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– Second level
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Lely Riawati, ST., MT
LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT
LCA
will not
whichtext
product
or process is the
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to determine
edit Master
styles
most cost effective or works the best.
– Second level
The information developed in an LCA study should be used
• Third
level of a more comprehensive decision
as one
component
Fourth level the trade-offs with cost and
process–assessing
» Fifth
level
performance,
e.g.,
Life Cycle Management.
LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT
• Click to edit Master text styles
– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT
Life
Cycleto
Management
(LCM)
is the
application of life
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edit Master
text
styles
cycle thinking to modern business practice, with the aim to
– Second
level
manage
the total
life cycle of an organization’s product and
• Third
level
services
toward
more sustainable consumption and
Fourth level
production–(Jensen
and Remmen 2004).
» Fifth level
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
•• As
environmental
awareness
increases,
Click
to edit Master
text
styles industries and
businesses are assessing how their activities affect the
– Second level
environment.
• Third
level have responded to this awareness by
• Many
businesses
– Fourth
level products and using “greener”
providing
“greener”
processes » Fifth level
• Many companies have found it advantageous to explore
ways of moving beyond compliance using pollution
prevention strategies and environmental management
systems to improve their environmental performance.
One such tool is LCA ( Life Cycle Assessment )
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
A Technique that tries to identify, measure and characterize
•different
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edit Master
text impacts
stylesassociates to each
potensial
environmental
one
the stages
of life cycle of a product.
– of
Second
level
• Thirdtolevel
A technique
assess the environmental aspects and potential
– Fourth level
impacts associated
with a product, process, or service, by:
» Fifth level
• Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs
and environmental releases
• Evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated
with identified inputs and releases
• Interpreting the results to help decision-makers make a more
informed decision.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
•
“Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the
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to edit
Master impacts
text styles
potential
environmental
of a product system
throughout its life cycle”
– Second level
level an environmental profile of the system!
This• Third
establishes
– Fourth level
encompasses
processes
» Fifth all
level
 It
and environmental releases
beginning with the extraction of raw materials and the
production of energy used to create the product through the
use and final disposition of the product.
 When deciding between two or more alternatives, LCA can
help decision-makers compare all major environmental
impacts caused by products, processes, or services.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
LCA
is theto
scientifically
basedtext
measurement
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edit Master
styles of a product’s
environmental impacts throughout its life cycle –
– Second level
from raw materials extraction through manufacture,
• Third level
shipping, use or reuse.
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
• •Click
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text styles
Someto
products
have a dominating
environmental load
in production,
– Second
level some in use, some in disposal:
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
books, furniture, art etc.
cars, television, airco etc.
Ni-Cd batteries, household
chemicals, fireworks etc.
Full Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
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– Second level
Primary
• Third
Resources
level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Extraction &
Processing
Production
Use
Reuse/Re
cycle
Disposal
Emissions &
Waste
Life cycle - kapas
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Saling Terkait satu
sama lain
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
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M, E
M, E
M, E
M, E
– Second
Ma terilevel
al
Ma nufac ture
Ra w Mat erial
Ac quisit ion
Proc ess ing
• Third level
W
& As sem bly
W
– Fourth
level
» Fifth level
M, E
Us e &
Serv ice
W
W
M, E
Re tirem ent
& Rec overy
T reat ment
Dis pos al
W
W
re u s e
rema nufac ture
c lo sed-loop recy cle
o pe n -lo o p
re cy cle
M, E = Material and Energy inputs to process and distribution
W
= Waste (gas, liquid, or solid) output from product, process,
or distribution
LCA AIMS
• Understand the flows of matter and energy
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to editinMaster
styles
involved
the textproduct,
material,
– Second level process, packaging, etc
manufacturing
• Third level
• Find out
what
– Fourth
levelare the environmentally critical
points » Fifth level
• Prevent or remove them
using other
materials or systems
BENEFITS OF LCA
 Develop a systematic evaluation of the environmental consequences
associated with a given product.
 Analyze the environmental trade-offs associated with one or more specific
products/processes
to help gain stakeholder (state, community, etc.)
– Second level
acceptance for a planned action.
• Third level
 Quantify environmental releases to air, water, and land in relation to each
– Fourth level
life cycle stage and/or major contributing process.
» Fifth level
 Assist in identifying significant shifts in environmental impacts between
life cycle stages and environmental media.
