"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> Is a virus alive? What about virus infected cells<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">?</span><div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> Is a virus alive? What about virus infected cells<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">?</span><div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">viral particle isn't alive but </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">infected cells are</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How can viruses be beneficial?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How can viruses be beneficial?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>marine ecology: kills microbes → release of essential nutrients for <strong>phytoplankton</strong> @food chain bottom</li> <li>infection with one virus → beneficial effect upon infection with a 2nd virus or bacteria (e.g. resistance)</li><li>introduce new DNA</li> <li>use vaccine vectors</li> <li>gene therapy</li> <li>population control</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><ul><li>e.g latent herpes infection confers resistance to&nbsp;<em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>Yersinia pestis</em>&nbsp;in mice</li></ul></div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Compare &amp; contrast how viruses can be harmful or beneficial (slides 7, 8, 11)</span><div>location:&nbsp;<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">slide 7, 8</span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How can viruses be harmful?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How can viruses be harmful?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>damages host cell</li> <li>causes inflammation</li> <li>death</li> <li>cancer</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><ul><li>e.g latent herpes infection confers resistance to&nbsp;<em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>Yersinia pestis</em>&nbsp;in mice</li></ul></div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Compare &amp; contrast how viruses can be harmful or beneficial (slides 7, 8, 11)</span><div>location:&nbsp;<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">slide 7</span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What is <span style=""font-weight: 600;"">zoonoses</span>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What is <span style=""font-weight: 600;"">zoonoses</span>?<div><span class=cloze>transfer of viral infection from animal to human host (cross species boundaries)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><ul><li>e.g. HIV (primates/original host), ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza H5N1 (birds and swine)<br></li></ul></div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define zoonoses (slide 12)</span><div>location:&nbsp;<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">slide 12</span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> Where is viral DNA inside our bodies?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> Where is viral DNA inside our bodies?<div><span class=cloze>every cell</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: slide 13</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What is the history of variolation?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What is the history of variolation?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>900-1000 AD chinese doctors discovered variolation for smallpox <ul> <li>turned <strong>scabs into powder → inhaled</strong></li> </ul> </li> <li>Mary Montagu <ul> <li>spread variolation from <strong>Turkey → England</strong></li> </ul> </li> <li>Onismuo <ul> <li>spread variolation from <strong>Africa → US</strong></li> </ul> </li> <li>Jefferson <ul> <li><strong>spread variolation to own children + slaves</strong></li> </ul> </li> <li>smallpox blankets <ul> <li>form of <strong>biological warfare → death of the Native Americans</strong></li> </ul> </li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Explain the history of variolation (slide 15-19)</span></div><ul><li>location: slide 15</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> When and where did variolation begin?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> When and where did variolation begin?<div><span class=cloze>11th century, India and China</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Explain the history of variolation (slide 15-19)</span></div><ul><li>location: slide 15</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What are the disadvantages of variolation?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What are the disadvantages of variolation?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>unpredictable</li> <li>serious skin lesions developed</li> <li>fatality rate of 1-2%</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Explain the history of variolation (slide 15-19)</span></div><ul><li>location: slide 18</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> Who created the first vaccination?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> Who created the first vaccination?<div><span class=cloze>Edward Jenner</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Explain the history of variolation (slide 15-19)</span></div><ul><li>location: slide 19</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How was the first vaccination created?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How was the first vaccination created?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Edward Jenner recognized that milkmaids who contracted cowpox were protected from smallpox → used extract from cowpox lesions → protect against smallpox</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Explain the history of variolation (slide 15-19)</span></div><ul><li>location: slide 19</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What is the basis for the modern smallpox vaccine?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What is the basis for the modern smallpox vaccine?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">vaccina virus made from cowpox lesions to protect against smallpox</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Explain the history of variolation (slide 15-19)</span></div><ul><li>location: slide 19</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What is <span style=""font-weight: 600;"">variolation</span>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What is <span style=""font-weight: 600;"">variolation</span>?<div><span class=cloze>noculation of health individuals using material from a smallpox pustule into a scratch on the arm</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Define variolation (slide 16)</span></div><ul><li>location: slide 16</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What is <span style=""font-weight: 600;"">attenuation</span>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What is <span style=""font-weight: 600;"">attenuation</span>?<div><span class=cloze>reduced state of virulence (weakened virus)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Explain attenuation</span><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">&nbsp;(slide 16)</span></div><ul><li>location: slide 21</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What happens when an attenuated virus infects?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What happens when an attenuated virus infects?<div><span class=cloze>normally severe symptom become mild or inconsequential</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Explain attenuation</span><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">&nbsp;(slide 16)</span></div><ul><li>location: slide 21</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> Who was the first to create attenuated viruses?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> Who was the first to create attenuated viruses?<div><span class=cloze>Louis Pasteur</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Explain attenuation</span><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">&nbsp;(slide 16)</span></div><ul><li>location: slide 21</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How was the first attenuated virus created?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How was the first attenuated virus created?<div><span class=cloze>Louis Pasteur attenuated rabies via passaging the virus through rabbits (mutation accumulation)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Explain attenuation</span><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">&nbsp;(slide 16)</span></div><ul><li>location: slide 21</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What was the purpose of <span style=""font-weight:600"">Koch's Postulates</span>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What was the purpose of <span style=""font-weight:600"">Koch's Postulates</span>?<div><span class=cloze>set of criteria used to identify the responsible agent for a specific disease/infection (pathogen)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>created by German physician Robert Koch<br></div><div><br></div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List Koch’s postulates (slide 22-24)</span></div><ul><li>location: slide 22-24</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> List Koch's original for infection postulates<div><span class=cloze>[ 4</li></ol><div>]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> List Koch's original for infection postulates<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>organism must be regularly associated with the disease + its characteristic lesions</li> <li>organism must be isolated from disease and grown culture</li> <li>disease must be reproduced when organism's pure culture is introduced into healthy, susceptive host</li> <li>same microorganism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected host</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>created by German physician Robert Koch<br></div><div><br></div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List Koch’s postulates (slide 22-24)</span></div><ul><li>location: slide 22-24</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How does molecular evidence relate to Koch's Postulates?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How does molecular evidence relate to Koch's Postulates?<div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">(1) Koch's Postulates are used to distinguish microorganisms definitively</span></li><li>(2) definitive traits of microorganisms are uniquely distinguishing molecular markers (e.g. genes or full genomes) → allow samples obtained from diseased and healthy subjects to be distinguished<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>inoculating healthy person with sample from diseased person → transfer of disease + molecular markers<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div><div><br></div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">List Koch’s postulates (slide 22-24)</span><br></div><ul><li>location: slide 24</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What are the definitive characteristics/properties of viruses?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What are the definitive characteristics/properties of viruses?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>molecular parasites (reproduction absolutely depends on host cell's biosynthetic machinery for building component synthesis)</li> <li>viral genome = <strong>DNA or RNA</strong></li> <li>viral genome directs viral component synthesis via cellular system in an appropriate host cell</li> <li><strong>virions</strong> (infectious progeny virus particles) formed <strong>de novo</strong> self-assembly from newly synthesized components</li> <li>progeny virion assembled during infectious cycle is <strong>transmission vehicle</strong> of viral genome to next host cell/organism → disassembly → next infectious cycle initiation</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>inoculating healthy person with sample from diseased person → transfer of disease + molecular markers<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div><div><br></div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">List definitive properties of viruses</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">&nbsp;(slide 29-31)</span><br></div><ul><li>location: slide 24</li><li><img src=""paste-011970cf9c77a7318ca4b6eb8cc80e58a2d0e59b.jpg""><img src=""paste-bd750da6599db860f85d4736f7ba433844f02983.jpg""><br></li><li><img src=""paste-7d288261a3c26e47e6d4e0150fa557cb8f285978.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What are <span style=""font-weight: 600;"">obligate parasites</span>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What are <span style=""font-weight: 600;"">obligate parasites</span>?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">parasites with </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">absolute dependence</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> on living host for reproduction</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">List definitive properties of viruses</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">&nbsp;(slide 29-31)</span><br></div><ul><li>location: slide 30</li><li><img src=""paste-011970cf9c77a7318ca4b6eb8cc80e58a2d0e59b.jpg""><img src=""paste-bd750da6599db860f85d4736f7ba433844f02983.jpg""><br></li><li><img src=""paste-7d288261a3c26e47e6d4e0150fa557cb8f285978.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What are <span style=""font-weight: 600;"">molecular parasites</span>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What are <span style=""font-weight: 600;"">molecular parasites</span>?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">reproduction depends </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">absolutely on host cell's biosynthetic machinery for building components' synthesis</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">List definitive properties of viruses</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">&nbsp;(slide 29-31)</span><br></div><ul><li>location: slide 30</li><li><img src=""paste-011970cf9c77a7318ca4b6eb8cc80e58a2d0e59b.jpg""><img src=""paste-bd750da6599db860f85d4736f7ba433844f02983.jpg""><br></li><li><img src=""paste-7d288261a3c26e47e6d4e0150fa557cb8f285978.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What is the definition of <b><u>physiology</u></b>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What is the definition of <b><u>physiology</u></b>?<div><span class=cloze>study of normal functioning of living organisms and its component parts including its chemical and physical processes</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> <div>What is the relationship between physiology and anatomy?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> <div>What is the relationship between physiology and anatomy?</div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Anatomy w/o physiology = corpse</span></div> <div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Physiology w/o anatomy = ghost</span></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> <div>What body system interacts with all other systems?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> <div>What body system interacts with all other systems?</div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Circulatory system</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What is <u style=""font-weight: bold;"">homeostasis</u>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What is <u style=""font-weight: bold;"">homeostasis</u>?<div><span class=cloze>maintenance/defense of physical and chemical condition of the internal environment<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What is the difference between negative and positive-feedback loops?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What is the difference between negative and positive-feedback loops?<div><span class=cloze>negative: <b>homeostatic + decrease input stimuli</b></div><div>positive: <b>non-homeostatic + increase input stimuli</b></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> How does a negative feedback loop work?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> How does a negative feedback loop work?<div><span class=cloze>response to inpout stimulus diminishes stimulus</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> How does a positive feedback loop work?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> How does a positive feedback loop work?<div><span class=cloze>self-perpetuating snowball that increase response from stimulus → increases stimulus until goal is achieved</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""paste-a6decf81778e77e317a63b3ca731d75db5e66cf7.jpg""><br></div><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What kind of loops are homeostatic?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What kind of loops are homeostatic?<div><span class=cloze>negative feedback loops</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What are exmaples of negative-feddback loops?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What are exmaples of negative-feddback loops?<div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li>thermoregulation of setpoint (reflex) (rise/decrease in core temperature)</li><li>general physical properties (osmolarity, pH, temp, blood pressure)</li><li>materials for cell needs (nutrients, water, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, other ions, O<sub>2</sub>)</li><li>Internal secretions (hormones, signaling molecules)</span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""paste-5f1081b2e4813a3d4052fee3ab81c8088021f3d6.jpg""><img src=""paste-01519712bdd0f3bf97733cf3649087e10ea9ec2a.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><br></div><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What are examples of positive-feedback loops?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What are examples of positive-feedback loops?<div><span class=cloze>cervial stretch during birth → oxytocin release → <b>uterine cotnractions</b>&nbsp;→ baby pushed against cervix → <b>cervical stretch during birth</b></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""paste-a6decf81778e77e317a63b3ca731d75db5e66cf7.jpg""><br></div><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> How is defending a temperature setpoint an example of a reflex pathway?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> How is defending a temperature setpoint an example of a reflex pathway?<div><span class=cloze>stimulus (difference in setpoint) → sensor → input signal (from sensor to CNS hypothalamus) → output signal (hypothalamus sends signals) → target areas receive signal → change in temperature</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""paste-a6decf81778e77e317a63b3ca731d75db5e66cf7.jpg""><br></div><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What is <b><u>tonic control</u></b>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What is <b><u>tonic control</u></b>?<div><span class=cloze>control with <b>only 1 input + frequency dependent</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""paste-98913013402ac510f1f2da70ba9cf4e6a14e0652.jpg""><br></div><ul><li>usually be nervous system that does tonic control</li><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What kind of control is <b>blood vessel diameter</b>&nbsp;under?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What kind of control is <b>blood vessel diameter</b>&nbsp;under?<div><span class=cloze>tonic control</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""paste-98913013402ac510f1f2da70ba9cf4e6a14e0652.jpg""><br></div><ul><li>usually be nervous system that does tonic control</li><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What is <u style=""font-weight: bold;"">antagonistic control</u>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What is <u style=""font-weight: bold;"">antagonistic control</u>?<div><span class=cloze>control using inputs that are opposing</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""paste-991dac587582fc609bd2bf8137e6f8cb5be2f0c2.jpg""><br></div><ul><li>e.g. controlling heart rate</li><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What is an example of <u style=""font-weight: bold;"">antagonistic control</u>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What is an example of <u style=""font-weight: bold;"">antagonistic control</u>?<div><span class=cloze>heart rate using parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) to slow down heartbeat and sympathetic nervous system to speed up heartbeat (balancing effect)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> Describe how homeostasis is achieved<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> Describe how homeostasis is achieved<div><span class=cloze>organism in homeostasis → internal/external change → internal change loss of homeostasis → compensation attempt → failure leads to illness and death OR sucess leads to wellness </span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""paste-991dac587582fc609bd2bf8137e6f8cb5be2f0c2.jpg""><br></div><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> How is homeostasis maintained?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> How is homeostasis maintained?<div><span class=cloze>control systems interpret input signal (no homeostasis) → gives output signal to adjust</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""paste-ebf79d9cac69e86a79c5b13becadf87a42735e70.jpg""><br></div><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What are the two types of control systems that maintain homeostasis? What’s the difference?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What are the two types of control systems that maintain homeostasis? What’s the difference?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Local (at level of tissues or cells) or reflex (systemic)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""paste-83614b96bcdd3955f924a5e126fc98ab5eefc67e.jpg""><br></div><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> <div>What is a <b>cortisol</b>?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> <div>What is a <b>cortisol</b>?</div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Stress hormone in fight/flight response that mobilize glucose/gluconeogenesis → awakeness</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> <div>What gland secretes cortisol?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> <div>What gland secretes cortisol?</div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Adrenal cortex</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> <div>What is the difference between simple neural reflex and simple endocrine reflex?</div><div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> <div>What is the difference between simple neural reflex and simple endocrine reflex?</div><div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span class=cloze>&nbsp;</span></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Simple neural:&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Stimulus →&nbsp;</span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">sensory neuron (CNS) → efferent neuron→&nbsp;</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">target cell<b>&nbsp;→</b></span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">&nbsp;response</span></li><li>Simple endocrine: Stimulus -&gt; receptor on <b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">endocrine cells on gland</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> (</span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">simple endocrine</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">) -&gt; </span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">hormone travels via circulatory system </b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">-&gt; target cell -&gt; response&nbsp;</span></li></ul></div></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What causes variable physiological responses to a signaling molecule?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.1</div> What causes variable physiological responses to a signaling molecule?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Variation in receptor structure and expression</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""paste-053c429db4149e94800f33cb9a858f5686d5a9ce.jpg""><br></div><ul><li>location: module 1A (intro and homeostasis)</li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.2</div> <div>What are different kinds of local cell-cell communications?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.2</div> <div>What are different kinds of local cell-cell communications?</div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Gap junctions</span></li><li>Contact dependent</li><li>Autocrine/paracrine signaling<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.2 (cell-to-cell communication and second messenger pathways)</div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.2</div> <div>How does gap junction signaling work?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.2</div> <div>How does gap junction signaling work?</div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Rapid exchange of ions through ion channels made of connexin proteins(gap junctions)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.2 (cell-to-cell communication and second messenger pathways)</div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.2</div> <div>What responses are gap junction signaling good for?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.2</div> <div>What responses are gap junction signaling good for?</div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">rapid exchanges of electrical charge → uniform physiological response</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.2 (cell-to-cell communication and second messenger pathways)</div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.2</div> <div>What is required for contact-dependent signaling?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.2</div> <div>What is required for contact-dependent signaling?</div><div><span class=cloze>a<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">dhesion molecules (cadherins, integrins, immunoglobulins, selectins)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.2 (cell-to-cell communicaiton and second messenger pathways)</div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.2</div> <div>What do all control pathways involve?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.2</div> <div>What do all control pathways involve?</div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Signal transduction (starting at level of receptor)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>(Receptor can be either intracellular or extracellular)<br></li><li>location: module 1.2 (cell-to-cell communicaiton and second messenger pathways)</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.2</div> <div>What are the differences between the two kinds of signal transductions (intracellular and extracellular)?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.2</div> <div>What are the differences between the two kinds of signal transductions (intracellular and extracellular)?</div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">intracellular:&nbsp;</span></li><ul><li>lipophilic signaling molecule</li><li>receptor located either in cytoplasm or nucleus</li></ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">extracellular:</span></li><ul><li>hydrophilic signaling molecule</li><li>receptor located on cell membrane surface<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>(Receptor can be either intracellular or extracellular)<br></li><li>location: module 1.2 (cell-to-cell communicaiton and second messenger pathways)</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.2</div> <div>What are the four categories of cell membrane receptors? How do they work (<i>brief</i>)?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;</span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.2</div> <div>What are the four categories of cell membrane receptors? How do they work (<i>brief</i>)?</div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Receptor-channel (ligand-gated)</span></li><li>Receptor-enzyme (ligand binding to receptor-enzyme activates intracellular enzyme)</li><li>G protein-coupled receptor (ligand binding to receptor -&gt; G protein alters enzyme activity)</li><li>Integrin receptor (ligand binding -&gt; alters cytoskeleton)<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span>&nbsp;</span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.2 (cell-to-cell communicaiton and second messenger pathways)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div>What are hormones?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div>What are hormones?</div><div><span class=cloze><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Long distance</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> chemical signals that are secreted into blood by a cell or a group of cells (endocrine gland)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div>How large are hormone concentrations to exert an effect?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div>How large are hormone concentrations to exert an effect?</div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Nano-picomolar</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What are the different hormone classes?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What are the different hormone classes?