36101 打哈欠 参考答案与解析 28. 68 seconds 【原文参考依据——E 段第八行】根据细节信息“psychology professor”和“six seconds”定 位 到 E 段 第 六 行 的 “ He （ psychology professor ） found the basic yawn lasts about six seconds and they come in bouts with an interval of about 68 seconds.”所以答案是 68 seconds。 29. （complex） distinction 【原文参考依据——E 段第十行】根据“male and female”和“gender”定位到 E 段第 10 行 的 “ Men and women yawn or half‐yawn equally often … … which may indicate complex distinction in genders”，所以答案是（complex）distinction。 30. breathing 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — E 段 最 后 一 行 】 " … … the area also controls breathing ” ， control=have something to do with。 31. stretch/stretching 【原文参考依据——F 段最后两行】根据“link”和“before baby was born”定位到 F 段最后 2 行 “observed not just yawning but a link between yawning and stretching as early as the end of the first prenatal trimester（预产期）”，“as early as the end of the first prenatal trimester”与 “before baby was born”是同义表达，所以答案是 stretching。 32. brain ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! RR425988975 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — G 段 第 二 行 】 " … … occurs in many people … … because of brain damage caused d d by b a stroke”。 t k ” 33. E 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — E 段 第 六 至 八 行 】 E 段 六 至 八 行 的 这 句 话 "He found the basic yawn lasts about six seconds and they come in bouts with an interval of abou t 68 seconds”，打哈欠持续约 6 秒，两次之间间隔约 68 秒，说的就是打哈欠频率的一个 regular pattern，与题目是同义表达，所以答案是 E。 34. B 【原文参考依据——B 段第一至二行】B 段首句“Yawning is an ancient, primitive act”与题目 中“an inherent ability”是同义表达，后又举了 human, snakes, penguins 打哈欠的例子，说 明“appears in both animals and humans”，所以答案选 B。 35. F 【原文参考依据——F 段第三行】"But they do not always co‐occur”，co‐occur 意为同时发生， 所以答案选 F。 36. D 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — D 段 最 后 两 行 】 "It ’ s also a good indicator if you ’ reempathizing with me and paying attention”，a good indicator 对应 positive notice or response， empathizing with me and paying attention 对应 communicating，所以答案选 D。 37. H 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — H 段 最 后 一 句 】 "The multiplicity of stimuli ofcontagious yawing, by contrast, implicates many higher brain region s”.Contagious=infectious，higher brain regions 对应 superior areas in brains。 38. NOT GIVEN 【原文参考依据——无】尽管 D 段有提到“several students in Platek’s experiment”，但并 没有提及学生“did not comprehend why their tutor ask them to yawn back”的内容，所以答 案是 NOT GIVEN。 39. YES 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — C 段 第 二 行 】 "He found that participants who did not score high on compassion did not yawn back ” 说 明 “there is a link between yawning and compassion”，所以答案是 YES。 40. NO 【原文参考依据——G 段倒数第三行】"it is not known whether……”，所以答案是 NO。 36102 冰箱的历史 1 利用题目细节信息，定位于 F 段“Beginning in the 1840s, refrigerated cars were used to transport milk and butter.”因此，正确答案为 C。 2 利用题目细节信息，定位于 C 段“ In 1799, ice was first shipped commercially out of Canal Street in New York City to Charleston, South Carolina.”因此，正确答案为 A。 3 利用题目细节信息，定位于 G 段“ Freon was safer for those nearby but was later discovered in 1973 by Prof.”因此，正确答案为 E。 4 利用题目细节信息，定位于 A 段“Maryland farmer Thomas Moore, first introduced the term Refrigerator in 1803, the appliance we know today first appeared in the 20th century.”因此，正 确答案为 B。 5D ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! RR425988975 6 利用题目细节信息， “The refrigerated by J.B. Sutherland 节信息 定位于 F 段“Th “ fi d railroad il d car was patented db of Detroit, Michigan in 1867”因此，正确答案为 C。 7”因此，正确答案为 C 。 7 利用题目细节信息，定位于 细节信息， 定位于 F 段“ 段“There There were different car designs based upon the type of cargo, whether meat or fruit. The first refrigerated car to carry fresh fruit was built in 1867 by Parker Earle of Illinois, who shipped strawberries on the Illinois Central Railroad”因此，正确答 案为 F。 8 利用题目细节信息，定位于 F 段“It wasn until 1949 that a refrigeration system made its way into the trucking industry by way of a roof‐mounted cooling device, patented by Fred Jones.”， 因此，正确答案为 E。 9 A 10B 11D 12 E 利用题目细节定位于 G 段，第三句话“There were numerous fatal accidents that occurred in the 1920s when methyl American companies began researching less dangerous methods...in compressor refrigerators”因为氯甲烷泄露，导致了很多事故，三家美国公司开始研究比较安 全的制冷方法，最终研究氟利昂，冰箱制冷设备更安全并且广泛应用于今天。 13 A 36106 环保塑料 PLA 27‐30 配对题 27，B A 段第一句，scientist at Cargil got the idea of converting lactic acid from corn into plastic。 Corn 在答案中用 plant 替代。 28，C B 段第二句，the company needed a partner with access to the plastics markets. 29, F B 段第 7 句，Nature Work TM PLA is a family of packaging polymers, 答案中 wrapping 替换 packaging 30， A B 段 第 9 句，Ingeo is a family polymers for fibers made in similar manner. 31‐34 填空题（流程） 31，starch D 段最后，corn is milled, separating starch from the raw material. 32, fermentation E 段 turns the unrefined dextrose into lactic acid using a fermentationprocess. 33, condensation E 段第 4 句， through a special condensation process, a lactide is formed. 34, polymer E 段第 5 句，is purified through vacuum distillation and becomes a polymer. 35, B H 段 provide a better flavor and aroma barrier 36, C H 段 第 3 句，grocery retailers are increasing using this packaging for their fresh food. 37‐38, A, D H 段 第 6 句，their resistance to ultraviolet light is particularly appealing as this reduces the amount of fading ng in such fabrics,可见在阳光下会褪色，只是量减少了。