
Terdiri dari :
 System Software
 Application Software
 Programming Software
System software membantu menjalankan
perangkat keras komputer dan sistem
komputer.
 Termasuk diantaranya adalah :
device drivers,
diagnostic tools,
operating systems,
servers,
utilities,
windowing systems,

System utilities
Operating systems

Fungsi pengendali
komputer:





Hardware
Memory
Program Aplikasi
Sistem Perawatan

Programs that perform
computer housekeeping
tasks:
 Manage system resources
 Improve efficiency
 Virus prevention
Memberikan user
interface
© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
4

Tujuan dari system software adalah agar
pengguna tidak terlalu sibuk dengan detail
yang harus dilakukan saat penggunaan
hardware atau peralatan komputer.

An operating system (OS) is a set of programs
containing instructions that work together to coordinate
all the activities among computer hardware resources
Start and shut
down a
computer
Provide a user
interface
Manage
programs
Manage
memory
Coordinate
tasks
Configure
devices
Establish an
Internet
connection
Monitor
performance
Provide
utilities
Automatically
update
Control a
network
Administer
security
Pages 398 - 399
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
6
Page 401
Figure 8-3
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
8

The process of starting or restarting a computer
is called booting
Cold boot
• Turning on a
computer
that has
been
powered off
completely
Page 400
Figure 8-2
Warm boot
• Using the
operating
system to
restart a
computer
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
9
A boot drive is the drive from
which your computer starts
• You can boot from a boot disk
• A recovery disk contains a few
system files that will start the
computer
Page 402
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
10

An operating system includes various shut down
options
Sleep mode saves any open
documents and programs
to RAM, turns off all
unneeded functions, and
then places the computer in
a low-power state
Hibernate saves any open
documents and programs
to a hard disk before
removing power from the
computer
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 8, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Sleep Mode
below Chapter 8
Page 402
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
11
Enables you to interact with
the computer
 Types of interfaces:
 Command-driven interface
 Menu-driven interface
 Graphical user interface

Command-line
Menu-driven
© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Graphical
12
•
•
A user interface
controls how you
enter data and
instructions and
how information is
displayed on the
screen
With a graphical
user interface
(GUI), you interact
with menus and
visual images
Pages 402 – 403
Figure 8-4
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
13

With a command-line interface, a user uses the
keyboard to enter data and instructions
Page 403
Figure 8-5
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
14


Memory management optimizes the use of RAM
Virtual memory is a portion of a storage medium
functioning as additional RAM
Page 406
Figure 8-8
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
15

The operating system determines the order in
which tasks are processed
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 8, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Spooling below Chapter 8
Page 407
Figure 8-9
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
16
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 8, Click
Web Link from left navigation,
then click Plug and Play
below Chapter 8
Page 408
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
17
multi-user : Mengijinkan dua atau lebih user
untuk menjalankan program pada saat yang
sama. Beberapa sistem operasi mengijinkan
ratusan, bahkan ribuan user yang ‘concurrent’..
 multiprocessing : Mensupport menjalankan
sebuah program pada lebih dari satu CPU.
 multitasking : Mengijinkan lebih dari satu
program dijalankan secara ‘concurret’



multithreading : Mengijinkan bagian yang
terpisah dari program tunggal untuk
dijalankan secara ‘concurrent’
real time: Merespor pada input secara cepat.
Pages 411 – 412
Figure 8-14
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
20

A stand-alone operating system is a complete
operating system that works on a desktop
computer, notebook computer, or mobile
computing device
Page 412
Windows
Vista
Mac OS X
UNIX
Linux
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
21
Windows
Server 2008
UNIX
Linux
Solaris
Pages 417 - 418
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
22

An embedded operating system resides on a ROM chip
on a mobile device or consumer electronic device
Windows
Embedded CE
Windows
Mobile
Blackberry
Pages 418 - 420
Palm OS
Embedded
Linux
iPhone OS
Symbian OS
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
23
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 8, Click
Web Link from left navigation,
then click iPhone OS
below Chapter 8
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 8, Click
Web Link from left navigation,
then click Blackberry
below Chapter 8
Pages 419 – 421
Figures 8-22 – 8-26
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
24

A utility program is a type of system software
that allows a user to perform maintenance-type
tasks
Page 421
Figure 8-27
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 8
25

Non-system disk or disk error
 Remove the floppy from the drive
and press any key

POST errors
 Single beep: Everything is loading
properly
 Series of beeps: Hardware
problem

Safe mode
 Windows does not boot properly
 Uninstall any new devices or
software
© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
26
27


System Unit
Peripheral Devices
System Unit
Peripheral Devices
28

The system unit is a case that contains electronic
components of the computer used to process data
Page 210
Figure 4-1
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
29

The inside of the system unit on a desktop
personal computer includes:
Drive bay(s)
Power supply
Sound card
Video card
Processor
Memory
Page 211
Figure 4-2
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
30

The motherboard is the main circuit board of the
system unit
 A computer chip contains integrated circuits
Page 212
Figure 4-3
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
31

