VALENCE OF COMMON IONS AND RADICALS
I. Monovalent or Univalent Ions
A. Positive Ions
Hydrogen
H+
Lithium
Li+
Sodium
Na+
Potassium
K+
Cuprous
Cu+ or Cu2+2
B. Negative Ions
Fluoride
Chloride
Bromide
Iodide
Hypo-halite
Halite
Halate
Per-halate
Hypophosphite
Bicarbonate
Bisulfate
Bisulfite
Metarsenite
Primary Arsenate
Primary Arsenite
Primary Phosphite
FClBrIXOXO2XO3XO4H2PO2HCO3HSO4HSO3AsO2H2AsO4H2AsO3H2PO3-
Aurous
Silver
Ammonium
Mercurous
Metaborate
Metaluminate
Chromite
Nitrite
Nitrate
Bismuthate
Permanganate
Cyanide
Cyanate
Thiocyanate
Argenticyanide
Acetate
Hydroxide
Formate
Primary Phosphate
Au+
Ag+
NH4+
Hg+ or Hg2+2
BO2AlO2CrO2NO2NO3BiO3MnO4CNCNOSCNAg(CN)2CH3COOOHHCOOH2PO4-
Note: X above refers to halides: F, Cl, Br, and I. Thus FO- is hypofluorite, BrO2- is
bromite, IO3- is iodate, ClO4- is perchlorate
II. Divalent or Bivalent Ions
A. Positive Ions
Magnesium
Mg+2
Calcium
Ca+2
Strontium
Sr+2
Barium
Ba+2
Cadmium
Cd+2
Cobaltous
Co+2
Cupric
Cu+2
Ferrous
Fe+2
B. Negative Ions
Oxide
Peroxide
Sulfide
Sulfite
Sulfate
Thiosulfate
Persulfate
Pyrosulfate
Tetrathionate
Secondary Arsenate
Secondary Arsenite
Secondary
Phosphite
Secondary
Phosphate
Plumbous
Manganese
Mercuric
Molybdenum
Nickelous
Stannous
Zinc
Pb+2
Mn+2
Hg+2
Mo+2
Ni+2
Sn+2
Zn+2
O-2
O2-2
S-2
SO3-2
SO4-2
S2O3-2
S4O8-2
S2O7-2
S4O6-2
HAsO4-2
HAsO3-2
HPO3-2
Stannite
Stannate
Chromate
Dichromate
Carbonate
Oxalate
Manganate
Molybdate
Zincate
Tetraborate
Metasilicate
Plumbite
SnO2-2
SnO3-2
CrO4-2
Cr2O7-2
CO3-2
C2O4-2
MnO4-2
MoO4-2
ZnO2-2
B4O7-2
SiO3-2
PbO2-2
HPO4-2
Tartrate
C4H4O6-2
III. Trivalent Ions
A. Positive Ions
Aluminum
Antimonous
Arsenous
Auric
Bismuth
B. Negative Ions
Borate
Antimonate
Nitride
Tertiary Phosphate
or Orthophosphate
Tertiary Phosphite
or Orthophosphite
Al+3
Sb+3
As+3
Au+3
Bi+3
BO3-3
SbO4-3
N-3
PO4-3
PO3-3
IV. Tetravalent or Quadrivalent Ions
A. Positive ions
Platinic
Pt+4
Silicon
Si+4
Stannic
Sn+4
Plumbic
Pb+4
V. Pentavalent or Quinquivalent Ions
Antimonic
Sb+5
Arsenic
As+5
Chromic
Cobaltic
Ferric
Nickelic
Ferricyanide
Aluminate
Tertiary Arsenate or
Orthoarsenate
Tertiary Arsenite or
Orthoarsenite
Citrate
B. Negative Ions
Ferrocyanide
Pyrophosphate
Orthosilicate
Cr+3
Co+3
Fe+3
Ni+3
Fe(CN)6-3
AlO3-3
AsO4-3
AsO3-3
C6H5O7-3
Fe(CN)6-4
P2O7-4
SiO4-4
COMMON COMPOUNDS
ACIDS:
HCl
H2SO4
HNO3
FORMULA
A mixture of 1 mole HNO3 &
3 moles HCl
CH3COOH
H3BO3
HCN
BASES:
NaOH
KOH
Ca(OH)2
Ba(OH)2
NH4OH or NH3 + H2O
Mg(OH)2
CHEMICAL NAME
COMMON NAME(S)
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid
“strong water”
Nitric acid and Hydrochloric
acid
