BIOLOGY FOR SSC
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SCIENCE:- Systematic and gradual specified knowledge of
anything is called science which is based on experiments, microobservations, calculations and their consequences (results).
Parts :A) Natural science
i)
Botany
ii) Zoology
B) Physical science
i)
Chemistry
ii) Physics
 Father of Botany – Theophrastus
Book – Historia Plantarum
 Father of Zoology – Aristotle
Book – Historia Animalium
He is also known as father of zoology and father of science.
 Father of Chemistry – Lavoisier
Laws of chemical combinations
 Father of Physics – Newton (England)
Book – i) Princia ii) Optics
CELL AND ITS STRUCTURES
CELL:- Basic smallest structural and functions unit of life is called
cell through which organisms are made up.
 Discoverer of cell – Robert Hooke (1665)
 Discoverer of live cell – Leeuwenhoek (also known as
discoverer of Bacteria)
 The study of cells – Cytology
 Study of tissues – histology
Tissue – group of similar cells.
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i)
ii)
iii)
Cell or Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm – liquid
a) Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)
i)
Smooth ii) Rough
b) Golgibody
c) Lysosome
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Cell membrane:- It is the outer membrane layered structure of the cell
which is made up of lipit and proteins and it provides structural support
to the cell. It is a semi-prmeable membrane.
Nucleus:- It is the central part of the cell, contains a liquid called
nucleoplasm in which chromatin fibreis present which is made up of
DNA and Histon protein and during division of the cell this chromatin
fibre gets break down into the smaller pices called Chromosomes which
having many number of genes and these genes are transmitted from
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one generation to another generation through these chromosomes
that’s why chromosomes are called Vehicles of Heridetary .
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Unit of Heridetary = genes
Number of chromosomes – 23 pair
Maximum chromosomes – Ophioglossum (1260/ 630 pair ) plant
Cytoplasm:- It is the liquid of cell other than the liquid of nucleus.
It having many structures like;
Mitochondria:- It is the power house of the cell as in the
mitochondria glucose gets break down into the simpler substances
like CO2+H2O in the presence of oxygen through the process of
cellular aerobic respiration (Kerb s cycle)and during this process a
huge amount of ATP energy is being released. Mitochondria is
also known as sight of cellular respiration.
 Liver shall have largest number of mitochondria.
E.R.(Endoplasmic Reticulum): S.E.R(Smooth E.R.):- Fundamental fats like lipit, cholesterol
etc synthesized here.
 R.E.R.(Rough E.R.) :- It helps the ribosomes to synthesis the
protein.
Ribosomes:- It is called proteins factory of a cell. As in the
ribosomes proteins are synthesis through the various types of
amino acids.
Protein synthesis process is known as translation and ribosomes
are the smallest unit inside the cell.
Golgibody:- It is called traffic police of the proteins molecules
other molecules in the shall as it controls the movement of these
molecules in the shall.
Lysosome:- It is a bag inside the cell contains 24 types of toxic
enzymes. Through these enzymes it digest the extra non cellular
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material inside the cell and during destruction (digestion) of whole
cell it destructed itself that’s why it is also called suicidal cell.
Cell structures
Discoverer
Nucleus
Robert Brown
Lysosome
C.de Duve
Ribosome
G.E. Palade
Golgibody
C. Golgi
Mitochondria
Richard Altman
Nominator of Mitochondria is Benda
E.R.
Porter
Types of Cell: Prokaryotic Cell:- Less develop smallest cell is called
prokaryotic cell which having less developed nucleus
(without nuclear membrane) and less specified ribosomes
only. But the other cell structures like Mitochondria,
lysosome etc. are not present. Ex. Bacteria size 1-10 micron
meter.(1 micron meter=10-6m)
 Eukaryotic Cell:- Well developed large and mature cell is
called Eukaryotic cell which having all the cell structure. Ex.
Human cell size 10-100 micron meter.
Virus:- It is not a cell, it is only a primitive cell. It is the linked
between living and non-living. And it is the exception of cell
theory. Profounder of cell theory is Swann and Schlieden.