倒数第 fabrics,可见在阳光下会褪色，只是量减少了。倒数第 3 句，inherent ability to take moisture away from the skin. ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! RR425988975 39‐40,更新 BD（书籍印刷错误） （书籍印刷错误） I 段 The source material for PLA is a natural sugar found in plants such as corn and using such renewable feedstock, 推断出 B，A made from dstock, 推 出B ，A A 选项 made of 是指原材料可以看得见，如换成 是指原材料可以看得见 可选。倒数第 6 句，carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is removed when the feedstock is grown, 推断出 D。 36113 海底运动 䙬 参考答案和难题解析： 14‐19 matching 14. G 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — G 段 倒 数 From these studies, we can broadly categorise fish into four groups…… 15. H 第 五 行 】 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — H 段 首 句 的 后 半 句】……, and anglers have recorded speeds in excess of 40 mph over longer periods for several s pecies of tuna. 16. E 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — E 段 Their main function is to control the stability and direction of the fish…… 17. C 末 句 】 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — C 段 第 七 行 】 The frequency of the waves varies from about 50/min in the dogfish to 170/min in the mackerel. 18. B 【原文参考依据——B 段】B 段整段谈到了鱼骨架的力学模型。 19. D 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — D 段 第 5 行 】 The red muscle receives a good supply of blood and contains ampler quantities of fat and glycoge n, thestorage form of glucose…… 20‐23 填空题 20. forward thrust 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — F 段 第 三 行 】 根 据 "tail fin" 定 位 到 F 段 第 二 行 ， 答 案 在 第 三 行 。 The tail fin, in its final lash, may contribute as much as 40 per cent of the forward thrust. 21. rolling and yawing 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — F 段 第 四 至 五 行 】 根 据 "dorsal" 定 位 到 F 段 第 四 行 。 The median fins, that is, the dorsal, anal and ventral fins, control therolling and yawing movemen ts of the fish …… 22. Pectoral and pelvic 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — 见 F 段 第 七 行 】 The paired fins,, pectoral and pelvic, act as hydroplanes and control the pitch of the th fish, causing it ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! RR425988975 to swim downwards wards or upwards according to …… 23. slows and stops 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — F 段 末 句 】 The paired fins are also the means by which the fish slows down and stops。因字数限制，去掉 修饰的 down，paired fins 有好几组，注意区分位置。 24‐26 填空题 24. white muscle 【原文参考依据——D 段第二行】根据"Two types of muscles are involved in fish swimming"定 位 到 D 段 ， 与 D 段 第 一 句 是 同 义 表 达 。 The bulk of a fish's body is composed of the so‐called white muscle…… The bulk of = the majorit y of, bulk 大部分；be composed of = comprises。 25. fats and glycogen 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — D 段 第 五 行 】 The red muscle receives a good supply of bloodand contains ampler quantities of fat and glycoge n, the storage form of glucose,…… saved=storage。 26. predator/danger 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — D 段 最 后 一 行 】 However, this huge auxiliary power pack carried by a fish is of crucial significance if the life of the fish is threatened ‐ by a predator, for instance ‐ because it enables the fish to swim rapidly away f rom danger. 根 据 "white muscle" 定 位 到 第 七 行 ， 然 后 往 后 看 可 找 到 答 案 。 escape from=swim away from。 36300 艾费雷德 . 诺贝尔 参考答案与解析 1 FALSE 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐A 段 末 句 】 The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving muc h of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize. 2 NOT GIVEN 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐B 段 末 尾 】 There, his sons were given a first class education by private teachers. The training included natura l sciences, languages and literature. By the age of 17 Alfred Nobel was fluent in Swedish, Russian, French, English and German. His primary interests were in English literature and poetry as well as in chemistry and physics. Alfred's father, who wanted his sons to join his enterprise as engineers, disliked Alfred's interest in poetry and found his son rather introverted.原文中并未体现诺贝尔 的父亲期望诺贝尔接受比他自己更好的教育。 3 FALSE ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! !!!RR425988975 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐E 段 首 句 】 The market for dynamite d it and d detonating d t ti caps grew very rapidly idl and d Alfred Alf d Noble N bl also proved him self to be a very skillful entrepreneur epreneur and businessman. 4 FALSE 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐F 段 末 尾】Several years after the death of Alfred Nobel,the Norwegian Storting (Parliament) decided to award the 1905 Nobel Peace Prize to Bertha von Suttner. 5 TRUE 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐G 段 倒 数 第 二 句 】 Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833....They set about forming the Nobel Fou ndation as an organization to take care of the financial assets left by Nobel for this purpose and t o coordinate the work of the Prize‐Awarding Institutions. 