AP Human Geography
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TEKS
• analyze the effects of physical and human geographic patterns and processes on the past and describe their
impact on the present, including significant physical features and environmental conditions that influenced
migration patterns and shaped the distribution of culture groups today.[1A]
• explain weather conditions and climate in relation to annual changes in Earth-Sun relationships.[3A]
• describe the physical processes that affect the environments of regions, including weather, tectonic forces,
erosion, and soil-building processes.[3B]
• examine the physical processes that affect the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.[3C]
• explain how elevation, latitude, wind systems, ocean currents, position on a continent, and mountain barriers
influence temperature, precipitation, and distribution of climate regions.[4A]
• describe different landforms and the physical processes that cause their development.[4B]
• explain the influence of climate on the distribution of biomes in different regions.[4C]
• construct and analyze population pyramids and use other data, graphics, and maps to describe the population
characteristics of different societies and to predict future population trends.[7A]
• explain how political, economic, social, and environmental push and pull factors and physical geography affect
the routes and flows of human migration.[7B]
• describe trends in world population growth and distribution.[7C]
• identify physical and/or human factors such as climate, vegetation, language, trade networks, political units,
river systems, and religion that constitute a region.[9A]
• describe different types of regions, including formal, functional, and perceptual regions.[9B]
• describe distinctive cultural patterns and landscapes associated with different places in Texas, the United
States, and other regions of the world and how these patterns influenced the processes of innovation and
diffusion.[16A]
• describe elements of culture, including language, religion, beliefs and customs, institutions, and technologies.
[16B]
• explain ways various groups of people perceive the characteristics of their own and other cultures, places, and
regions differently.[16C]
• compare life in a variety of urban and rural areas in the world to evaluate political, economic, social, and
environmental changes.[16D]
• analyze cultural changes in specific regions caused by migration, war, trade, innovations, and diffusion.[18A]
• assess causes, effects, and perceptions of conflicts between groups of people, including modern genocides and
terrorism.[18B]
• identify examples of cultures that maintain traditional ways, including traditional economies.[18C]
• evaluate the spread of cultural traits to find examples of cultural convergence and divergence such as the
spread of democratic ideas, U.S.-based fast-food franchises, the English language, technology, or global sports.
[18D]
• Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives (AP A)
• Geography as a field of inquiry (AP A.1)
• Evolution of key geographical concepts and models associated with notable geographers (AP A.1.a)
• Key concepts underlying the geographical perspective: location, space, place, scale, pattern, regionalization,
and globalization (AP A.1.b)
• Key geographical skills (AP A.2)
• How to use and think about maps and spatial data (AP A.2.a)
• How to understand and interpret the implications of associations among phenomena in places (AP A.2.b)
• How to recognize and interpret at different scales the relationships among patterns and processes (AP A.2.c)
• How to define regions and evaluate the regionalization process (AP A.2.d)
• How to characterize and analyze changing interconnections among places (AP A.2.e)
• geographic technologies (AP A.3)
• GIS (AP A.3.a)
• remote sensing (AP A.3.b)
• GPS (AP A.3.c)
• Sources of geographical ideas and data: (AP A.4)
• the field (AP A.4.a)
• census data (AP A.4.b)
• satellite imagery (AP A.4.c)
• Population (AP B)
• Geographical analysis of population (AP B.1)
• Density, distribution, and scale (AP B.1.a)
• Implications of various densities and distributions (AP B.1.b)
• Patterns of composition: age, sex, race, and ethnicity (AP B.1.c)
• Population and natural hazards: past, present, and future (AP B.1.d)
• Population growth and decline over time and space (AP B.2)
• Historical trends and projections for the future (AP B.2.a)
• Theories of population growth, including the Demographic Transition Model Patterns of fertility, mortality, and
health Regional variations of demographic transitions Effects of population policies (AP B.2.b)
• Population movement (AP B.3)
• Migration selectivity (AP B.3.a)
• Major voluntary and involuntary migrations at different scales (AP B.3.b)
• Theories of migration, including push and pull factors, human capital, and life course (AP B.3.c)
• International migration and refugees (AP B.3.d)
• Socioeconomic consequences of migration (AP B.3.e)
• Cultural Patterns and Processes (AP C)
• Concepts of culture (AP C.1)
• Traits (AP C.1.a)
• Diffusion (AP C.1.b)
• Acculturation, assimilation, and globalization (AP C.1.c)
• Cultural regions (AP C.1.d)
• Cultural differences (AP C.2)
• Language (AP C.2.a)
• Religion (AP C.2.b)
• Ethnicity (AP C.2.c)
• Gender (AP C.2.d)
• Popular and folk culture (AP C.2.e)
• Cultural landscapes and cultural
identity(AP C.3)
• Values and preferences (AP C.3.a)
• Symbolic landscapes and sense of place (AP C.3.b)
• Environmental impact of cultural attitudes and practices (AP C.3.c)
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TEKS
• describe distinctive cultural patterns and landscapes associated with different places in Texas, the United
States, and other regions of the world and how these patterns influenced the processes of innovation and
diffusion.[16A]
• describe elements of culture, including language, religion, beliefs and customs, institutions, and technologies.