Discoverer of virus – Ivanovasky
First virus – TMV( Tobacco Mosaic Virus)
Largest cell – cell of ostrich egg
Smallest cell – mycoplasm gallisepticum (PPLO – pleuro
preumonia like organism)
Longest cell – neuron (90cm – 100cm) (nerve cell)
Largest cell in the human body – ovum cell
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 Smallest cell in the human body – nephron (kidney s unit)
 Highly regenerative cell in the human body – Hepaticell (liver
cell)
 Least regenerative cell in the human body – Neuron
 DNA also present in the Mitochondria and Chloroplast of a cell
apart from the nucleus in very slight amount.
 A cell wall is the only present in the plant cell not in animal cell
and it is made up of cellulose polycarbohydrate.
 Due to chlorophyll pigment colour of the leaves appeared green
in the plant.
 Due to Carotene pigment colour of the leaves appeared red in
the plant.
 Due to Lycopene pigment tomato is red.
 Due to Xanthophyll pigment colour of the leaves appeared
yellow.
 Magnesium(Mg) metal is present in the Chlorophyl.
BLOOD STRUCTURES
 BLOOD – connective tissue
 pH Value – 7.35 to 7.45
 Nature – slightly alkaline
Blood structures
A) Blood Plasma
B. Blood corpuscles
RBC
WBC
Blood Platelets
(erythrocyte)
(Leucocyte)
(Thrombocyte)
A) Blood Plasma:- It is 55-60% of total blood according to the
volume contains 90-92% of water and rest 8-10% some
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organic and inorganic compounds including vitamins,
minerals etc.
Functions:i)
To control the pH value of blood.
ii) Transportation of nutrients like vitamins, minerals etc.
through out the body.
iii) Transportation of hormones.
iv) To control body temperature.
B) Blood Corpuscles:- It is rest 40-45% of blood. It can be
classified into 3 parts:a) RBC (Red Blood Cell) (95-96% of total blood corpuscles):i)
In RBC a special pigment Hameoglobin is present
due to which it appears Red in colour.
ii) RBC Count – 50-55lac/cmm
(due to lack of RBC a disease may occur called
anemia while due to excessness of RBC a disease
may also occur called Siderosis)
Formation of RBC – in the bone marrow
Live cycle – 100 – 120 days
Death – in the spleen
It is called graveyard of RBC. It is also called blood
bank of human body.
Function:i)
ii)
Transportation of oxygen through out the body. (97% by
haemoglobin)
Transportation of CO2 through out the body (10-20% by
Haemoglobin)
 At higher altitude and during physical excessive RBC
count gets increase.
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 For the human body RBC is the nucleus less cell.
 Shape of RC is circular biconcave.
b) WBC (White Blood Cell):WBC count – 5000 – 10000/cmm
(due to lack of WBC immunity of the body gets decreases
while due to uncontrolled excessness of WBC a disease
may occur called leukemia that is blood cancer.)
Formation of WBC – in the bone marrow, in the lymphnode, and
some times in the liver
Live cycle – 3 – 4 days
Death – in the blood plasma
Functions:i)
To maintain the immunity of the body.
During infection WBC count gets increases.
Shape of WBC is irregular like amoeba.
 Smallest WBC cell Lymphocyte
(It is responsible for immunity)
 Largest WBC cell Monocyte.
c) Blood Platelets:Blood platelets count – 1.5 – 4.5 lac/cmm
Formation:- In the bone marrow
Life cycle 7 – 10 days
Death – in the spleen
Function – cloating of blood during injuries to prevent
bleeding.
 Vitamin K is the essential vitamin for the blood cloating.
 Calcium ion is the essential mineral for the blood
cloating.
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 Fibrinogen is the essential protein for the blood cloating
(generated by liver)
 Heparin is a substance which generally prevents the
cloating of blood inside the body that s why Heparin is
called antiblood cogulating substance(generated by the
liver)
 Artificial antiblood cogulating substance – sodium
oxalate
 Any amount of blood in human body – 5 – 6 litre(5 – 8%
of total body weight)
 Haemoglobin male – 14 – 15.8 mg/100cc
Female – 11 -14 mg/100cc
 Ratio of RBC and WBC – 600:1
 Study of blood – Haematology.