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><div>Peptide hormone</div></li><li><div>Steroid hormone</div></li><li><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Amine hormone</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What is an example of a peptide hormone? (provide the gland that produces it)</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What is an example of a peptide hormone? (provide the gland that produces it)</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><div><b>insulin and glucagon (from pancreas)</b></div></li><li><div><b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">pituitary hormones (oxytocin, vasopressin/ADH, FLATPEG: FSH, LH, ACTH, TRH, prolactin, endorphins, GSH)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">&nbsp;</span></b></div></li><li><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><b>parathyroid (parathyroid gland)</b></span></div></li><li><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">erythropoietin (kidney)&nbsp;</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">atrial natriuretic peptide (wall of atrium)</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">stomach hormone (gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What is an example of a steroid hormone? (provide the gland that produces it)</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What is an example of a steroid hormone? (provide the gland that produces it)</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><b>estrogen + estradiol</b> + progesterone (<b>ovaries</b>)&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></li><li><b>testosterone </b>(<b>testes</b>)&nbsp; &nbsp;</li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><b>cortisol </b>+ aldosterone + <b>testosterone </b>(a<b>drenal cortex</b>))&nbsp;</span></li><li>vitamin D (skin)<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span><br><div><img src=""clip_image002.png""><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What are the two molecules that amine hormones can be derived from? What hormones are produced respectively?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What are the two molecules that amine hormones can be derived from? What hormones are produced respectively?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Derived from </span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">tryptophan</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> (only melatonin)</span></li><li>Derived from <b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">tyrosine</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> (catecholamines E and NE, thyroid hormones)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div>What are the differences between thyroid hormone vs catecholamines?<b></b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div>What are the differences between thyroid hormone vs catecholamines?<b></b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Thyroid hormones: hydrophobic → long half-life</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Catecholamines: hydrophilic → short half-life</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">What is the difference between peptide, steroid, and amine hormones?</span><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">What is the difference between peptide, steroid, and amine hormones?</span><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Peptide:&nbsp;</span></li><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">majority number</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">hydrophilic (soluble in plasma) → (easily degradable/short-half life)</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">bind </span><i style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">membrane</i><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> receptors</span></li></ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Steroid:&nbsp;</span></li><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">fewer number compared to peptide</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">hydrophobic (insoluble in plasma) → need </span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">carrier proteins</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> (no vesicles) → long half-life</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">bind intracellular receptors</span></li></ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Amine:&nbsp;</span></li><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">fewest number</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">either hydrophobic (thyroid hormone)/hydrophilic (catecholamines norepinephrine or epinephrine)</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">either long (thyroid hormones)/short (catecholarmines) half-lives</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div>What is the difference between the effects of peptide and steroid hormones?<b></b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div>What is the difference between the effects of peptide and steroid hormones?<b></b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Peptide →&nbsp;</span><i style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">rapid</i><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> effect → no Δ in gene expression</span></li><li>Steroid →&nbsp;<i style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">slow</i><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> effect → ultimately Δ in gene expression</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> What are the kinds of receptors do steroid hormones bind to?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> What are the kinds of receptors do steroid hormones bind to?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Cytoplasmic or nuclear</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span><div><img src=""paste-094763670fcd77f4cbefb0f1d5917a22f257a84f.jpg""><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>Why do steroid hormones have long half-lives?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>Why do steroid hormones have long half-lives?</b></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">bound to carrier protein in plasma b/c insoluble (don’t use vesicles)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> What are steroid hormones derived from?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> What are steroid hormones derived from?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Cholesterol (starting material for all steroid hormones)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> What are the most common peptide receptors?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> What are the most common peptide receptors?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">GPCRs and tyrosine kinase (membrane receptors)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div>What are the stages of producing peptide hormones?&nbsp;</div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div>What are the stages of producing peptide hormones?&nbsp;</div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span class=cloze></span></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Preprohormone (translated from mRNA)</span></li><li><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">prohormone </b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">(processed preprohormone by ER)</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">cleavage/processing of prohormone by golgi</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">release</span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span><img src=""paste-7ac0c5066b2853c1db195d21760044c688e17539.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What is the difference hormone type of epinephrine, cortisol, insulin, and thyroid hormones?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What is the difference hormone type of epinephrine, cortisol, insulin, and thyroid hormones?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Epinephrine: Amine hormone</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Cortisol: Steroid hormone</span></li><li>Insulin: Peptide hormone</li><li>Thyroid hormones: Amine hormone<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <b>What is the difference in biosynthesis of epinephrine, cortisol, insulin, and thyroid hormone?</b><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <b>What is the difference in biosynthesis of epinephrine, cortisol, insulin, and thyroid hormone?</b><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Epinephrine: derived from tyrosine (amine hormone), made in adrenal medulla</span></li><li>Cortisol: derived from cholesterol (steroid hormone), made in adrenal cortex</li><li>Insulin: is a gene product (peptide hormone), made by beta pancreas islet cells</li><li>Thyroid: derived from tyrosine<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> (amine hormone)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)<br></span><div><img src=""paste-78734451f50f80c95ea03ac820ef08be46a80f18.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span style=""font-weight: normal;"">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><div><table> <tbody><tr> <td><img src=""paste-939db67ff89c4c27b14750990429a99b3b6b5a51.jpg""><img src=""paste-7ac0c5066b2853c1db195d21760044c688e17539.jpg""></td></tr></tbody></table><br> <b></b></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What is the difference in solubility between epinephrine, cortisol, insulin, thyroid hormones?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What is the difference in solubility between epinephrine, cortisol, insulin, thyroid hormones?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Epinephrine: short</span></li><li>Cortisol: long</li><li>Insulin: short</li><li>Thyroid: long<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What is the difference in receptor location of epinephrine, cortisol, insulin, and thyroid hormone?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What is the difference in receptor location of epinephrine, cortisol, insulin, and thyroid hormone?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Epinephrine and insulin (hydrophobic): extracellular</span></li><li>Cortisol and thyroid (hydrophobic): intracellular<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What is the difference in half-life between epinephrine, cortisol, insulin, and thyroid hormone?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div><b>What is the difference in half-life between epinephrine, cortisol, insulin, and thyroid hormone?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Epinephrine, insulin: short</span></li><li>Cortisol, thyroid: long<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3 (endocrine system)</span></div> </div>"
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-7-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-8-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-8-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-9-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-9-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-10-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-10-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-11-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-11-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-12-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-12-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-13-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-13-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-14-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-14-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-15-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-15-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-16-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-16-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-17-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-17-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-18-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-18-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-19-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-19-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-20-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-20-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-21-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-21-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-22-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-22-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-23-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-23-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-24-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-24-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-25-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-25-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-26-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-26-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-27-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-27-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-28-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-28-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-29-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-29-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-30-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-30-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-31-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-31-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-32-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Comparison of Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived Hormones</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""0d90f76ea1e94a4db96045d07dff31fa-ao-32-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpv0okiee6.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.1</div> "
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What is the method and results of the Hershey-Chase experiment<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What is the method and results of the Hershey-Chase experiment<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>bacteriophages: radioactively labeled viral protein using sulfur + radioactively labeled viral DNA using phosphorus</li> <li>bacteriophages formed de novo after infecting bacteria + bacteriophage ghost goes supernatant <ol> <li>sulfur-labeled sample had radioactive supernatant predominantly</li> <li>phosphorous-labeled sample had radioactive cell pellet predominantly</li> </ol> </li> <li>results <ol> <li>bacteriophages from bacteria infected by sulfur-labeled bacteriophages → no radioactivity</li> <li>bacteriophages from bacteria infected by phosphorus-labeled bacteriophages → some radioactivity (radioactivity in a few phages)</li></ol></li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""paste-eb923b516f0967954abad31fb136fb96bbcd87c4.jpg""><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Explain the method &amp; results of the Hershey-Chase experiment (slide 32)</b></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What was determined by the Hershey-Chase experiment?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What was determined by the Hershey-Chase experiment?<div><span class=cloze>the genetic material was DNA when bacteriophages propagated</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Explain the method &amp; results of the Hershey-Chase experiment (slide 32)</b><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What are two important things a virus must do for the Baltimore classification system?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What are two important things a virus must do for the Baltimore classification system?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>generate a +strand mRNA to be translated into viral proteins</li> <li>make a copy of the genome for insertion into new virions (viral particles)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Explain Baltimore classification (genome) (slide 35-38)</span><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How does the Baltimore classification identify viruses?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How does the Baltimore classification identify viruses?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">unique pathways viruses take to make + mRNA</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""paste-72672e4707871dba037217c992db6065c17668ea.jpg""><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">Explain Baltimore classification (genome) (slide 35-38)</span><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What are different identifications of viruses according to the Baltimore classification?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What are different identifications of viruses according to the Baltimore classification?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li><strong>+DNA →</strong> ds DNA → <strong>+mRNA</strong></li> <li><strong>+RNA →</strong> - DNA → ds DNA → + mRNA</li> <li>+<strong>RNA</strong> → <strong>- RNA</strong> → +mRNA</li> <li><strong>ds RNA → +mRNA</strong></li> <li><strong>-RNA → +mRNA</strong></li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><ul><li>uses host cell's machinery to translate a complement</li><li>+mRNA is immediately translatable</li></ul></div><div><img src=""paste-72672e4707871dba037217c992db6065c17668ea.jpg""><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">Explain Baltimore classification (genome) (slide 35-38)</span><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How was the Baltimore System determined?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How was the Baltimore System determined?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>all viruses must make mRNA to be translated by host's cell</li> <li>discovered 7 genome types (ssDNA, dsDNa, dsDNA (RT), +mRNA (RT), (+) RNA dsRNA, (-) RNA)</li> <li>found there are unique pathways from viral genomes to mRNA</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><ul><li>uses host cell's machinery to translate a complement</li><li>+mRNA is immediately translatable</li><li><img src=""paste-443a62e1b5ceca06a0b2092979379e08d051e6ae.jpg""><br></li></ul></div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">Explain Baltimore classification (genome) (slide 35-38)</span><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What is a <span style=""font-weight:600"">(+) strand mRNA</span>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What is a <span style=""font-weight:600"">(+) strand mRNA</span>?<div><span class=cloze>immediately translatable</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">Explain Baltimore classification (genome) (slide 35-38)</span><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How do you designate a RNA and DNA complements of (+) strands?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> How do you designate a RNA and DNA complements of (+) strands?<div><span class=cloze>(-) strands</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">Explain Baltimore classification (genome) (slide 35-38)</span><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What are the fundamental properties of viral propagation?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L1_Principles_of_Virology</div> What are the fundamental properties of viral propagation?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>all viral genomes are packed inside particles that mediate their transmission from host to host</li> <li>viral genome contains the info for initiating and completing infectious cycle</li> <li>establish themselves in a host population to ensure propagation and success</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""paste-a005bcfaa1093aa7e0ea7a3d0db664eb569e3591.jpg""><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">Explain Baltimore classification (genome) (slide 35-38)</span><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the steps of the infectious cycle?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the steps of the infectious cycle?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>attachment</li> <li>entry</li> <li>production of viral mRNA</li> <li>mRNA translation by host ribosomes</li> <li>viral genome replication</li> <li>assembly and release of particles containing genome</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the steps of the infectious cycle (slide 4, 6-12)</span></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Describe the process of the infectious cycle<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Describe the process of the infectious cycle<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li><strong>attachment</strong> (to receptor)</li> <li><strong>entry</strong> (endosome)</li> <li><strong>translation</strong> of +mRNA by host ribosome</li> <li>2 routes <ol> <li><strong>make proteins</strong>: viral protein precursor → cleavage to final product</li> <li><strong>proliferate viral genome:</strong> +mRNA → membrane vesicle → genome replication into <strong>dsRNA</strong> → +mRNA (can make more protein)</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>assembly</strong></li> <li>release</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the steps of the infectious cycle (slide 4, 6-12)</span></div></div><div><img src=""paste-eaccb9a1a91810a03f1c109563aeb63c9d5aeb68.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What occurs during the entry step of the infectious cycle?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What occurs during the entry step of the infectious cycle?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>traverse plasma membrane (sometimes nuclear membrane)</li> <li>disassembly of viral particle</li> <li>nucleic acid targeted to correct cellular compartment</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the steps of the infectious cycle (slide 4, 6-12)</span></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How many different types of genomes does a virus have?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How many different types of genomes does a virus have?<div><span class=cloze>7</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the steps of the infectious cycle (slide 4, 6-12)</span></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What do all viruses need to do to synthesize viral protein?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What do all viruses need to do to synthesize viral protein?<div><span class=cloze>genome copied into mRNA for the synthesis of viral protein</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the steps of the infectious cycle (slide 4, 6-12)</span></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is required for RNA viruses to synthesize viral protein?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is required for RNA viruses to synthesize viral protein?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) (</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-style: italic;"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the steps of the infectious cycle (slide 4, 6-12)</span></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is required for DNA virus and retroviruses to synthesize protein?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is required for DNA virus and retroviruses to synthesize protein?<div><span class=cloze>cellular RNA polymerase II to make viral mRNA to be translated</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the steps of the infectious cycle (slide 4, 6-12)</span></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Why can host cell protein synthesis stop during viral infection?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Why can host cell protein synthesis stop during viral infection?<div><span class=cloze>viruses alter translation machinery (ribosomes) for selective translation of viral proteins</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the steps of the infectious cycle (slide 4, 6-12)</span></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What does the cell provide to make viral genomes?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What does the cell provide to make viral genomes?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>nucleotides</li> <li>energy</li> <li>enzymes</li> <li>transport systems</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the steps of the infectious cycle (slide 4, 6-12)</span></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What allows virus particles to coordinate assembly?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What allows virus particles to coordinate assembly?<div><span class=cloze>primary sequences of viral structural proteins</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the steps of the infectious cycle (slide 4, 6-12)</span></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the characteristics of viral attachment?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the characteristics of viral attachment?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>collision between virus and cell</li> <li>Brownian motion (random motion)</li> <li>chance binding if receptor is present</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Describe the process of viral attachment (slide 6)</span></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is the difference between a cell that is <span style=""font-weight:600"">susceptible </span>and <span style=""font-weight:600"">permissive</span>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is the difference between a cell that is <span style=""font-weight:600"">susceptible </span>and <span style=""font-weight:600"">permissive</span>?<div><span class=cloze></div><ul> <li>susceptible: has the receptor for virus to bind</li> <li>permissive: allows for viral replication</li></ul><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast “susceptible” and “permissive” (slide 6)</span></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Why does a cell need to be <span style=""font-style:italic"">both</span> susceptible and permissive to have a successful infection?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Why does a cell need to be <span style=""font-style:italic"">both</span> susceptible and permissive to have a successful infection?<div><span class=cloze>needs to have receptor for viral attachment (susceptible) and needs to allow viral replication</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast “susceptible” and “permissive” (slide 6)</span></div></div><div><img src=""paste-8378f174b8b6f1d83cf1bca1b2a61495c64cbe0f.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is <span style=""font-weight: 600;"">viral pathogenesis</span>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is <span style=""font-weight: 600;"">viral pathogenesis</span>?<div><span class=cloze>process by which viruses cause disease</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Define viral pathogenesis (slide 13)</span></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What does viral pathogenesis involve?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What does viral pathogenesis involve?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>relationship fo the virus with cell it infects</li> <li>the response of the host defense system</li> <li>ability of the virus to spread to other hosts</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Define viral pathogenesis (slide 13)</span></div></div><div><ul><li><em>viral pathogenesis = process by which viruses cause disease</em></li></ul></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the types of cell lines/cultures for viral propagation?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the types of cell lines/cultures for viral propagation?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>primary</li> <li>transformed</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast primary vs transformed cell cultures (slide 15-16)</span></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Why do primary cell lines have shorter life span than transformed cell lines?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Why do primary cell lines have shorter life span than transformed cell lines?<div><span class=cloze></div><ul> <li>primary cell lines = adherent cell → grow out to confluency = contact inhibition) → <strong>stop propagating</strong></li> <li>transformed cell lines = loss of contact inhibition/not adherent → <strong>propagate indefinitely</strong></li></ul><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast primary vs transformed cell cultures (slide 15-16)</span></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is the difference between primary cell lines vs transformed cell cultures?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is the difference between primary cell lines vs transformed cell cultures?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>primary <ul> <li>limited life span</li> <li>retain differentiated (body) state</li> <li>used to grow viruses for use as vaccines to avoid <strong>oncogenes</strong></li> <li><strong>diploid</strong> cell lines <ul> <li>(homogenous and normal number of chromosome)</li> <li>retain diploid chromosome number</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>transformed <ul> <li>propagate indefinitely</li> <li>less differentiated (abnormal looking)</li> <li>derived from tumor or transforming with tumor virus or mutagen</li> <li><strong>aneuploid</strong> cell lines <ul> <li>(abnormal shape and number of chromosomes)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast primary vs transformed cell cultures (slide 15-16)</span><img src=""paste-72bd4e9182f9e9161c5e3cf96f0113eb760da07b.