1
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Grace Chong, Aubrey Culpepper, Kirsten Mohr, Catherine Norkus
Georgia Southern University School of Nursing
NURS 4113 : Research
Dr. Marian Tabi
April 11, 2021
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
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Introduction
Pain is defined as physical discomfort or suffering due to an illness or injury, however, it
is way more than that. The burden of pain can change a person’s ability to live and their outlook
on life. Since pain is usually a subjective symptom, it is extremely difficult to fully understand
how it is affecting a person. Some other factors that make it hard to acknowledge the effects of
pain on a person include age, race, gender, and spirituality. To provide adequate care for
someone, all of these things should be taken into consideration. No one is ever going to be able
to understand the pain in its entirety, but recognizing how different aspects of a person’s life will
make it easier. We as health care providers need to understand the physiological needs that our
patients have. Miriam O. Ezenwa (2013) states “There are several important gaps in our
understanding of disparities in pain management, including a lack of attention to disparities in
pain management in primary care settings.” Pain is a part of everyone’s daily life, it’s inevitable,
so it needs to be a priority in how it is managed in the healthcare field.
Background
In the healthcare field, many patients do not get the care they need solely because of the
color of their skin. Many individuals that are not Caucasian report worse pain management and a
poorer quality of life. Studies have shown that Caucasians reported better pain management and
a better quality of life than an African American individual, and although this study was based
solely on a person’s race, this raises the question of whether other factors affect how pain is
approached. Jana M. Mossey (2011) performed a research study solely to discover any existing
racial prejudice within the healthcare field which may be affecting health care treatment to
minorities. From her study, she concluded that ethnic/minorities do indeed receive less adequate
treatment for acute and chronic pain. However, race is not the only factor that affects the kind of
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
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treatment and care an individual receives. Characteristics such as gender, age, and even
spirituality have a major impact on the quality of care a person may receive in the healthcare
field as well as how pain is perceived. Today, nurses are taught to be culturally competent and
aware however, sometimes this is not always the case. Individuals can be mistreated based on
their spirituality, gender, and even age.
Purpose
Through this research study, the members of this assignment hope to better understand
how we can better medically treat those who are a part of the Islamic community. More so, we
intend to understand all of the racial, ethical, and religious factors which play a role in this
community, and how we can understand how we as health care workers can assist them in the
medical field. We have acknowledged that in today's healthcare system, we see that there can be
a change in care based on race and religious preference, and as we are the upcoming new nurses
we intend to break any stigma and any unfair treatment that may be occurring in the medical
field. The purpose of this study is to better know how to treat those a part of the Islamic faith and
being aware of cultural considerations that play a role in caring for those in this community.
Research Question
As stated previously, pain is inevitable in every person's life. Pain is different from
person to person, but do certain ethnic races tolerate pain differently because of what they
believe in? This being said, does gender, age, race, and spirituality affect pain management for
Islamic patients?
Literature Narrative
Pain is a word that everyone hates and no one fully understands. Since it is a subjective
symptom, it will never be the same for any individual which makes it extremely difficult to treat.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
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Most people nowadays will go without adequate treatment for pain due to healthcare providers
not being educated enough on the different types of lifestyles people live. The most common
issues of treating/managing pain have to do with a person’s gender, race/ethnicity, and
spirituality. Another factor that inhibits people from getting treatment is discrimination in the
healthcare field towards certain patients. Each one of these things contributes to why no one can
fully understand the meaning of pain or why sufficient treatment is not being provided. The pain
will always be a part of people’s lives, however, with more education and proper training, people
can finally get the appropriate treatment without dealing with different biases.
Literature Narrative: Pain Threshold between Genders
Throughout the years, most people have always said men are stronger and can handle
pain better than women, however, that is not the case. Many studies have tested the theory of
how pain is managed between the two different genders, and the majority have concluded that
women can handle more varieties of pain better than men. The mental aspect of these studies was
the predominant turning factor when making these conclusions. Men tend to show that they are
stoic and in control of the pain they are enduring. They will try their hardest to avoid seeking
help from any type of healthcare professional. Women on the other hand are more willing to
report pain. They recognize the problem of being in pain faster than men and want to get it taken
care of. Another significant finding in these studies shows that women report having a higher
activity level, pain acceptance, and social support whereas men report mood disturbances and
low activity levels when trying to manage any type of pain. While looking at almost every study
between the differences of how men and women handle pain, it contraindicates how the majority
of healthcare workers treat pain and provide care to patients daily. Healthcare providers will
overlook the needs of a male patient due to a universal bias about how men are stronger than
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
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women. This presents a huge problem in this field that needs to be addressed. Nurses and doctors
need more education to help them better understand the male perception of pain. Since pain is a
subjective symptom, there will never be a certain way to treat it. However, more research needs
to be conducted to allow healthcare providers the ability to successfully understand the
differences between male and female pain tolerance.
Literature Narrative: Pain Disparities between different Races/Ethnicities
The way pain is managed and treated can be differentiated based on a person’s race and
ethnicity. There have been many discrepancies in how medical professionals assess their patients
and manage an individual’s pain based on racial and ethical biases. In multiple different studies,
a large group of individuals were separated based on racial profile, age, gender, and were chosen
based on whether they were fluent in English, pregnancy status, whether they were receiving any
treatment for pain, etc., and it was found that while people were treated for their pain, others had
a harder time managing their pain or even receiving adequate treatment at all. There have been
multiple studies that have found that not every person has the same pain threshold or tolerance as
the next person and that different people manage pain in different ways. It was found that this
information was not understood by many health care professionals, so while treating every
person the same way, some were getting relief while others had a greater feeling of hopelessness,
“the specific study aims were to test whether perceived discrimination relating to hopelessness
mediates the relationship between race and pain management” (Ezenwa & Fleming, 2013).
Furthermore, there have been controversies surrounding the belief about biological differences.
