SECONDARY EDUCATION
Unit 1
Secondary Education
Corse Code: 8624
B. Ed.
DR. ABDUL GHAFFAR TAHIR
0345 659 32 45
OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE
 The course will extend the knowledge of readers in the following domains and
will enable them to:
1. Explain the significance, need, nature, aims and organizational structure of
secondary education.
2. Describe the different types of institutions imparting secondary education
and process of curriculum development in Pakistan.
3. Examine the internal and external examination system at secondary level.
4. Compare the education systems of different counties at secondary level.
5. Review the role of education policies in the development of secondary
education.
6. Analyze the training structure, issues and problems of secondary education
in Pakistan.
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CONTENT OF THE COURSE
Unit–1: Introduction to Secondary Education
Unit–2: Organizational Structure of Secondary Education
Unit–3: Types of Schools at Secondary Level
Unit–4: Curriculum Development at Secondary Level in Pakistan
Unit–5: Evaluation at Secondary Level
Unit–6: Secondary Education in Comparative Perspective
Unit–7: Secondary Education in Pakistan
Unit–8: Training of Secondary School Teachers
Unit–9: Problems, Issues and Trends in Secondary Education
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OBJECTIVES OF THE UNIT
 Introduction of Secondary Education
 Nature of Secondary Education
 Significance of Secondary Education
 Objectives of Secondary Education
 Aims and Objectives of Education for Preparing Practicing Muslims and for
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Creating Islamic Social Welfare State
Secondary Education in Pakistan
Scheme of Studies for the Secondary School Education
Scheme of studies (Higher Secondary)
The Stage of Formal Operations
Structure Developed in the Formal Operational Stage (Secondary Education)
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EDUCATION
 Education is derived from two Latin words:
 Educare means bring up, to nourish, to raise; and
 Educere means draw out or bring out.
 So educating a child means to bring up the child or nourish
the child. So other meaning to draw out or to bring out
darkness into light
 Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the
acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits
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EDUCATION
 Education is Search for Truth. Aim of Education is Character Formation.
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Question Answer Method (Socrates).
Education as a Key for a Society (Plato).
Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all
(Aristotle).
Education is what remains, when what has been learned has been forgotten
(B. F. Skinner)
Education as a Reconstruction of Experience (John Dewey).
A good education should leave much too desired (Alan Gregg).
Education is Lifelong Learning
Education is for Development
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ELEMENTS OF EDUCATION
 Aims/
Goals/ Objectives
 Content/Subject Matter
 Teaching Methodology
 Evaluation
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MODES OF EDUCATION
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 Formal Education
 Early
childhood and pre-school
 Elementary education
 Secondary education
 Higher education
 Informal Education ( not formal)
 Non Formal Education (semi-formal)
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LEVEL OF EDUCATION
 ELEMENTARY EDUCATION (I-VIII)
(1) Primary Schools Boys & Girls (I-V)
(2) Middle Schools Boys & Girls (VI-VIII)
(3) Consolidated Schools (Boys + Girls) (Co-education) (I-V)
 SECONDARY EDUCATION (IX-XII)
(1) High School Education (IX-X)
(2) Higher Secondary School / Inter College (XI-XII)
 SSTs/SSEs BPS-16
SS BPS-17 & SSS BPS-18
Competent Authorities
 District Education Officer (SE)
Secretary School Education
 HIGHER EDUCATION (XIII above)
 Degree Colleges
Universities
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
CLASSIFICATION OF EDUCATION
The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) (1997)
describes seven levels that can be used to compare education
internationally (UNESCO)
 Level- 0
 Level-1
 Level- 2
 Level- 3
 Level- 4
 Level- 5
 Level- 6
 Level- 7
Pre-primary education
Primary education
Lower secondary education
Upper secondary education
Post-secondary education
First stage of tertiary education
Second stage of tertiary education
Higher Education
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SECONDARY EDUCATION
 Secondary education (IX-XII) is an important sub-sector of the entire
education system.
 It provides middle level workers for the economy.
 It acts as a feeder for the higher levels of education.
 The quality of higher education depends upon the quality of secondary
education.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION
 The position of secondary education is paradoxical
 Transitional role between basic education and further education
 The quality of higher education is depended upon the quality of this stage
 secondary education occupies a mid-way position
 between
primary and further education as a structure
 between childhood and adulthood as to its clientele
 between pure and applied knowledge as to its content
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NATURE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
 Secondary education takes place after six / eight years of schooling
 Secondary education is compulsory in most countries.
 Students enter the secondary phase around age 11/13
 Secondary education covers two phases.
 Level-1
Lower Secondary Education (High Schools)
 Level-2
Upper Secondary Education (Higher Secondary Schools)
 Secondary schools may he called high schools, academies,
gymnasiums. Lyceums, middle schools, upper schools, colleges, sixth-form
colleges, vocational schools, or preparatory schools,
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GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF
SECONDARY14EDUCATION
 To provide knowledge and skill appropriate to their needs and abilities
 To serve as an instrument for raising the quality of life.
 To serve as a preparatory stage to pursue higher education and training.
 To improve learning through the use of formal and non-formal approaches
 To establish close linkages with the community.
 To establish close linkages with world of work.
