>(SAA)</i>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What is the function of Serum Amyloid A <i>(SAA)</i>?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Activates macrophages and monocytes to produce inflammatory cytokines</span></div><br> What is the function of Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT)?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What is the function of Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT)?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Inhibits proteases from WBCs and regulates inflammatory cytokine production</span></div><br> What is the function of haptoglobin?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What is the function of haptoglobin?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Binds free hemoglobin after hemolysis <i>(prevents oxidative damage)</i></span><br></div><br> What is the function of fibrinogen?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>What is the function of fibrinogen?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Coagulation and prevents microbial spread</span></div><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are repeated structures on groups of pathogens that are recognized by white blood cells<span class=cloze>Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)</span> are repeated structures on groups of pathogens that are recognized by white blood cells<br> What are <b>2</b>&nbsp;examples of pathogen associated molecular patterns?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>What are <b>2</b>&nbsp;examples of pathogen associated molecular patterns?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>Gram negative bacteria: LPS</div><div><br></div><div>Bacteria w/flagella: flagellin</div></span><br></div><br> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are on white blood cells and bind to pathogen associated molecular patterns&nbsp;<span class=cloze>Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)</span> are on white blood cells and bind to pathogen associated molecular patterns&nbsp;<br> Which Toll-like receptor binds to lipopolysacharride?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>Which Toll-like receptor binds to lipopolysacharride?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>TLR-4</span></div><br> Which Toll-like receptor binds to flagellin?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div>Which Toll-like receptor binds to flagellin?<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>TLR-5</span></div><br> When a pathogen assoicated molecular pattern binds to a pathogen recognition receptor, what happens?<div><br><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div>When a pathogen assoicated molecular pattern binds to a pathogen recognition receptor, what happens?<div><br><span class=cloze><div>Release of inflammatory mediators <i>(cell migration, vessel effects, etc.)</i></div><div><br></div><div>Phagocytosis <i>(leads to MHC presentation and adaptive immunity activation)</i></div></span><br></div><br> Pathogen recognition receptors can be found on white blood cells <span class=cloze>[...]</span> or <span class=cloze>[...]</span>Pathogen recognition receptors can be found on white blood cells <span class=cloze>extracellular</span> or <span class=cloze>intracellular</span><br> C-type lectin receptors bind <span class=cloze>[...]</span>C-type lectin receptors bind <span class=cloze>carbs on fungal cell wall</span><br> RIG-1-like receptors bind <span class=cloze>[...]</span>RIG-1-like receptors bind <span class=cloze>viral nucleic acids in cytoplasm</span><br> NOD-like receptors bind <span class=cloze>[...]</span>NOD-like receptors bind <span class=cloze>bacterial components in cytoplasm</span><br>