诺贝尔死于 1896 年，遗嘱执行人按照 他的意愿设立了 foundation 6 TURE 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐G 段 倒 数 第 二 句 】 Nobel was very interested in social and peace‐related issues and held what were considered radic al views in his era. 7 【 chemical engineering 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐C 段 首 句 】 In order to widen Alfred's horizons his father sent him abroad for futher training in chemical engi neering. 8 Ascanio Sobrero 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐C 段 第 3 句 】 In Paris, the city he came to like best, he worked in the private laboratory of Professor T.J.Pelouze, a famous chemist. There he met the young Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero, who, three years ear lier, had invented nitroglycerine, a highly exposive liquid. 9 gunpowder 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐C 段 7‐9 行 】 Although its explosive power greatlly exceeded that of gunpowder, the liquid would explode in a very unpredictable manner if subjected to heat and pressure. 10 Stockholm 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐D 段 5‐7 行 】 They forbade further experimentation with nitroglycerine within the Stockholm city limits and Alf red Nobel had to move his experimentation to a barge anchored on Lake Malaren. 11 detonator 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐D 段 7‐9 行 】 In 1867, he patented this material under the name of dynamite. To be able to detonate the dyna mite rods, he also lighting a fuse. lso so invented a detonator(blasting cap) which could be ignited by lig ligh 12 ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! RR425988975 pneumatic drill d ill 【 原 文 参 第 二 句 考 依 据 ‐D 段 倒 数 These inventions madee at the same time as the pneumatic drill came into general use. ns were m 13 】 cost 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐D 段 末 句 】 Together these inventions drastically reduced the cost of blasting rock, drilling tunnels, building c anals and many other forms of construction work. 36301 托马斯.杨 参考答案与解析 1 TRUE 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐ A 段 倒 数 第 四 行 】 The phrase, which Robinson takes for his title, also serves as the subtitle of two other recent biog raphies: ....原文提及这个头衔也被赋予过给其他人。 2 FALSE 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐ A 段 首 句 】 Thomas Young (1773‐1829) contributed 63 articles to the Encyclopedia Britannica, including 46 bi ographical entries and substantial essays on '' Bridge,'' ''Chromatics,'' ''Egypt,'' ''Languages'' and '' Tides''. 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐B 段 首 句 】 Young, of course, did more than write encyclopedia entries. He presented his first paper to the Ro yal Society of London at the age of 20 and was selected a Fellow a week after his 21st birthday. 3 FALSE 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐ C 段 末 句 】 These are the landmark achievements of a man who was a child prodigy and who, unlike many re markable children, did not disappear into oblivion（遗忘） as an adult。跟很多天才儿童不一样 的是，Young 成人后也并未被人遗忘，而是有着很多的成就。 4 NOT GIVEN 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐ E 首 句 】 Young's skill as a physician, however, did not equal his skill as a scholar of natural philosophy or li nguistics. 题 干 中 是 other skills, 而 原 文 中 skill as a scholar of natural philosophy or linguistics, 并未提及其他技能。 5 TRUE 只 比 较 了 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐ E 段 8‐9 行 】 His opinions were sought on civic （ local ） and national matters(national issue), such as the introduction of gas lighting to LLondon and met Lo hods of ship construction.Young nstruction.Young 的想法有被采纳。 6 TRUE !!!RR425988975 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐ F 段 倒 数 2‐3 句 】 Young was introduced into elite society, attended the theatre and learned to dance and play th e flute. In addition, he was an accomplished horseman. Young 参加了很多社交活动，例如去剧 院，学习跳舞等等。 7 NOT GIVEN 文中并未提及晚年 Young 是否受到疾病的困扰。 8 46 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐ A 段 首 句 】 Thomas Young (1773‐1829) contributed 63 articles to the Encyclopedia Britannica, including 46 b iographical entries 9 humaneye / human eye accommodation 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐ B 段 第 3 句 】 Young, of course, did more than write encyclopedia entries. He presented his first paper to the R oyal Society of London at the age of 20 and was elected a Fellow a week after his 21st birthday. In the paper, Young explained the process of accommodation in thehuman eye ‐‐ 10 Indo‐European 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐ C 段 倒 数 第 2 句 】 In another entry,he coined （ 杜 撰 ， 创 造）the term Indo‐European to describe the family of languages spoken throughout most of Euro pe and northern India.. 11 Richard Brocklesby 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐ D 段 5‐9 行 】 After leaving school, he was greatly encouraged by his mother's uncle, Richard Brocklesby, a physi cian and Fellow of the Royal Society.Following Brocklesby's lead, Young decided to pursue a caree r in medicine. 12 Royal Institution 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐ E 第 二 句 】 Earlier, in 1801, he had been appointed to a professorship of natural philosophy at the Royal Instit ution, where he delivered as many as 60 lectures in a year. Royal Society 不行。因为题目问的是 professor of natural philosophy 这个职位在哪得到的。你 所说的 Royal Society 获得的是 secretary 这个职位。 