Chapter 14: Behavior Therapy Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The career of Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with _____ therapy. A. humanistic B. behavior C. cognitive D. psychodynamic Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.1 Discuss the origins of behavior therapy. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is NOT true? A. He was a physiologist originally studying the digestive systems of dogs. B. He conducted research that laid the groundwork for classical conditioning. C. He found that dogs would salivate in response to a stimulus that had previously been paired with food. D. He partnered with Albert Bandura on studies of social learning. Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.1 Discuss the origins of behavior therapy. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 3. In the early 1900s, _____ argued that the classical conditioning lessons learned from Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs should apply to humans also. A. Edward Lee Thorndike B. Sigmund Freud C. John Watson D. Donald Meichenbaum Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.1 Discuss the origins of behavior therapy. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Edward Lee Thorndike’s law of effect provides the theoretical basis for _____. A. operant conditioning B. classical conditioning C. graduated exposure D. successive approximations Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.1 Discuss the origins of behavior therapy. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 5. B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with _____. A. motivational interviewing B. interpersonal interviewing C. classical conditioning D. operant conditioning Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.1 Discuss the origins of behavior therapy. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Thorndike is to _____ as Pavlov is to _____. A. operant conditioning, classical conditioning B. classical conditioning, operant conditioning C. motivational interviewing, interpersonal interviewing D. interpersonal interviewing, motivational interviewing Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.1 Discuss the origins of behavior therapy. 14.3 Differentiate between classical and operant conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 7. _____ is most closely associated with classical conditioning, while _____ is most closely associated with operant conditioning. A. Thorndike, Skinner B. Watson, Pavlov C. Pavlov, Skinner D. Thorndike, Watson Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.1 Discuss the origins of behavior therapy. 14.3 Differentiate between classical and operant conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Thorndike’s law of effect states that A. actions followed by loud noises are more likely to occur. B. repetition of actions followed by electrical shock can be most accurately predicted in the future. C. actions followed by pleasurable consequences are more likely to occur. D. an increase in physical stimulation will yield a decrease in mental agitation. Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.1 Discuss the origins of behavior therapy. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The main goal of behavior therapy is A. to make the unconscious conscious. B. self-actualization. C. observable behavior change. D. an increase in logical, rational thought. Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.2 Explain the goal of behavior therapy. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Goal of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavioral psychotherapy A. emphasizes empiricism. B. defines problems in terms of observable behaviors. C. both emphasizes empiricism and defines problems in terms of observable behaviors. D. neither emphasizes empiricism nor defines problems in terms of observable behaviors. Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.2 Explain the goal of behavior therapy. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Emphasis on Empiricism Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavior therapy A. emphasizes inferential, introspective methods of measuring change within the mind of the client. B. employs testable hypotheses and observable, measurable outcome measures. C. is effective with children but not adults. D. eschews the scientific method. Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.2 Explain the goal of behavior therapy. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Emphasis on Empiricism Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Which of the following places the steps of the scientific method in correct order? A. Develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe a phenomenon, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses B. Observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses C. Observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, revise the hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests D. Test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, revise the hypotheses Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.2 Explain the goal of behavior therapy. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Emphasis on Empiricism Difficulty Level: Medium 13. According to behavior therapists, A. client behaviors are symptoms of an underlying problem. B. client behaviors are the problem. C. phobias are behavioral manifestations of a disturbance in the unconscious. D. phobias result from incongruence between the real and ideal selves. Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.2 Explain the goal of behavior therapy. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Defining Problems Behaviorally Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Sherrie is diagnosed with depression. She believes she is unlovable, cries several hours per day, consumes less calories, and thinks her symptoms will never end. In treatment, a behavior therapist is most likely to target A. Sherrie’s emotional sadness. B. the amount of time Sherrie cries each day. C. the number of calories Sherrie consumes and her belief that she is unlovable. D. Sherrie’s thought that her symptoms will never end. Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.2 Explain the goal of behavior therapy. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Defining Problems Behaviorally Difficulty Level: Hard 15. A behavior therapist is most likely to judge the success of treatment via changes in the patient’s A. level of introspection. B. number of illogical cognitions. C. observable behaviors. D. positive self-regard. Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.2 Explain the goal of behavior therapy. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Measuring Change Observably Difficulty Level: Medium 16. In Pavlov’s famous experiment with dogs, the dog’s food was a(n) _____. A. conditioned stimulus B. unconditioned stimulus C. neutral stimulus D. conditioned response Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.1 Discuss the origins of behavior therapy. 