 Assess the human and ecological effects of material consumption and
environmental releases to the local community, region, and world.
 Compare the health and ecological impacts between two or more rival
products/processes or identify the impacts of a specific product or
process.
 Identify impacts to one or more specific environmental areas of concern
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WHAT CAN BE DONE WITH LCA?
1.
Product
project
development
and improvement
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tooredit
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text styles
2. Strategic planning
– Second level
3. Public policy making
• Third level
4. Marketing
and eco-declarations
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
VARIANS OF LCA
Cradle-to-Grave
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Cradle-to-grave is the full Life Cycle Assessment from
– Second level
resource extraction ('cradle') to use phase and
• Third
disposal
phaselevel
('grave').
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Cradle-to-Gate :
Cradle-to-gate is an assessment of a partial product
lifecycle from resource extraction ( cradle) to the factory
gate (i.e., before it is transported to the consumer)
VARIANS OF LCA
Cradle-to-Cradle
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a specific kind of cradle-to-grave assessment, where the
– Second
levelstep for
end-of-life
disposal
• Third
level
the product
is a
recycling process. It is a method used to
– Fourth
level
minimize the
environmental
impact of products by
» Fifth levelproduction, operation, and disposal
employing sustainable
practices and aims to incorporate social responsibility into
product development
Gate-to-Gate
a partial LCA looking at onlyone value-added process in
the entire production chain.
VARIANS OF LCA
Wheel-to-Wheel :
the specific LCA used for transport fuels and vehicles. The
•firstClick
editincorporates
Master text
styles
stage,to
which
the feed
stock or fuel
production
and processing
and fuel delivery or energy
– Second
level
transmission, and is called the"upstream" stage, while the
• Third level
stage that deals with vehicle operation itself is sometimes
– Fourth level
called the "downstream"stage.
» Fifth level
Ecology-based :
a methodology that quantitatively takes into account
regulating and supporting services during the life cycle of
economic goods and products.It was designed to provide a
guide to wise management of human activities by
understanding the direct and indirect impacts on ecological
resources and surrounding ecosystems
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT SCHEME
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT SCHEME
 Dalam suatu sistem industri terdapat input (material-material yang
diambil dari lingkungan ) dan output (akan dibuang ke lingkungan kembali)
 akan memberikan dampak ke lingkungan
 INPUT
: Pengambilan
– Second
levelmaterial yang berlebihan akan menyebabkan
semakin berkurangnya persediaan material
• Third level
 OUTPUT : hasil keluaran dari sistem industri yang bisa berupa limbah
– Fourth level
(padat, cair, udara) akan banyak memberi dampak negatif ke lingkungan
» Fifth level
 LCA berusaha untuk melakukan evaluasi untuk minimumkan pengambilan
material dari lingkungan dan juga meminimumkan limbah industri.
 LCA adalah untuk membandingkan semua kemungkinan kerusakan
lingkungan yang dapat diakibatkan dari suatu produk maupun proses, agar
dapat dipilih produk maupun proses yang mempunyai dampak
paling minimum.
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SCHEMA ISO 14000
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – ISO 14040
The LCA methodology is standardised by a series of ISO
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to edit Master text styles
standards and includes the following phases
–
– Second
1. Goal andlevel
scope definition (ISO 14041)
Third level
– 2.• Inventory
Analysis (ISO 14041)
– Fourth level
– 3. Impact
Assessment (ISO 14042)
» Fifth level
– 4. Interpretation (ISO 14043)
The LCA process
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
The LCA process – 1 Goal Definition and scoping
1. Goal Definition and Scoping
 Pada tahap ini mencakup deskripsi dari metode yang diaplikasikan untuk
memperkirakan potensi dampak lingkungan dan dampak mana yang akan
– Second
level ruang lingkup dan batasan dari pembahasan.
diperhitungkan
 Menentukan
 Penentuan
fungsional
unit sangat penting bila life-cycle assessment ditujukan
• Third
level
untuk membandingkan produk ( ada asumsi ekivalensi dari kedua produk)
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– Fourth level
» Fifth
level hal-hal sbb
Pada tahap ini dijelaskan
mengenai
a.
b.
c.
d.
Alasan untuk melaksanakan LCA
Penentuan produk, proses, maupun pelayanan dari obyek yang diamati
Pemilihan unit fungsional dari produk
Penentuan pilihan tentang batasan sistem, termasuk batasan ruang maupun
waktu.Batasan sistem menentukan unit proses mana yang tercakup dalam
pembahasan LCAdan batasan tersebut harus mencerminkan tujuan dari
pembahasan.