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the two ways to produce <span style=""font-weight:600"">organoids</span>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the two ways to produce <span style=""font-weight:600"">organoids</span>?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">create stems cells from either </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">embryonic stem cell</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> (derived from blastocyst) or </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">somatic cell</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">induced into pluripotent stem cell</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> → </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">endoderm</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> → organoids</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location:&nbsp;slide 17<img src=""paste-cedc34ca473482c579b736a5788800d5fa44718a.jpg""></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How do you use primary cell lines to analyze effect of a virus on tracheal epithelial cells?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How do you use primary cell lines to analyze effect of a virus on tracheal epithelial cells?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">create an air-liquid interface culture (ALI)</span></div> <ol> <li>create transwells with epithelial cells sitting on porous plastic with media on apical and basolateral side</li> <li>wait until confluent monolayer forms with tight junctions</li> <li>remove media on top</li> <li>air on apical side allows differentiation to be similar to trachea with media still on basolateral side</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location:&nbsp;slide 18<img src=""paste-83fb3fa3d294f18e9ad386d39f27974eff1ac62f.jpg""></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is the benefit of an air-liquid interface culture (ALI)?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is the benefit of an air-liquid interface culture (ALI)?<div><span class=cloze>observe effect of virus without immune system involvement</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location:&nbsp;slide 18<img src=""paste-83fb3fa3d294f18e9ad386d39f27974eff1ac62f.jpg""></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is a <span style=""font-weight: 600;"">cytopathic effect</span>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is a <span style=""font-weight: 600;"">cytopathic effect</span>?<div><span class=cloze>abnormal changes in the cell due to viral infection</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>LO: <b>Define &amp; give examples of cytopathic effect (slide 19-21)</b></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are examples of cytopathic effects?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L2_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are examples of cytopathic effects?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>rounding up</li> <li>detachment</li> <li>cell lysis</li> <li>swelling of nuclei</li> <li>syncytium formation (giant cell with multiple nuclei)</li> <li>inclusion bodies (structure formed de novo where viral assembly could be occurring)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>LO: <b>Define &amp; give examples of cytopathic effect (slide 19-21)</b></li><li><b><img src=""paste-2109bcba78cb484afa8b3ab41b368672080baec5.jpg""><br></b></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the 3 methods for viral propagation (cultivation)?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the 3 methods for viral propagation (cultivation)?<div><span class=cloze></div><div>use...</div><ol> <li>cell culture (not all can be propagated this way)</li> <li>embryonated eggs</li> <li>live animals</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>LO: <b>Describe 3 methods for viral propagation (cultivation) (slide 4 (overview), 5-6 (embryonated egg))</b></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is an embryonated egg?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is an embryonated egg?<div><span class=cloze>fertilized egg with growing embryonic tissue</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>LO: <b>Describe 3 methods for viral propagation (cultivation) (slide 4 (overview), 5-6 (embryonated egg))</b></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Describe how to use an embryonic egg to propagate/cultivate viruses?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Describe how to use an embryonic egg to propagate/cultivate viruses?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>drill hole into shell 5-14 days after fertilization</li> <li>inject virus to proper location of egg</li> <li>robust yield</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>LO: <b>Describe 3 methods for viral propagation (cultivation) (slide 4 (overview), 5-6 (embryonated egg))</b></li><li>used for research and vaccine production</li><li><img src=""paste-7e9369b97c3889f62c1fde3c8db08e880d6904da.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Why do you need to inject the virus at the appropriate place in embryonated eggs?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Why do you need to inject the virus at the appropriate place in embryonated eggs?<div><span class=cloze>different cells within the egg are susceptible and permissive to different viruses</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>LO: <b>Describe 3 methods for viral propagation (cultivation) (slide 4 (overview), 5-6 (embryonated egg))</b></li><li>used for research and vaccine production</li><li><img src=""paste-7e9369b97c3889f62c1fde3c8db08e880d6904da.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the four places that viruses can be grown in embryonated eggs?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the four places that viruses can be grown in embryonated eggs?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>chorioallatoic membrane inoculation</li> <li>amniotic inoculation</li> <li>yolk sac inoculation</li> <li>allantoic inoculation</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>LO: <b>Describe 3 methods for viral propagation (cultivation) (slide 4 (overview), 5-6 (embryonated egg))</b></li><li>used for research and vaccine production</li><li><img src=""paste-7e9369b97c3889f62c1fde3c8db08e880d6904da.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How were animals used for viral propagation (cultivation)?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How were animals used for viral propagation (cultivation)?<div><span class=cloze>virus stocks were maintained by passage from animal to animal → inconvenient + led to selection of viral mutants</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO: </span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Describe 3 methods for viral propagation (cultivation) (slide 4 (overview), 5-6 (embryonated egg))</b><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is the difference infectious and non-infectious particles?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is the difference infectious and non-infectious particles?<div><span class=cloze>non-infectious particles had an error during assembly → can't replicate</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Compare &amp; contrast infectious vs. noninfectious particles (slide 8-9)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How are viruses detected?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How are viruses detected?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>biological assay OR</li> <li>physical assay</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Compare &amp; contrast infectious vs. noninfectious particles (slide 8-9)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is the difference between biological and physical assays?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is the difference between biological and physical assays?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>biological measures and is dependent on infectious particles</li> <li>physical physically measures all particles (infectious &amp; non-infectious)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Compare &amp; contrast infectious vs. noninfectious particles (slide 8-9)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are ways to do physical assays to detect viruses?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are ways to do physical assays to detect viruses?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>electron microscopy</li> <li>immunological methods</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Compare &amp; contrast infectious vs. noninfectious particles (slide 8-9)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">viral titer</span>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">viral titer</span>?<div><span class=cloze>concentration of a virus in a sample</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define viral titer (slide 10)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How is viral titer written (units)?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How is viral titer written (units)?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>pfu/mL (plaque forming units/mL) (from plaque forming assay)</li> <li>ffu/mL (focus forming units/mL) (from transformation assay)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define viral titer (slide 10)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How is viral titer determined?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How is viral titer determined?<div><span class=cloze>performing serial dilutions and inoculating cell culture, embryonated eggs, or lab animals</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define viral titer (slide 10)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are most common quantitative methods to determine viral titer?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are most common quantitative methods to determine viral titer?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>plaque assay (holes)</li> <li>fluorescent focus assay</li> <li>infectious centers assay</li> <li>transformation assay</li> </ol> <ul> <li>(named depends on cytopathic effect)</li></ul><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define viral titer (slide 10)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is a non-quantitative method to determining viral titer?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is a non-quantitative method to determining viral titer?<div><span class=cloze>end-point dilution assay (all or none)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define viral titer (slide 10)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How do you perform a plaque assay?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How do you perform a plaque assay?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>in a petri dish, form a monolayer of adherent, fully confluent cells</li> <li>add dilutions of virus and incubate → <strong>adsorption to cells</strong> <strong>(via receptor) (1 hr 37</strong>℃)</li> <li>inoculum is removed and cells are covered in <strong>nutrient (agarose, methyl cellulose) gel medium</strong> → <strong>restrict spread of virus to neighboring host cells</strong></li> <li>infected cells become damage → holes = <strong>plaques</strong></li> <li>cells fixed</li> <li>stain using dye (e.g. crystal violet)</li> <li>count number of plaques</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe the steps of a plaque assay (slide 11-13, 16)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is the difference between the one-hit and two-hit kinetics?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is the difference between the one-hit and two-hit kinetics?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>one-hit: <ul> <li>one infectious particle causes infectivity</li> <li>linear relationship between # of infectious particles and the plaque count</li> <li>one type of uninfected cell (the one without infectious particle)</li> </ul> </li> <li>two hit <ul> <li>two different types of virus particles must infect a cell to ensure replication</li> <li>poisson distribution</li> <li>two types of uninfected cells (no particle present, one particle present)</li> </ul> </li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe the steps of a plaque assay (slide 11-13, 16)</span><img src=""paste-7dc37e892909be2e5773dea8034531955749a8b7.jpg""><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Why are there two kinds of uninfected cells for two-hit kinetics?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Why are there two kinds of uninfected cells for two-hit kinetics?<div><span class=cloze>genomes of some +strand RNA viruses consist of two RNA molecules that are encapsidated separately but both are needed for infectivity</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe the steps of a plaque assay (slide 11-13, 16)</span><img src=""paste-7dc37e892909be2e5773dea8034531955749a8b7.jpg""><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How do you perform a plaque purification? Why do it?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How do you perform a plaque purification? Why do it?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>one plaque assay is done, use pipette to scrape one plaque and use that to grow another round of virus → virus clone stocks (plaques) prepared from previous single stock</li> <li>used to get higher infection of virus particles</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe the steps of a plaque assay (slide 11-13, 16)</span><img src=""paste-9fc01815050a28753873ec8ef1c875ff8f3fc7e9.jpg""><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Describe how to calculate virus titer from a plaque assay<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Describe how to calculate virus titer from a plaque assay<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>virus stock (usually of very high concentration) diluted for plaque foming assay</li> <li>add certain dilutions to cell monolayer → observe cytopathic effect (plaques)</li> <li>choose dilution that causes not too many plaques and not to little</li> <li>stain with dye (crystal violet)</li> <li><strong>viral titer = pfu/mL = plaque number/volume of virus dilution used to make plaque assay on dish*dilution factor</strong></li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Calculate pfu/mL (slide 15)</span><img src=""paste-847fda092eb70ca430c1d26885d8286228792bb5.jpg""><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Why are transformation assays formed?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Why are transformation assays formed?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">some retroviruses don't form plaques → cells instead lose contact inhibition and form small piles called </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">foci (focus-forming units per mL)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe a transformation assay (slide 17-18)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the units used to measure viral titer using transformation assay?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the units used to measure viral titer using transformation assay?<div><span class=cloze>focus-forming units per mL (ffu/mL)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe a transformation assay (slide 17-18)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is the differences and similarities between a transformation and plaque forming assay?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is the differences and similarities between a transformation and plaque forming assay?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>differences: transformation involves counting small piles rather than holes</li> <li>same calculation for ffu/mL as with pfu/mL, using number of piles vs number of holes</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe a transformation assay (slide 17-18)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is end-point dilution assay useful for?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is end-point dilution assay useful for?<div><span class=cloze>measuring titers of viruses that don't form plaques</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe an endpoint assay and how to calculate TCID<sub>50</sub> (slide 19-20)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are <span style=""font-weight:600"">end-point dilution assays</span>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are <span style=""font-weight:600"">end-point dilution assays</span>?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">serial dilutions of viruses that are inoculated into replicate cell cultures, eggs, or animals → determine endpoint = dilution which induces 50/50 cytopathic effect (infection) in the replicate group = </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">TCID<sub>50</sub></span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">LO:&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe an endpoint assay and how to calculate TCID<sub>50</sub> (slide 19-20)</span><img src=""paste-f7f0e4d44c867e93c949e453913e77963fb86ab9.jpg""><img src=""paste-32ee5b232e38a51fbf7e16821b09c79f5cba3289.jpg""><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How do you calculate TCID<sub>50</sub>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How do you calculate TCID<sub>50</sub>?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">TCID<sub>50</sub>&nbsp;= Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">virus dilution</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">) where 50% are + and 50% are - for cytopathic effect</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe an endpoint assay and how to calculate TCID<sub>50</sub>&nbsp;(slide 19-20)</span><img src=""paste-f7f0e4d44c867e93c949e453913e77963fb86ab9.jpg""><img src=""paste-32ee5b232e38a51fbf7e16821b09c79f5cba3289.jpg""><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is particle/pfu ratio?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is particle/pfu ratio?<div><span class=cloze>total # of physical particles/# of infectious particles</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Explain particle / pfu ratio (slide 21)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Why calculate the particle/pfu ratio?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> Why calculate the particle/pfu ratio?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">a single particle </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-style: italic;"">can</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> initiate infection, but not all particles are successful (e.g. due to damage, mutations, complexity of infectious cycle → error) → can complicate experiments → ∴ need to know # of infectious particles)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Explain particle / pfu ratio (slide 21)</span><img src=""paste-39d5601535c687151b9747457145e524ec562ab7.jpg""><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are methods to detect viral particles and their components?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are methods to detect viral particles and their components?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>electron microscopy imaging</li> <li>live cell imaging of single fluorescent virions</li> <li>hemagglutination</li> <li>viral enzyme activity</li> <li>serological methods (using Abs)/ immunostaining</li> <li>detection of viral nucleic acids (via PCR or sequencing)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe methods for detecting viral particles &amp; their components (slide 23-30)</span><br><div><img src=""paste-e4f6ce25544261086ab07730c5095d11421a35c7.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How are hemagglutination assay done?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> How are hemagglutination assay done?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>virus (e.g. influenza virus) contains proteins (e.g. envelope glycoprotein hemagglutinin) that bind RBC → rapidly links RBCs to form lattices</li> <li>determine which dilution that RBCs start to form lattices</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe methods for detecting viral particles &amp; their components (slide 23-30)</span><br><div><img src=""paste-c7da7ead77016bf6c6f7140017ce8553e9c1f229.jpg""><img src=""paste-f14922505e708b396d76a74085b447fb3de39510.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the pros and cons to hemagglutination assay?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the pros and cons to hemagglutination assay?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>pros: rapid, easy, cheap (where no high tech equipment around)</li> <li>cons: not sensitive to detect small numbers of particles (crude)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe methods for detecting viral particles &amp; their components (slide 23-30)</span><br><div><img src=""paste-c7da7ead77016bf6c6f7140017ce8553e9c1f229.jpg""><img src=""paste-f14922505e708b396d76a74085b447fb3de39510.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the ways to perform immunostaining to detect viral particles and their components?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What are the ways to perform immunostaining to detect viral particles and their components?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>direct (use one Ab with fluorescently tagged Fc)</li> <li>indirect (use two Abs from different species with the fluorescently tagged Fc on secondary Ab which binds to primary Ab)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe methods for detecting viral particles &amp; their components (slide 23-30)</span><br><div><img src=""paste-1d4160b7635988ae98798dad3228e4c071c5f6a5.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What happens to sensitivity as receptors on the cell membrane decreases? Why?<b></b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What happens to sensitivity as receptors on the cell membrane decreases? Why?<b></b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">less sensitivity&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">less binding events</span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.3.2<div>exam 1</div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What are <b>neurohormones</b>? Give examples of neurohormones and their origins<b></b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What are <b>neurohormones</b>? Give examples of neurohormones and their origins<b></b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Hormones released by neurons</span></li><li><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Catecholamines</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> from </span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">adrenal medulla</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">, </span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">posterior pituitary</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> </span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">hypothalamic neurohormones</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">,</span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> trophic hypothalamic neurohormones </b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">controlling the anterior pituitary</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.3.2<div>exam 1</div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What are the endorcrine structures in the brain?&nbsp;</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What are the endorcrine structures in the brain?&nbsp;</div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Pineal gland (melatonin)</span></li><li>Anterior pituitary gland (FLATPEG hormones)<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.3.2<div>exam 1</div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What hormone(s) does the pineal gland release?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What hormone(s) does the pineal gland release?</div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Melatonin (amine hormone)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.3.2<div>exam 1</div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What hormone(s) does the anterior pituitary gland release?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What hormone(s) does the anterior pituitary gland release?</div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">FLATPEG</span></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)</span></li><li>LH (luteinizing hormone)</li><li>ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)</li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">TSH (thyrotropin, thyroid stimulating hormone)</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Prolactin</span></li><li>Endorphins</li><li>GH (Growth hormone)<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.3.2<div>exam 1</div><div><img src=""paste-7ea98b669c36259086f1c4a4f4d7970dcd8ed291.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What hormone(s) does the posterior pituitary gland release?</div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What hormone(s) does the posterior pituitary gland release?</div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span class=cloze></span></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">oxytocin</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">vasopressin (ADH = antidiuretic hormone)</span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.3.2<div><img src=""paste-8e253bab199f5c8fc70c0985fafff812f761437c.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></div><div>exam 1</div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What kind of tissues are the posterior and anterior pituitary gland respectively?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What kind of tissues are the posterior and anterior pituitary gland respectively?</div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Posterior = nervous tissue</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Anterior = endocrine tissue</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.3.2<div>exam 1</div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">What is the structure that connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?</span><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">What is the structure that connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?</span><br></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Infundibulum (stalk)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.3.2<div>exam 1</div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What is the difference between the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary gland?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What is the difference between the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary gland?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Posterior = extension of neural tissue</span></li><li>Anterior = true endocrine gland of epithelial origin<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.3.2<div>exam 1</div><div><img src=""paste-28b51e2b2d33382f70d7aec03363163e3beb908f.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What do the hormones released by the posterior and anterior pituitary glands have in common?</div><div><span class=cloze>[type</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What do the hormones released by the posterior and anterior pituitary glands have in common?</div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Peptide</span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.3.2<div>exam 1</div><div><img src=""paste-28b51e2b2d33382f70d7aec03363163e3beb908f.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What are two differences between the hormones secreted from the anterior versus the posterior pituitary gland?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What are two differences between the hormones secreted from the anterior versus the posterior pituitary gland?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Posterior pituitary gland hormones are </span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">neurohormones</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> (synthesized and secreted by hypothalamic neurons). Anterior pituitary gland hormones are </span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">endocrine hormones</b></li><li>Posterior pituitary gland hormones are synthesized by neurons in the hypothalamus and are only stored and released by posterior pituitary. Anterior pituitary gland hormones are synthesized by endocrine cells in anterior pituitary<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.3.2<div>exam 1</div><div><img src=""paste-28b51e2b2d33382f70d7aec03363163e3beb908f.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><div><b>What does oxytocin (hormone) do?</b></div></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><div><b>What does oxytocin (hormone) do?</b></div></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Controls ejection of milk during breastfeeding</span></li><li>Stimulates uterine directions during labor</li><li>Neurological functions (imprinting, pair bonding, maternal behaviors, sexual climax)<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.3.2<div>exam 1</div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does vasopressin (ADH) do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does vasopressin (ADH) do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Regulates water balance (promotes water reabsorption) in kidney</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.3.2<div>exam 1</div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does prolactin do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does prolactin do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Milk production (females) on mammary glands</span></li><li>Regulation of immune system<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.3.2<div>exam 1<img src=""paste-7ea98b669c36259086f1c4a4f4d7970dcd8ed291.