13 gas lighting 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐ E 8‐9 行 】 His opinions were sought on civic and national matters, such as the introduction of gaslighting to London and methods of ship construction. 36302 珊瑚礁 䙬 参考答案与解析 析 14‐19 选择题 14. A ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! ! RR425988975 【原文参考依据‐‐A 段前半部分】A 段前半部分均在列出世界上各个地方珊瑚礁所占比例。 据 A 段前 半部分】A 半部分】 A 段前半部分均在列出世界上各个地 15. C 16. C 【原文参考依据‐‐C 段】整个 C 段都是举例说明珊瑚的经济，旅游的价格估值，以及大量数 据。 17. D 【原文参考依据‐‐D 段第一二句】 Unfortunately, coral reefs are dying around the world. In particular, coral mining, agricultural and urban runoff, pollution (organic and inorganic), disease, and the digging of canals and access into islands and bays are localized threats to coral ecosystems. 18. E 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐E 段 倒 四 行 】 Whenever people grab, kick, and walk on, or stir up sediment in the reefs, they contribute to cora l reef destruction. 19. D 【原文参考依据‐‐D 段第七行】Some current fishing practices are destructive and unsustainable. 20‐25 判断题 20. True 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐A 段 第 十 一 行 】 They provide a home for 25% of allmarine species, including fish, mollusks, worms, crustaceans, e chinoderms, sponges, tunicates and other cnidarians.21. True 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐A 段 第 二 行 】 The Indo‐Pacific region accounts for 91.9% of this total area. 91.9%分布集中在印度‐太平洋区 域。符合地理上的 disproportionately（不均衡，不平均）。 22. Not Given 【原文参考依据‐‐无】原文未提及题干内容。 23. Not Given 【原文参考依据‐‐无】原文未提及题干内容。 24. True 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐C 段 第 十 四 行 】 Further, reef tourism is important source of employment, especially for some of the world ’ s poorest people. 25. Not Given ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! RR425988975 【原文参考依据‐‐无】原文未提及题干内容。 据‐‐‐无】原文未提及题干内容。 26 选择题 26. C 【原文参考依据‐‐通篇】本文主要内容为珊瑚礁的所带来的益处及其目前不容乐观的处境， 据 通篇 本文主要内容为珊瑚礁的所带来的益处及其目 C 答案与此相符。而 A、B、D 答案则只是文中的部分内容。 36303 远程工作 参考答案与解析 28‐35 Summary 选择题 28. F 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐C 段 末 句 】 Changes in non‐commuting travel on weekends: home‐bases workers ,which includes a substanti al population of people who are not telecommuters, spend more time shopping out of the home than traditional workers. 29. A 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐D 段 首 句 】 Half‐time telecommuting could reduce carbon emissions by over 51 million metric tons a a year‐‐ the equivalent of talking all of New York's commuters off the road.30. C 31. I 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐D 段 第 二 行 】 Additional carbon footprint savings will come form reduced : office energy, roadway repairs, urba n heating, office construction, business travel, paper usage (as electronic documents replace pap er). 32. M 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐D 段 末 句 】 The three major areas where energy can be conserved are: Vehicle‐ralated materials and resourc es；Highway‐related materials and resources; and work‐related materials and resources.33. K 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐E 段 首 句 】 A tremendous amount of energy is required to produce transportation equipment such as autom obiles, buses, trains and jet aircraft. 34. H 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐E 段 第 行】 Fuel resources and gases needed to operate this equipment will be reduced...... 五 35. D 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐E 段 第 五 行 】 Fuel resources and gases needed to operate this equipment will be reduced , as well the building and repair of highways and maintenance requires a large consumption of energy, not only in the operation of the highway construction and repair equipment, but also in the manufacture and tra nsportation of the he required materials. 36‐39 Matchingg 36. A ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! RR425988975 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐G 段 第 二 行 】 More time working tension and other factors rking is usually us y associated with increased stress, domestic te that reduce quality of life. 37. C 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐F 段 倒 五 行 】 The loss of teamwork........such as Oracle's 'Functional' offices. Designed to increase communicati on and interactionwhen people are at the office, they are bright, and focused around a central caf e to stimulate ideas and face‐to‐face contact. 38. F 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐H 段 首 句 】 When you work in an office or a cubicle and something goes wrong with any hardware you have t he option of calling in the IT man. In fact, all of the equipment that you use at the office issupport ed by technical staff. 39. D 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐H 段 末 句 】 When you work from home, you'll surelyencounter technical problems and when you do, where do you get the support and help you need? If your computer hard drive crashed today, would you have the funds to replace it? 40 选择题 40. C 【原文参考依据‐‐通篇】作者对远程办公持积极态度的内容占文章大多数。本题亦可使用排 除法：作者对远程办公的快速发展感到惊讶(A)、对未来发展方向漠不关心(B)、对电子方面 问题的担忧(D)在本文并未显著描写，故答案选择 C。 