LCA of Lamps helps us make SMART decisions
Using
LCA,
greatest
environmental
impact by far, is the
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tothe
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text styles
energy efficiency of the lamp, which supplants coal fired
– Second
level of climate change pollution).
power
(largest source
• Third level
– Fourth level
CONCLUSION
» Fifth level
The best environmental
choice
is the lowest mercury, most
efficient, & longest life lamp.
The LCA process – 1 Goal Definition and scoping
1. Goal Definition and Scoping - contoh
 Permasalahan pemilihan antara lampu pijar dengan fluorescent bulb dalam
penerangan rumah tangga  penghematan energi. Permasalahan lain yang
– Second
level bulb tidak sepenuhnya ramah lingkungan (penggunaan
muncul
adalah fluorescent
raksa pada bohlam yang akan dilepas ke lingkungan ketika sudah tidak terpakai)
• Third level
 Pembakaran batubara merupakan penyumbang terbesar dalam lepasnya raksa ke
– Fourth
atmosfer (lampu
pijarlevel
memerlukan energi yang lebih besar  penggunaan lampu
pijar mengakibatkan
lepasnya
» Fifth
level raksa yang lebih banyak ke udara daripada
penggunaan fluorescent bulb ).
 Banyaknya raksa terlepas tergantung pada batasan sistem yang dipilih
 Sistem (pembahasan) yang lebih sempit memerlukan sedikit data dan analisis yang
singkat, tetapi mungkin mengabaikan hal sebenarnya penting dalam sistem
tersebut.
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The LCA process – 1 Goal Definition and scoping
Wooden Pencil vs. Mechanical Pencil
Goal = Compare 2 writing utensils for classroom use.
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Scope:
Woodenlevel
Pencil (T = Transportation)
– Second
• Third
levelFlow Diagram
Process
Lumber
Forest
T
– FourthT level
Lumber
Manufacture
Mill » Fifth level
T
Retailer
T
Use
T
T
Sharpening
T
(Electricity)
Graphite
T
Brass
End of
Life
(Landfill)
Rubber
Packaging
T
Scope: Mechanical Pencil
PE = Polyethylene
• ClickPPto= Polypropylene
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Both materials are plastic polymers (large
– Second
molecules)
used to level
make many products.
• Third level
T
T
Oil
– Fourth level
PE / PP» Fifth level
Manufacture
www.germes-online.com
T
T
Retailer
T
Use
T
(Landfill)
Rubber
T
Graphite
T
Packaging
T
Spring
End of
Life
T = Transportation
Function & Functional Unit
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to edit Master text styles
Function
Example
Service
provided
by a
– Second
level
system
• Third level
What it does!
– Fourth level
» FifthUnit
level
Functional
Gives the function a number
value
Allows comparison between
products
Reference point
Wooden Pencil vs.
Mechanical Pencil
Function = “Writing”
Functional Unit = “1 meter of
writing”
FUNCTIONAL UNIT
Definitionto
of functional
unit, initialtext
systemstyles
boundaries and procedural
•• Click
edit Master
aspects
– Second level
 Functional unit: comparison of products on the basis of equivalent function,
• Third
level
for
example:
comparison of 2 packaging systems for 1000 litres of milk by (a)
1000 –
disposable
cartons or (b) 100 reusable bottles; instead of comparison
Fourth level
of 1 carton and 1 bottle.
» Fifth level
 Functional unit is basis for comparison
The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
2. Inventory Analysis
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 Menginventrisasikan input (misal bahan baku dan energi) dan output (misal :
– Second
levellimbah,dan emisi, yang terjadi dan digunakan sepanjang
produk,
produk samping,
daur hidupnya.
• Third level
 Langkah ini membutuhkan porsi waktu dan data paling banyak di antara langkah– Fourth level
langkah yang lain.
Fifth level aliran bahan dan energi yang mengkuantifikasikan
 Satu set data dan» perhitungan
input dan output dari life cycle suatu produk  kuantitas yang objektif dengan
menggunakan neraca massa dan neraca energi
 Kadang terdapat penilaian subjektif terkait asumsi yang diambil.