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SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION
 To develop the skills of learning to:
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Develop the ability to communicate.
Encourage the urge to inquire.
Gain personal satisfaction through accomplishment of education
Develop an appreciation of problem solving methods.
To develop appropriate value such as to:
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become self-reliant
to develop sense of responsibility
to develop sense of personal identity and self-worth
To provide the knowledge require as a basic for further
education
Develop an awareness of the factors of their non-living and living surrounding.
 Help people to develop an appreciation of the contribution that the arts and technologies have made to the
lives of people
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SECONDARY EDUCATION
IN PAKISTAN
 Education in Pakistan is overseen by the Federal Ministry of Education and the
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provincial governments.
Federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and in
the financing of research and development.
“The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of
five to sixteen years in such a manner as may be determined by law”(Article 25-A).
Curriculum usually includes a combination of eight course
Compulsory subjects (Urdu, English, Islamic studies, Pakistan Studies and
Mathematics)
Electives Subject(Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Computer)
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SECONDARY EDUCATION
IN PAKISTAN
 Students are awarded Secondary School Certificate upon completion of 2 years
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of secondary schoolings
Students then enter an intermediate college and complete grades 11&12.
Upon completion of two grades, students are awarded Higher Secondary
School Certificate (or HSSC)
There are many streams students can choose for their 11 and 12 grades, such as
pre-medical, pre-engineering, humanities (or social sciences), computer science
and commerce.
Each stream consists of three electives and as well as three compulsory subjects
of English, Urdu, Islamiat (grade 11 only) and Pakistan Studies (grade 12 only).
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DURATION OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION
 Education policies introduced from time to time urge that grades XI and XII,
presently known as higher secondary education, should ultimately be merged
in the secondary stage.
 Higher secondary schools impart instructions from VI to XII grades.
 The medium of instruction is the national language or English language
 Overall the cycle of secondary education is completed in 5 years. The
required age for admission to 6th grade (1st grade at secondary level)
is 10 plus. Though transitionally middle school (comprising grades VI
to VIII) is a part of secondary education, but in principle secondary
education is considered to consist of grades IX and XII.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SECONDARY
SCHOOL STUDENTS
 General Characteristics
 Interests shift from solitary to group pursuits
 Vocational interests become more prominent and realistic
 Concerns about social issues develop
 Strong attitudes toward religious, ethic, and racial groups
 Physical Development
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Rapid weight gain
Physical and emotional changes
Bone growth essentially completed
“know it all” attitude
High interest in philosophical, ethical and religious problems
Day-dreaming
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SECONDARY
SCHOOL STUDENTS
 Special Needs
 Conformity
with and acceptance by the peer group
 Adequate knowledge and understanding of sexual relationships and
attitudes
 Adult guidance which is kindly, unobtrusive, and does not threaten the
feeling of freedom
 Sense of direction without being pushed
 The assurance of security – seeks both dependence and independence
 Opportunities to make decisions and to earn some money
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SUBJECTS OF SCIENCE GROUP
1.
2.
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5.
6.
7.
8.
Urdu- I & II (In lieu Geography of Pakistan for foreign Students only)
75 +75 =150
English-I & II
75 +75 =150
Islamiyat Compulsory-I & II / Ethics-I & II (For Non-Muslims)
50 +50 = 100
Pakistan Studies-I & II
50 +50 = 100
Mathematics-I & II
75 + 75 =150
Physics-I & II
75 +75 =150
Chemistry-I & II
75 +75 =150
Biology-I & II / Computer Science-I & II 75 +75 =150
Total Marks
550 + 550 = 1100
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SUBJECTS OF HUMANITIES GROUP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Urdu- I & II (In lieu Geography of Pakistan for foreign Students only)
75 +75 = 150
English- I & II
75 +75 = 150
Islamiyat Compulsory -I & II or Ethics -I & II (For Non-Muslims)
50 +50 = 100
Pakistan Studies-I & II
50 +50 = 100
General Mathematics-I & II
75 +75 = 150
General Science-I & II
75 +75 = 150
Two elective subjects (from the list of elective subjects) / (In case of Technical
subject) Two Technical Subjects One Elective Subject & One Technical Subject
75 +75 = 150
Total Marks
550 + 550 = 1100
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(HUMANITIES GROUP)
ELECTIVE SUBJECTS
1. ADVANCED ISLAMIC STUDIES
2. AGRICULTURE
3. ART & MODEL DRAWING
4. BUSINESS STUDIES
5. CIVICS
6. CLOTHING & TEXTILE
7. COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY
8. COMPUTER SCIENCE
9. ECONOMICS
10. EDUCATION
11. ELEMENTS OF HOME ECONOMICS
12. ENGLISH LITERATURE
13. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
14. FOOD & NUTRITION
15. GEOGRAPHY
16. HEALTH & PHYSICAL EDUCATION
17. HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION
18. HISTORY OF PAKISTAN
19. MILITARY SCIENCE
20. MUSLIM HISTORY
21. PERSIAN/ARABIC/PUNJABI/SARAIKI
22. PHYSIOLOGY & HYGIENE
23. SECRETARIAL PRACTICES
24. URDU LITERATURE
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