14.4 Describe behavior therapy techniques based on classical conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy 17. In a lab, Albert is conditioned to fear a white mouse. However, after leaving the lab, he not only continues to fear white mice; he also demonstrates fear of other white, fluffy objects (e.g., Santa Claus’ beard, white bunnies). Which of the following behavior therapy terms best describes what has happened to Albert? A. Discrimination B. Operant conditioning C. Generalization D. Stimulus expansion Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe behavior therapy techniques based on classical conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Operant conditioning proposes that all human (and animal) actions are governed by _____. A. contingencies B. cognitions. C. primary reinforcers D. secondary reinforcers Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.5 Review behavior therapy techniques based on operant conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Which of the following behavior therapy techniques is primarily based on classical conditioning? A. Contingency management B. Systematic desensitization C. Token economies D. Shaping Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe behavior therapy techniques based on classical conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Because it is not practical to conduct treatment at an airport, Jeanie’s psychologist has her imagine that she is flying on a plane as part of treatment for her flying phobia. What exposure therapy technique is Jeanie’s psychologist using? A. Imaginal exposure B. In vivo exposure C. Graded exposure D. Flooding Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe behavior therapy techniques based on classical conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Exposure Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Dr. Vogt’s new client is a timid, apprehensive individual with social anxieties. Which of the following behavior therapies should he likely select for treatment? A. The operant conditioning technique of assertiveness training B. The operant conditioning technique of contingency management C. The classical conditioning technique of assertiveness training D. The classical conditioning technique of contingency management Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe behavior therapy techniques based on classical conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Assertiveness Training Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Which of the following behavioral psychotherapy techniques is primarily based on operant conditioning? A. Exposure therapy B. Systematic desensitization C. Assertiveness training D. Contingency management Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.5 Review behavior therapy techniques based on operant conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 23. The creation of an anxiety hierarchy is a core feature of _____. A. token economies B. exposure therapy C. contingency management D. assertiveness training Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe behavior therapy techniques based on classical conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Exposure Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 24. For the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, _____ is a form of therapy that has received substantial empirical support. A. exposure and response prevention B. motivational interviewing C. behavioral consultation D. humanistic psychotherapy Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe behavior therapy techniques based on classical conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Exposure Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 25. _____, a treatment for phobias and other anxiety disorders, involves re-pairing a feared object with a new response that is incompatible with anxiety. A. Exposure plus response prevention B. Behavioral consultation C. Systematic desensitization D. Contingency management Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe behavior therapy techniques based on classical conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Systematic Desensitization Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Although they have been used for a variety of clinical issues, exposure therapy and systematic desensitization have been used primarily for the treatment of _____. A. eating disorders B. anxiety disorders C. personality disorders D. schizophrenia Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe behavior therapy techniques based on classical conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 27. _____ is typically present in systematic desensitization but typically absent from exposure therapy. A. Relaxation training B. Exposure to anxiety-producing stimuli C. Reflection D. Creation of an anxiety hierarchy Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe behavior therapy techniques based on classical conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Systematic Desensitization Difficulty Level: Medium 28. _____ is a specific application of classical conditioning that targets patients’ social anxieties; it may help a patient insist on appropriate service at a restaurant or ask someone out on a date. A. Relaxation training B. Exposure plus response prevention C. Assertiveness training D. Contingency management Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe behavior therapy techniques based on classical conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assertiveness Training Difficulty Level: Medium 29. _____ is defined as any consequence that makes a behavior less likely to occur in the future. A. Reinforcement B. Exposure C. Implosion D. Punishment Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.5 Review behavior therapy techniques based on operant conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reinforcement and Punishment Difficulty Level: Easy 30. According to the behavioral approach, _____ essentially means “getting something good,” and _____ essentially means “losing something good.” A. reinforcement, punishment B. positive reinforcement, negative punishment C. positive reinforcement, positive punishment D. negative reinforcement, negative punishment Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.5 Review behavior therapy techniques based on operant conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reinforcement and Punishment Difficulty Level: Medium 31. “If you change the consequences of a behavior, the behavior will change.” This statement best summarizes the rationale behind _____. A. contingency management B. exposure therapy C. systematic desensitization D. extinction Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.5 Review behavior therapy techniques based on operant conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Contingency Management Difficulty Level: Medium 32. The removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior is known as _____. A. extinction B. behavioral adaptation C. flooding D. assertiveness training Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.5 Review behavior therapy techniques based on operant conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Extinction Difficulty Level: Medium 33. The form of behavior therapy derived from Bandura’s work that involves clients learning from the experiences of others, rather than their own experiences, is _____. A. exposure therapy B. assertiveness training C. observational learning D. flooding Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.5 Review behavior therapy techniques based on operant conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Observational Learning (Modeling) Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Parent and teacher training are indirect interventions based on the principles of _____ therapy. A. behavior B. psychodynamic C. humanistic D. cognitive Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.6 Examine alternative approaches to behavior therapy. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Parent Training Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Behavioral activation is based on the simple idea that A. the day-to-day lives of depressed people lack positive reinforcement. B. depressed people think illogically. C. the brains of depressed people are chemically imbalanced. D. depressed people lack social skills. Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.5 Review behavior therapy techniques based on operant conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Activation Difficulty Level: Medium 36. The goal of _____ is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client. A. cognitive therapy B. aversion therapy C. systematic desensitization D. behavioral activation Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.5 Review behavior therapy techniques based on operant conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Activation Difficulty Level: Medium 37. When behavioral activation begins, an important question for the clinical psychologist to ask the client is, A. “Are there things that you are not doing now that you typically do when you are not depressed?” B. “Is there another way of interpreting the events that have happened to you?” C. “If the feared event happens, so what?” D. “What are your beliefs about the fact that you have been diagnosed with depression?” Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.5 Review behavior therapy techniques based on operant conditioning. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Activation Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Behavior therapies A. have little empirical support to justify their use. B. do not easily lend themselves to the research process. C. with empirical support include exposure and response prevention for OCD and parent training for ADHD. D. are highly effective with children but not adults. Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.7 Summarize the findings of behavior therapy outcome research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Well Does It Work? Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. Who is the creator of the law of effect? Ans: Edward Lee Thorndike 2. What is the goal of behavior therapy? Ans: Observable behavior change 3. In the case of Pavlov’s dogs, the food was a(n) _____ stimulus, and, initially, the sound of the bell was a(n) _____ stimulus. Ans: conditioned, unconditioned 4. Exposure therapy and systematic desensitization are examples of _____ conditioning. Ans: operant 5. What is a main difference between exposure therapy and systematic desensitization? Ans: Rather than simply breaking an association between a feared object and an aversive feeling, as in exposure therapy, systematic desensitization involves re-pairing the feared object with a new response that is incompatible with anxiety. Systematic desensitization includes a relaxation training component. 6. _____ refers to the removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior. Ans: Extinction 7. If a kindergarten teacher gives students a sticker each time they are good, takes a sticker away each time they are bad, and allows students to trade in a certain number of stickers for a prize, what operant conditioning technique she is likely using? Ans: Token economy 8. What form of behavioral consultation helps parents with the problematic behaviors of their children? Ans: Parent training Essay 1. What are the five stages of behavioral consultation? Ans: Initiation of the consulting relationship, problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation, and plan evaluation. 2. Describe the process of exposure therapy. What psychological problem is it usually used to treat? Include key elements or techniques used in this type of therapy. Ans: Exposure therapy is commonly used to treat phobias. The therapist and patient together create an anxiety hierarchy, a list of feared stimuli related to the phobic object or situation. These stimuli are typically rated by the patient on a scale from 0 to 100 in terms of the amount of subjective distress each produces. The stimuli are ranked in ascending order and may be imaginal or in vivo. The patient is exposed to the stimulus at the lowest level of the hierarchy and continues to progress up the hierarchy, repeating each exposure as necessary until only a low level of anxiety results from the exposure. 3. Briefly define both generalization and discrimination as understood by behavior therapists. Also, explain how each could alter the development of a phobia related to a traumatic incident in an elevator. Ans: Generalization occurs when the conditioned response is evoked by stimuli that are similar to, but not an exact match for, the conditioned stimulus. Discrimination occurs when the conditioned response is not evoked by such a stimulus. If a trauma happened in an elevator, a person who generalizes may become fearful of all elevators, or all enclosed spaces. If a trauma happened in an elevator, a person who discriminates may become fearful of only the specific elevator in which the trauma occurred. 4. Briefly explain the extinction burst. Ans: Extinction is the decrease in a behavior following removal of an expected reinforcer. Although the decrease happens eventually, the initial response is a brief increase in the behavior in terms of intensity or frequency. After a relatively short time, this increase tapers off and the behavior decreases below initial levels. 5. Briefly explain how behavior therapists conduct parent training. Ans: Parent training is a form of behavioral consultation. Parent seeks help for a problematic behavior in child. Behavioral therapist is a consultant who provides suggestions for the parent (therapist may never meet child directly). The parent is the consultee, who receives suggestions from behavior therapist and implements them with child. Child is the client whose behavior is the target of change.