In a specific study, it was revealed that the future of medicine held pretenses and beliefs about
the biological makeup of different races. Hoffman, et. al., (2016) revealed that medical students
and professionals had false beliefs about the biological differences between African Americans
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
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and Non-Hispanic Whites. This caused the prediction of the correlation between racial biases,
pain perception, and treatment found in a healthcare setting. Also, a study assessing the different
effects of different procedures and the physiological/cardiovascular statuses was made to
determine how different races/ethnicities reacted to pain. In a study conducted by Kim, et. al.,
(2019), procedures such as pressure pain, mechanical cutaneous pain, and head pain were
conducted to assess these physiological/cardiovascular statuses. Furthermore, a pressure pain
threshold procedure was conducted to assess five different body sites to reveal the statuses
mentioned. Although everyone feels pain at one point or another, it is important to understand
that pain is just as different as the color of someone’s skin and their genetic background. Many
individuals experience pain in different ways and some need better management than others.
Literature Review: Islamic Faith in Medicine
Within the past ten years research has been performed to analyze how those who are a
part of the Islamic faith view and receive medical attention. Some scholars noticed that there was
a social attitude created by the society that Muslim patients were hesitant to seek out medical
treatment. Through multiple different studies, it has been discovered that there are religious
aspects, but also social aspects, which affect how Muslim patients view and receive medical
care. One study performed in Chicago Illinois set a goal of seeing whether women who were
actively a part of a mosque and actively engaged in the surrounding Muslim community, seeking
medical care. This research was specific to cervical cancer screening. The woman who
participated in this study marked if they had or had not recently been to have a pap smear done to
detect cervical cancer. Through this study, they found that 84% of women had received a pap
smear in the last 3 years (Mohiuddin A.2020). In this same study, they found that there weren't
many instances where their religion inhibited them from being screened or caused people to
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
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believe that bad results were an omen from Allah. Instead more women used their faith to pray
for strength and positive outcomes when they visited the clinic. All the women were also asked if
they believed that modesty was an important factor in upholding proper Islamic beliefs. Once
again 84% of the women agreed that modesty plays an important part in their religion, but the
majority of the women justified that seeking cancer screening was important to their health, and
being seen by a female doctor maintained their modesty.
This theme of tailoring one's actions to fit both medical needs and also respecting the
laws set by religious doctrine is an overpowering theme found in this community. Between 2014
and 2016 FCNA, Fiqh Council of North America, members congregated to discuss if organ
transplant and harvesting were morally sound. After two years of intense research and council,
the FCNA concluded that organ transplant and donation are permissible while being subject to
several conditions (Auda J. 2020). The conditions were created so Muslim patients could abide
by Islamic law and respect their body which was designed by their god. When we change gears
and examine what health care workers believe about treating Muslim patients, the true problem
is revealed. Recent studies have shown that the majority of health care providers do not fully
understand the needs that Muslim patients may have to fully abide by their religious practice.
Also, some HCW record believing social stigmas regarding the Islamic community, such as
believing Muslims lack personal hygiene, men are misogynistic, or that all Muslims follow a
strict set of guidelines (Plaza del Pino, 2017). This is to show that the main problem that lies
between the Islamic community having a healthy relationship with modern medicine, is the
underlying prejudice and lack of education that some health care workers have in regards to the
Islamic community.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
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Literature Review: Discrimination and Practice of Islamic Faith in Medicine
Seeking healthcare is not always as easy as we think it is. Discrimination persists when
certain races and ethnicity try to seek care, such as Muslims. A study was tested linking
Islamophobia, which is the dislike of Muslims and Islams, with health outcomes. It was
concluded that the discrimination on these individuals was linked to a higher prevalence of
mental health issues, a negative tie to seeking healthcare, and poorer health behaviors. These
individuals still receive hate crimes and it is experienced by people of all ages (Samari, G.,
Alcalá, H. E., & Sharif, M. Z. (2018)). For this reason, Muslims are less likely to seek out
healthcare when they are sick or even due for a yearly checkup. This will cause greater health
complications because they are not getting the treatment they need, solely because of the fear of
discrimination in the healthcare setting. Since there is a link of fear and healthcare to the
American Muslims, certain types of trust have been established between them. According to a
recent study, there is a lack of trust in allopathic medicine used today. Individuals have explained
the poor treatment and mistakes that have been endured with this medicine. They have explained
how they have trust in their family to guide them to correct healthcare providers, but finding a
bond with a certain physician is very difficult. Lastly, they lay most of their trust in themself and
God Padela, A. I., Pruitt, L., & Mallick, S. (2017). It is shown that there is a huge break in trust
between healthcare itself and even the provider. When care is received by this population, it is
not up to adequate standards and even improper diagnoses are being made. The only trust they
can have is in their relationship, which is not medical personnel. A common trend that has been
shown in recent studies is a positive correlation between religion and Muslim Health. God serves
the main role in American Muslim's healing and health. They turn to him because they think that
conventional medicine came from God and they all usually have a strong relationship with God.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
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A study was conducted that showed how the use of Islamic prayer created better outcomes for
Muslim women in labor. . Desmawati, Kongsuwan, W., & Chatchawet, W.(2020) revealed that
solely using Islamic prayer, with no medical interventions, decreased the length in the active
phase of labor and increased the well-being of the newborns. The only thing provided to these
patients was the Quran, breathing, and positioning. Incorporating religion can be very important
to certain religious groups and it is shown here.
Methods
For this project, many articles were chosen based on the primary factor of answering our
topic of interest. We focused on how age, gender, race, and spirituality affect pain and how
people are treated for pain in the healthcare field. Before reading each article, we made sure it
was up-to-date and a reliable source of information. The major search engine used to find the
articles was Galileo due to the fact it is mainly scholarly and peer-reviewed articles. At first, we
each picked out seven to eight articles that we thought would benefit our project, however, after
considering every element of each selection, we ended up only having 5 articles each. This made
our total article count for the paper 20. While reading through the selected articles, each one of
us made sure the studies being conducted were fair and protected the rights of the participants
involved. Before each study was conducted, informed consent was documented to ensure each
individual was participating voluntarily. The questionnaires used in the article’s studies were
anonymous allowing people to feel comfortable answering all of the questions provided. Also,
the participants chosen included a wide range of races, spiritualities, and ages so there were no
biases in the studies being conducted. Each article had a unique outlook on life allowing us to
compare and contrast how individuals from our target ethnicity think they should be treated
when needing certain types of pain management. This allowed us to provide adequate
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
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information for our paper. We wanted to make sure that our topic of interest was answered
appropriately, while also promoting how important it is for people across the board to be treated
fairly.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
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Literature Review Table
Author
Purpose
Statement
Sample
Research
Design/Metho
d
Data
Analysis
Results
Recommendati
ons
Limitations
Goldey,
K.,
Crockett,
E.,
BoyetteDavis, J.,
& Archey,
M. (2019).
-used previous
findings to
continue
researching on
sex/gender
differences by
comparing the
testosterone
levels of
women to their
perceived pain
on a pain scale
before and after
undergoing
induced pain.