[16B]
• explain ways various groups of people perceive the characteristics of their own and other cultures, places, and
regions differently.[16C]
• compare life in a variety of urban and rural areas in the world to evaluate political, economic, social, and
environmental changes.[16D]
• describe and compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, land use, education, and customs that
make specific regions of the world distinctive.[17A]
• describe major world religions, including animism, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and
Sikhism, and their spatial distribution.[17B]
• compare economic, political, or social opportunities in different cultures for women, ethnic and religious
minorities, and other underrepresented populations.[17C]
• evaluate the experiences and contributions of diverse groups to multicultural societies.[17D]
• analyze cultural changes in specific regions caused by migration, war, trade, innovations, and diffusion.[18A]
• assess causes, effects, and perceptions of conflicts between groups of people, including modern genocides and
terrorism.[18B]
• identify examples of cultures that maintain traditional ways, including traditional economies.[18C]
• evaluate the spread of cultural traits to find examples of cultural convergence and divergence such as the
spread of democratic ideas, U.S.-based fast-food franchises, the English language, technology, or global sports.
[18D]
• Cultural Patterns and Processes (AP C)
• Concepts of culture (AP C.1)
• Traits (AP C.1.e)
• Diffusion (AP C.1.f)
• Acculturation, assimilation, and globalization (AP C.1.g)
• Cultural regions (AP C.1.h)
• Cultural differences (AP C.2)
• Language (AP C.2.f)
• Religion (AP C.2.g)
• Ethnicity (AP C.2.h)
• Gender (AP C.2.i)
• Popular and Folk Culture (AP C.2.j)
• Cultural landscapes and cultural identity (AP C.3)
• Values and preferences (AP C.3.d)
• Symbolic landscapes and sense of place (AP C.3.e)
• Environmental impact of cultural attitudes and practices (AP C.3.f)
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TEKS
• analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural elements.[5A]
• interpret political, economic, social, and demographic indicators (gross domestic product per capita, life
expectancy, literacy, and infant mortality) to determine the level of development and standard of living in nations
using the terms Human Development Index, less developed, newly industrialized, and more developed.[5B]
• locate and describe human and physical features that influence the size and distribution of settlements.[6A]
• explain the processes that have caused changes in settlement patterns, including urbanization, transportation,
access to and availability of resources, and economic activities.[6B]
• describe the forces that determine the distribution of goods and services in free enterprise, socialist, and
communist economic systems.[10A]
• classify where specific countries fall along the economic spectrum between free enterprise and communism.
[10B]
• compare the ways people satisfy their basic needs through the production of goods and services such as
subsistence agriculture versus commercial agriculture or cottage industries versus commercial industries.[10C]
• compare global trade patterns over time and examine the implications of globalization, including outsourcing
and free trade zones.[10D]
• understand the connections between levels of development and economic activities (primary, secondary,
tertiary, and quaternary).[11A]
• identify the factors affecting the location of different types of economic activities, including subsistence and
commercial agriculture, manufacturing, and service industries.[11B]
• assess how changes in climate, resources, and infrastructure (technology, transportation, and communication)
affect the location and patterns of economic activities.[11C]
• interpret maps to explain the division of land, including man-made and natural borders, into separate political
units such as cities, states, or countries.[13A]
• compare maps of voting patterns or political boundaries to make inferences about the distribution of political
power.[13B]
• analyze current events to infer the physical and human processes that lead to the formation of boundaries and
other political divisions.[14A]
• compare how democracy, dictatorship, monarchy, republic, theocracy, and totalitarian systems operate in
specific countries.[14B]
• analyze the human and physical factors that influence the power to control territory and resources, create
conflict/war, and impact international political relations of sovereign nations such as China, the United States,
Japan, and Russia and organized nation groups such as the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU).