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does thyrotropin do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does thyrotropin do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Thyrotropin = TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone = stimulates synthesis and release of thyroid hormone by thyroid gland</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: module 1.3.2<div>exam 1<img src=""paste-7ea98b669c36259086f1c4a4f4d7970dcd8ed291.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does corticotropin do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does corticotropin do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Stimulates release of cortisol from adrenal </span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">cortex</b></li><li>(aka ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone)<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span></li><li>NOT adrenal medulla</li><li><img src=""paste-7ea98b669c36259086f1c4a4f4d7970dcd8ed291.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does growth hormone (GH) do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does growth hormone (GH) do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Regulates growth and metabolism in almost all tissue</span></li><li>Stimulates release of insulin-like growth factors by the liver</li><li>Has trophic and non-trophic growth effects<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span></li><li>NOT adrenal medulla</li><li><img src=""paste-7ea98b669c36259086f1c4a4f4d7970dcd8ed291.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Stimulates egg/sperm production + sex hormone production</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Maturation of gametes</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span></li><li><img src=""paste-7ea98b669c36259086f1c4a4f4d7970dcd8ed291.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does letunizing hormone (LH) do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does letunizing hormone (LH) do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Egg/sperm production + sex hormone production</span></li><li>Maturation gametes<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span></li><li><img src=""paste-7ea98b669c36259086f1c4a4f4d7970dcd8ed291.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>Secretion of </b><u style=""font-weight: bold;"">all</u><b> anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by </b><span class=cloze>[...]</span></b></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>Secretion of </b><u style=""font-weight: bold;"">all</u><b> anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by </b><span class=cloze>regulatory neurohormones from the hypothalamus<b></span></b></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span></li><li><img src=""paste-7ea98b669c36259086f1c4a4f4d7970dcd8ed291.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <b>You learn that a neighbor has developed Cushing’s Syndrome and while talking with her about it, she mentions that her ACTH levels are low. What kind of hypersecretion does she have? What organ is diseased? What would you expect the levels of CRH to be in her hypophyseal portal vein, relative to normal?</b><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <b>You learn that a neighbor has developed Cushing’s Syndrome and while talking with her about it, she mentions that her ACTH levels are low. What kind of hypersecretion does she have? What organ is diseased? What would you expect the levels of CRH to be in her hypophyseal portal vein, relative to normal?</b><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Hypersecreting cortisol</span></li><li>Adrenal cortex</li><li>CRH levels are low relative to normal due to long-loop feedback inhibition of<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What does the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system do?</b></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Delivers trophic hypothalamic neurohormones to the anterior pituitary gland to induce synthesis and release of hormones from the anterior pituitary</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What is the benefit of the hypothalamic hypophoseal portal system?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What is the benefit of the hypothalamic hypophoseal portal system?</b></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Only small amount of hypothalamic neurohormones are released into the small amount of blood in the portal system compared to circulatory system -&gt; big physiological effect</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <b>Draw the hypophyseal portal system and label all relevant structures, including the hypothalamus, neurons, blood vessels, and the anterior and posterior pituitary glands</b><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <b>Draw the hypophyseal portal system and label all relevant structures, including the hypothalamus, neurons, blood vessels, and the anterior and posterior pituitary glands</b><div><span class=cloze><img src=""paste-b3c1015c9197e088437d2f14815216837a6bdb05.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span></li></ul></div> </div>"
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-1-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-1-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-2-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-2-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-3-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-3-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-4-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-4-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-5-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-5-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-6-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-6-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-7-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-7-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-8-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-8-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-9-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-9-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-10-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-10-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-11-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-11-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-12-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-12-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-13-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-13-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-14-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-14-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-15-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-15-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-16-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-16-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-17-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-17-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-18-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-18-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-19-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-19-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-20-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-20-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-21-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-21-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-22-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div id=""kard"">"" <div id=""io-header"">Summary o the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis</div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a39a6608d88749a28830b2c71f3d677c-oa-22-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpwj58g41k.png"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> "
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>Prolactin, TSH, ACTH, growth hormone, FSH, and LH are all hormones secreted by what gland?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>Prolactin, TSH, ACTH, growth hormone, FSH, and LH are all hormones secreted by what gland?</b></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Anterior pituitary gland</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>Why is prolactin different from the other hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?</b></div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>Why is prolactin different from the other hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?</b></div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span class=cloze></span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">It is the only non-trophic hormone (causes effect directly on the target it binds)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><div><b>What is a trophic hormone? Name two examples (or as many as possible).</b></div></div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><div><b>What is a trophic hormone? Name two examples (or as many as possible).</b></div></div><span class=cloze><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Hormone that causes release of another hormone</span></li><li>Hypothalamic neurohormones: TRH, CRH, GHRH, GnRH</li><li>Anterior pituitary hormones: TSH, ACTH, GH, FSH/LH<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span><br><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What is the structure of a <b>simple endocrine reflex</b>?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What is the structure of a <b>simple endocrine reflex</b>?</div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Endocrine cell is the sensor that releases a hormone → hormone travels through blood → then the response factor feeds back negatively</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span><br><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span><br><div><img src=""paste-9daa2bdfbbfdbbf862e9f68317b01331f9b838e6.jpg""><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What does a <b>complex endocrine pathway </b>consist of? Give one example.</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What does a <b>complex endocrine pathway </b>consist of? Give one example.</div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Endocrine pathway that consists of both trophic and nontrophic hormone</span></li><li>Growth hormone (has both trophic and nontrophic effects)<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span><br><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span><img src=""paste-d63807a6fb5346d56746e919c4940fb794e01d38.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What does a <b>complex endocrine pathway </b>consist of? Give one example.</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What does a <b>complex endocrine pathway </b>consist of? Give one example.</div><div><span class=cloze></div> <div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Endocrine pathway that consists of both trophic and nontrophic hormone</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Growth hormone (has both trophic and nontrophic effects)</span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span><br><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span><img src=""paste-c26eabe07c848d1ad5ad318c8bfb86904bedaf71.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What regulates hormone secretions from the HPA?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What regulates hormone secretions from the HPA?</div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Negative-feedback by the hormones themselves (not the response they cause)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span><br><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span><img src=""paste-0587c6b43697b7086867009d7effa6775a0daaa6.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>Name and describe the two types of feedback on the HPA</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>Name and describe the two types of feedback on the HPA</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Short loop: trophic hormone inhibits release of hormone that induces its release</span></li><li>Long loop: final hormone in cascade inhibits pathway<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span><br><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span><img src=""paste-0587c6b43697b7086867009d7effa6775a0daaa6.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>1)<span style=""font-weight: normal;"">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b>Give an example of a pathway regulated by long- and short-loop negative feedback and explain the feedback</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>1)<span style=""font-weight: normal;"">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b>Give an example of a pathway regulated by long- and short-loop negative feedback and explain the feedback</div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Cortisol secretion pathway</span></li><li>Short-loop: trophic hormones inhibit pathway and release past trophic hormones, including itself (e.g. ACTH inhibits CRH release from hypothalamus and, thusly, its release from the anterior pituitary)</li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> Long-loop: cortisol inhibits excretion of trophic hormones (e.g. CRH and ACTH) in the pathway</span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span><br><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span><img src=""paste-0587c6b43697b7086867009d7effa6775a0daaa6.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-02cfefcd49ad2377662c38712e5da43015e57d05.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What makes a complex reflex pathway “complex”? Give an example<b></b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>What makes a complex reflex pathway “complex”? Give an example<b></b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Involves multiple sensors and be controlled by multiple pathways</span></li><li>Blood glucose (insulin releasee by pancreas, stretch receptors by digestive system activating neurons, pancreas senses)<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span><br><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span><div><img src=""paste-2f47ded1c3368c2882d74fa4e4becbe4e9e5d412.jpg""><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>Is the feedback between plasma Ca<sup>2+</sup> and parathyroid hormone secretion an example of a complex reflex pathways?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div>Is the feedback between plasma Ca<sup>2+</sup> and parathyroid hormone secretion an example of a complex reflex pathways?</div><div><span class=cloze>&nbsp;<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">No, it’s a simple reflex pathway (simple sensor of low Ca</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">2+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> levels in blood -&gt; release of parathyroid hormone -&gt; (bone resorption + absorption in digestive system) = </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">increase in Ca</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">2+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> in blood -&gt; stop release of parathyroid hormone</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span><br><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span><img src=""paste-b0fc44d544bb6b0bb99a23776fe22d38050d0782.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-2f47ded1c3368c2882d74fa4e4becbe4e9e5d412.jpg""><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What are the three ways hormones interact with one another</b>?<b></b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod1.3.2</div> <div><b>What are the three ways hormones interact with one another</b>?<b></b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Synergism: hormones results in greater than additive effect (increase effect)</span></li><li>Permissiveness: presence of one hormone needed for the activity/effectiveness of another</li><li>Antagonism: two inputs opposing each other control a process<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 1.3.2</span><br><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">exam 1</span><img src=""paste-b0fc44d544bb6b0bb99a23776fe22d38050d0782.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-2f47ded1c3368c2882d74fa4e4becbe4e9e5d412.jpg""><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>What is a membrane potential?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>What is a membrane potential?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Property of <i>all</i> <i>cell </i>types, whether excitable (e.g. neurons and skeletal muscle) or non-excitable (e.g. erythrocytes, hepatocytes)</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">A difference in the amount of charge distributed across the cell membrane creating an energy gradient (an electromotive force)</span></li></ul><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 2.1</li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-3cbbab3321d48bea04925922b85ebc93f67ec43c.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div>Why is membrane potential important?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div>Why is membrane potential important?</div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Cell-to-cell communication and transport of solutes across the cell membrane</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 2.1</li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-3cbbab3321d48bea04925922b85ebc93f67ec43c.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div>What is an excitable cell?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div>What is an excitable cell?</div><div><span class=cloze>cell that can fire an action potential</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 2.1</li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-3cbbab3321d48bea04925922b85ebc93f67ec43c.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div>What is <b>graded potential</b>?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div>What is <b>graded potential</b>?</div><div><span class=cloze>a minor flux of membrane potential</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 2.1</li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-3cbbab3321d48bea04925922b85ebc93f67ec43c.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div>What is the resting membrane potential of neurons?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div>What is the resting membrane potential of neurons?</div><div><span class=cloze>-70 mV</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>location: module 2.1</li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-007cb31d1e1bc31087295eb2da7c1b303a7d97b3.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>What 2 factors are responsible for membrane potential?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>What 2 factors are responsible for membrane potential?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">concentration gradients of charged molecules across the cell membrane</span></li><li>relative permeability of the cell membrane to the ions in question</li></ol><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li>(basically components of electrochemical gradient are repsonsible for membrane potential)</li><li>location: module 2.1</li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-06e1fb36c56df7c14ab32d8d4bed89697fb4e07d.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>What ions are the most important in determining the membrane potential in vertebrate cells?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>What ions are the most important in determining the membrane potential in vertebrate cells?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><div style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><ol><li><div style=""color: var(--text-fg); display: inline !important;"">Na<sup>+</sup></div></li><li>K<sup>+</sup></li><li>Cl<sup>-</sup></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Ca</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">2+</sup></li></ol><b></b></div><div style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><b></b></div><div style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><b></b></div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-06e1fb36c56df7c14ab32d8d4bed89697fb4e07d.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>Which ion is most important in determining the resting membrane potential of a cell? Why?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span><br></div><div><b><br></b></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>Which ion is most important in determining the resting membrane potential of a cell? Why?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>&nbsp;</div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">K</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> (potassium)</span></li><li>Resting membrane potential most resembles the most permeable ionic species’ equilibrium potential + cell membrane is most permeable to K<sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">&nbsp;→ resting membrane potential mostly determined by K</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> equilibrium potential (most closely)</span></li></ol><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span><br></div><div><b><br></b></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>How do the concentrations of Na, K, Cl, and Ca compare between the inside and outside of most cells?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>How do the concentrations of Na, K, Cl, and Ca compare between the inside and outside of most cells?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Inside:</span></li><ul><li>high [K<sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">]</span></li><li>negatively charged amino acids and proteins</li></ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Outside:</span><br></li><ul><li>high Na<sup>+</sup>Cl<sup>-</sup></li><li>sodium bicarbonate</li><li>Ca<sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">2+</sup></li></ul></ul><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-3ae68427e5bc7c1ab204cd5f5402a12be12a3f18.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>Describe, in words, what an equilibrium potential is.</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>Describe, in words, what an equilibrium potential is.</b></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">The opposing electrical force (E</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">ion</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">) to concentration gradient of an ion to cause no net flow of an ion across a membrane (</span><i style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">assuming model cell: cell is permeable to only that one ion</i><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-ae82c2c9200b51f21e43d64f1b779d9eb4585889.jpg""><img src=""paste-c3d88ea2dbe10fa909674d608e23cfe79bc29bbf.jpg""><img src=""paste-d5f9d5ad28a02c05fb72b097a45ecd3fabc64eb1.jpg""><img src=""paste-dae6ea988514656f33e03d58354c23a941f39bcb.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>Calculate the Nernst equilibrium potential for Na assuming the following: [Na]<sub>I</sub> = 50, [Na]<sub>o</sub> = 100. Is this higher or lower than what you would expect for a normal cell? Why?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span><br></div><div><b></b></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>Calculate the Nernst equilibrium potential for Na assuming the following: [Na]<sub>I</sub> = 50, [Na]<sub>o</sub> = 100. Is this higher or lower than what you would expect for a normal cell? Why?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">E</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">ion</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> = 61/z*log([E</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">ion</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">]­</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">out</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">/[E</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">ion</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">]</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">in</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">) = 61/(+1)*log(100/50) = +16.4 (prevent Na</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> from coming in)</span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Lower than expected because a normal cell’s Nernst potential for Na</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> is +60 mV based</span></li></ol><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span><br></div><div><b></b></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-2d9ed945bebeb4552e176d7a1f959d729c721969.jpg""><img src=""paste-dae6ea988514656f33e03d58354c23a941f39bcb.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <b>What is the membrane potential of Ca<sup>2+</sup>?</b><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <b>What is the membrane potential of Ca<sup>2+</sup>?</b><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+160 mV (super positive compared to membrane potential)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-8664bd5542c73c3994e0b4231c4a4eccf629f389.jpg""><img src=""paste-ae82c2c9200b51f21e43d64f1b779d9eb4585889.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <b>What is the membrane potential of Na<sup>+</sup>?</b><div><b>&nbsp;</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <b>What is the membrane potential of Na<sup>+</sup>?</b><div><b>&nbsp;</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span class=cloze></span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+60 mV</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-8664bd5542c73c3994e0b4231c4a4eccf629f389.jpg""><img src=""paste-ae82c2c9200b51f21e43d64f1b779d9eb4585889.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <b>What is the membrane potential of Cl<span style=""font-size: 16.6667px;""><sup>-</sup></span>?</b><div><b>&nbsp;</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <b>What is the membrane potential of Cl<span style=""font-size: 16.6667px;""><sup>-</sup></span>?</b><div><b>&nbsp;</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span class=cloze> -70&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">mV</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-8664bd5542c73c3994e0b4231c4a4eccf629f389.jpg""><img src=""paste-ae82c2c9200b51f21e43d64f1b779d9eb4585889.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <b>What is the membrane potential of K<span style=""font-size: 16.6667px;""><sup>+</sup></span>?</b><div><b>&nbsp;</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <b>What is the membrane potential of K<span style=""font-size: 16.6667px;""><sup>+</sup></span>?</b><div><b>&nbsp;</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span class=cloze> -90&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">mV</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-8664bd5542c73c3994e0b4231c4a4eccf629f389.jpg""><img src=""paste-ae82c2c9200b51f21e43d64f1b779d9eb4585889.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Based on Nernst equilibrium potential of an ion (E</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">ion</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">), what does resting membrane potential resemble?</span><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Based on Nernst equilibrium potential of an ion (E</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">ion</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">), what does resting membrane potential resemble?</span><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Resting membrane potential resembles ionic species that is </span><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">most membrane-permeant</b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">(which K</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-f090c405a09b8474d6b64bdb04e097876c9b7f1e.jpg""><br></li><li><img src=""paste-ae82c2c9200b51f21e43d64f1b779d9eb4585889.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>What does hyperkalemia do to a membrane potential and why? What would hyperchloremia do to a membrane potential? How about hyponatremia?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>What does hyperkalemia do to a membrane potential and why? What would hyperchloremia do to a membrane potential? How about hyponatremia?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Hyperkalemia (high potassium) would increase extracellular potassium → less negative charge needed to keep potassium in cell → increase equilibrium potential → membrane potential increases to resemble E</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">K+</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> (because K</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> is most permeable)</span></li><li>Hyperchloremia (high chloride) would increase extracellular chloride → increase concentration gradient into cell → more negative charged needed to keep chloride out → decrease equilibrium potential → minimal <i style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">decrease/no change</i><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> in membrane potential (because chloride is as permeable as K</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">)</span></li><li>Hypernatremia (high sodium) would increase extracellular sodium → increase concentration gradient into cell → more positive charged needed to keep sodium out → increase equilibrium potential → minimal <i style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">increase/no change</i><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> in membrane potential (because chloride is as permeable as K</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">)</span></li></ol><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-86b7284bc0d597ebdc1539bab6c536b6fdf49805.jpg""><img src=""paste-ae82c2c9200b51f21e43d64f1b779d9eb4585889.