-located at
undergraduate
university
-excluded from
study if
pregnant/breastfee
ding, CV
problems,
diabetes, chronic
pain conditions,
and arthritis.
-32 women and 14
men between the
age of 18 to 35.
-a complete
health and
background
questionnaire
-cold pressor
test
(experimentall
y induced pain
or discomfort):
patients
reported pain
on visual
analog scale
participants
provided
two 2-4ml
sample of
passive
drool and
then
assayed to
get their
testosterone
-health and
background
questionnair
e analyzed
-VAS pain
scale
analyzed
-descriptive
statistics
-males had
significantly
lower VAS
scores (Male:
M=51.43,SEM
9.41) (Female:
M=71.03,
SEM=3.53)
-no effects were
found for
baseline
testosterone,
potstest
testosterone,
and the change
in testosterone
-the use of
more than 10
minutes after
the pain
stimulus to
collect the
saliva for
testosterone.
-this could
have caused
little change in
testosterone
levels
-the use of only
healthy individuals
-use of an
controllable pain
stimulus does not
truly show what
biological and
psychological
changes that
happens in chronic
pain
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Becker, K.
L. (2020)
-this study
looks over
chronic pain
communication
preferences.
This includes
questions asked
and the answer
to allow a
holistic view of
what it's like
living with
chronic pain
-192 people,
women to men
ratio was 4:1.
-came from 8
different countries
and 38 states
-survey on
social media
asking how
they view their
chronic pain
and how
effective
communicatio
n is with
family and
health care
providers.
-computer
mediated
communicatio
n
12
-descriptive
statistics
-99% said
chronic pain
impacts them
physically
-54% feel
supported
-wants HCP to
obtain how
chronic pain
impacts daily
lives. This
includes
activities,
relationships
and goals.
-they like the
use of openended questions
-future surveys
should use the
word primary
health care
provider
-survey completion
altered by
disinterested people
-using compter
mediated
communication
doesn't account for
those that can't use
internet or not have
access
-exaggeration of
responses -selfreported could
mean bias
-
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Desmawati
,
KONGSU
WAN, W.,
&
CHATCH
AWET,
W. (2020)
-aimed to see if
using Islamic
praying as a
nursing
intervention
will reduce the
active labor
phase in first
time pregnant
women and if it
will improve
the outcome of
the newborn.
-83 women put
into 2 groups.
Experimental: 41
and Control 42.
-recruited
participants from
BBH hospital and
CHC Pamulang,
Indonesia
-at 32 weeks
gestation and
without
complications.
-DDQ
(demographic
data
questionnaire),
and Obstetric
Data
Questionnaire
in antenatal
clinic
-experimental
women recited
14 verses of
Quran,were in
different
positions with
contractions,
practiced
breathing
techniques and
had stroking
with nonpharmacologic
al measures
13
Demograph
ic data
similar
between
groups.
Data was
analyzed by
SPSS
-Descriptive
statistics
used to
analyze
DDQ and
ODQ.
Chi-Square,
Fisher’s
exact, and
Independent
t-test used
to see
differences
in the
groups.
-the active
phase was
shorter in the
experimental
group
(M=202.3,
SD=41.2)
rather than the
control
group(M=313.8
, SD=86.6)
-the neonates
outcomes were
better in the
experimental
group (41
women with no
complications)t
han the control
group (6
women had
complications),
excluding the
APGAR scores
-control
factors for
sleep of
women and the
age of the
mother
-separate
amniotomy
from
spontaneous
ROM
-the risk of
twins and high
risk
pregnancies
-conduct the
research
throughout the
WHOLE birth
of baby
process
-trials to
compare
different
upright
positions
-researchers could
not control
maternal age and
how and when the
women slept
-could not control
if women
spontaneously
ruptured
membranes or if
they ruptured from
amniotomy
-the study couldn't
be generalized to
multiparous women
- it was only
researched in the
active labor stage
-could not control
if different upright
positions caused a
shorter duration of
labor
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Samari,
G., Alcalá,
H. E., &
Sharif, M.
Z. (2018).`
-a literature
review for us to
better
understand
Islamic racism
and health, also
known as
Islamophobia.
-53 peer-reviewed
articles and cross
matched them to
specific criteria.
-the criteria is: had
islamophobia,
expressed a health
outcome/health
discussion, was
conducted in New
Zealand, North
America, Europe,
or Australia
-used crosssectional study
designs
-met criteria on
PubMedMedline search
14
-use
PRISMA
-used
different
studies and
reviewing
these 53
articles for
information
on
islamophobi
a and health
to use as a
resource for
medical
professional
s
-34 of the
articles were
quantitative
-the remaining
articles were
primary data
collection or
mixed methods
-showed a
relationship
with
discrimation
and poor mental
health
outcomes in
Muslims . Ex:
Depression
-Discrimination
has a negative
correlation to
Muslims having
access to
healthcare/healt
h vare services.