[14C]
• identify and give examples of different points of view that influence the development of public policies and
decision-making processes on local, state, national, and international levels.[15A]
• explain how citizenship practices, public policies, and decision making may be influenced by cultural beliefs,
including nationalism and patriotism.[15B]
• Political Organization of
Space (AP D)
• Territorial dimensions of politics (AP D.1)
• The concept of territoriality (AP D.1.a)
• The nature and meaning of boundaries (AP D.1.b)
• Influences of boundaries on identity, interaction, and exchange (AP D.1.c)
• Federal and unitary (AP D.1.d)
• Spatial relationships between political patterns and patterns of ethnicity, economy, and environment (AP D.1.e)
• Evolution of the
contemporary political
pattern(AP D.2)
• The nation-state concept (AP D.2.a)
• Colonialism and
imperialism(AP D.2.b)
• Democratization (AP D.2.c)
• Changes and challenges to political–territorial arrangements (AP D.2.d)
• Changing nature of sovereignty (AP D.2.d.2)
• Fragmentation, unification, alliance (AP D.2.d.3)
• Supranationalism and devolution (AP D.2.d.4)
• Electoral geography, including gerrymandering (AP D.2.d.5)
• Terrorism (AP D.2.d.6)
• Agriculture and Rural and Use (AP E)
• Development and diffusion of
agriculture(AP E.1)
• Neolithic Agricultural Revolution (AP E.1.a)
• Second Agricultural Revolution (AP E.1.b)
• Green Revolution (AP E.1.c)
• Modern Commercial Agriculture (AP E.1.d)
• Major agricultural production
regions(AP E.2)
• Agricultural systems associated with major bioclimatic zones (AP E.2.a)
• Variations within major zones and effects of markets (AP E.2.b)
• Variations within major zones and effects of markets (AP E.2.b)
• Linkages and flows among regions of food production and consumption (AP E.2.c)
• Rural land use and settlement
patterns(AP E.3)
• Models of agricultural land use, including von Thünen’s model Settlement patterns associated with major
agriculture types (AP E.3.a)
• Land use/land cover change, irrigation, conservation (desertification, deforestation) (AP E.3.b)
• Modern commercial
agriculture(AP E.4)
• Biotechnology, including genetically modified plants and animals (AP E.4.a)
• Spatial organization and diffusion of industrial agriculture (AP E.4.b)
• Organic farming and local food production (AP E.4.c)
• Environmental impacts of agriculture (AP E.4.d)
WK1LQH:HHNV7KHVWXGHQWLVH[SHFWHGWR
TEKS
• analyze the effects of physical and human geographic patterns and processes on the past and describe their
impact on the present, including significant physical features and environmental conditions that influenced
migration patterns and shaped the distribution of culture groups today.[1A]
• trace the spatial diffusion of phenomena such as the Columbian Exchange or the diffusion of American popular
culture and describe the effects on regions of contact.[1B]
• describe the human and physical characteristics of the same regions at different periods of time to evaluate
relationships between past events and current conditions.[2A]
• explain how changes in societies have led to diverse uses of physical features.[2B]
• analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural elements.[5A]
• interpret political, economic, social, and demographic indicators (gross domestic product per capita, life
expectancy, literacy, and infant mortality) to determine the level of development and standard of living in nations
using the terms Human Development Index, less developed, newly industrialized, and more developed.[5B]
• locate and describe human and physical features that influence the size and distribution of settlements.[6A]
• explain the processes that have caused changes in settlement patterns, including urbanization, transportation,
access to and availability of resources, and economic activities.[6B]
• construct and analyze population pyramids and use other data, graphics, and maps to describe the population
characteristics of different societies and to predict future population trends.[7A]
• explain how political, economic, social, and environmental push and pull factors and physical geography affect
the routes and flows of human migration.[7B]
• describe trends in world population growth and distribution.[7C]
• examine benefits and challenges of globalization, including connectivity, standard of living, pandemics, and loss
of local culture.[7D]
• compare ways that humans depend on, adapt to, and modify the physical environment, including the influences
of culture and technology.[8A]
• describe the interaction between humans and the physical environment and analyze the consequences of
extreme weather and other natural disasters such as El Niño, floods, tsunamis, and volcanoes.[8B]
• evaluate the economic and political relationships between settlements and the environment, including
sustainable development and renewable/non-renewable resources.[8C]
• describe the forces that determine the distribution of goods and services in free enterprise, socialist, and
communist economic systems.[10A]
• classify where specific countries fall along the economic spectrum between free enterprise and communism.