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>An erythrocyte has a membrane potential of -10 mV and the ionic concentrations inside and outside the cell have calculated E<sub>K</sub> = -80 mV, and E<sub>Cl</sub> = -60 mV and E<sub>Na</sub> = +20 mV. In which direction will each ion flow if their conductances are suddenly increased? How will membrane potential be affected in each case?</b><img src=""paste-686e4c98eee2f98baf2e75f2f8191ca7c2ab869b.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>An erythrocyte has a membrane potential of -10 mV and the ionic concentrations inside and outside the cell have calculated E<sub>K</sub> = -80 mV, and E<sub>Cl</sub> = -60 mV and E<sub>Na</sub> = +20 mV. In which direction will each ion flow if their conductances are suddenly increased? How will membrane potential be affected in each case?</b><img src=""paste-686e4c98eee2f98baf2e75f2f8191ca7c2ab869b.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Increases/decreases in accordance to eventually prevent net ion flow and oppose its concentration gradient (direction of flow)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-31c7cb1848e42a1c7de30d1447389aab890eedd9.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></div><div><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-86b7284bc0d597ebdc1539bab6c536b6fdf49805.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div>Which direction will an ion move if its permeability suddenly increased? What happens to Vm?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div>Which direction will an ion move if its permeability suddenly increased? What happens to Vm?</div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Ion will flow so that E<sub>ion</sub> (Nernst potential) = V<sub>m </sub>(resting membrane potential) → V<sub>m </sub>gets closer to E<sub>ion ­</sub>(i.e.</b></div> <div><ol><li>If E<sub>ion<i> </i></sub>(Nernst potential) &gt; V<sub>m</sub> (resting membrane potential)</li><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">permeable cations: want to flow inwards (more negative V</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">m</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> pull ion in -&gt; V</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">m</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> increases)</span></li><li>permeable anions: want to flow outwards (more negative V<sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">m </sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">repels ion out -&gt; V</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">m</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> increases)</span></li></ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">If E</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">ion</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> (Nernst potential) &lt; V</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">m</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> (resting membrane potential)</span></li><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">permeable cations: want to flow out (more positive V</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">m</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> repels ion out -&gt; V</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">m</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> decreases)</span></li><li>permeable anions: want to flow in (more positive V<sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">m</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> attracts ion in -&gt; V</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">m</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> decreases)</span></li></ul></ol><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-9bf30f868c0be1a8d6cb6927c12b1d97d0951e6d.jpg""><img src=""paste-f359dbeeba93344b1e858dfcab659e68d88c1ecc.jpg""><img src=""paste-ae82c2c9200b51f21e43d64f1b779d9eb4585889.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>For a typical cell under normal conditions, is the Nernst Potential for Ca higher or lower than that for Cl? Why?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>For a typical cell under normal conditions, is the Nernst Potential for Ca higher or lower than that for Cl? Why?</b></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Higher because Ca is double and positively charged compared to Cl, therefore it needs a larger positive magnitude of electrical force to oppose the concentration gradient of Ca into the cell. Comparatively, Cl needs a smaller magnitude negative electrical force to oppose its concentration gradient into the cell.</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-295101ecb6b013ca5f4b4fee70bc0c7abe522a4e.jpg""><img src=""paste-5707697fd915131b0c9107fa9d46c672b26b9914.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>What does the GHK (Goldman-Hodgkin Katz) equation take into consideration that the Nernst Equation does not?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>What does the GHK (Goldman-Hodgkin Katz) equation take into consideration that the Nernst Equation does not?</b></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Multiple ionic species’ differing membrane permeabilities</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-f1527d74d9ce7918580c840a3b3574cc2faf15ae.jpg""><img src=""paste-b75008d7015942f2b1a9ee5c5c2465ab0f9ec71c.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <b>What <i>maintains</i> the ion concentration gradients? And, how?</b><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <b>What <i>maintains</i> the ion concentration gradients? And, how?</b><div><span class=cloze><b style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span style=""font-weight: normal;"">&nbsp;</span></b><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Membrane Na</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">/K</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> ATPase that transports 3 Na</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> ions out and 2 K</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> ions in → maintains the concentration gradients of K</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> and Na</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><i>doesn't determine the membrane potential, but maintains the ionic concentration gradients that contribute to mrmbrane potential</i></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-0db1200a34f13e61678fc2aeb8bd72c478ca2f97.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>How is the membrane potential affected by changes in permeability?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>How is the membrane potential affected by changes in permeability?</b></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Membrane potential always shifts in the direction of the equilibrium potential (E</span><sub style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">m</sub><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">) for the ionic species whose permeability is increasing</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">e.g. if V<sub>m</sub>&nbsp;= -70 mV and K<sup>+</sup>&nbsp;permeability increases, then the V<sub>m</sub>&nbsp;will become more negative because E<sub>K+</sub>&nbsp;= - 90 mV<br></span></li><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-0bd8595b934e908d565fed742336b0d389b85ed4.jpg""><br></li><li><img src=""paste-f366c527c53f2ee587143785a34861f58000ec28.jpg""><img src=""paste-7c8003f285a982b078b2b7de606448deb597af39.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>What are the four classes of ion channels? How do they work? Give one example of each.</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>What are the four classes of ion channels? How do they work? Give one example of each.</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><b>Voltage-gated</b>: charge distribution on adjacent membrane to the channel dictate whether the channel opens/closes (e.g. Na</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> V-gated and Ca</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">2+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> V-gated channels)</span></li><li><b>Ligand-gated (extracellular)</b>: extracellular ligand binds to receptor → conformation change (e.g. neurotransmission with neurotransmitter receptors)</li><li><b>Ligand-gated (intracellular)</b>: intracellular ligand binds to receptor → conformation change (e.g. K<sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> ATPase channels in insulin secretion)</span></li><li><b>Mechanically gated</b>: some region of the receptor communicates with cell’s cytoskeleton → deformation of skeleton → deformation of channel’s subunits → change of tertiary and quaternary shape (e.g. hair receptors in ear on organ of corti)<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-81b8bf48e80f7ced825b8a8e27d506d2af388cc9.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>Describe the sequence of cellular events that lead to secretion or no secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells. How might you design a drug to stimulate insulin secretion?</b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Human_Systemic_Physiology::exam_1::mod2.1</div> <div><b>Describe the sequence of cellular events that lead to secretion or no secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells. How might you design a drug to stimulate insulin secretion?</b></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div><ol><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">Low glucose levels in blood → no glucose transported through GLUT transporter → metabolism in β pancreas cells slows → less ATP -&gt; potassium ATPase channels leak K</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> out → cell at resting membrane potential → voltage-gated Ca</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">2+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> channels remain closed → secretory vesicles with insulin are not released</span></li><li>High glucose levels in blood → glucose transported through GLUT transporter metabolism in β pancreas cells increases → more ATP produced → K<sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> ATPase channels bind ATP and close → membrane potential depolarizes → voltage-gated Ca</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">2+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> channels open → Ca</span><sup style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">2+</sup><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> act as intracellular signal -&gt; exocytosis of secretory vesicles with insulin</span></li><li>Use drug to increase glucose transport into the β pancreas cells by using an agonist</li></ol><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><ul><li><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">location: module 2.1</span><br></li><li>exam 1</li><li><img src=""paste-ddf605a1bb93e3528627ebd541f8d5889a5b2bb3.jpg""><img src=""paste-06674fab3b1bb975ff6661756baf0fe12fd8e3bd.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What are the nutrients/oxidative fuels for exercise?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What are the nutrients/oxidative fuels for exercise?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>carbohydrates (CHO)</li> <li>fats</li> <li>proteins/amino acids (only when CHO is depleted)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein</div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> At rest, what is ratio of nutrients id being used?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> At rest, what is ratio of nutrients id being used?<div><span class=cloze>50/50 carbs and fat</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein</div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> Under what conditions are proteins used as a fuel for exercise?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> Under what conditions are proteins used as a fuel for exercise?<div><span class=cloze>only when CHO stores are low/exhausted</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein</div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> If exercise intensity increases, what fuel is relied on mostly?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> If exercise intensity increases, what fuel is relied on mostly?<div><span class=cloze>carbohydrates (CHO)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein</div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What fuel is primary used for anaerobic processes?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What fuel is primary used for anaerobic processes?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>CHO (via lactate generation)</li> <li>creatine phosphate pathways</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein</div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is the formula for carbohydrates' molecular formula?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is the formula for carbohydrates' molecular formula?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">(CH<sub>2</sub>O)<span style=""font-size: 16.6667px;""><sub>n</sub></span></span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">&nbsp;(3 ≤ n ≤ 7)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein</div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What carbohydrate does not contribute to caloric intake? Why?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What carbohydrate does not contribute to caloric intake? Why?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>fiber</li> <li>indigestible</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><ul> <li>made of individual monosaccharide units</li> </ul> <div><img src=""paste-d757ca7c56499fc68d4deba19f3e9b7387c8017c.jpg""><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What kind of bonds connect carbohydrates? How are they formed and broken?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What kind of bonds connect carbohydrates? How are they formed and broken?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>covalent glycosidic bonds</li> <li>condensation (loss of H<sub>2</sub>O) → formation</li> <li>hydrolysis (gain of H<sub>2</sub>O) → broken</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div> <div><img src=""paste-d757ca7c56499fc68d4deba19f3e9b7387c8017c.jpg""><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">sucrose </span>composed of?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">sucrose </span>composed of?<div><span class=cloze>glucose + fructose (disaccharide)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div> <div><img src=""paste-d757ca7c56499fc68d4deba19f3e9b7387c8017c.jpg""><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">lactose</span> composed of?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">lactose</span> composed of?<div><span class=cloze>galactose + glucose (disaccharide)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><ul><li>creates&nbsp;β-linked glycosidic bond which is hard to digest normally<img src=""paste-d757ca7c56499fc68d4deba19f3e9b7387c8017c.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></li></ul></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">maltose </span>composed of?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">maltose </span>composed of?<div><span class=cloze>glucose + glucose</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<img src=""paste-d757ca7c56499fc68d4deba19f3e9b7387c8017c.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> How much % of glucose to fructose does <span style=""font-weight:600"">corn syrup</span> contain?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> How much % of glucose to fructose does <span style=""font-weight:600"">corn syrup</span> contain?<div><span class=cloze>100% glucose: 0% fructose</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<img src=""paste-64b615ea4b6bac4ca4ce36d988a24997e5545f02.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> Does fruit contain a higher percentage of glucose or fructose?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> Does fruit contain a higher percentage of glucose or fructose?<div><span class=cloze>fructose</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<img src=""paste-64b615ea4b6bac4ca4ce36d988a24997e5545f02.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> How much % of glucose to fructose does <span style=""font-weight:600"">sucrose</span> contain?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> How much % of glucose to fructose does <span style=""font-weight:600"">sucrose</span> contain?<div><span class=cloze>50% glucose : 50% fructose</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<img src=""paste-64b615ea4b6bac4ca4ce36d988a24997e5545f02.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> Where does most CHO in human diet come from?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> Where does most CHO in human diet come from?<div><span class=cloze>plant-derived</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<img src=""paste-207a22ce4428167470a25b35581c6fc0f99a810e.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What are <span style=""font-weight:600"">starches</span>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What are <span style=""font-weight:600"">starches</span>?<div><span class=cloze>polymers of glucose</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<img src=""paste-611748bf9fe8d64157b17940ad3ddbdaf5cb87c9.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What are the differences between <span style=""font-weight:600"">amylose starch </span>and <span style=""font-weight:600"">amylopectin starch</span>?&nbsp;<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What are the differences between <span style=""font-weight:600"">amylose starch </span>and <span style=""font-weight:600"">amylopectin starch</span>?&nbsp;<div><span class=cloze></div><ul> <li>amylose <ul> <li>hi glycemic index (individual monosaccharides hit the blood stream more rapidly)</li> <li>straight chain linkage arranged in helical coil</li> </ul> </li> <li>amylopectin <ul> <li>lo glycemic index (individual monosaccharides hit the blood stream more slowly)</li> <li>branching, complex carbohydrate</li> </ul> </li></ul><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<img src=""paste-611748bf9fe8d64157b17940ad3ddbdaf5cb87c9.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What does it cost energetically to make glycogen?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What does it cost energetically to make glycogen?<div><span class=cloze>2 ATP equivalents (1 ATP + 1 UTP)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<img src=""paste-5661f9ad7094405132e442af2416e98b95edb1e2.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> Describe the process of how a glycosyl unit is added to glycogen (include enzymes and products)<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> Describe the process of how a glycosyl unit is added to glycogen (include enzymes and products)<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>hexokinase phosphorylates glucose → glucose-6-phosphate</li> <li>glucose 6-phosphate isomerase converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate</li> <li>uridyltransferase (UTP) dephosphorylates to UDP which has glucose-1-phosphate added on</li> <li>glycogen synthase releases UDP and attaches glucose on glycogen chain</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<img src=""paste-5661f9ad7094405132e442af2416e98b95edb1e2.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> How are glucosyl units cleaved from glycogen?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> How are glucosyl units cleaved from glycogen?<div><span class=cloze>phosphorylation with inorganic phosphate (using glycogen phosphorylase) → phosphorylated glucose</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<img src=""paste-5661f9ad7094405132e442af2416e98b95edb1e2.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is the pay off of creating energetically costly glycogen?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is the pay off of creating energetically costly glycogen?<div><span class=cloze>cleaved glycosyl units are already phosphorylated → no ATP cost to phosphorylate with hexokinase in glycolysis</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<img src=""paste-5661f9ad7094405132e442af2416e98b95edb1e2.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is the quantification of the amount, energy content, and distribution of CHO w/in an avg-man?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is the quantification of the amount, energy content, and distribution of CHO w/in an avg-man?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">total: 500 g glycogen (2k kcal)</span></div> <ol> <li>100 g liver glycogen</li> <li>400 g muscle glycogen</li> <li>3 g plasma glycogen</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<img src=""paste-c5143c296cb1281ab35ce3d9b4890af3145a78a4.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is the main energy source of intense exercise?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is the main energy source of intense exercise?<div><span class=cloze>glycogen (CHO)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein</div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What are the precursors of glucose that can be used in gluconeogenesis?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What are the precursors of glucose that can be used in gluconeogenesis?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>pyruvate</li> <li>glycerol (liver)</li> <li>lactate or lactic acid (liver)</li> <li>alanine + other amino acids</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-1175b5f523661ba83172a898395358ff11a6f78d.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> Where is glucose 6-phosphatase located?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> Where is glucose 6-phosphatase located?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">only </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">in liver</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-1175b5f523661ba83172a898395358ff11a6f78d.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">hepatic glucose output</span> and <span style=""font-weight:600"">production</span>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">hepatic glucose output</span> and <span style=""font-weight:600"">production</span>?<div><span class=cloze>efflux of glucose via GLUT transporter from liver after gluconeogenesis or glycogenolysis</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><ul><li>hepatic = liver<br></li></ul><div><img src=""paste-1175b5f523661ba83172a898395358ff11a6f78d.jpg""><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> Describe the <span style=""font-weight:600"">Cori Cycle</span><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><span style=""font-weight:600""><br></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> Describe the <span style=""font-weight:600"">Cori Cycle</span><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>glucose in blood stream taken up by GLUT transporter on liver</li> <li>liver either completely oxidizes glucose, does gluconeogenesis, or glycogenesis</li> <li>glucose from liver can be used by skeletal muscle in anaerobic exercise → lactate production</li> <li>lactate enters blood stream and transported to liver</li> <li>lactate is made into pyruvate by liver</li> <li>pyruvate can enter either gluconeogenesis or oxidative phosphorylation pathways</li></ol><div></span><span style=""font-weight:600""><br></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><img src=""paste-1175b5f523661ba83172a898395358ff11a6f78d.jpg""><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What hormones regulate glucose and fat metabolism?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What hormones regulate glucose and fat metabolism?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>insulin</li> <li>epinephrine/norepinephrine</li> <li>glucagon</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><ul><li>insulin, epinephrine/norepinephrine, glucagon are all <b>peptide hormones</b></li></ul><div><div><img src=""paste-c0bd1288185d25df333b254a67df3193380636fb.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> Describe <span style=""font-style:italic"">how </span>glucose and fat metabolism are regulated <span style=""font-weight:600"">hormonally</span><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><span style=""font-weight:600""><br></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> Describe <span style=""font-style:italic"">how </span>glucose and fat metabolism are regulated <span style=""font-weight:600"">hormonally</span><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>peptide hormone <strong>insulin</strong>: generally induces fuel (glucose and fat) uptake and storage from blood) <ol> <li>increases fatty acid uptake into lipocytes</li> <li>increase glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue</li> <li>increase glycogen synthesis</li> <li>increase glycolysis</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>epinephrine/norepinephrine/glucagon</strong>: generally induces mobilization of fuels <ol> <li>increase lipolysis (lipid breakdown)</li> <li>increase glucose excretion</li> <li>increase glycogenolysis</li> <li>increase glucogneogenesis</li> </ol> </li></ol><div></span><span style=""font-weight:600""><br></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><img src=""paste-c0bd1288185d25df333b254a67df3193380636fb.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What are the four main roles of carbohydrates?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What are the four main roles of carbohydrates?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>aerobic and anaerobic ATP production <ul> <li>(oxidative phosphorylation vs glycolysis/lactate production)</li> </ul> </li> <li>metabolic primer</li> <li>protein sparer</li> <li>fuel for CNS (esp. brain)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><img src=""paste-a67f5afdfd9d135946f2fddefddd18e0a6dc2568.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What are the aerobic and anaerobic pathways carbohydrates produce ATP through?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What are the aerobic and anaerobic pathways carbohydrates produce ATP through?<div><span class=cloze></div><ul> <li>aerobic: oxidative phosphorylation in ETC</li> <li>anaerobic: glycolysis + lactate production</li></ul><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><img src=""paste-a67f5afdfd9d135946f2fddefddd18e0a6dc2568.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What does the statement ""fats burn in a CHO flame"" mean?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What does the statement ""fats burn in a CHO flame"" mean?<div><span class=cloze>CHOs act as a metabolic primer when sufficient by providing intermediates in Krebs cycle, allowing for continuation of metabolism and β-oxidation of fat into acetyl-CoA</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><img src=""paste-a67f5afdfd9d135946f2fddefddd18e0a6dc2568.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> How are carbohydrates metabolic primers?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> How are carbohydrates metabolic primers?<div><span class=cloze>CHOs are sufficient → Krebs cycle intermediates sufficient → fats can oxidize into acetyl-coA</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><img src=""paste-a67f5afdfd9d135946f2fddefddd18e0a6dc2568.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> How can carbohydrates be protein sparers?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> How can carbohydrates be protein sparers?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>↑ CHO → ↑ insulin → ↑ protein synthesis</li> <li>CHOs are preferred oxidative fuel for exercise → proteins and amino acids not oxidized</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><img src=""paste-a67f5afdfd9d135946f2fddefddd18e0a6dc2568.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> If CHOs were depleted, what happens to the CNS?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> If CHOs were depleted, what happens to the CNS?<div><span class=cloze>hypoglycemia → lack of fuel for CNS → CNS problems</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><ul><li>CNS can use ketone bodies if needed by CHO is main source<br></li></ul><div><div><div><img src=""paste-a67f5afdfd9d135946f2fddefddd18e0a6dc2568.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What are the <span style=""font-weight:600"">ketogenic</span> amino acids?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What are the <span style=""font-weight:600"">ketogenic</span> amino acids?<div><span class=cloze>amino acids that produce acetyl-CoA when catabolized</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><div><img src=""paste-a67f5afdfd9d135946f2fddefddd18e0a6dc2568.