-evaluation
continues to
use religious
identification
as a moderator
and religiosity
as mediator include
subgroups or
heterogeneity
of Muslims
-did not compare
Muslims to nonLatino Whites
-couldn't fully show
Islamophobia
converging with
different
discrimination
-need more
rigorous
Islamophobia and
health studies
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Padela,
A. I.,
Pruitt, L.,
& Mallick,
S. (2017).
-this research
article aims to
inform the
different types
of trust that
American
Muslims have
when making
healthcare
decisions
-13 focus groups
with 102
American
Muslims, both
males and females
-
-interviewed
and asked
questions on
their faith and
health
15
-descriptive
statistics
-groups
were audiorecorded
and
transcribed
word for
word into
English
-two
analysts
developed
“tree”
nodes using
Islamic
Influences
on Health
Behavior
-analysts
developed
codes into a
codebook
-78%
participants
reported having
health
insurance
-trust in
allopathic
medicine was
negative
because of
discrimiantion
in healthcare
-there was a
high trust in
God
-participants
trusted own
knowledge to
use clinical
recommendatio
ns
-trust in
personal
relationships
impacted who
they chose for
care
-studying the
constructs of
this research
can produce a
better
understanding
of healthcare
disparities and
what we can
do to fix them
. An example
of this is
comparing
trust in God to
decisions of
allopathic vs.
religious
healing and
then testing
these
healthcare
outcomes.
-research
conducted in a
single geographic
area
-research was
mosque-base,
which is using a
more religious
population
-the discussion
focused on the idea
of trust and could
have a more
qualitative
interview that
center only on trust
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Kim HJ,
Greenspan
JD, Ohrbach
R,
Fillingim
RB,
Maixner W,
Renn CL, et
al. (2019)
-assess the
effects of
mediation of
the
physiological
status and
responses of
the
cardiovascular
status in
relation to
racial/ethnic
differences in
multiple
different
experimental
pain studies.
-3,159 healthy
individuals (Nonhispanic white
1,637, AA 1,012,
Asian 299, and
Hispanic 211)
-fluent in written
and spoken
english
-not receiving
orthodontic
treatment
-not pregnant
-QST
procedures—
pressure pain,
mechanical
cutaneous
pain, and heat
pain.
-pressure pain
threshold
(PPT) assessed
in five body
sites
(overlying the
temporalis
muscle,
masseter
muscle,
temporomandi
bular joint,
trapezius
muscle, and
flexor carpi
ulnaris)
-contact heat
stimuli
16
Statistical
analyses
using
expectationmaximizati
on
algorithm.
-HR/MAP
levels in AA
was lower
compared to
NHW
-HR?MAP
levels in Asians
were higher
than NHW
-Asians had
higher levels of
DAS than
NHW
Assess DAS
(depression,
anxiety, and
stress) in
Asians since
they are of
higher levels
compared to
NHW
-Have a
parasympatheti
c/sympathetic
balance
-Limited
racial/ethnic
minorities who
were fluent in
English.
-All individuals
that were studied
were relatively
healthy individuals.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Hoffman
K.M.,
Trawalter,
S., Axt,
J.R.,
Oliver,
M.N.
(2016)
Examines the
beliefs
associated with
racial bias in
pain
management.
121 individualsAA and
Caucasians
-Medical students
418
-Medical residents
from an online
platform
-Survey
methods
-provide
demographic
information
and to
complete the
measures of
beliefs and
biological
differences
17
Participant
interview
between
nonmedical
individuals
and medical
students/res
idents
Revels that a
numerous
amount of
white people
and medical
students/residen
ts hold false
beliefs about
biological
differences
between blacks
and whites and
this
demonstrated
that these
beliefs predict
racial biases
and pain
perception and
treatment
-Be aware of
cultural
differences
and
racial/ethnic
difference
-Limited to those
only those who
were fluent in
english
-Limited to those
who were only
born in United
States
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Ng, T.S.
(2019)
Examine racial
differences in
pain thresholds,
pain tolerance,
CPM and
psychological
factors (GSE and
depression)
between healthy
Chinese and
Indian adults in
Singapore.
-60 healthy
chinese and indian
individuals were
studied from
hospital staff and
the general
population
-good health
-no prior history
of pain requiring
treatment
-Demographic
details and
questionnaire
-physical
measurements
as well as pain
threshold and
heat pain
threshold, cold
pressor test
18
Statistical
analysis and
normality
of each
variable.
Mediational
analysis
-pain thresholds
between both
groups, chinese
and indians,
were very
similar.
-Chinese had
higher cold pain
tolerance
-Indians had
higher selfreported pain
severity ratings
than Chinese
-Be aware of
the racial
differences in
pain tolerance
-
-All experimental
pain were acute and
painful but
controlled by the
participants of the
study
-Lack of
information on
socioeconomic
status of the
participants as this
impact pain
severity.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Ezenwa,
M.O., &
Fleming,
M.F.,
(2013).
Graciela
S.
Rovner1,
2,3,
Katharina
S.
Sunnerha
Eamine the
relationship
between race
and pain
management,
as well as
testing
whether
discrimination
related to
feelings of
hopelessness
intercedesthe
relationship
between race
and pain
management,
and to test
whether pain
management
is an influence
The objective
of this study
was to
differentiate
how males and
females handle
pain and
-892 participants
of AA and
Caucasian
-Discrimination
questionnaire
-The majority
were Caucasian
females
-1371 patients
with chronic
musculoskeletal
non-malignant
pain
-Two
outcome
measure
using the pain
management
composite
-Quality of
life,
perceived
discriminatio
n, and
hopelessness
were
measured.
-Completed
sociodemogra
phic and pain
19
Descriptiv
e statistics
were
computed
to describe
the
demograph
ic and
clinical
variables
of the
sample.
-Multiple
regression
analyses
were used
to treat
mediations
.
-AA earned less
income than
Caucasians
-AA reported
more severe
pain levels than
Caucasians
-When both
sexes are put
through the
same pain
experience,
women show a
higher activity
level, pain
-Acknowledge
that perceived
discrimination
has adverse
effects on
health
outcomes
-While reading
through this
study, be
aware of the
cultural
differences.
-Not being able to
claim that the
experience of
perceived
discrimination
caused
hopelessness.
-Participants were
all from a single
state who all had
different views on
discrimination.
-Pain is
experienced
differently by every
individual, so no
one will ever be
experiencing the
exact same pain as
the next person.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
gen1 *,
Ann
Bjo¨rkdah
l1,4,
Bjo¨rn
Gerdle5 ,
Bjo¨rn
Bo¨rsbo6,
7, Fredrik
Johansson
8 , David
Gillander
s
approaches to
use when
entering a
rehabilitation
program.
-pain and
rehabilitation
center in Sweden
questionnaire
s
-The
participants
rated their
pain
acceptance,
their
kinesiophobia
, the impact
of pain in
their life, and
their
anxiety/depre
ssion levels.