Human blood groups and Rhesus Factor
Discoverer of blood group – Karl Landsteiner (1900)
Blood group Antigen in RBC
Antibody in Plasma
A (25%)
A
b
B (35%)
B
a
AB' (5%)
A & B
a & b both absent
O (35%)
A & B both absent a & b both present
Rhesus factor – discoverer Landsteiner and Wiener (1940)
Rh+ - 85% population
Rh- - 15% population
Rh- blood can be transfused to Rh- blood and Rh+ both.
Rh+ can only be transfused to Rh+ only not to Rh- (except once)
that s why O- is real universal donar and AB+ is real universal
acceptor.
Genotype:A – IA IA = IA IO
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B – IB IB = IBIO
AB - IA IB = AB
O - IO IO = O
Ex:IA IO
IBIO
Result – A, B, AB, O
 Mother
Father
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2nd Baby – Erythroblastosis Fetalis
IGG – Immunoglobulin injection is being given to the Rh- mother
to avoid this complication.
Human Blood Circulation System:Discoverer of circulatory system – William Harvey (1628)
Important blood circulatory organs are:a) Heart
b) Blood vessels
i)
Veins
ii) Arteries
iii) Blood capillaries
Heart:
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Study of Heart – Cardiology
Average weight of Human Heart – 300gm (approx..)
Blood pumping capacity of healthy Heart – 4.5 l/min.
Heat beat generator and controller – Sinoatrialnode(SAN) i.e.
pacemaker
It is present in right auricle chamber.
 Heart beat count – 72 per min. for normal adult person in rest.
 140 per min. and more for new born child.
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60 per min. and less for older age person.
Heart beat controller mineral – Potassium
Heart beat controller hormone – Adrenalin and Thyroxin
Heart beat hearing device – Stethoscope
Inventor – Rane Laenec
B.P. measuring instrument – sphygmomanometer
Inventor – Karl Ritter Van Basch
Normal B.P. – 120/80 mmHg
B.P. – pressure of blood in artries
120 – systolic
80 – diastolic
High B.P. – Hypertension (140/90 and more)
Low B.P. – Hypotension (110/70 and less)
Number of Heart chamber in :Pisces (fish) – 2
Amphibians (frog) – 3
Reptiles (lizard, snake, crocodile, turtle) – 3 and 4 crocodile has 4
Heart chambers
Aves (birds) – 4
Mammals – 4
Arthropeda (cockroaches) – 13
Earthworm – 4 pair heart
Nutrition:Classification of nutrients on the basis of their utility:1) Energy producer Nutrients – Carbohydrates & fats
2) Growth and development controller nutrients – Proteins
3) Metabolic Controller Nutrients – Vitamins, minerals, & water
4) Genetical Nutrients – Nucleic Acid like DNA, RNA
Carbohydrates:- It is composed through the elements Carbon,
Hydrogen and Oxygen. It is the main source of energy our body
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and approximately 50-75% energy requirements of our body is
fulfilled by it.
Normal balanced diet – 450 gm/day (325-350 gm carbohydrates
per day)
Body Composition – 1% of total body weight.
Approximately 4.2 killo calorie energy is being provided by 1 gm
Glucose.
Examples of Monosacchrides – Glucose, Fructose and Galactose
Examples of Disacchrides – Consist two molecule glucose
Sucrose (table sugar), Lactose, Maltose
Examples of Polysacchrides – Long chain carbohydrates of many
monosacchrides
Starch, Cellulose, Chitin (in mushrooms)
Fructose is the sweetest Carbohydrate.
Lactose is the least sweet carbohydrate.
Fat:- It is the ester of Glycerol and Faty acids.
Types of Fat:a) Saturated (animal fats) – Butter, *Coconut oil, etc..
b) Unsaturated (oil) – Vegetative fats
Mustard oil, olive oil, soyabin oil etc..
Approximately 20-30% energy requirements of our body is being
fulfilled by the fats.
Approximately 9.3 killo calorie energy is being provided by 1 gm
fat.
Bad cholesterol – LDL (Low Density Lipit)
Good Cholesterol – HDL (High Density Lipit)
Unsaturated Vegetative oil can converted into the hard
saturated Fats through the process of Hydrogenation.
Hydrogenation – Flow of Hydrogen in the presence of Nickel
catalyst at high temperature.