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What does VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;measure?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What does VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;measure?<div><span class=cloze>rate of oxygen consumption by mitochondria in ETC = index of aerobic exercise intensity</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><div><img src=""paste-e211a5cf33ead079c7cae9937eecfe5a9b55e161.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What does <b>%VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;max </b>measure?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What does <b>%VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;max </b>measure?<div><span class=cloze>percentage of max rate of oxygen consumption by mitochondria in ETC = index of aerobic exercise intensity</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><div><img src=""paste-e211a5cf33ead079c7cae9937eecfe5a9b55e161.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is&nbsp;<b>VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;max</b>?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What is&nbsp;<b>VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;max</b>?<div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">max rate of O<sub>2</sub></span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">consumption in mitochondria = ∴ surrogate measure of ATP synthesis</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><div><img src=""paste-e211a5cf33ead079c7cae9937eecfe5a9b55e161.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What %VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;max is used during <span style=""font-weight:600"">resting metabolic rate</span>?<br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What %VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;max is used during <span style=""font-weight:600"">resting metabolic rate</span>?<br><div><span class=cloze>10-15%</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><div><img src=""paste-e211a5cf33ead079c7cae9937eecfe5a9b55e161.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What %VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;max is used during a <b>marathon</b>?<br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What %VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;max is used during a <b>marathon</b>?<br><div><span class=cloze>60-70%</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><div><img src=""paste-e211a5cf33ead079c7cae9937eecfe5a9b55e161.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What %VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;max is used during a <b>best 10 minute effort run</b>?<br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What %VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;max is used during a <b>best 10 minute effort run</b>?<br><div><span class=cloze>100%</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><div><img src=""paste-e211a5cf33ead079c7cae9937eecfe5a9b55e161.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>How does a person use work output greater than 100% VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;max during long races?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>How does a person use work output greater than 100% VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;max during long races?<br></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">using some anaerobic ATP production to go beyond VO<sub>2</sub></span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">&nbsp;max work output</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><div><img src=""paste-e211a5cf33ead079c7cae9937eecfe5a9b55e161.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What fuel utilization increases as <b>exercise intensity </b>increases?<br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What fuel utilization increases as <b>exercise intensity </b>increases?<br><div><span class=cloze>glucose</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><div><img src=""paste-a95cece0d1b038f196c57e2e4be70fc3adccad9c.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What fuel is needed for maintaining long duration aerobic exercise?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What fuel is needed for maintaining long duration aerobic exercise?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>CHOs</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><div><div><div><img src=""paste-a95cece0d1b038f196c57e2e4be70fc3adccad9c.jpg""><br></div></div></div></div><div><img src=""paste-9334b4e07c91950f469d4a29a02fa36616458a84.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> If CHO is low, what happens to fuel selection and performance?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> If CHO is low, what happens to fuel selection and performance?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>shifts away from CHO to fat and protein</li> <li>impairs performance/exercise intensity over long time</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-9334b4e07c91950f469d4a29a02fa36616458a84.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What causes ""bonking"" or ""hitting the wall"" in long-duration aerobic events?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What causes ""bonking"" or ""hitting the wall"" in long-duration aerobic events?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>low availability of glucose from blood and liver for optimal CNS function</li> <li>lack of muscle glycogen → no Krebs intermediates → lower Krebs cycling → no ""primer"" for fat breakdown into acetyl CoA</li> <li>slower rate of energy release from fat and protein compared to CHO</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<img src=""paste-9661ea854ea30439f6320647e5484459edf6a7a6.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What fuel should one consume to increase time to exhaustion for exercise at a large %VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;max?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What fuel should one consume to increase time to exhaustion for exercise at a large %VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;max?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>high CHOs (low fat)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<img src=""paste-bbca92057aacff3be47219d24eb42309fc82a9c4.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>Why is fat oxidation slower than CHO oxidation?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>Why is fat oxidation slower than CHO oxidation?<br></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">rate limited by:</span></div> <ol> <li>free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization (from intramuscular TAGs and cytoplasmic transport)</li> <li>FFA transport to skeletal muscle via circulation</li> <li>FFA uptake (from TAG (triacylglycerols) in chylomicrons and lipoproteins)</li> <li>FFA transport into mitochondria</li> <li>FFA oxidation within mitochondria</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<img src=""paste-7c5d2a0d2f3a084326b171dbd32032541b4c700b.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What is the difference between trans and cis fatty acids?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What is the difference between trans and cis fatty acids?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>trans: linear</li> <li>cis: bent</li> <li>linear trans shape → packing more close → solid at room temperature + unhealthier</li> <li>bent cis shape → doesn't pack well → liquid at room temperature → healthier</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-f17d335d8ea572b1543f0f08a35ddc64be7d6fdb.jpg""></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What is the gluconeogenic precursor for triglyceride syntehsis in the liver?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What is the gluconeogenic precursor for triglyceride syntehsis in the liver?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>G3P</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein</div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>How are triglycerides made from a glycerol?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>How are triglycerides made from a glycerol?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>sequential addition of fatty acyl</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-88ef57d96e830baa7fa290ddf6e687581daddd10.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What is the product of lipolysis?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What is the product of lipolysis?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>1 glycerol + 3 FFAs (free fatty acids)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-3b53496c7768fd3d1186245e3091a13c59f87aed.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What mediates lipolysis?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What mediates lipolysis?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>hormone sensitive lipase to <strong>norepinephrine, epinephrine, glucagon</strong></li> <li>adipose tissue triglyceride lipase (ATGL)</li> <li>monoglyceride lipase</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-3b53496c7768fd3d1186245e3091a13c59f87aed.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If insulin increases, how is lipolysis affected?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If insulin increases, how is lipolysis affected?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>decrease in lipolysis</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein</div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What is the typical structure of a lipoprotein?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What is the typical structure of a lipoprotein?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>cholesterol + phospholipid bilayer with a fatty inner core with proteins for attachment allow for water solubility in the blood</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-82266cc745dfe8a97af55816dd69e1794c001360.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>Where are lipoproteins formed?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>Where are lipoproteins formed?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>in liver</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-82266cc745dfe8a97af55816dd69e1794c001360.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What cholesterol is good and what is considered bad?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What cholesterol is good and what is considered bad?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ul> <li>good: HDL</li> <li>low: LDL</li></ul><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-82266cc745dfe8a97af55816dd69e1794c001360.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What are&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight:600"">low density lipoprotein (LDL)</span>&nbsp;composed of and what do they do?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What are&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight:600"">low density lipoprotein (LDL)</span>&nbsp;composed of and what do they do?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>large amounts of cholesterol and lipids</li> <li>contribute to uptake of cholesterol by macrophages lining blood vessel endothelial cells</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-82266cc745dfe8a97af55816dd69e1794c001360.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What are the major characteristics of <span style=""font-weight:600"">high density lipoprotein (HDL)?</span><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><span style=""font-weight:600""><br></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What are the major characteristics of <span style=""font-weight:600"">high density lipoprotein (HDL)?</span><br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>high percentage of protein and least total lipid and cholesterol of lipoproteins</li> <li>involved in removal of cholesterol from arterial wall</li> <li>produced in liver and small intestine</li></ol><div></span><span style=""font-weight:600""><br></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-82266cc745dfe8a97af55816dd69e1794c001360.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>How does the risk of disease relate to ratio of HDL to LDL?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>How does the risk of disease relate to ratio of HDL to LDL?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ul> <li>higher HDL to lower LDL → less risk</li> <li>lower HDL to higher LDL → more risk</li></ul><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-82266cc745dfe8a97af55816dd69e1794c001360.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If someone has high LDL content in blood, what will happen?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If someone has high LDL content in blood, what will happen?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>LDL deliver cholesterol content to cell in endothelial lining → plaques accumulate in arteries → atherosclerosis</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-82266cc745dfe8a97af55816dd69e1794c001360.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If someone has high HDL content in blood, what will happen?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If someone has high HDL content in blood, what will happen?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>HDL picks up excess cholesterol from LDL and delivers it back to liver for disposal</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-82266cc745dfe8a97af55816dd69e1794c001360.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What is VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;a measure of?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What is VO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;a measure of?<br></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">rate of CO<sub>2&nbsp;</sub></span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">production</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-13f4fba2036b0a983c600d476ff4fa731db449fb.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> How do you calculate the <span style=""font-weight:600"">respiratory quotient (RQ)</span>?<br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> How do you calculate the <span style=""font-weight:600"">respiratory quotient (RQ)</span>?<br><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-style: italic; font-weight: 600;"">cellular </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">VCO<sub>2</sub></span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">/VO<sub>2</sub></span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">&nbsp;= </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">rate of CO<sub>2</sub></span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">&nbsp;production/rate of O<sub>2&nbsp;</sub></span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">consumption</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""> (measured at cellular level)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-13f4fba2036b0a983c600d476ff4fa731db449fb.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> If carbohydrate is being relied on as a fuel more, what is the most likely RER (respiratory exchange ratio)? If completely relied on?<br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> If carbohydrate is being relied on as a fuel more, what is the most likely RER (respiratory exchange ratio)? If completely relied on?<br><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>closer to RER = 1</li> <li>RER = 1</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-13f4fba2036b0a983c600d476ff4fa731db449fb.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If fat is being relied on as a fuel more, what is the most likely RER (respiratory exchange ratio)?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If fat is being relied on as a fuel more, what is the most likely RER (respiratory exchange ratio)?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>closer to RER = 0.7</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-13f4fba2036b0a983c600d476ff4fa731db449fb.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>Are CHOs or fats a more efficient fuel? Why?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>Are CHOs or fats a more efficient fuel? Why?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>CHOs</li> <li>more ATP produced per O<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;consumed</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-13f4fba2036b0a983c600d476ff4fa731db449fb.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div><span style=""font-weight:600"">What happens to fat and CHO utilization as exercise </span><span style=""font-style:italic;font-weight:600"">duration</span><span style=""font-weight:600""> increases?</span><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><span style=""font-weight:600""><br></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div><span style=""font-weight:600"">What happens to fat and CHO utilization as exercise </span><span style=""font-style:italic;font-weight:600"">duration</span><span style=""font-weight:600""> increases?</span><br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>increase fat utilization</li> <li>decrease CHO utilization</li></ol><div></span><span style=""font-weight:600""><br></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><ul><li>not the same as intensity<br></li></ul><div><img src=""paste-2845089551af748ef8da4ae43cd2163672324048.jpg""><br></div></div><div><img src=""paste-28e0094db4b94bf50759d201e90e79cbeb704e97.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>Why does fat utilization increase with long-duration exercise?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>Why does fat utilization increase with long-duration exercise?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>less CHO or glycogen availability</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><ul><li>not the same as intensity</li></ul></div><div><img src=""paste-28e0094db4b94bf50759d201e90e79cbeb704e97.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <span style=""font-weight:600"">What happens to CHO utilization and fat utilization as exercise </span><span style=""font-style:italic;font-weight:600"">intensity </span><span style=""font-weight:600"">increases</span>?<br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <span style=""font-weight:600"">What happens to CHO utilization and fat utilization as exercise </span><span style=""font-style:italic;font-weight:600"">intensity </span><span style=""font-weight:600"">increases</span>?<br><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>CHO use increase directly with intensity</li> <li>Fat peaks at 65% of VO$_2$ max (exercise intensity) and then falls off (decreases at higher workloads or intensities)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><ul><li>not the same as intensity</li></ul></div><div><img src=""paste-987396de83e8935846da0a19f96bbca5662a0788.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What is the predominant fuel for high-intensity exercise?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What is the predominant fuel for high-intensity exercise?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>CHOs</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-987396de83e8935846da0a19f96bbca5662a0788.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What can increase fat reliance and decrease CHO reliance during exercise?<br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> What can increase fat reliance and decrease CHO reliance during exercise?<br><div><span class=cloze>aerobic training</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-b0d90fcc094b45aba04c2d42aa57b11aae90dd8b.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If you do more aerobic training, why is the more reliance on fat oxidation?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If you do more aerobic training, why is the more reliance on fat oxidation?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>↑ sensitivity of lipolysis enzymes → ↑ lipolysis and rate of lipolysis</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><ul><li>e.g. improved transport of FFAs, increased rate, increased size and number of mitochondria, increased enzyme quantity involved in β-oxidation within trained muscle fibers</li></ul><div><img src=""paste-3df0a4f56d905dc317ea09cd123a91c2bb7dbc17.jpg""><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What occurs in <span style=""font-weight:600"">transamination</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What occurs in <span style=""font-weight:600"">transamination</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to an acceptor carbon skeleton</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-99c2e7633f2174c84487e11f5f7160561136f136.jpg""></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>Describe location and the process of the <span style=""font-weight:600"">alanine-glucose cycle</span> and the benefits of the products produced in it<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>Describe location and the process of the <span style=""font-weight:600"">alanine-glucose cycle</span> and the benefits of the products produced in it<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>transamination of glutamate's amino <strong>t</strong>o pyruvate → production of alpha-ketoglutarate + alanine → <strong>Krebs + further alpha-ketogluterate delivery to liver</strong></li> <li>alanine can transport more alpha-ketogluterate to liver so alanine undergoes transamination with alpha-ketogluterate → back to glutamate + pyruvate <strong>→ urea production + gluconeogenesis</strong></li> <li>benefits: <ul> <li><strong>glucose export + urea production</strong> <ul> <li>glutamate: used in urea production in liver to remove excess nitrogen</li> <li>pyruvate: used in <strong>gluconeogenesis</strong></li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>krebs cycle for oxidative phosphorylation</strong> <ul> <li>alanine: delivers alpha-ketogluterate to liver for</li> <li>alpha-ketogluterate: intermediate in Krebs cycle</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-99c2e7633f2174c84487e11f5f7160561136f136.jpg""></div><div><img src=""paste-ea428a5baff0d57a2862ca51586abf3862310ad2.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What is the difference between the catabolism of gluconeogenic vs ketogenic amino acids?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>What is the difference between the catabolism of gluconeogenic vs ketogenic amino acids?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>glucogenic amino acid catabolism → pyruvate OR krebs cycle intermediates</li> <li>ketogenic amino acid catabolism → production of acetyl-CoA (lost as CO<sub>2</sub>, doesn't contribute to intermediates of Krebs)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-7906ce2d96d632ec20cc2ba2912d1c1d94e8a113.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If exercise increases, what happens to protein degradation and synthesis?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If exercise increases, what happens to protein degradation and synthesis?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>increase muscle protein degradation rate</li> <li>increase in protein synthesis during recovery</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-7c5830a0e5997cbcebd24c48348058964f7895e2.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If CHO stores are low, what happens to urea production during exercise? Why?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If CHO stores are low, what happens to urea production during exercise? Why?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>increases</li> <li>because of increased reliance on protein as a fuel</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-837278d2038362b86756d0e370d6fce26ce9c2e9.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>Which three amino acids are involved in the alanine-glucose cycle?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>Which three amino acids are involved in the alanine-glucose cycle?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>alanine</li> <li>glutamate</li> <li>glutamine</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-ea428a5baff0d57a2862ca51586abf3862310ad2.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If people are doing <span style=""font-weight:600"">resistance training</span>, what nutrient intake needs to increase? Why?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Exercise_Physiology::exam_1::ch1_carbhoydrate,fat,protein</div> <div>If people are doing <span style=""font-weight:600"">resistance training</span>, what nutrient intake needs to increase? Why?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>protein</li> <li>remain in nitrogen balance</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>location: Ch 1- Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein<div><img src=""paste-6769d3bcfc538cc3ba277ae7f737ab62d6f7b742.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is lateral flow immunochromatographic assay?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> What is lateral flow immunochromatographic assay?<div><span class=cloze>diagnostic virology technique for rapid Ag or Ab detection using test kits without instrumentation needed</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Describe methods for detecting viral particles &amp; their components (slide 23-30)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-9c9a2a601977129c91b82229e62be8cdf1f23a9b.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> <div>Describe how lateral immunochromatographic assay works<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> <div>Describe how lateral immunochromatographic assay works<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ul> <li>based on capillary flow</li> </ul> <ol> <li>sample with antigen placed on sample pad</li> <li>mAbs with colloidal gold bind to antigen</li> <li>capillary flow towards wicking pad (dry/filter paper)</li> <li><strong>test line-mAb</strong>s further down pad bind to antigen as well</li> <li><strong>control line</strong> mAbs bind to colloidal gold to indicate wicking occurred</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Describe methods for detecting viral particles &amp; their components (slide 23-30)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-9c9a2a601977129c91b82229e62be8cdf1f23a9b.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> <div>How is lateral flow assay used to detect presence of Ab against COVID-19?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> <div>How is lateral flow assay used to detect presence of Ab against COVID-19?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>put patient's serum on sample pad</li> <li>capillary flow → mAbs with colloidal gold attach to anti-COVID Abs</li> <li>secondary Ab captures the primary mAbs</li> <li>control line captures the control molecule (e.g. chicken Ab from conjugation pad)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Describe methods for detecting viral particles &amp; their components (slide 23-30)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-5619472a70d43cd182f810dc8b0b9b7fad1a825c.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> <div>What are the three ways to detect viral nucleic acids (genome)?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> <div>What are the three ways to detect viral nucleic acids (genome)?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>PCR (polymerase chain reaction)</li> <li>DNA microarrays</li> <li>high-throughput sequencing</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Describe methods for detecting viral particles &amp; their components (slide 23-30)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-0861fbadd7fce834e9484941650613b2a66cd994.jpg""></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> <div>What are the three pros and con with detection of viral nucleic acids via sequencing?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L3_The_Infectious_Cycle</div> <div>What are the three pros and con with detection of viral nucleic acids via sequencing?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>pro: <ul> <li>can identify viruses that can't be propagated in cell culture</li> <li>can be used to study the virome</li> <li>can identify presence of virus</li> </ul> </li> <li>con: <ul> <li>can't identify if the viral particles are infectious (have to do a plaque forming assay, embryonated eggs, or observe cytopathic effect on animal)</li> </ul> </li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Describe methods for detecting viral particles &amp; their components (slide 23-30)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-0861fbadd7fce834e9484941650613b2a66cd994.jpg""></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> What is a <span style=""font-weight:600"">burst</span>? What's another term for it?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> What is a <span style=""font-weight:600"">burst</span>? What's another term for it?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>viral yield from one infected cell</li> <li><strong>one viral generation</strong></li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Explain the burst concept (slide 3-4)</span><div><img src=""paste-873273e2f64bf6889322dab8502af6572fb385f3.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What are the 4 things that determine a cell's finite capacity to produce virus?