20
-All
analyses
were
carried out
in a
statistical
manner.
Descriptiv
e statistics
were
computed
for the
sample and
then
grouped
together
according
to sex.
acceptance, and
social support
while men
show higher
kinesiophobia
and mood
disturbances.
-Also,
acknowledge
the fact that
there are
differences in
health care
between
different
countries, so
we need to
know how
they are being
treated for pain
for
comparison.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Chryssoul
a S.,
Panagioti
s K.,
Andreas
K.,
Demetrio
s R.,
George
M.,
Dimitra
M.,
Nikolaos
K.,
Elefterios
S.,
Christos
M., and
Argyro F.
-This study
investigated
pain perception
between males
and females of
reproductive
age.
-44 healthy
volunteers (19
males/25 females)
-Ages 30-40 were
studied
-Laser-Evoked
Potentials peak
to peak
amplitude,
latency, and
NRS scoring
was used to
compare pain
perception
between
genders.
21
-Data did
not
tremendousl
y deviate
from the
norms
according
to
Kolmogoro
v Smirnov
and
Lilliefors
test.
-No
significant
difference
found
between
men and
women
regarding
age.
-LEP
amplitudes
showed a
significant
difference
between men
and women,
while there was
none found for
latency.
-LEP
amplitudes
report a lower
mean value for
men.
-Using a more
broad range of
ages would
help make the
study available
to more
patients
looking for
answers.
-Only using healthy
volunteers.
-Using more
females than males;
the data will not be
as accurate
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Anke
Samulowi
tz, Ida
Gremyr,
Erik
Eriksson,
and
Gunnel
Hensing
-Gendered
norms about
men and
women with
pain was
studied by
reviewing
literature
-Is gender bias
a part of
treatment for
pain?
-77 articles;
medical,
behavioral, and
social sciences
generated by
quantitative and
qualitative studies
-Articles
published from
2000-2015
-PsycINFO,
CINAHL, and
PubMed were
chosen to
ensure a broad
spectrum of
research was
being looked
at.
-Search terms
used when
looking for
articles:
chronic pain
and femininity,
chronic and
masculinity,
chronic pain
and gender
bias, chronic
pain and
gender
stereotypes,
and chronic
pain and
gender roles.
22
-Material
was sorted
into three
categories
correspondi
ng to the
research
questions:
gendered
norms
about men
and women
with pain,
gendered
norms
about how
men and
women
cope with
pain, and
gender bias
in the
treatment of
pain.
-The included
studies
demonstrated a
variety of
gendered norms
about men’s
and women’s
experience and
expression of
pain.
-Using more
up-to-date
articles; maybe
setting the
dates for 20102021
-Only focusing on
men and women
with chronic pain
-Using only three
databases for all 77
articles
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Amy Ho,
Maureen
C. Ashe,
Anita
DeLongis
, Peter
Graf,
Karim M.
Khan, and
Christiane
A.
Hoppman
n
-Describing the
time-varying
associations of
daily pain and
everyday
activities while
comparing the
differences in
how men and
women
respond.
-128 community
dwelling older
adults aged 65
years and older
-10 day period
-Canadians
-Requirements:
had no current
medical conditions
where physical
activity was
contraindicated;
had no physician
diagnosed
neurological
disorder.
-3 hour
baseline
session
followed by a
10 day period
of
questionnaires.
-Self reporting
pain three
times daily for
10 days
-
23
Hierarchical
linear
models
-Level 1,
associations
between
pain and
everyday
activities
-Level 2,
predictors
included
gender, age,
functional
mobility,
and overall
pain across
the 10 day
period
-Women
showed to have
increased pain
while
performing
daily activities.
-Stating in the
article if the
participants
had a
diagnosis of
chronic pain
would be
beneficial
-Assessing for
any signs of
depression or
anxiety that
could change
the results of
the study.
-People not
performing the
same daily
activities.
-Self reporting pain
will always have
downfalls due to
people not wanting
to express what
they are feeling.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Arpana
Gupta,
Emeran
A. Mayer,
Connor
Fling,
Jennifer
S. Labus,
Bruce D.
Naliboff,
Jui-Yang
Hong,
and Lisa
A.
Kilpatrick
-Evaluating
what is known
about gender
specific brain
alterations on a
broad range of
multiple
chronic pain
populations.
-15 gender
difference and 143
single-gender
articles identified
from 412 chronic
pain neuroimaging
articles
-Chronic pain
disorders
impacting men
and women:
irritable bowel
syndrome,
functional
dyspepsia,
GERD,
migraine,
tension
headaches,
back/shoulder/
neck/limb
pain,
fibromyalgia,
chronic fatigue
syndrome, and
painful bladder
syndrome.
-Classification
of articles:
evoked or nonevoked (or
both)
neuroimaging
paradigms
24
-Cocitation
Network
Analysis
was
performed
to gain
more
knowledge
of the
extent of
genderbased
studies in
the chronic
pain
neuroimagi
ng field.
-Greater
affinity
exists over
IBS,
fibromyalgi
a, and
urological/p
elvic pain
neuroimagi
ng
-More
prominent
primary
sensorimotor
structural and
functional
alterations in
female chronic
pain patients
-Greater insula
reactivity in
males
-Narrowing
down the
amount of
chronic pain
disorders
researched;
this will allow
for more
accurate
results for a
specific group
of chronic pain
disorders
-The different
cultures were not
discussed, so we
have no idea of
what cultures were
studied.
-Age groups of
men and women
were not
mentioned, so it is
not specific to one
area of age.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Isfahan
Mohiuddi
n,Mehruis
ha
Suleman,
Shoaib
Rasheed,
and
Aasim I.
Padela
(Jan.
2020)
Evaluating
what is
ethically
justifiable and
also culturally
acceptable
when
determining
end of life care
for islamic
patients.
-Study yielded 8
quadars and 8
fatwas
Initially they
reviewed islamic
bioethics an
manuscripts/texts
-Google search for
fatwa
-Fatwas were only
included if they
ascribed to trained
muftis or faquihs
-Three tier
strategy was
created to
conduct this
search.
