Chapter 20 – Endocrine System
Exam 1
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1. The ability to maintain internal stability is called
______________________________________________________________________________
2. If a person stands outside on a cold wintry night, or hot sub-Saharan Africa, they are able to
maintain a normal body temperature through
______________________________________________________________________________
3. The main mechanism to maintain a homeostatic environment is through
______________________________________________________________________________
4. When your body detects a stimulus, e.g., increase in body temperature, the
__________________________________________ within the brain known as the control center
will activate mechanisms to keep your body cool.
5. The hypothalamus sends signals that will cause vasodilation, increasing the diameter of vessels.
Warm blood flows closer to the body surface, losing heat to the surrounding air. If this is not
enough to regulate body temperature, ________ glands are activated. When your body
temperature returns to normal, the hypothalamus shuts off; this is done through a mechanism
called ________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 20
Endocrine System
Exam 1
Chapter 20 – Endocrine System
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6. The endocrine system recruits the __________________________________ system to help
communicate stimulus.
7. The endocrine system uses ______________________________________ as chemical
messengers. The nervous system uses _____________________ impulses along axons to release
the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft right at the target cells.
8. Hormones are transported to the target cells by the
_______________________________________________ system.
9. In the endocrine system, hormones are secreted by
_________________________________________________ cells. The hormones enter the
blood and travel throughout the body to reach their target cells.
Chapter 20
Endocrine System
Exam 1
Chapter 20 – Endocrine System
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10. ___________________ gland is the largest gland entirely devoted to endocrine activities. It has
right and left lobes connected by a midline isthmus.
11. Only cells with specific _________________________ for the hormone respond to that
hormone. These cells are called ________________________________________ cells.
12. Histologically, the thyroid gland is composed of many spherical structures called
______________________________________________________________________________
13. The wall of each follicle is formed by (name the tissue and cell type)
______________________________________________________________________________
these cells are called ____________________________________________ cells that surround a
central lumen.
14. The lumen has a protein-rich fluid called _____________________________________________
15. External to individual follicles are cells called __________________________________________
Chapter 20
Endocrine System
Exam 1
Chapter 20 – Endocrine System
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16. Cuboidal follicular cells produce and secrete a glycoprotein called
_____________________________________________________________________________
17. Iodine molecules are combined with TGB to make a thyroid hormone precursors that are stored
in ______________________________________________.
18. When secretion is needed, follicular cells take up ________ and convert it to thyroid hormone.
19. When the thyroid gland is stimulated to secrete thyroid hormone, some of the colloid with the
thyroid hormone precursors is internalized into the follicular cells via
______________________________________________________________________________.
It then travels to a lysosome where an enzyme releases the _____________________________
hormone from the precursor in preparation for its secretion into circulation from the follicular
cells.
20. Describe the process of the thyroid gland – pituitary gland negative feedback process when
detecting a change such as low body temperature. Be able to list the hormones that are
stimulated, released, and where the hormones derive from. What signals are detected when the
temperature has reached back to normal and the body is back in homeostasis?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 20
Endocrine System
Exam 1
Chapter 20 – Endocrine System
Exam 1
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21. ________________________________________________ cells, also known as _______ cells,
are large endocrine cells located between thyroid follicles. They are responsible for secreting
__________________________________________ in response to hypercalcemia. Calcitonin
reduces blood serum calcium by inhibiting _____________________________________ and
increasing calcium loss in ______________________________________.
22. _________________________________ is the primary stimulus of PTH.
23. Parafollicular cells synthesize and secrete the hormone _________________________________.
24. Calcitonin acts to ____________________ blood serum calcium levels and
____________________________ bone calcium levels.
25. Calcitonin reduces blood serum calcium by _______________________________ osteoclasts.
Excess calcium is filtered through the ___________________________ and excreted when
voided in urine. Calcitonin signals osteoclasts to stop breaking down bone.
26. _________________________________________ are small glands on the posterior surface of
the thyroid gland. Usually 4 per person.
Chapter 20
Endocrine System
Exam 1
Chapter 20 – Endocrine System
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27. Two types of cells in parathyroid gland: ___________________________________ cells;
secrete PTH by raising blood serum calcium levels and stimulating osteoclasts to release
calcium. Stimulating _____________________________________ synthesis by promoting
calcium absorption from food and preventing excretion of ureters to inhibit calcium loss. (she
said the biggest cell to know about was Chief cells)
28. A 27-year-old male has been outside in a baseball tournament, he has been non-compliant
about drinking any kind of sports drink and now is feeling weak due to loss of electrolytes. What
hormone would be responsible in response to decreased blood calcium levels from normal
events like this from loss of electrolytes during sweating or urine formation?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
29. What are the target organs, or cells, are affected when PTH is secreted into the blood? List the
organ and/or cell and its response to PTH. (there are 3)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Endocrine System
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30. The parathyroid glands are critical to the control the blood calcium levels. Over – or –
underactivity of the parathyroids can have serious, if not fatal, consequences. Hyperthyroidism
refers to overactivity of the parathyroid glands and is the most commonly encountered disorder
of the parathyroid glands. List some major consequences and the effect of these consequences
of hyperthyroidism.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
31. Some of the organs of the urinary, cardiovascular, digestive, and reproductive systems contain
their own endocrine cells, which secrete hormones. These hormones help regulate:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
32. Renal hormones help regulate electrolytes, _____________________________ production,
blood volume and pressure.
33. Kidney hormones ____________________________________ (vitamin) promotes calcium
absorption in small intestine and _____________________________________________
stimulates erythrocyte production and maturation. ____________________________ is an
enzyme that helps form angiotensin II. Cardiac atrial cells secrete
______________________________________________ increasing sodium and water excretion
and lowers blood pressure.
34. The GI tract secretes hormones that regulate digestive activities; hormones of the GI help with
________________________________________ and controls overall secretory activity and
motility.
Chapter 20
Endocrine System
Exam 1
Chapter 20 – Endocrine System
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35. Gonads produce sex hormones; ovaries produce ______________________________________,
and ____________________________________________________. Testes produce
____________________________________ such as testosterone, which helps with the
production and maintenance of sperm. Gonads also secrete __________ that inhibits FSH,
follicular cells and ovum production.
36. Which hormone is antagonistic to parathyroid hormone?
a. Thyroid hormone
b. Insulin
c. Calcitonin
d. Noreepinphrine
37. Which hormone is released from the kidneys?
a. Follicle-stimulating hormone
b. Erythropoietin
c. Glucagon
d. Growth hormone
38. How does the body restore itself to normal when calcium levels are too low?
a. PTH will stimulate osteoclasts to store calcium in bone
b. PTH will stimulate osteoblasts to break down bone, and calcium will enter the blood to
restore the level to normal
c. PTH will stimulate osteoblasts to store calcium in bone
d. PTH will stimulate osteoclasts to break down bone, and calcium will enter the blood to
restore the level to normal.
39. What hormone does the parathyroid produce?
a. Calcitonin
b. Insulin
c. PTH
d. PFH
40. What are the two types of cells found in the parathyroid gland?
a. Parafollicular and follicle cells
b. Alpha and beta cells
c. Chief cells and oxyphil cells
d. Pituicytes and basophils
41. The hormone released from the parathyroid glands acts to
a. Increase osteoclast activity
b. Increase insulin levels
c. Decrease blood glucose levels
d. Increase osteoblast activity
42.
Chapter 20
Endocrine System
Exam 1