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What are the 4 things that determine a cell's finite capacity to produce virus?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>host's metabolic resources</li> <li>number of replication sites</li> <li>regulation of viral release</li> <li>host defenses (e.g. immune response)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Explain the burst concept (slide 3-4)</span><div><img src=""paste-eac74e9445e63781b027b6e5625a11284495e34c.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>Describe the <span style=""font-weight:600"">one-step growth cycle</span> of a virus<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>Describe the <span style=""font-weight:600"">one-step growth cycle</span> of a virus<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>add virus particles to rapidly growing E. coli cells</li> <li>allow virus to adsorb (bind to cell surfaces)</li> <li>dilute the infected culture to prevent further adsorption → <strong>synchronizes</strong> infection (won't infect other cells)</li> <li>take culture samples over time and measure infectious particles</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Compare &amp; contrast one-step and two-step growth cycles (slide 5 (one-step), slide 12 (two-step))</span></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>Describe the <span style=""font-weight:600"">two-step growth cycle </span>of a virus<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>Describe the <span style=""font-weight:600"">two-step growth cycle </span>of a virus<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>small amount of cells are infected due to low MOI</li> <li>first burst releases one generation of viral particles that infect uninfected cells</li> <li>uninfected cells are infected → second burst</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Compare &amp; contrast one-step and two-step growth cycles (slide 5 (one-step), slide 12 (two-step))</span><div><img src=""paste-abaa161ad0db369049e28d55b77aa9ecffa3e70a.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>Why is there complete loss of infectivity for 10-15 min in the culture supernatant after initial addition of virus?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>Why is there complete loss of infectivity for 10-15 min in the culture supernatant after initial addition of virus?<br></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">virus already adsorbed and entered cells → no infectious viral particles in supernatant (</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">eclipse period</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define eclipse &amp; latent periods (slide 6-9)</span><div><img src=""paste-9f869e9daa18517119e09c0ee60537c01ce4b77a.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div><div><img src=""paste-8ae36c0d409151d78f81668bddea6be6e39a50a5.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> What is the <span style=""font-weight:600"">eclipse period</span>?<br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> What is the <span style=""font-weight:600"">eclipse period</span>?<br><div><span class=cloze>viral nucleic acid of a non-enveloped is uncoated and no infectious virus can be detected inside cells</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define eclipse &amp; latent periods (slide 6-9)</span><div><img src=""paste-bd945165af7ce74c3dcfe6b76cae54d0dd299b4f.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div><div><img src=""paste-8ae36c0d409151d78f81668bddea6be6e39a50a5.jpg""><br></div><div><img src=""paste-fdc912a096565bcb92e17c090c7f03702c5dcbcc.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is the <span style=""font-weight:600"">latent period</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is the <span style=""font-weight:600"">latent period</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>time where no extracellular virus can be detected and no lysis from release of viral particles due to time needed to assemble and release the particles</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define eclipse &amp; latent periods (slide 6-9)</span><div><img src=""paste-bd945165af7ce74c3dcfe6b76cae54d0dd299b4f.jpg""></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is the difference between virus detection for non-enveloped virus and enveloped virus?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is the difference between virus detection for non-enveloped virus and enveloped virus?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ul> <li>non-enveloped: some infectious virus particles intracellularly</li> <li>enveloped: little intracellular virus can be detected because not infectious until after acquiring envelope at plasma membrane (meaning they need to bud off)</li></ul><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define eclipse &amp; latent periods (slide 6-9)</span><div><img src=""paste-fdc912a096565bcb92e17c090c7f03702c5dcbcc.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>Why is the eclipse period within the latent period for non-enveloped virus infectivity?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>Why is the eclipse period within the latent period for non-enveloped virus infectivity?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>after eclipse phase, the virus has replicated but is not assembled yet</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define eclipse &amp; latent periods (slide 6-9)</span><div><img src=""paste-fdc912a096565bcb92e17c090c7f03702c5dcbcc.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define &amp; calculate MOI (slide 10-11)</span><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></li></ul></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div><span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define &amp; calculate MOI (slide 10-11)</span><br></div><div><span class=cloze>the factor by which infection by at least one viral particle occurs from random collision (Brownian motion of viral particles with the cell) compared to uninfected cells</div><div><ul><li>i.e. # uninfected * MOI = # of cells infected by only 1 particle</span></li></ul></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define &amp; calculate MOI (slide 10-11)</span><div><img src=""paste-ba6e8bc49f9c5256537dc1d79a0e4a2f9d4978fe.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> What kind of distribution occurs when viral particle infect cells due to random collision? Why?<br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> What kind of distribution occurs when viral particle infect cells due to random collision? Why?<br><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>poisson distribution</li> <li>some cells are uninfected + some cells receive 1, 2, 3 (rare), etc particles</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define &amp; calculate MOI (slide 10-11)</span><div><img src=""paste-ba6e8bc49f9c5256537dc1d79a0e4a2f9d4978fe.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>If given the number of uninfected cells and MOI, how do you calculate the number of cells receiving one viral particle and the number of cells that receive more than one particle?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>If given the number of uninfected cells and MOI, how do you calculate the number of cells receiving one viral particle and the number of cells that receive more than one particle?</div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol><li># cells receiving one particle = # uninfected cells * MOI<br></li><li># cells that receive more than one particle = total cells - # uninfected - # cells receiving one particle<br></li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define &amp; calculate MOI (slide 10-11)</span><div><img src=""paste-60ad9f6eba456c5be4b00c0648992aa51b8ad013.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>If 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;cells are infected at MOI = 10 and 45 are uninfected, how many cells will receive 1 viral particle and how many cells will receive &gt;1 viral particle?<span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>If 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;cells are infected at MOI = 10 and 45 are uninfected, how many cells will receive 1 viral particle and how many cells will receive &gt;1 viral particle?<span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>45 cells uninfected</li> <li>450 cells receive 1 particle (45*MOI)</li> <li>remaining cells receive &gt; 1 particle</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define &amp; calculate MOI (slide 10-11)</span><div><img src=""paste-60ad9f6eba456c5be4b00c0648992aa51b8ad013.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>If 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;cells are infected at MOI = 1 and 37% are uninfected, how many cells will receive 1 viral particle and how many cells will receive &gt;1 viral particle?<span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>If 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;cells are infected at MOI = 1 and 37% are uninfected, how many cells will receive 1 viral particle and how many cells will receive &gt;1 viral particle?<span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>37% cells uninfected</li> <li>37% receive 1 particle (37%*MOI)</li> <li>remaining 26% (100-37-37) cells receive &gt; 1 particle</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define &amp; calculate MOI (slide 10-11)</span><div><img src=""paste-60ad9f6eba456c5be4b00c0648992aa51b8ad013.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>If 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;cells are infected at MOI = 0.001 and 99.9% are uninfected, how many cells will receive 1 viral particle and how many cells will receive &gt;1 viral particle?</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>If 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;cells are infected at MOI = 0.001 and 99.9% are uninfected, how many cells will receive 1 viral particle and how many cells will receive &gt;1 viral particle?</div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>99.9% cells uninfected</li> <li>0.0999% receive 1 particle (45*MOI)</li> <li>remaining 0.0001% (100-99.9-0.0999) cells receive &gt; 1 particle</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define &amp; calculate MOI (slide 10-11)</span><div><img src=""paste-60ad9f6eba456c5be4b00c0648992aa51b8ad013.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>If cells are infected at a low MOI, what is the effect on cycles of viral replication?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>If cells are infected at a low MOI, what is the effect on cycles of viral replication?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>undergo several cycles of replication</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define &amp; calculate MOI (slide 10-11)</span><div><img src=""paste-abaa161ad0db369049e28d55b77aa9ecffa3e70a.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>Why are viral genomes extremely diverse?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>Why are viral genomes extremely diverse?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>every possible way to encode information in nucleic acids can be found in viruses</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe diversity of viral genomes (slide 13-23)</span><div><img src=""paste-33d4e972d5bb59b89fbe933d9cb014d9d713776e.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What are the forms viral genome can take on? (about 11)<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What are the forms viral genome can take on? (about 11)<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>DNA</li> <li>RNa</li> <li>DNA w/ segments of RNA</li> <li>DNA or RNA w/ covalently attached protein</li> <li>single stranded DNA or RNA <ul> <li> <ul> <li>strand</li> </ul> </li> <li> <ul> <li>strand</li> </ul> </li> <li>ambisense</li> </ul> </li> <li>double stranded</li> <li>linear</li> <li>circular</li> <li>segmented</li> <li>gapped (some double- and some single-stranded regions)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe diversity of viral genomes (slide 13-23)</span><div><img src=""paste-33d4e972d5bb59b89fbe933d9cb014d9d713776e.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What are the two events that must occur in order to form new viral particles within a host?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What are the two events that must occur in order to form new viral particles within a host?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>replicate viral genome</li> <li>translate viral genome to +mRNA to make more viral proteins</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe diversity of viral genomes (slide 13-23)</span></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">double stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome</span> synthesized in a host?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">double stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome</span> synthesized in a host?<br></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">double stranded viral ±DNA</span></div> <ol> <li><strong>genome replication</strong>: ±DNA replicated using dDdP from either host or virus <ul> <li>new copy of ±DNA can be used in viral particle assembly or make more +mRNA</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>viral protein synthesis</strong>: <ul> <li>±DNA transcribed into +mRNA by host transcriptional machinery (already has enzymes)</li> <li>+mRNA translated into viral protein to be assembled</li> </ul> </li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe diversity of viral genomes + Baltimore Classification (slide 13-23)</span><div><img src=""paste-f4ee3c0c1c46afd0120564c9bfd5936beee7c812.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">gapped DNA genome </span>synthesized<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">gapped DNA genome </span>synthesized<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>gapped ±DNA <strong>needs</strong> to be repaired by DdDp (produce a fully dsDNA BEFORE synthesizing a +strand mRNA)</li> <li>fully ds ±DNA transcribed into +mRNA</li> <li>some +mRNA is made into <strong>viral protein</strong> for viral particle assembly</li> <li>some +mRNA is made into <strong>-DNA via RdDp (RNA dependent DNA polymerase) = reverse transcriptase</strong></li> <li>-DNA is made into new copies of gapped ±DNA via <strong>DdDp (DNA dependent DNA polymerase)</strong></li> <li>new genome assembled into viral particle</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe diversity of viral genomes + Baltimore Classification (slide 13-23)</span><div><img src=""paste-62f262db55c80e6da52b26c3c668ea13e3fc3642.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">single-stranded DNA</span> synthesized in a host?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">single-stranded DNA</span> synthesized in a host?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>viral ss (-) DNA or (+) DNA is made into <strong>±DNA</strong> via <strong>DdDp (DNA dependent DNA polymerase)</strong></li> <li>±DNA is transcribed into <strong>+mRNA</strong> for viral protein synthesis or separated into (-)ssDNA or (+)ssDNA to be incorporated as new genome into viral particle</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe diversity of viral genomes + Baltimore Classification (slide 13-23)</span><div><img src=""paste-f8395dac2894f99d6af9b3e8c7829598ddcbb603.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">dsRNA genome</span> synthesized in a host?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">dsRNA genome</span> synthesized in a host?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>(-) strand of dsRNA transcribed into <strong>+mRNA</strong> by RdRp (RNA dependent RNA polymerase)&nbsp;</li> <li>(+)mRNA <strong>translated</strong> into <strong>viral proteins</strong> for assembly</li> <li>(+)mRNA also used as template by RdRP to synthesize new copies of <strong>dsRNA genome</strong> for assembly</li> <li><strong>repeat for each segment of genome (each has to be present for completed infectious viral particle)</strong></li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe diversity of viral genomes + Baltimore Classification (slide 13-23)</span><div><img src=""paste-4f22b66b6d5d402410d2fb8015544323088e1850.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div><span style=""font-weight:600"">Which viral genome is most abundant?</span><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><span style=""font-weight:600""><br></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div><span style=""font-weight:600"">Which viral genome is most abundant?</span><br></div><div><span class=cloze>(+)ss RNA</span><span style=""font-weight:600""><br></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe diversity of viral genomes + Baltimore Classification (slide 13-23)</span><div><img src=""paste-dbca414028baff89d2664fe9c6c69d416f65bf32.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> Why is (+)strand RNA viral genome advantageous?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> Why is (+)strand RNA viral genome advantageous?<div><span class=cloze>(+)mRNA can be translated directly into proteins by host ribosomes</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe diversity of viral genomes + Baltimore Classification (slide 13-23)</span><div><img src=""paste-dbca414028baff89d2664fe9c6c69d416f65bf32.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">(+)strand RNA</span> synthesized in a host?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">(+)strand RNA</span> synthesized in a host?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>viral (+)strand RNA is directly translated into <strong>viral protein</strong></li> <li>RdRp converts (+)strand RNA into an intermediate (-)strand RNA to make more (+)RNA through another RdRp</li> <li>new (+)RNA can be used to either make more viral protein or be packaged into new viral particle</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe diversity of viral genomes + Baltimore Classification (slide 13-23)</span><div><img src=""paste-dbca414028baff89d2664fe9c6c69d416f65bf32.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div><span style=""font-weight:600"">What kind of viral genome do retroviruses have?</span><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div><span style=""font-weight:600"">What kind of viral genome do retroviruses have?</span><br></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">ss (+)strand RNA with cDNA intermediate formed by </span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg); font-weight: 600;"">reverse transcriptase (RdDp)</span><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe diversity of viral genomes + Baltimore Classification (slide 13-23)</span><div><img src=""paste-f60e590ccd8a51d363aa9787cef90394a4cafafd.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">(</span>+<span style=""font-weight:600"">)strand RNA with a DNA intermediate</span> synthesized in a host?<br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">(</span>+<span style=""font-weight:600"">)strand RNA with a DNA intermediate</span> synthesized in a host?<br><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>(+)RNA genome <strong>reverse transcribed</strong> via RdDp or r<strong>everse transcriptase</strong> → <strong>complementary DNA (cDNA)</strong></li> <li>DdRp transcribes complementary DNA (cDNA) into +mRNA</li> <li>new +RNA used to make more viral protein or as genome assembled into new viral particle</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe diversity of viral genomes + Baltimore Classification (slide 13-23)</span><div><img src=""paste-f60e590ccd8a51d363aa9787cef90394a4cafafd.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">(-)strand RNA genomes</span> synthesized in host?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">(-)strand RNA genomes</span> synthesized in host?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>(-)strand RNA copied to (+)mRNA via <strong>virus-encoded RdRP</strong></li> <li>(+)mRNA is copies to make more new <strong>(-)strand RNA genome OR more viral protein</strong></li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe diversity of viral genomes + Baltimore Classification (slide 13-23)</span><div><img src=""paste-636bad3cadf9f100fa0935fb2713547df0f73ee0.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div><div><img src=""paste-5bc67df80e76f168033fac5a23bbadde07093fe0.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is an <span style=""font-weight:600"">ambisense</span> genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L4_The_Infectious_Cycle_and_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is an <span style=""font-weight:600"">ambisense</span> genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>a single stranded genome with both + and - strand information</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define Ambisense (slide 13, 22)</span></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is the Baltimore Classification of Viral Genomes based on?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is the Baltimore Classification of Viral Genomes based on?<br></div><div><span class=cloze> the fact that all viruses need to make +mRNA strand in order for cellular protein synthesis machinery to use it</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Explain the Baltimore Classification of Viral Genomes- Understand steps to making mRNA, making viral genome, and enzymes involved (slide 4, 6)</span><div><img src=""paste-8064bd28230e488ace0f0e5ab94fbc40f1f4fc8a.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How many classification of genomes are under the Baltimore Classification?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How many classification of genomes are under the Baltimore Classification?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>7 genomes</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Explain the Baltimore Classification of Viral Genomes- Understand steps to making mRNA, making viral genome, and enzymes involved (slide 4, 6)</span><div><img src=""paste-8064bd28230e488ace0f0e5ab94fbc40f1f4fc8a.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What are the 7 classification of viral genomes under the Baltimore classification?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What are the 7 classification of viral genomes under the Baltimore classification?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>(±)dsDNA</li><li>(+)ssDNA or (-)ssDNA</li> <li>(±)dsRNA</li><li>(-)RNA</li><li>(+)RNA → - RNA</li><li>(+)RNA → - DNA</li> <li>gapped (±)DNA</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Explain the Baltimore Classification of Viral Genomes- Understand steps to making mRNA, making viral genome, and enzymes involved (slide 4, 6)</span><div><img src=""paste-8064bd28230e488ace0f0e5ab94fbc40f1f4fc8a.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>Draw the Baltimore classification diagram<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>Draw the Baltimore classification diagram<br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""paste-8064bd28230e488ace0f0e5ab94fbc40f1f4fc8a.jpg"" style=""color: var(--text-fg);""><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Explain the Baltimore Classification of Viral Genomes- Understand steps to making mRNA, making viral genome, and enzymes involved (slide 4, 6)</span></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">ambisense RNA genomes</span> synthesized in host cells?<br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> How are viral particles with <span style=""font-weight:600"">ambisense RNA genomes</span> synthesized in host cells?<br><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>(-)RNA portion can be transcribed by RdRp into +mRNA immediately for viral protein synthesis</li> <li>ambisense RNA replication via RdRp → <b>antigenome </b>with a (-)RNA portion</li> <li>the (-)RNA portion is used as a template to make more genome through transcription back into (+)RNA via RdRp</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Explain the Baltimore Classification of Viral Genomes- Understand steps to making mRNA, making viral genome, and enzymes involved (slide 4, 6)</span><div><img src=""paste-2dba3b68d6b615db02d2a6a7c82fb696b9475362.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">reassortment</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">reassortment</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>when two strains of viruses infect a cell → mixing matching of segment genomes → recombinant viral particle (with genome segments from both strains)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define reassortment (slide 5)</span><div><img src=""paste-cde0be516565f7b60401085bd43b57cfdee7bc3a.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How can reassortment cause antigenic shift?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How can reassortment cause antigenic shift?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>new composition of genome segments → new viral particle looks different to immune system → looks different and can't be recognized</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define reassortment (slide 5)</span><div><img src=""paste-cde0be516565f7b60401085bd43b57cfdee7bc3a.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What are the 5 types of information (gene products and regulatory signals) within a viral genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What are the 5 types of information (gene products and regulatory signals) within a viral genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>replication of viral genome</li> <li>assembly and packaging of genome</li> <li>regulation adn timing of the replication cycle</li> <li>modulation fo host defenses</li> <li>spreading to other cells and hosts</li> </ol> <ul> <li>activated by gene products and regulatory signals</li></ul><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""paste-8751d986179a984103ed9b83d96707e2dd7948eb.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What are the four types of information NOT in a viral genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What are the four types of information NOT in a viral genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>no genes encoding complete protein synthesis machinery (e.g. translation initiation factors, no tRNA)</li> <li>no genes encoding proteins invovled in energy production (e.g. Krebs, or glycolysi)</li> <li>no genes encoding proteins involved in membrane biosynthesis</li> <li>no classical centromeres or telomeres found in standard host chromosomes</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""paste-6e37a9e828e191d5555a86cbeae0067fbf4c8bae.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">transfection</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">transfection</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>introduction of viral DNA or RNA into cells with the goal of obtaining virus reproduction<span style=""color: var(--text-fg);""></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define transfection (slide 14)</span></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> What are the five ways to manipulate viruses?<br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> What are the five ways to manipulate viruses?<br><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>original way <ul> <li>viral stock + mutagen → pick out plaques for mutants)</li> </ul> </li> <li>modern way <ul> <li>molecular biology techniques to engineer mutations into viral genome (e.g. deletion, insertion, substitution, nonsense, missense, add/remove genes, take mutated genome and insert it into host cells)</li> </ul> </li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">List ways to manipulate viruses (slide 12-13)</span><div><img src=""paste-ea9f1effb2f675db8985bc25593f35501107bc56.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div><div><img src=""paste-a0c20d333dfe62577b17e6eac89085baa6bee540.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What are the four ways to recover infectivity from cloned DNA of RNA viruses?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What are the four ways to recover infectivity from cloned DNA of RNA viruses?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>polio (+)RNA nonsegmented genome</li> <li>influenza (-)strand RNA segmented genome</li> <li>(-) strand RNA genome</li> <li>dsRNA viruses</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">List ways to manipulate viruses (slide 12-13)</span><div><img src=""paste-e508deffca22414ab6c341cfb47f738da4b4e721.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How is infectivity&nbsp;recovered from polio (+) strand RNA?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How is infectivity&nbsp;recovered from polio (+) strand RNA?<br></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">(multiple ways)</span></div> <ol> <li>isolate viral (+)RNA infect cultured cells OR transfect</li> <li>isolate (+)RNA → cDNA synthesis and cloning into sdDNA → transfect with dsDNA in plasmid</li> <li>isolate (+)RNA → cDNA synthesis and cloning into dsDNA → do in vitro +RNA synthesis and transfect</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">List ways to manipulate viruses (slide 12-13)</span><div><img src=""paste-da3ce377b39f9812c18693393e7b7fff30b13b94.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How is infectivity recovered from influenza (-) strand RNA segmented genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How is infectivity recovered from influenza (-) strand RNA segmented genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">for each segment...