First stage was
to review
islamic
bioethical
manuscript, 2
stage involved
google
searching for
fatwa online,
with the
exclusion of
considering
physicians
opinions to be
considered
fatwas. The
third stage was
using specific
search engines
to find further
information.
25
-Qatar and
fatwa forms
of decision
were
compared
and
contrasted
in four
different
tables,
disputing
when and
when cant
life support
be used or
withdrawn.
-All but one
fatwas deem it
islamically
permissible to
withdraw or
withhold life
support
provided
several
conditions are
met
-Fatwas
addressed that
life support
treatment was
permissible and
ancillary
treatment
should be
continued
Many key
words used as
guidelines
within this
research did
not have
definite
understanding
within the
search. Words
such as futility,
harm, were not
clearly defined
within this
research
Also there are
limitations
within fatwa as
well, as it is an
ethio-legal
source which
are contingent
instruments of
the islamic law
Limitations within
the method, and
limitations with
Fatwa as it is issued
by islamic scholars
who are attempting
to address
circumstances
within proper
islamic law.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Fernando
Jesus
Plaza del
Pino
(2017)
This study was
designed to
learn more in
depth the
relationship of
muslim culture
and religious
practice, and
how it is
viewed in the
hospital, and if
it effects health
care to muslim
patients
There were 32
nurses
interviewed, and
37 muslim patients
interviewed.
Grounded
theory used
through
collection of
data with
interviews.
Interviews
with nurses
were done in
the hospital
and interviews
with the
patients were
done at home.
The interview
last 25 minutes
each.
26
Open
coding was
performed.
Then axial
coding was
used after a
transcriptio
n was
identified
and a
common
first
category
was
identified as
well. This
was done to
reduce the
number of
categories
and have
more
precise
results.
Nurses results:
nurses lacked
understanding
and knowledge
regarding the
islmaic faith
and culture.
This in some
situations was
due to their
own prejudice,
and for others
there were
following social
stereotypes.
The mainresult
found from the
muslim
patients, was a
large variety in
how they have
their religion
influence their
life. Some place
their religion
first , and others
put their
spirituality last
and don't let it
influence their
life decisions
There were
some typos
within the
article. Also
the purpose of
choosing the
participants
was not clearly
stated, and
also the
amount of total
participants
was not clearly
stated. There is
also a large
age group,
cultural group,
and dialects in
this study.
There is a large age
represented in this
study, but they are
not equally
represented with
participants. There
are less then 80
participants in this
study, which seems
rather limiting, and
should not
represent fully the
relationship
between nurses and
muslim patients.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Aasim I.
Padela
and Jasser
Auda
Exploring the
ethico-legal
aspects of
organ donation
and
replantation in
islamic
patients.
Understanding
the religious
rules which
have been
established
within the
Islamic religion
regarding organ
transplant.
2016 - 2018
FCNA members
engaged in
conducted
meetings to
discuss if organ
donation and
reimplantation
was ethical
Research and
data collection
using both
convection and
collective
Islamic more
deliberation
They used
islamic jurists
and juridical
councils
abroad,and
then discussed
the process
with
physicians, and
how
stakeholders
including
families and
patients
27
Examined
ruling done
by FCNA
judges.
Three
engagement
s with the
ethics and
practice of
organ
donation
was
anlyzed,
and
compared
with the
fatwa
FCNA ruled
organ donation
and
reimplantation
to be
permissible
according to
islamic law and
ethics, ut it is
subject to
several
conditions
Physicians and
medical
centers should
have total
access to the
rules and
regulations
regard organ
transplant and
removal for
those who are
apart of the
islamic faith.
If a patient
wishes to
abide by the
conditions set
forth by the
FCNA, then
the doctors
treating the
patient should
have full
access to
respect the
patient's
wishes
FCNAs conclusion
is directed towards
American context
in a unique fashion.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Aasim I
Padela,
Monica
Peek,
Crista E.
Johnson Agbakwu
, Zahra
Hosseinia
n, Farr
Curlin
Cervical cancer
screening
among
religious
minorities is
largely
unknown. As
well as this,the
relationship
between
religious
related factors
and pap smear
testing are also
a topic with
little viable
data.
254 Female
participants in
Chicago IL.Most
respondents had
lived in the US for
more then 20
years All were
either found in
mosques or
muslim based
community events.
Nearly Equal
numbers of Arab,
South Asian, and
African american
respondents were
used
Community
based research,
that
participated
with Council
of Islamic
Organization
of Greater
Chicago.
researchers
administered
surveys to
women who
attend
mosques and
community
events and
women who
attend these
events were
given self
administered
surveys. The
surveys
incorporated
measures of
fatalism,
perceived
discrimination,
islamic
modesty,
28
Two
researches
independent
ly entered
all the given
data into
Research
Electronic
Data
Capture
software.
84% of the
women had
obtained a pap
smear within
their lifetime.
75% of women
had obtained a
mammogram.
Most
participants had
health
insurance and
access to a
HCP.
84% of woman
agreed that
maintaining
modesty was
important to
them.
60%-66%
agreed that they
had never been
treated with less
courtesy or less
respect.
By performing
a research
study with
more
researchers,
and having
multiple cities
involved, may
help better
establish a
stronger
conclusion of
the
relationship
between
female
muslims and
cervical cancer
screening and
general
woman health
check ups.
This research study
was performed
solely in Chicago
IL. Chicago is very
populated but this
study alone does
not reflect the
Islmaic community
as a whole
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
religosity, and
a marker of
pap smear test
use
29
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Gassa
Abudari,
Hassa
Hazeim,
Gilda
Ginete
This study is
aimed at
exploring non
muslim nurses
experiencing
while caring for
terminally ill
muslim
patients. This is
in regard to
caring for their
cultural,
religious,
spiritual, social,
and physical
needs
10 nurses were
interviewed. The
nurses worked in
medical
oncology/palliativ
e care units in a
tertiary care
hospital in Saudia
Arabia
The nurses must
have met the
criteria of 1)
identifying as non
muslim 2)have
wored with
terminally ill
muslim patients
for at least 2 years
3)being fluent in
english
communications
Qualitative
descriptive
study.