[10B]
• compare the ways people satisfy their basic needs through the production of goods and services such as
subsistence agriculture versus commercial agriculture or cottage industries versus commercial industries.[10C]
• compare global trade patterns over time and examine the implications of globalization, including outsourcing
and free trade zones.[10D]
• understand the connections between levels of development and economic activities (primary, secondary,
tertiary, and quaternary).[11A]
• identify the factors affecting the location of different types of economic activities, including subsistence and
commercial agriculture, manufacturing, and service industries.[11B]
• assess how changes in climate, resources, and infrastructure (technology, transportation, and communication)
affect the location and patterns of economic activities.[11C]
• analyze how the creation, distribution, and management of key natural resources affects the location and
patterns of movement of products, money, and people.[12A]
• evaluate the geographic and economic impact of policies related to the development, use, and scarcity of
natural resources such as regulations of water.[12B]
• describe and compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, land use, education, and customs that
make specific regions of the world distinctive.[17A]
• describe major world religions, including animism, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and
Sikhism, and their spatial distribution.[17B]
• compare economic, political, or social opportunities in different cultures for women, ethnic and religious
minorities, and other underrepresented populations.[17C]
• evaluate the experiences and contributions of diverse groups to multicultural societies.[17D]
• analyze cultural changes in specific regions caused by migration, war, trade, innovations, and diffusion.[18A]
• assess causes, effects, and perceptions of conflicts between groups of people, including modern genocides and
terrorism.[18B]
• identify examples of cultures that maintain traditional ways, including traditional economies.[18C]
• evaluate the spread of cultural traits to find examples of cultural convergence and divergence such as the
spread of democratic ideas, U.S.-based fast-food franchises, the English language, technology, or global sports.
[18D]
• Cities and Urban and Use (AP F)
• Development and character of cities (AP F.1)
• Origin of cities (AP F.1.a)
• Rural–urban migration and urban growth (AP F.1.b)
• Global cities and megacities (AP F.1.c)
• Suburbanization and edge cities (AP F.1.d)
• Models of urban systems (AP F.2)
• Rank-size rule (AP F.2.a)
• Central place theory (AP F.2.b)
• Gravity Model (AP F.2.c)
• Models of internal city structure (AP F.3)
• Concentric zone model (AP F.3.a)
• Sector model (AP F.3.b)
• Multiple-nuclei model (AP F.3.c)
• Changing employment mix (AP F.3.d)
• Changing demographic and social structures (AP F.3.e)
• Uneven development, ghettoization, and gentrification (AP F.3.f)
• Built environment and social space (AP F.4)
• Housing (AP F.4.a)
• Transportation and infrastructure (AP F.4.b)
• Political organization of urban areas (AP F.4.c)
• Urban planning and design (AP F.4.d)
• Patterns of race, ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status (AP F.4.e)
&RQFHSWV7DXJKW$OO<HDU7KHVWXGHQWLVH[SHFWHGWR
TEKS
• interpret maps to explain the division of land, including man-made and natural borders, into separate political
units such as cities, states, or countries.[13A]
• evaluate the significance of major technological innovations in the areas of transportation and energy that have
been used to modify the physical environment.[19A]
• analyze ways technological innovations such as air conditioning and desalinization have allowed humans to
adapt to places.[19B]
• examine the environmental, economic, and social impacts of advances in technology on agriculture and natural
resources.[19C]
• describe the impact of new information technologies such as the Internet, Global Positioning System (GPS), or
Geographic Information Systems (GIS).[20A]
• examine the economic, environmental, and social effects of technology such as medical advancements or
changing trade patterns on societies at different levels of development.[20B]
• analyze and evaluate the validity and utility of multiple sources of geographic information such as primary and
secondary sources, aerial photographs, and maps.[21A]
• locate places of contemporary geopolitical significance on a map.[21B]
• create and interpret different types of maps to answer geographic questions, infer relationships, and analyze
change.[21C]
• design and draw appropriate graphics such as maps, diagrams, tables, and graphs to communicate geographic
features, distributions, and relationships.[22A]
• generate summaries, generalizations, and thesis statements supported by evidence.[22B]
• use geographic terminology correctly.[22C]
• use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.[22D]
• create original work using proper citations and understanding and avoiding plagiarism.[22E]
• plan, organize, and complete a research project that involves asking geographic questions; acquiring,
organizing, and analyzing information; answering questions; and communicating results.[23A]
• use case studies and GIS to identify contemporary challenges and to answer real-world questions.[23B]
• use problem-solving and decision-making processes to identify a problem, gather information, list and consider
options, consider advantages and disadvantages, choose and implement a solution, and evaluate the
effectiveness of the solution.[23C]