Acetic acid, conc soln
Acetic acid, dilute soln
Boric acid
Hydrocyanic acid
Muriatic acid
Oil of vitriol
Aqua fortis
Aqua regia
“royal water”
Glacial acetic acid
Vinegar
Agua boricada
Prussic acid
Sodium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide, soln
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide, susp
Barium hydroxide, soln
Ammonium hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide
Caustic soda
Caustic potash
Lime water
Slaked lime
White wash
Baryta water
Ammonia water
Milk of magnesia
SALTS:
NaCl
NaHCO3
CaCO3
Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride, soln
Sodium bicarbonate
Calcium carbonate
CaF2
KNO3
NaNO3
Na2CO3
Hg2Cl2
HgCl2
Calcium fluoride
Potassium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Sodium carbonate (anhydrous)
Mercurous chloride
Mercuric chloride
BaSO4
AgNO3
PbCrO4
PbS
NH4Cl
(CH3COO)2Pb or
Pb(CH3COO)2
Na2SiO3
Barium sulfate
Silver nitrate
Lead chromate
Lead sulfide
Ammonium chloride
Lead acetate
Common table salt
Brine
Baking soda
Limestone, Marble, Chalk,
Whiting
Fluospar
Saltpeter, Salitre
Chile saltpeter
Soda ash
Calomel
Corrosive sublimate;
bichloride of mercury
Barite
Lunar caustic
Chrome yellow
Galena
Sal ammoniac
Sugar of lead
Sodium silicate, soln
Waterglass
HYDRATES (Hydrated salts):
CuSO4. 5H2O
Copper sulfate pentahydrate
Na2B4O7. 10H2O
Sodium tetraborate decahydrate
FeSO4. 7H2O
Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate
MgSO4. 7H2O
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
Na2SO4. 10H2O
Sodium sulfate decahydrate
CaSO4. 2H2O
Calcium sulfate dihydrate
CaSO4. ½ H2O
Calcium sulfate hemihydrate
Na2S2O3. 5H2O
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate
Na2CO3. 10H2O
Sodium carbonate decahydrate
Blue vitriol
Borax
Copperas, Green vitriol
Epsom salts
Glauber’s salt
Gypsum
Plaster of paris
Hypo
Sal soda, washing soda
DOUBLE SALTS:
CaOClCl or CaOCl2
K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3 24H2O or
KAl(SO4)2. 12H2O
KNaC4H4O6
KHC4H4O6
OXIDES & PEROXIDES:
CO2
SiO2
Al2O3
As2O3
Fe2O3
N2O
PbO
MgO
CaO
ZnO
H2O2
Calcium chloride hypochlorite
Potassium aluminum sulfate
dodecahydrate
Potassium sodium tartrate
Potassium acid tartrate/
Potassium bitartrate
Carbon dioxide
Silicon dioxide
Aluminum oxide
Arsenous oxide
Ferric oxide
Nitrous oxide
Lead oxide
Magnesium oxide
Calcium oxide
Zinc oxide
Hydrogen peroxide
Bleaching powder
Alum, tawas
Rochelle/ Seignette salt
Cream of tartar
Choke damp
Agate, sand, silica quarts
Alumina
Arsenic white
Hematite
Laughing gas
Litharge
Magnesia
Quicklime
Zinc white
Agua oxigenada