Modified
version of the
Stevick Colazzi Keen
Model.
Semi
Structured
interviews
were
performed for
data collection
All
participants
were
interviewed
individually
with open
ended quesions
30
“Bracketing
” was used
as a main
components
of this
qualitative
study.
The
grouping of
results were
determined
and
validated by
two experts
within the
qualitative
research
field. They
had no
other
involvemen
t in this
study
Three main
themes, which
contribute
mainly to
decision
making from
the nurses, were
created from
this process
(family matters,
end of life care
practices, and
nurses
challenges)
I believe using
a large sample
group would
help broaden
the spectrum
of whom this
results reflect
Finding nurses in
this particular
region who fit all
the necessary
criteria to be used
in this study.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
Mossey,
J.M.
(2011)
define
parameters of
and summarize
evidence
pertinent to
racial/ethnic
minority
disparities in
pain
management, (2)
identify factors
contributing to
observed
disparities, and
(3) identify
strategies to
minimize the
disparities.
-NHW
-racial/ethnic
minority groups
-patients/physician
relationships
Scientific
literature was
selectively
reviewed
addressing pain
epidemiology,
differences in
pain management of nonHispanic whites
versus
racial/ethnic
minority groups,
and patient and
physician
factors contributing to such
differences.
31
Scientific
literature
-the number of
Racial/ethnic
minorities
consistently
receive less
adequate
treatment for
acute and chronic
pain than nonHispanic whites,
even after
controlling for
age, gender, and
pain intensity.
Pain intensity
underreporting
appears to be a
major
contribution of
minority
individuals to
pain management
disparities. The
major
contribution by
physicians to
such disparities
appears to reflect
limited
awareness of
their own cultural
beliefs and
stereotypes
[r]ecognizing
pain medicine as
a primary
medical
specialty by the
American Board
of Medical
Specialties...[an
d p]roviding a
comprehensive
system of pain
care delivery
that excels by
integrating
diverse medical
specialties in the
research,
diagnosis, and
treatment of
pain’’ (p 977).
identified, relevant
peer-reviewed
articles is relatively
small.
-Only studied in
hospital,
patient/physician
settings and not
mental/psychotic
health services.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
32
regarding pain,
minority
individuals, and
use of narcotic
analgesics.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
33
Findings, Discussion, Strengths, Limitations, Conclusion
Throughout our research, we were able to find many new pieces of information to help us
understand our research goal. We were able to focus on different pain thresholds in different
races and sexes. This made us better understand pain tolerance in the medical field. We were
able to conclude that women can handle pain better than men. Next, we were able to assess
cultural considerations and discrimination among Islamic patients. Many different articles and
studies proved that there are many disparities that these individuals receive because of their
religion. It was concluded that Islamic patients may not trust healthcare professionals, but God is
their overall healer. It is important to understand their religious rules in medicinal practice.
Lastly, we concluded that there is not only religious but the racial bias that is seen in healthcare
facilities. Many different studies researched how racial and ethnic differences affect patient care
and pain management. It was found that individuals of a different race or ethnicity from
Caucasians or Non-Hispanic Whites reported higher levels of pain, increased depression,
anxiety, and stress levels, increased heart rate, feelings of hopelessness, and so much more. It is
important to note that a lot of these racial disparities root from management and evaluation. It
was found that in a study where medical students and residents were studied on how they treat
patients, they hold false beliefs about biological differences thus providing less than adequate
care.
Through this research assignment, we decided to focus on how pain management is
implemented in the healthcare field. We chose to look at how biological and social contribution
plays a role in health care. From this topic, we chose to analyze how race, ethnicity, gender, and
religious practice affect how health care is viewed and carried out in the field. This topic was
chosen so we as participants could better become educated on patient care, and truly become
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
34
better nurse advocates for our future patients. First, we broke down what pain is within the
healthcare field. Pain is subjective, as it is solely based on how the patient explains their
symptoms and how they feel. Pain can only be recorded based on what the patient reports. One
social idea is that men handle pain better than women. As we discovered, women handle a larger
variety of pain better than men do. But what we did discover is that women will more times
report any discomfort, while men tend to choose to not report their pain as it may skew others'
perception of them as being weak. Goldey, et. al (2019) found that males had significantly lower
VAS scores than women. The next topic to be discussed is the basis of race and ethnicity.
Treatment based on race and ethnicity is a common area of strife and also an area of possible
malpractice and discrepancies. Through this project, we chose to determine if pain management
varied based on their racial and ethnic background, in addition to their pain complaints. Studies
were performed to measure how pressure pain, mechanical cutaneous pain, and head pain were
all perceived by different participants, all coming from different racial and ethnic backgrounds.
In conclusion, it was found that those who are of different races and ethnicities physiologically
and mentally react to pain differently. In a study to assess the psychological status and response
of the cardiovascular system in correlation to racial differences, Kim, et. al. (2019) found that
Asians had higher depression, anxiety, and stress levels as well as increased HR and MAP levels
compared to Non-White Hispanics. Furthermore, in a study conducted by Ng (2019), it was
found that compared to Indians, Chinese had higher cold pain tolerance, and Indians had higher
self-reported pain severity ratings than Chinese. In a study examining the effects of
discrimination and feelings of hopelessness, it was found that African Americans had earned less
income than Caucasians and had more severe pain levels compared to Caucasians (Ezenwa &
Fleming, 2013). Our final topic to address was the issue of religion. We chose to hyper-focus on
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
35
the Islamic community. We believed at first that their religious beliefs would play a significant
role in how Islamic patients viewed healthcare treatment. We found that Muslim patients did
indeed seek out health care less often than other religious groups. This raised the question of it
was due to religious doctrine and law. Upon investigation, it was found that many Councils had
already addressed the topic of what is permissible and what is not when Muslims seek medical
care. But in other studies over 80% of participants said that their faith had ever inhibited them
from seeking medical care. But also many Muslim patients never mentioned feeling neglected or
judged for their faith. Studies showed, however, that most physicians and health care workers
were completely unaware of standard Muslim practices, and religious accommodations they may
need. There were also some standing biases within the health care group. From all the topics
addressed there appeared to be underlying bias and stereotypes existing in the majority of
populations, and from this research, we have discovered the underlying truth, and have better
equipped ourselves to be better nurses.