36308 新手与专家 参考答案与解析 1‐5 填空题 1. guiding principles and rules 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐A 段 第 二 句 】 The novice needs to learn the guiding principles and rules of a given task in order to perform that task. 2. mentor 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐A 段 第 Generally, a novice vice will find a mentor to guide her through the process. 3. journeyman 五 行 】 ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! RR425988975 【 原 ‐‐B 段 首 句 】 文 参 考 依 据 B In time, and with much practice, ctice, the novice begin to recognize patterns of o behavior within cases and, thus, becomes journeyman. omes a jo eyman. 4. patterns of behavior 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐B 段 一 二 句 】 In time, and with much practice, the novicebegin to recognize patterns of behavior within cases a nd, thus, becomes a journeyman. With more practice and exposure to increasingly complex cases, the journeyman finds patterns not only within cases but also between cases. 本题中 patterns 与 patterns of behavior 相比，意思有所欠缺，在符合语法及字数的前提下，建议填写更为完整 的 patterns of behavior。 5. complex 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐B 段 第 二 句 】 With more practice and exposure toincreasingly complex cases, the journeyman finds patterns no t only within cases but also between cases. 6‐10 判断题 6. False 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐F 段 倒 八 行 】 A novice, for example, might group objects together by color or size, whereas an expert would gr oup the same objects according to their function or utility. Experts comprehend the meaning of d ata and weigh variables with different criteria within their domains better than novices. 文 中 “whereas”一词为转折，表明新手与专家所用的分组方式不同。“better than novices”也 明确提出了新手与专家理解方式不同。 7. Not Given 【原文参考依据‐‐G 段】G 段首句提到 long‐term memory，但对新手的“focus”和“training” 方面的内容在原文中未提及。 8. True 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐G 段 第 四 行 】 Experts spend more time thinking about a problem to fully understand it at the beginning of a tas k than do novices, whoimmediately seek to find a solution. 此处 immediately=straight away，意 为新手总是直接寻找解决方式。 9. False 【原文参考依据‐‐G 段、H 段】这一题错在“always”，虽然 G 段第二句说到“在解决问题 时，专家比新手更快、犯的错误更少”，但并不代表在解决问题的整个过程中，专家都比新 手更快。“always”有“始终、总是”之意，而 G 段倒四行说“专家在着手解决问题时，会 花更多的时间去彻底思考”，因此，在这个阶段，专家是比新手更慢、效率不如新手的。 10. True ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! !!RR425988975 【原文参考依据‐‐H aware” 据 ‐‐H 段】H 段】 H 段共三句，均解释了专家在出现问题时比新手“more 段共三句，均解释了专家在出现问题时比新手“ “check their solutions olutions more often”，题干与原文意思相符，因此本题为 often”，题干与原文意思相符，因此本题为 True。 True 11‐13 Summaryy 11. models 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐J 段 第 二 句 】 Some have argued that experts, like all humans, are inconsistent when using mental models to m ake predictions. 题干的 cognitive 替换了文中的 mental。 12. human biases 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐J 段 第 四 行 A number of researchers point to human biases to explain unreliable expert predictions. 13. consensus 】 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐J 段 倒 三 行 】 Despite such efforts, the literature showslittle consensus regarding the causes or manifestations of human bias. 文中“little”一词表否定，题干“did not yet”与原文相符。 36409 遗传对孩子的影响 参考答案与解析 14‐18 填表题 14. Genetic 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐B 段 第 五 行 】 How much of who you are today was shaped by your genetic inheritance, and how much is a resu lt of your life time of experiences? 题干“background”替代文中“inheritance(遗传)”。且根 据 B 段第十行的两句原文可知，此处为表格中第一行的内容。由此也可向前找，推出该题答 案 genetic。 15. all of siblings 16. 10% (或者 10 per cent) 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐D 段 末 句 】 It may also refer to all of siblings of a family, but the rate of influence is less than 10 per cent.17. Non‐shared environment 18. 40% 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐E 段 末 句 】 Non‐shared environment, it may refer to part of siblings of a family, the rate of influence to childr en is 40% to 50%. 19‐21 Summary 19. interrupted 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐F 段 倒 八 行 】 Research in recent years suggested that the impact from parents will be easy to be interrupted by ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! RR425988975 the influence from the children of the same age. age 题 干 的 “ peers( 同 龄 人 ) ” 替 代 了 原 文 的 “the children of the same age”。 age”。 20. variations 【 原 参 六 行 】 文 考 依 据 ‐ ‐‐F 段 倒 That also showed that variations of knowledge that children get from other culture is increasing. 21. interests 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐F 段 末 句 】 A number of interests between, whatever, fathers and mothers or parents and their children are c onflicting. 22‐25 判断题 22. Not Given 【原文参考依据‐‐无】原文未提及“一个家庭的孩子越多，环境给予其的影响越大”这方面 内容。 23. Yes 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐E 段 倒 二 句 】 However, the best available evidence for the importance of environmental influence comes from this same quantitative genetic research because genetic influence never explains all of the varian ce for complex phenotypes, and the remaining variance must be ascribed to environmental influe nces. 由该句向前追溯，可知该句是与 twin study 有关内容。 24. Not Given 【原文参考依据‐‐无】原文未出现题干所描述的内容。25. No 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐G 段 第 五 行 】 Turkheimer and Waldron (2000) have noted that non‐shared environmental influences‐which incl ude all of the random measurement error‐may not be systematic, but instead may operate idiosy ncratically and in ways that cannot be ascertained. 