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 Proteins :- Proteins are composed through the various types of
amino acid in the human body. There are 20-22 types of amino
acid needed in which 10-12 types of amino acid synthesis by the
body itself and rest of 10 types of amino acid need to be taken
from the external resources.
Resources:- soyabin, pulses, fish, milk
 Normal balanced diet:- 100-150 gm protein rich resources.
 Body composition:- 15-17% of total body weight. (second
largest after water.)
 4.2 kilo calorie energy is being provided by 1 gm protein
whenever required.
 Proteins are essential for the physical growth and
development due to lack of proteins physical growth gets
intrupted Kwashiorkar and Marasmus diseases occur in the
children due to lack of proteins.
 Actin and myocin proteins are present in the muscles and
these are very crucial for the muscular contraction process.
 Keratin and collagen the fibrous protein present in the hair,
nails etc..
 Enzymes are the example of Biocatalyst proteins.
 Hormones are called messenger coordinator proteins.
 Casein protein is present in the milk. It is called amino acid
storage protein.
 Vitamins: Types of vitamins:A, B, C, D, E, K
A, D, E, and K – fat soluble.
B and C – water soluble
B – complex
 Discoverer of A, B, D, E – Mc. Collum
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 Discoverer of C – Holst
Vitamin word – Funk – Vitamin theory
 Anti infection vitamin - Vitamin A
 B12 – cynocobalamin (known vegetarian vitamin)
 Vitamin C is present in the urine.
 Vitamin D – Hormonal vitamin
 Vitamin D and K – these vitamin can be synthesis by the
human body itself.
 Vitamin D – through skin in the presence sunlight.
 Vitamin K – through intestine.
 Vitamin E and C are called antioxidant vitamin.
Vitamins
Disease(lack of
Resources
vitamin)
Vitamin A
Night blindness,
Carrot,
(Retinol)
xeropthalmia, terror spinach,
of infection
milk, eggs,
fish, liver
etc..
Vitamin B1
Beri-beri
Milk, grain,
(Thaimin)
vegetable,
liver, fruits
etc..
B2
Appearance of red
Milk, grain,
(riboflavin)
eyes, cracking of
vegetable,
tongue
liver, fruits
etc..
B3
Mental stupidness, Milk, grain,
(Nicotinamide/Niacin) hair to be whiten
vegetable,
liver, fruits,
almond,
groundnut
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B5
(Pantothenic acid)
B6
(Pyridoxin)
B12
(cynocobalamin)
Folic acid /B9
(Teroilglumetic)
Milk, grain,
vegetable,
liver, fruits,
almond,
groundnut
etc..
Body pain, body
Milk, grain,
paralysis, hair fall
vegetable,
liver, fruits,
almond,
groundnut
etc..
Perinicious abaemia Meat, milk,
etc.
Anaemia
Meat, milk
etc.
Vitamin C
(Ascorbic acid)
Scurvey, lack of
immunity,
B7 /vitamin H
(Biotin)
Vitamin D
(calciferol)
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etc..
Plegra, skin problem Milk, grain,
vegetable,
liver, fruits,
almond,
groundnut
etc..
Anaemia
Guava,
orange,
lemon, green
chilly etc.
Rickets(children)
Milk & milk
Osteomalacia(adult) product
BIOLOGY FOR SSC
Vitamin E
(Tocoferol)
Vitamin K
(Phylloquinone)
Lack of reproduction Ghee, butter,
capacity i.e. primary leafy
vegetables,
infertility
milk, meat
etc..
To delay in the
Spinach,
blood cloating
tomato,
milk, etc..
 Minerals: Iron:- formation of haemoglobin
Resources:- Green vegetables, fruits, eggs etc..
 Calcium :- formation of bones and teeth
Resources:- milk, cheese, butter, etc.
 Potassium:- to balance water level in the body, heart beats
regulaton.
 Sodium:- to balance water level in the body and nerves
convection.
Resources:- table salt, some fruits and vegetable etc..
 Iodine:- energy regulation
Resources:- Iodised salt, sea fruits
 Copper:- To make body calls and to control body
temperature.
Resources:- Mineral water, vegetables etc..