</span></div> <ol> <li>copy (+)RNA strand into dsDNA plasmid and <strong>transfect</strong> them (insert all into each cell in cell culture)</li> <li>RNA polymerase I transcribed one strand, and RNA polymerase II transcribes the other strand → one (+)mRNA + one (-)vRNA</li> <li>(-)vRNA is inserted into new viral particle</li> <li>(+)RNA translated into viral protein and assembled into viral particle</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">List ways to manipulate viruses (slide 12-13)</span><div><img src=""paste-f653c82bed181a23d97ae155493413d600eb5714.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>If (+)RNA is synthesized by a T7 RNA polymerase, what must be done to it to be able to procure viral protein? Why?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>If (+)RNA is synthesized by a T7 RNA polymerase, what must be done to it to be able to procure viral protein? Why?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>insert IRES (internal ribosome entry site)</li> <li>because T7 RNA polymerase doesn't make capped (+)mRNA</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">List ways to manipulate viruses (slide 12-13)</span><div><img src=""paste-e9d783fdc0a719b3fd9744e740acf450370ad460.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How is infectivity recovered from a virus with (-) strand segmented RNA genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How is infectivity recovered from a virus with (-) strand segmented RNA genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">for each segment...</span></div> <ol> <li>copy segment into DNA plasmid and transfect the cell culture</li> <li><strong>insert T7 promoter</strong> (from bacteriophage)</li> <li>add a second virus encoding <strong>T7 RNA polymerase</strong> to bind to T7 promoter encoded and make (+)mRNA</li> <li>(+)mRNA has <strong>IRES</strong> (internal ribosome entry site) inserted because no capped is used to</li> </ol> <ul> <li>same as with a virus with dsDNA</li></ul><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">List ways to manipulate viruses (slide 12-13)</span><div><img src=""paste-e9d783fdc0a719b3fd9744e740acf450370ad460.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How is infectivity recovered from a virus with a dsDNA genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>How is infectivity recovered from a virus with a dsDNA genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze><span style=""color: var(--text-fg);"">for each segment...</span></div> <ol> <li>copy segment into DNA plasmid and transfect the cell culture</li> <li><strong>insert T7 promoter</strong> (from bacteriophage)</li> <li>add a second virus encoding <strong>T7 RNA polymerase</strong> to bind to T7 promoter encoded and make (+)mRNA</li> <li>(+)mRNA has <strong>IRES</strong> (internal ribosome entry site) inserted because no capped is used to</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">List ways to manipulate viruses (slide 12-13)</span><div><ul> <li>same as virus with (-) strand RNA genome</li></ul><div><img src=""paste-e9d783fdc0a719b3fd9744e740acf450370ad460.jpg""><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> What are the two methods to enable loss of gene function (either in virus or host cell)?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> What are the two methods to enable loss of gene function (either in virus or host cell)?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>RNA interference (RNAi)</li> <li>Targeted Gene Editing with CRISPR-Cas9</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">List ways to manipulate viruses (slide 12-13)</span><div><img src=""paste-413068210f312b88f5325ede917c8b80a3c4a191.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div><div><img src=""paste-9b47030737eaad00e63946cf73bab2a7623ae6c3.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is the difference between using RNA interference (RNAi) to enable loss of gene function vs. targeted gene editing with CRISPR-Cas9?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is the difference between using RNA interference (RNAi) to enable loss of gene function vs. targeted gene editing with CRISPR-Cas9?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>RNAi <ol> <li>siRNA (small interfering RNA) targets gene and induces specific degradation/inhibition of translation → <strong>reduction of target gene expression and protein production (not complete)</strong></li> </ol> </li> <li>CRISPR-Cas9 <ol> <li>sgRNA (ss guide RNA) binds to DNA sequence → Cas9 endonuclease cuts DNA → <strong>complete depletion fo protien expression (completely knockout)</strong></li> </ol> </li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">List ways to manipulate viruses (slide 12-13)</span><div><img src=""paste-413068210f312b88f5325ede917c8b80a3c4a191.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div><div><img src=""paste-9b47030737eaad00e63946cf73bab2a7623ae6c3.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">dual use research</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L5_Genomes_&_Genetics</div> <div>What is <span style=""font-weight:600"">dual use research</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>study that can be used to both help people who are sick or be used as a bioweapon</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Define Dual Use Research (slide 23)</span><div><img src=""paste-666b745aba1eb6354953cf7b3a1db698fb0647ba.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600;""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags""></div> What are the three functions of <b>reverse transcriptase</b>&nbsp;in order to form a new virus particle with a +RNA genome with DNA intermediate?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> What are the three functions of <b>reverse transcriptase</b>&nbsp;in order to form a new virus particle with a +RNA genome with DNA intermediate?<div><span class=cloze></div><div>turns a +RNA genome with DNA intermediate into a new viral particle</div><div><ol><li>transcribe cDNA (double stranded with both RNA and DNA) from RNA</li><li>RNAse H (removes RNA from cDNA)</li><li>DdDP (DNA dependent DNA polymerase) to fill in the gaps</span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600;"">Describe diversity of viral genomes + Baltimore Classification (slide 13-23)</span><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> What are the <span style=""font-style:italic"">nine </span>functions of virion proteins?<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> What are the <span style=""font-style:italic"">nine </span>functions of virion proteins?<div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>protection of genome <ol> <li>assemble of stable protective protein shell</li> <li>specific recognition + packaging of nucleic acid genome</li> <li>interact w/ host cell membranes to form envelope</li> </ol> </li> <li>delivery of genome <ol> <li>bind to external receptors on susceptible host cell</li> <li>induce fusion of envelope with host genome</li> <li>induce genome uncoating</li> <li>interact with internal components of host cells to <strong>direct genome transport</strong> to appropriate locations</li> </ol> </li> <li>interact with cellular components for <strong>transport to intracellular sites of assembly</strong></li> <li>interact with cellular components to ensure <strong>efficient infectious cycle</strong></li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the functions of viral proteins (slide 4-6)</span></div><img src=""paste-033a6865eeae0919dff8e76a83e89c3486c1f3f7.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>How do virion proteins protect the genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>How do virion proteins protect the genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>assemble stable, protective protein</li> <li>specific recognition and packaging of the nucleic acid genome</li> <li>interact with host cell membrane to make envelope</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the functions of viral proteins (slide 4-6)</span></div><img src=""paste-033a6865eeae0919dff8e76a83e89c3486c1f3f7.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>How do virion proteins assist in delivery of genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>How do virion proteins assist in delivery of genome?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>bind to external receptors on susceptible host cell</li> <li>induce fusion of envelope with host genome</li> <li>induce genome uncoating</li> <li>interact with internal components of host cells to <strong>direct genome transport</strong> to appropriate locations</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the functions of viral proteins (slide 4-6)</span></div><img src=""paste-033a6865eeae0919dff8e76a83e89c3486c1f3f7.jpg""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What is the difference between <span style=""font-weight:600"">capsid</span> and <span style=""font-weight:600"">nucleocapsid</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What is the difference between <span style=""font-weight:600"">capsid</span> and <span style=""font-weight:600"">nucleocapsid</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ul> <li>capsid = protein shell surrounding a nucleic acid genome <strong>WITHOUT</strong> envelope surrounding capsid</li> <li>nucleocapsid = protein shell surrounding a nucleic acid genome <strong>WITH</strong> and envelope surrounding it (<strong>substructure</strong>)</li></ul><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the functions of viral proteins (slide 4-6)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-1527c699c09c51de8005f584d09527937dd7e5a4.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>A <span class=cloze>[capsid or nucleocapsid]</span> is a substructure in a virion because of the <span style=""font-weight:600"">envelope</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>A <span class=cloze>nucleocapsid</span> is a substructure in a virion because of the <span style=""font-weight:600"">envelope</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the functions of viral proteins (slide 4-6)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-943cc2e5e5ce73a693d77b372327baab4d2175a5.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What is a <span style=""font-weight:600"">subunit</span> when describing virus structure nomenclature?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What is a <span style=""font-weight:600"">subunit</span> when describing virus structure nomenclature?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>single, folded, polypeptide chain</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the functions of viral proteins (slide 4-6)</span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What is a <span style=""font-weight:600"">structural unit</span> when describing virus structure nomenclature?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What is a <span style=""font-weight:600"">structural unit</span> when describing virus structure nomenclature?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>protein subunit or multiple subunits that is a building block for a capsid or nucleocapsid</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List the functions of viral proteins (slide 4-6)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-1527c699c09c51de8005f584d09527937dd7e5a4.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What does it mean when a virus particle is <span style=""font-weight:600"">metastable</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What does it mean when a virus particle is <span style=""font-weight:600"">metastable</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><div>both a stable to protect the genome and unstable to uncoat the genome for viral replication</div> <ol> <li>stable= protect the genome</li> <li>unstable = can come apart to uncoat genome when receives signal</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Define metastable (slide 7-9)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-7cb46e3aba583eb146ce260a4757d4d72dc29b1c.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div><div><img src=""paste-b16a1afae8b441cd92f0947f465c364c8f443f7c.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>Why are viruses metastable?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>Why are viruses metastable?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>assembled viral particle has potential energy and is not at minimum free energy conformation (need to surmount unfavorable energy barrier)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Define metastable (slide 7-9)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-b16a1afae8b441cd92f0947f465c364c8f443f7c.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>How is metastability achieved?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>How is metastability achieved?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>stable structure (protecting genome): <strong>symmetrical arrangement</strong> of <strong>identical</strong> proteins to provide max contact</li> <li>unstable structure (uncoating genome): <strong>non-covalent bonds</strong> hold stable structure together → can be taken apart/loosened to release genome during infection</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Define metastable (slide 7-9)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-e4e0ee7937a724152c91936c4a6f519c34b0df9a.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are the four methods to examine viral structure?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are the four methods to examine viral structure?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>electron microscopy</li> <li>x-ray crystallography</li> <li>cryo-electron microscopy</li> <li>NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List methods for examining viral structure (slide 10-14)</span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What method of examining viral structure requires <span style=""font-weight:600"">staining</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What method of examining viral structure requires <span style=""font-weight:600"">staining</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>electron microscopy</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List methods for examining viral structure (slide 10-14)</span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What kind of staining is needed in electron microscopy to examine viral structure?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What kind of staining is needed in electron microscopy to examine viral structure?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>negative staining with electron dense material to bombard (uranyl acetate or phosphotunstate)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List methods for examining viral structure (slide 10-14)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-3e94c5377ce73b38e7eb95da067a57dc18d453a5.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> method of examining viral structure doesn't allow for detailed structural interpretation<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div><span class=cloze>electron microscopy</span> method of examining viral structure doesn't allow for detailed structural interpretation<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List methods for examining viral structure (slide 10-14)</span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>How do you perform x-ray crystallography to examine a viral structure?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>How do you perform x-ray crystallography to examine a viral structure?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>crystallize mg amounts of virus (a lot)</li> <li>use x-ray source on virus → make diffraction patterns</li> <li>use computer to determine structure</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List methods for examining viral structure (slide 10-14)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-db1043076eabdb065cce7f3c6c3eae09040b42e2.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>How do you perform a cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM)?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>How do you perform a cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM)?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>freeze sample in aq solution</li> <li>use electrons to bombard sample</li> <li>take as many pics of different particles at many different angles</li> <li>use computer to make 3D structure</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List methods for examining viral structure (slide 10-14)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-8366eed19b1c3f1d0d6a96ad96ddedf34859bada.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are the types of viral particle structures?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are the types of viral particle structures?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>helical (rod-shaped)</li> <li>icosahedral (spherical)</li> <li>complex (can be both or other)</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List symmetry rules for self-assembly (slide 15-18)</span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>Identical protein subunits are distributed with what kind of symmetry for <b>rod-shaped</b> viruses?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>Identical protein subunits are distributed with what kind of symmetry for <b>rod-shaped</b> viruses?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>helical</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List symmetry rules for self-assembly (slide 15-18)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-aa16b82bfa0cae55a074ed7d007bb714730b8cde.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>Identical protein subunits are distributed with what kind of symmetry for <b>round </b>viruses?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>Identical protein subunits are distributed with what kind of symmetry for <b>round </b>viruses?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>icosahedral</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List symmetry rules for self-assembly (slide 15-18)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-aa16b82bfa0cae55a074ed7d007bb714730b8cde.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are the symmetry rules for self-assembly of a virus?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are the symmetry rules for self-assembly of a virus?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>each subunits has identical bonding contacts with its neighbors</li> <li>bonding contacts are usually non-covalent (allows metastability)</li> <li>reversible</li> <li>error-free</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List symmetry rules for self-assembly (slide 15-18)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-aa81d78c3d805e7da4452e4f09406575b38dc299.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are <span style=""font-weight:600"">virus-like particles (VLPs)</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are <span style=""font-weight:600"">virus-like particles (VLPs)</span>?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>empty particle with capsid by no genome</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List symmetry rules for self-assembly (slide 15-18)</span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>How are virus-like particles (VLPs) made?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>How are virus-like particles (VLPs) made?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>self-assembly by the capsid proteins</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">List symmetry rules for self-assembly (slide 15-18)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-e91563c1c39bfe02814c50ce278dd056bd4ca88c.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>Why do we vaccinate for HPV?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></li></ol></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>Why do we vaccinate for HPV?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>prevents cancer...&nbsp;</div><div><ol><li>cervical</li><li>oral</li><li>vaginal</li><li>anal</li><li>vulvar</li><li>penile</span></li></ol></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Explain how VLPs are used for HPV vaccine (slide 18-19)</span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> Describe how <span style=""font-weight:600"">VLPs</span> used for HPV and HBV vaccine<br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> Describe how <span style=""font-weight:600"">VLPs</span> used for HPV and HBV vaccine<br><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>L1 gene encoding capsid protein inserted into plasmid</li> <li>plasmid with L1 gene is transfected into a eukaryotic cell</li> <li>transcription + translation → production fo capsid proteins</li> <li>capsid proteins w/o genome self-assemble into VLP (empty viral capsid)</li> <li>administer VLPs to patient → patient develops antibodies against capsid proteins without being infected</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Explain how VLPs are used for HPV vaccine (slide 18-19)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-127b662310da41b9eac37427e049d398e213f7c2.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> viruses with helical symmetry are always <span style=""font-weight:600"">enveloped</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div><span class=cloze>Animal</span> viruses with helical symmetry are always <span style=""font-weight:600"">enveloped</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>Animal viruses with <span class=cloze>[...]</span> symmetry are always <span style=""font-weight:600"">enveloped</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>Animal viruses with <span class=cloze>helical</span> symmetry are always <span style=""font-weight:600"">enveloped</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What kind of symmetry does spherical capsids have?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What kind of symmetry does spherical capsids have?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>icosahedral</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are the differences between capsids with spherical vs helical symmetry?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are the differences between capsids with spherical vs helical symmetry?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>spherical subunits arranged as <strong>hexamers and pentamers;</strong> helical subunits have identical, equivalent interactions with each other</li> <li>spherical subunits have <strong>precise number</strong> of proteins; helical subunits have varying amounts of proteins</li> <li>spherical symmetry form icosahedrons</li> <li>spherical symmetry can form large complex capsids</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-aeb538a97e88c42b9932b7701fe35149d42da75d.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);""><br></span></div><div><img src=""paste-241da9a671868fa08b0ad8de9f1b11d26c6caee1.jpg""><br></div><div><img src=""paste-3ba8e52ad58e562c7f7d20856ae903058c1cd13e.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>The number of spherical capsids are always precisely multiples of <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>The number of spherical capsids are always precisely multiples of <span class=cloze>60</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-241da9a671868fa08b0ad8de9f1b11d26c6caee1.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>A capsid with icosahedral symmetry is an icosahedron solid with 20 faces, each with a(n) <span class=cloze>[shape]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>A capsid with icosahedral symmetry is an icosahedron solid with 20 faces, each with a(n) <span class=cloze>equilateral triangle</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-cc86afac29c70b5be9258a3eedf3c8178339a54b.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>A capsid with icosahedral symmetry is an icosahedron solid with <span class=cloze>[]</span> faces, each with a(n) equilateral triangle<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>A capsid with icosahedral symmetry is an icosahedron solid with <span class=cloze>20</span> faces, each with a(n) equilateral triangle<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-cc86afac29c70b5be9258a3eedf3c8178339a54b.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>A capsid with icosahedral symmetry allows formation of a closed shell with a minimum of <span class=cloze>[#]</span> identical subunits<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>A capsid with icosahedral symmetry allows formation of a closed shell with a minimum of <span class=cloze>60</span> identical subunits<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-cc86afac29c70b5be9258a3eedf3c8178339a54b.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are the two characteristic traits of large complex capsids?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are the two characteristic traits of large complex capsids?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>distinct components with different symmetries</li> <li>presence of proteins with specialized roles</li> <li>two icosahedral protein layers</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-3ba8e52ad58e562c7f7d20856ae903058c1cd13e.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>Adenovirus is an example of having what kind of capsid structure?&nbsp;<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>Adenovirus is an example of having what kind of capsid structure?&nbsp;<br></div><div><span class=cloze>large complex</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-3ba8e52ad58e562c7f7d20856ae903058c1cd13e.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are the symmetries present in tailed bacteriophages?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are the symmetries present in tailed bacteriophages?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>icosahedral head</li> <li>tail: complex rod with helical symmetry</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-3da748e732e268fee52d3259eb9d931b5b67b4c1.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What about the herpes simplex virus's capsid allows for entry adn exit of DNA?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What about the herpes simplex virus's capsid allows for entry adn exit of DNA?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>holes</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-6927751df7cb428a183b0324b86a0dcdf3ac8080.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What kind of symmetry can nucleocapsids inside an envelope have?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What kind of symmetry can nucleocapsids inside an envelope have?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>helical or icosahedral</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-b8953997771c235b5b9a72e35435d145bc63c589.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>Why does a virus have to acquire an envelope from host cell's lipid bilayer?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>Why does a virus have to acquire an envelope from host cell's lipid bilayer?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>virus doesn't encode lipid synthetic machinery</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-b8953997771c235b5b9a72e35435d145bc63c589.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What kind of cell membrane does a nucleocapsid need to acquire for it to become an envelope?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What kind of cell membrane does a nucleocapsid need to acquire for it to become an envelope?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>can be any cell membrane (e.g. golgi, ER, etc.), but is virus specific</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-b8953997771c235b5b9a72e35435d145bc63c589.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are the functions of viral envelope glycoproteins' domains?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What are the functions of viral envelope glycoproteins' domains?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>ectodomain <ol> <li>attachment (on host cell)</li> <li>Ab binding on Ag sites</li> <li>fusion with host cell membrane</li> </ol> </li> <li>internal domain <ol> <li>assembly of viral particle</li> </ol> </li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-e1c76ee1fc70c78d6be0da406843f05380f0c83d.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What orientation are glycoproteins in relation to the viral envelope?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What orientation are glycoproteins in relation to the viral envelope?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>perpendicular or horizontal</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-3be4baf1232934e542444307a329887a8f94761b.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What kind of envelopes do helical nucleocapsids have vs icosahedral nucleocapsids?<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>Principles_of_Virology::exam_1::L6_Structure</div> <div>What kind of envelopes do helical nucleocapsids have vs icosahedral nucleocapsids?<br></div><div><span class=cloze></div><ol> <li>helical: unstructured</li> <li>icosahedral: structured</li></ol><div></span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>LO:&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-fg);"">Compare &amp; contrast helical &amp; icosahedral symmetry (slide 20-33)</span></div><div><img src=""paste-0cae50da69327f68436db542f29212ca71ebdd5e.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"