The processor, also called the central processing
unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer
 Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU)
Multi-core
processor
Page 213
Dual-core
processor
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
Quad-core
processor
32
Page 213
Figure 4-4
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
33


The control unit is the component of the
processor that directs and coordinates most of
the operations in the computer
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison, and other operations
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Control Unit
below Chapter 4
Page 214
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
34

For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of
four basic operations, which comprise a machine
cycle
Page 215
Figure 4-5
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
35

Most current personal
computers support
pipelining
 Processor begins
fetching a second
instruction before it
completes the machine
cycle for the first
instruction
Pages 215 – 216
Figure 4-6
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
36
The processor contains registers, that
temporarily hold data and instructions
The system clock controls the timing
of all computer operations
• The pace of the system clock is called the clock
speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz)
Page 216
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
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37

Parallel processing uses multiple processors
simultaneously to execute a single program or task
 Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands
of processors
Page 220
Figure 4-11
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
38

ASCII (American
Standard Code for
Information
Interchange) is the
most widely used
coding scheme to
represent data
Page 221
Figure 4-14
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
39
Page 222
Figure 4-15
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
40


Memory consists of electronic components that
store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions,
and the results of processing the data
Stores three basic categories of items:
The operating
system and other
system software
Page 223
Application
programs
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
Data being
processed and the
resulting
information
41

The system unit contains two types of memory:
Volatile memory
Nonvolatile memory
Loses its contents when
power is turned off
Does not lose contents
when power is removed
Example includes RAM
Examples include ROM,
flash memory, and
CMOS
Pages 223 - 224
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
42
Page 224
Figure 4-18
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
43

Three basic types of RAM chips exist:
Dynamic RAM
(DRAM)
Page 225
Figure 4-19
Static RAM
(SRAM)
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
Magnetoresistive
RAM (MRAM)
44

RAM chips usually reside on a memory module
and are inserted into memory slots
Page 225
Figure 4-20
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
45

Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer
because it stores frequently used instructions and data
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Windows
ReadyBoost below Chapter 4
Page 227
Figure 4-22
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
46
Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips
storing permanent data and instructions
• Firmware
A PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip is a
blank ROM chip that can be written to permanently
• EEPROM can be erased
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click ROM
below Chapter 4
Page 228
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
47

Flash memory can be erased electronically and
rewritten
 CMOS technology provides high speeds and
consumes little power
Pages 228 – 229
Figure 4-23
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
48


An expansion slot is a
socket on the motherboard
that can hold an adapter
card
An adapter card enhances
functions of a component
of the system unit and/or
provides connections to
peripherals
 Sound card and video card
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Video Cards
below Chapter 4
Page 230
Figure 4-26
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
49

With Plug and Play, the computer automatically
can configure adapter cards and other
peripherals as you install them
Pages 230 – 231
Figure 4-27
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
50
A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or
communicates with a system unit (sometimes referred
to as a jack)
A connector joins a cable to a port
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Digital Audio Port
below Chapter 4
Page 232
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Chapter 4
51
Page 232
Figure 4-29
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
52

On a notebook computer, the ports are on the
back, front, and/or sides
HDTV
Blu-ray Disc Player
multimedia PC
system game
digital camcorder
Pages 232 - 233
Figure 4-30
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
53
Page 233
Figure 4-31
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
54

A USB port can connect up to 127 different
peripherals together with a single connector
 You can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB
port with a USB hub
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click USB Ports
below Chapter 4
Page 234
Figure 4-32
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
55

Other types of ports include:
Firewire
port
Bluetooth
port
SCSI port
eSATA
port
IrDA port
Serial port
MIDI port
Pages 234 - 236
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
56


A port replicator is an
external device that
provides connections to
peripherals through ports
built into the device
A docking station is an
external device that
attaches to a mobile
computer or device
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Docking Station
below Chapter 4
Page 236
Figure 4-35
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
57

A bus allows the various
devices both inside and
attached to the system
unit to communicate
with each other
 Data bus
 Address bus

Page 237
Figure 4-36
Word size is the number
of bits the processor can
interpret and execute at
a given time
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
58


Expansion slots connect to expansion buses
Common types of expansion buses include:
PCI bus
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click FireWire
below Chapter 4
Page 238
PCI Express
bus
USB and
FireWire bus
Accelerated
Graphics Port
PC Card bus
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
59

A bay is an opening
inside the system unit
in which you can install
additional equipment
 A drive bay typically
holds disk drives
Page 238
Figure 4-37
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
60
The power supply converts the wall
outlet AC power into DC power
Some external peripherals (cable modem,
printer, speaker) have an AC adapter,
which is an external power supply
Page 239
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
61

Ergonomics adalah disiplin ilmu
yang memperhatikan desain
sesuai dengan kebutuhan manusia

Juga sesuai dengan pekerjaan yang
mana menggaplikasikan teori,
prinsip-prinsip, data dan metode
untuk merancang dengan tujuan
agar mengoptimalkan “human wellbeing” (kesejahteraan) dan kinerja
sistem secara keseluruhan.
62