题干“can be a generally agreed idea”与原文 “may not be systematic”意思不符。 26 选择题 26. B 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐G 段 第 五 行 】 Turkheimer and Waldron (2000) have noted that non‐shared environmental influences‐which incl ude all of the random measurement error‐may not be systematic, but instead may operate idiosy ncratically and in ways that cannot be ascertained. 选项 B 的“not sufficiently proved”与原文 “may not be systematic”意思相符。 36410 青少年的青春期 参考答案与解析 1. B ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! !RR425988975 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐C 段 第 三 句 】 （ Middle ad adolescence Their concerns about b t peers are more directed di t d toward t d their th i opposite it sexed d peers. 2. B ） 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐C C 段 末 句 】 （ Middle adolescence ） Delinquency Delinquenc behavior （ 犯 罪 行 为）may emerge since parental views are no longer seen as absolutely correct by adolescents....... ， middle adolescence is a period during which young people are oriented toward what is right and proper. 3. A 【原文参考依据‐B 段末句】Early adolescence is also a period of intense conformity to peers.（和 同 伴 高 度 一 致 的 时 期）.....The worst possibility, from the view of the early adolescent, is to be seen by peers as‘diff erent’. 4. A 【原文参考依据‐B 段首句】 During the early years young people make the first attempts to leave the dependent, secure role of a child and to establish themselves as unique individuals, independent of their parents. first at tempt 与题中 beginning 对应 5. C 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐D 段 倒 数 第 2 句 】 Their needs for peer approval are diminished( 减 少) and they are largely psychologically independent from their parents. 6. B 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐C 段 句 】 Middle adolescence is marked by the emergence of new thinking skills. The intellectual world of t he young person is suddenly greatly expanded. 7. E 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐E 段 】 （ Professor Robert Havighurst ） One developmental task an adolescent needs to achieve is to adjust to a new physical (adj. 身体 的 、 物 理 的 ） sense of self. ... an individualundergo such rapid and profound physical changes as during early ad olescence. .......Also, the young person experiences the emergence (n. 出 现 ） and accentuation of those physical traits (n. 特 征 ） that make him or her a boy or girl. The effect of this rapid change is that the young adolescent oft en becomes focused on his or her body.此段整段说的都是与 physical 方面相关。 8. C 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐F 段 倒 数 第 二 句 】 (High school courses) School curriculaare frequently dominated by inclusion of more abstract, de manding material,regardless of whether the adolescents have achieved formal thought. 9. A 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐G 段 首 句 】 (Adolescence)During adolescence, as teens develop increasingly complex knowledge systems and ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! RR425988975 a sense of self, they alsoadopt an integrated set of values and morals (n. 道德 道德). ). 10. D 【 原 ‐FF 句 】 文 参 考 依 据 段 末 (thinking patterns)Since nott all adolescents make the intellectual transition transitio at the same rate, dem ands for abstract ct thinking thinkin prior rior to achievement of that ability may be frustrating. frust vary from...to...大概是要理解成“...与...不同”，所以这句并不是说人对人的改变，而是“人 与人不同”，即“思维模式的发展速度因人而异”，对应 F 段倒三 not all adolescents make the intellectual transition at the same rate. 11. FALSE 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐F 段 第 3 句 】 During adolescence, young people begin to recognize and understand abstractions. The adolesce nt must adjust to increased cognitive (adj. 认知的）demands at school. during adolescence，能 recognize and understand abstraction。原文与题目相反 12. TRUE 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐H 段 】 ...they must develop new verbal skills to accommodate more omplex (adj. 复 杂 的 ） concepts and tasks. Their limited language of childhood is no longer adequate (adj. 足 够 的). Adolescents may appear less competent because of their inability to express themselves mea ningfully. the adolescent must develope expanded verbal skills. 和 their limited language of childhood is n o longer adequate. 而 12 题的 deficit 是不足的意思 所以是 T 13. TRUE 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐I 段 倒 数 第 2 句 】 Yet, to be an adult implies a sense of independence, of autonomy, of being one ’ s own person. Adolescents mayvacillate( 动 摇 ， 决) between their desire for dependence and their need to be independent. 犹 豫 不 36502 树冠的研究者 参考答案与解析 14. B 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐B 段 】 Tropical rainforest comprise the richest of ecosystem, revalled only by coral reel for its diversity a nd complex interrelationships. And a great deal of that diversity lives up in the canopy‐‐an estima ted 70‐90 percent of life in the rainforest exists in the trees; one in ten of all vascular plants are ca nopy dwellers; and about 20‐25 per cent of all invertebrates are thought to be unique to the cano py. B 段说了地球上最富裕的生态系统，而且很多特征独一无二。好多树上的生命占了百分 之好几十好多好多。热带雨林拥有最丰富的生态系统。总之就是热带雨林很重要。