 Water:i)
Approximately 65-75% of body weight.
ii) Water plays an important role to control body temperature
through sweat and evapouration process.
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 Nucleic Acid:- It is the polymer of the nucleotides of the elements
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phasphorous. It is found
in least amount in our cells in the form of DNA and RNA .
DNA:i)
Nucleotides
A) Sugar (pentose) – 5-carbon
B) Bases
a) Adenine
A=T
Hydrogen bond
b) Guanine
G= C
c) Thymine
d) Cytosine
Double Helix model of DNA given by Waston and Crick.
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RNA:Single helix model of RNA given by Waston and Arg.
Bases present in the RNA:Adenine
Guanine
Uracil
Cytosine
 Nutrition in the Plants(Autotropic Nutrition): Photosynthesis:CO2 +H2O sunlight
C6H12O6 +6O2 +6H2O
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Chlorophyll
D.Glucose
Oxygen water
It is an anabolic process in which complex substance is been synthesized
through the simpler substances in the presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll and it is also called Endothermic process. Energy conversion
during photosynthesis solar into chemic energy. Photosynthesis process
only occurs in the red, blue and violet colour light rays. In red colour it
is maximum and in violet colour it is minimum.
 Water require for the photosynthesis reaches to the leaves
of the plant from the root through a tissue called Xylem
tissue. This action is called capillary action.
 Phloem tissue transports the nutrient salt, minerals etc
through out the plant branches.
 Water reaches to the roots of the plants from the soil
through a process called osmosis.
 Plant Kingdom:i)
Cryptogamae (non-flowering and non-seeds bearing): Thallophyta:i)
Algaes (photosynthesis)
ii) Fungus (Saphrophytic or Parasitic)
iii) Lichen (symbiotic union of algaes and fungus)
it is the indicator of air pollution.
It is used for making litmus paper.
 Bryophyta:It is the amphibia of plant kingdom.
 Pteridophyte:More mature plant in cryptogamae group.
ii) Phanerogamae (flowering and seeds bearing plants): Gymnosperm(open seeded plant)
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Ex: cycas, pinus
 Aryiosperm (closed seeded fruits) – seeds are present
in the fruits
i)
Monocot – ex. Rice, wheat, maze, onion, garlic,
etc.
ii) Dicot – ex. Potato, mango, pea, lemon, apple,
mustard etc.
 Examples of modified stems:- potato(tuber stem), onion (bulb
stem), turmeric and ginger (rhizome stem)
 Examples of modified roots:- carrot (conical roots), raddish
(napiform roots), turnip and beat root (fusiforms roots)
 False Fruits:- Some fruits are formed through the calyx, corolla
tissue. In these fruits embryo tissue is very less and these fruits
are called false fruits. These are also called accessory fruits. Ex.
apple, strawberry, pineapple, jack fruits.
Note:- in true fruits ovary tissue is main.
 Sexual Reproduction in plants:Flowers are the sexual organ of the plants as it participates in
the sexual reproduction activities.
 Types of flowers (Types of Plants) :i)
Incomplete flowers or unisexual flowers:These are the flowers in which either male or
female reproductive organs are present only. Ex.
papaya, watermelon, pumpkin, cucumber, corn,
maze, coconut etc. These plants are capable of
cross pollination.
ii) Complete flowers or bisexual flowers:The flowers in which both the male and female
reproductive organs are present. These flowers
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are capable of self pollination. Ex. mustard, rose,
tomato, mango brinjal, hibiscus etc.
 Male reproductive organ:Anther – it produced male gamets.
Filament
 Female reproductive organs (carpels/pistil)
Stigma
Style
Ovary – it produced female gamets.
 Types of pollination: Self pollination:- transfer of pollen grains from the
anther of a flower to stigma of same flower or stigma
of different flower of the same plant.
 Cross pollination:- transfer of pollen grains from the
anther of a flower to the stigma of different flower of
different plant of same species.
 Stamens
anther
Pollen grains
male gamets(n)
Male gamets(n)
 Carpels
ovary
pollentuse(ovules)
Pollynucleic(2n)
Female
gamets(egg
cell)(n)
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Case I :- male gamets * pollynucleic Triple fussion Embryo
II :-
male gamets* egg cell syngamy
Zygote
Thank you
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