During our study, many limitations needed to be addressed with our findings. These
limitations ranged anywhere from only studying individuals who were fluent in English to
studying individuals who were disinterested in the studies they were a part of. Some other
limitations discussed were the limit of location. In a few of the sources, the main limitations
included having studies done in only one location. For instance, one study was only done in
Chicago, IL, and another study was only done in a single state. Furthermore, multiple studies
were conducted on individuals who were born in the United States. Also, another limitation with
some of the different studies included only using healthy individuals who did not have any
chronic illnesses or diseases.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
36
In conclusion, pain can be tolerated and looked at in many different ways. From our
research, stigmas that we have lived by throughout our life have been proven wrong. It is shown
that women tolerate pain better than men do. Although it may be harder to assess men’s pain due
to the stigma that they can tolerate it better. Pain is also tolerated differently through race and
ethnicity. Health care professionals cannot use the same method of treatment on each person
because they will not always yield the most therapeutic response. Different races and ethnicities
have different thresholds of pain, which need to be looked into before treatment. Lastly, there are
religious outlooks into receiving treatment. In Islamic patients, there is discrimination of these
patients in healthcare facilities and they may not always be receiving the care that they need.
They may be behind on vaccinations and check ups because of the fear of what is to be expected
in the healthcare setting. Healthcare professionals should be more culturally competent so that
these patients receive the same care as every other religious group, including the use of prayer in
healing. Knowing all of this information can yield better health outcomes to these individuals
and groups of people.
Implications
Prayer and Faith in the Islamic community can positively impact a person's health. Two
different research studies proved this practice. When Islamic women were seeking pap smears,
they turned to prayers for good outcomes and strength through the process years (Mohiuddin
A.2020). Also, Islamic women in labor solely used prayer and had a less active labor phase and
better health outcomes for their newborns (Desmawati, Kongsuwan, W., & Chatchawet,
W.(2020)). This is important that healthcare workers are culturally competent and incorporate
their religious aspects into Islamic care, which could influence them to seek care more often.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
37
Discrimination against the Islamic community can negatively influence them to seek
healthcare. This implication can have negative health outcomes for these individuals. These
individuals will suffer from mental health issues and have negative health behaviors (Samari, G.,
Alcalá, H. E., & Sharif, M. Z. (2018)). All of this can be avoided by accepting these patients like
everyone else and treating them just the same as others. Cultural competency is a huge aspect
when entering healthcare.
How people manage pain deals greatly with the person’s gender, race, and ethnicity.
These three things are commonly looked over while providing pain management for patients in
hospitals and clinics all across the country. Most healthcare workers think treating pain is the
same for everyone, however, that is not the case. Studies have shown that females handle pain
way better than males and will also seek more help when experiencing any type of pain. This is
usually overlooked due to the many biases about gender roles that have been around for decades.
Studies have also shown that people of different races/ethnicities will not receive adequate pain
management during their hospital stay or clinic visits. There are so many unique backgrounds
behind every race and ethnicity that nurses or doctors will not have the proper education to take
care of these patients like they should be taken care of. Pain can be a life-altering symptom, so
every factor that goes into taking care of a patient with pain should be looked at appropriately.
This means gender, race, and ethnicity should be a part of each treatment plan for patients with
any type of pain.
Recommendations
Recognizing pain for different cultures and ethnicities is an important part of health care
practice. How a person expresses their pain and deals with it is completely customizable and
individualized. Multiple different studies researched how different ethnicities get treated for their
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
38
pain. A lot of these studies found that trying to treat pain based on a simple scale does not always
prove maximum relief. For instance, Ng (2019) found that pain thresholds between the Chinese
and the Indians were very similar but Indians had higher self-reported pain severity ratings than
the Chinese. This proves that it is important to be aware of the different pain tolerance levels of
different cultures and ethnicities. However, pain is not the only factor that needs to be addressed
in providing adequate care for individuals of different ethnicities and cultures. Kim et. al (2019)
explained that depression anxiety and stress (DAS) levels are significantly higher in the Asian
population than those found in non-Hispanic whites. Therefore, it is a recommendation to assess
DAS levels and provide a parasympathetic/sympathetic balance.
Furthermore, a study found that there is a correlation between discrimination and pain
management. This study tested the correlation between African Americans and Caucasians, and
this study found that AA reported more severe pain levels than Caucasians and this was related
to feelings of hopelessness. Ezenwa (2013) stated that it is important to acknowledge that
perceived discrimination has adverse effects on health outcomes.
Several studies that were used targeted a specific aggregate group within a narrowed
community. This was a tactful tool when looking at that community, but it did not provide
enough insight on how eastern medicine plays a role in the Islamic community. Aasim I. Padela
(2014) and his colleagues conducted a study in Chicago, Illinois where they surveyed women in
the surrounding Islamic community about receiving feminine care, specifically Pap smear. Only
women who attended mosques and other Islamic community events were interviewed. This was
beneficial to this particular area, but as Chicago is a well-populated and culturally diverse city
there is room for this one study that does not reflect the rest of the religious community nation
and worldwide. From this, we can recommend that the same method and implementation can be
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
39
used, but rather using one location choose five or more locations where this study could be
conducted.
Furthermore, it is a common factor that many medical professionals and health care
workers are unaware of religious factors which may contribute to decisions made by Islamic
patients. Author Fernando Jesus Plaza del Pino (2017) reviewed the relationship between health
care workers and Muslim patients, and how both view the other. Health care workers who do not
identify with the Islamic community can easily misunderstand the ideology of the religion, and
falsely assume something about their patient. Many health care workers expressed that they were
unaware of Islamic religious practice and the impact it may have on a treatment plan. Some also
discussed the social stigmas that they had towards the Islamic community. With that being said,
it was discovered that the majority of the patients interviewed had never experienced a form of
prejudice from a health care worker due to their religiosity. From this, we should encourage
health care workers to become educated about religious factors which can influence a patient in
making medical decisions. This will also lead to health workers being understanding of the
culture and religion as a whole and treat all their patients with equal care.
Influential Factors within Medical Treatment for Islamic Patients
40
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