重要当然 就有研究的必要性了。 正好对应对 canopy 研究的生态意义。 15. C 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐C 段 前 两 句 】 The first Briton to actually get into the canopy may have been Sir Francis Drake who, in 1573, gain ed his first glimpse of the Pacific Ocean from a tall tree in Darien, Panama. However, the first seri ous effort to reach ach and study the canopy didn't begin until 1929. 16. A RR425988975 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐A 段】The forest canopy‐‐the term given to the aggregated crowns of trees iin a forest‐‐is thought to canopy host up to 40 per cent of all species, of which ten per cent could be unique to the forest roof. "W e're dealing with the richest, least known, most threatened habitat on Earth," ..... "The problem with our understanding of forests is that ....... and yet we're dealing with trees that ......." 17. F 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐F 段 5‐7 行】"However, we've all come to realise that a combination of methods, a long‐term approach to ecological studies and a collaborative approach are the absolute best ways to advance canopy sci ence. 18. E 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐E 段 5‐7 行 】 "Un‐tethered balloons may allow widely distributed sites to be sampled, but cranes allow scientis ts to study an area of at least a hectare from soil to canopy throughout the year, year after year." Cranes beat any other access mode. 原文见 E 段第 6 行，...year after year,"cranes beat any other access mode" .... "beat any other" 打 败其他所有的方式‐‐最好的，最佳的；E 段最后一句话 加引号那个。ultimate solution 对应原 文 core research 。... in the future 对应 till now 吧。并且段中大量提到了 crane 现在的应用之 广，也能体现 tilll now，甚至未来很长一段时间都是最佳的选择 19. locals 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐C 段 5‐6 行 】 The Oxford University Expedition to British Guiana, led by Major RWG Hingston, still ended up re quiring the help of locals when it came to building an observation platform. 20. balloons 【原文参考依据‐C 段 9‐11 行】 In terms of canopy access, the French have proved themselves to be excellent innovators, taking t hings further with the development of 'lighter‐than‐air platforms'‐‐balloons and related equipme nt, to you and me. 21. raft/rafts 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐D 段 第 2 句 】 The raft is a 'floating' platform, employed by French academics Dany Cleyet‐Marrel and Laurent P yot and is essentially an island in the treetops. 22. (static)crane/cranes 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐E 段 第 2 句 】 The next major innovation came from Alan Smith, whoworked at the Smithsonian Tropical Resear ch Institute in Panama. Smith had the idea of using a static crane to get into the treetops.此类填 空答案应从核心词往回数，要求几个词就数几个词，冠词可忽略。比如，此道题核心词为 crane，要求 two words，所以 crane 或 static crane 都是正确答案。当然，建议写 static crane， 要求几个写几个，较保险。 个，较保险。 23. D ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! RR425988975 【 原 文 参 12‐14 行 】 考 依 据 ‐C 段 Francis Halle; from rom the Laboratoire oratoire de Botanique Tropicale at Montpellier University took to a ball oon in the mid‐1980s in order to approach the canopy from above. 24. B 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐D 段 倒 数 第 6 行 】 "....not very effective because you can only reach the tops of the trees, and are highly dependent on the weather," says Dr Wilfried Morawetz, director of systematic botany at the University of Lei pzig. "Balloons can usually only be used in the early morning for two to four hours. 25. F 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐E 段 前 两 句 +5‐6 行 】 The next major innovation came from Alan Smith, who worked at the Smithsonian Tropical Resea rch Institute in Panama. Smith had the idea of using a static crane to get into the treetops. Un‐tet hered balloons may allow widely distributed sites to be sampled, but cranes allow scientists to st udy an area of at least a hectare from soil to canopy throughout the year, year after year. "Cranes beat any other access mode. They are cheap, reliable and fast. E 段的第 1 行（Alan smith 首先运用的起重机，innovation 是创造，不但是 innovative idea， 事实上 Alan Smith 是一个发明者）+5 行（便宜稳定，是 korner 的评价，但还是 Alan applied 过的）原文解释 26. E 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐E 段 8‐10 行 】 Korner is using a static crane in a unique carbon dioxide‐enrichment experiment in Switzerland, in an attempt to discover how forests mightrespond to the global increase in atmospheric carbon di oxide (see Swiss canopy‐crane carbon experiment, right). Korner 利用起重机做了一个二氧化碳 的实验 27. B 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐E 段 末 尾 】 In order to increase the amount of canopy a crane can access, some have been mounted on short rail tracks."In 1995,Dr Wilfried Morawetz was the first to use this technique, installing a crane on 150 metres of track in Venezuelan rainforest. "In my opinion, cranes should be the core of canopy research in the future," he says. 36505 岛上的雀鸟 参考答案与解析 1‐4 表格题 1. (severe) drought 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐C 段 倒 五 行 】 When a severe drought hit in 1977, the birds soon devoured the last of the small, easily eaten see ds. 2. large seeds ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! !!!RR425988975 【 原 ‐‐C 段 末 句 】 文 参 考 依 据 C Smaller members of the medium dium ground finch population, lacking the bill strength to crack large s eeds, died out. 3. heavy rains 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐E 段 首 句 】 Eight years later, heavy rains brought by an El Nino transformed the normally meager vegetation on Daphne Major. 八年后，即 1977+8=1985 年。 4. small seeds 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐E 段 第 七 行 】 Small seeds came to dominate the food supply, and big birds with big bills died out at a higher rat e than smaller ones. 题干的“main food resource”替代了原文的“......dominate(占主要地 位) the food supply”。 5‐8 summary 5. finch evolution 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐H 段 首 句 】 On the inhabited island of Santa Cruz, just south of Daphne Major, Andrew Hendry of McGill Univ ersity and Jeffrey Podos of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst have discovered a new, m an‐made twist in finch evolution. 6. medium‐sized bills 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐I 段 倒 八 行 】 But in the late 1960s and early 70s, medium ground finches with medium‐sized bills began to thri ve at Academy Bay along with small and large‐billed birds. 题干的“flourished(兴旺，繁荣)”替 代了原文的“thrive(繁荣的，昌盛的)”。 7. human population 8. rice 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐I 段 倒 四 行 】 The booming human population had introduced new food sources, including exotic plants and bir d feeding stations stocked with rice. 9‐13 判断题 9. False 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐A 段 末 句 】 They have witnessed Darwin ’ s principle in action again and again, over many generations of finches. 题 干 说 Grants 质 疑 了 Darwin 的理论，而原文则说 Grants 在世世代代的雀鸟里见证了 Darwin 的理论。因此题干与 原文相反。 10. Not Given ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! !!!RR425988975 【原文参考依据‐‐C 段首句出现了题干中被比较的两种雀鸟，但并没有比较食物对它 据‐‐C 段】 段】C C 段首句出现了题干中被比较的两种雀鸟，但并没有 们的影响程度。 11. True 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐F 段 倒 四 行 】 Then, in 2002 and 2003, another drought struck. None of the birds nested that year, and many di ed out. 本题虽有“all”这种极端词，但与文中“None of the birds nested”意思相符。 12. False 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐H 段 首 句 】 On the inhabited island of Santa Cruz, just south of Daphne Major, Andrew Hendry of McGill Univ ersity and Jeffrey Podos of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst have discovered a new, m an‐made twist in finch evolution. 他们发现的是一个新现象，因此与前人的发现不同。 13. True 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 ‐‐K 段 首 句 】 The finches of Santa Cruz demonstrate a subtle process in which human meddling can stop evolut ion in its tracks, ending the formation of new species. 题干的“intervention(介入)”替代了文中 的“meddling(干预)” 36601 鸟的迁徙 参考答案与解析 14‐20 matching 14. iv 【原文参考依据——A 段首句】A 段首句提到鸟类有许多独特的结构特征，使得它们表现出 令人惊叹的耐力。之后论述了这些特征，换言之，讲的就是鸟类生理和解剖结构的特点如何 适用飞行。 15. v 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — B 段 首 句 】 The fundamental reason that birds migrate is to find adequate food during…….迁徙的基本目的 是为了食物。16. ii 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — C 段 首 句 】 One puzzling fact is that many birds journey much further than would be necessary just to find fo od and good weather. 鸟类的旅程距离远远长于它们寻找食物和好天气所必须飞行的距离， 说的就是"rejection of closer feeding ground"，"puzzling"和"unplained"是同义表达。 17. x 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — D 段 首 句 】 One of the greatest mysteries is how young birds know how to find the traditional wintering area ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! RR425988975 s without parental of"是同义表达。 ntal guidance. 鸟类不需要 parent guidence，"without"和"lack guidence， guidence，"without" "without"和 和"lack of" of"是 是 18. vii 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — E 段 首 句 】 Mouting evidence nce has confirmed c rmed that birds use the positions of the sun aand stars to obtain comp ass directions. 大量的证据显示鸟类能够利用太阳和星星的方向来辨别方向，后面又例举了一 些研究发现，说的正是对鸟如何迁徙的研究。 19. i 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — F 段 首 句 】 Neverheless, all journeys involve considerable risk, and part of the skill in arriving safely is setting off at the right time. “set off"与"migrate"是同义表达，the right time = the best moment。 20. viii 【原文参考依据——G 段】整段讲的都是不管风带来的麻烦，鸟类都能成功迁徙。21‐22 选 择题（in any order） 21、 A 【原文参考依据——C 段首句】 ......journey much further than ...... necessary 22、 C 【原文参考依据——E 段倒数第二句】E 段的倒数第二句说，鸟类在温暖日照下长时间飞行 会有脱水危险，danger of dehydration （脱水，缺水），反过来的意思就是鸟类夜间飞行所 需要的水比较少。 23‐26 填空题 23、 parental guidance 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — D 段 第 一 句 话 】 根 据 "cuckoos" 定 位 到 D 段 。 One of the greatest mysteries is how young birds know how to find the traditional wintering area s without parental guidance. 24、 compass 【原文参考依据——E 段第一句话】根据"observing the sun and the stars"定位到 E 段第一句 话 。 Mouting evidence has confirmed that birds use the positions of the sun and stars to obtain comp ass directions. 25、 predators 【原文参考依据——E 段倒数第三行】E 段倒数第四行提到，夜间飞行可以带来其他的好处 ——Daytime predators are avoided（倒三行）。 26、 visible 【 原 文 参 考 依 据 — — F 段 第 七 行 】 Birds are adept at both, in laboratory tests, some have been shown to detect the minute differen ce in barometric pressure between the floor and ceiling of a room. Often birds react to weather c hages before there is any visible sign of them. ᇶ൫౯ዅࡼਜ਼! !!!RR425988975