The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
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– Second level
Environment
• Third level
– Fourth level System
» Fifth level
Functional
Outputs
Inputs
Emissions/
Wastes
Subsystems
The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
Inputs
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edit Master text stylesOutputs
What
is needed
to make
– Second
level
substance!
•the
Third
level
1. Energy– Fourth level
» Fifth level
2. Materials
3. Labor
What comes out of the
system!
1. Products (electricity,
materials, goods,
services)
2. Waste
3. Emissions
4. Co-products
The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
En
ironmental
burdens
are thentext
quantified
for each subsystem
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to edit
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styles
according to the formula
– Second level
i
B

bc
x

j
j
,
i
i
– Fourth level
• Third level
» Fifth level
i 1
– Where bcj,i is burden j from activity i and xi is a
mass or energy flow associated with that activity
The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
Example :
The
systemto
in this
has one
• Click
editexample
Master
textfunctional
styles output and each
activity i from extraction of raw materials to final disposal
– Second
level
generates
a certain
amount of CO2 and CH4.
• Third level
– Fourth
x2
x3
x1 level
x4
Extracti » Fifth
Production
Use
Disposal
level
FU
on
CO2 = 0.2 kg/t CO2 = 0.3 kg/t CO2 = 0.1kg/t CO2 = 0.1kg/t
CH4 = 0.1 kg/t
CH4 = 0.1 kg/t CH4 = 0.1kg/t CH4 = 0.3kg/t
x1 = 2t/tFU
x2 = 1.5t/tFU x3 = 1t/tFU x4 = 0.5 t/tFU
The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
Using the
Burdens
equation the total
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to Environmental
edit Master
text styles
environmental burdens per functional unit related to the
–
Second
emissions
of level
CO2 and CH4 are therefore
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
BCO2 = ∑bcCO2 . xi = (0.2)2+(0.3)1.5+(0.1)1+(0.1)0.5 →BCO2 = 1.0 kg/tFU
BCH4 = ∑bcCH4 . xi = (0.1)2+(0.1)1.5+(0.1)1+(0.3)0.5 →BCH4 = 0.6 kg/tFU
The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
2. Inventory Analysis untuk 1 kg Etilen - contoh
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
 Menginventrisasikan input (misal bahan baku dan energi) dan output (
The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
2. Inventory Analysis untuk 1 kg Etilen
• Click to edit Master text styles
– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
 Menginventrisasikan input (misal bahan baku dan energi) dan output (
The LCA process – 3 Impact Assessment
3. Impact Assessment
 Kumpulan bahan/material yang terkandung dari setiap bahan yang digunakan
atau yang dikeluarkan.
 Mengubah
– Second
tiap elemen
level
dalam inventarisasi  kualitatif terhadap kondisi
lingkungan  memperkirakan dampak lingkungan yang merupakan akibat dari
• Third
emisi dan
bahan level
yang digunakan
– Fourth
level
 Memperkirakan
dampak
lingkungan dari semua input dan output dari tahap
sebelumnya
» Fifth level
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The LCA process – 3 Impact Assessment
The
environmental
quantified
in “Inventory Analysis”
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to editburdens
Master
text styles
are translated into the related environmental impacts. This is
– Second
level
carried
out within
the following steps
• Third level
– Classification
– Fourth level
Characterisation
» Fifth level
–
– Normalisation
– Valuation
The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
Classification
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– Involves the aggregation of environmental burdens into a
– Second
levelof environmental impact categories to
smaller number
indicate
• Thirdtheir
levelpotential impacts on human and ecological
health
and thelevel
extent of resource depletion. The
– Fourth
aggregation
is done on the basis of the potential impacts
» Fifth level
of the burdens so that one burden can be associated with
a number of impacts; eg Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOC’s) contribute to both global warming and ozone
depletion. The approach used most widely for
classification of the impacts is known as ‘problem
oriented’, whereby the burdens are aggregated according
to their relative contributions to the environmental effects
they may have
The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
impacts
in LCA are
•TheClick
tomost
editcommonly
Masterconsidered
text styles
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Non-renewable resource depletion
Second
level
Global warming
• Third
level
Ozone
depletion
– Fourth level
Acidification
» Fifth level
Eutrophication
Photochemical oxidant formation
Human toxicity
Aquatic toxicity
The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
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Characterisation
– Involves the quantification of the impact of interest
– Second
relative to level
a reference substance. In the example we
• Third level
examined
we look at the Global Warming Potential of the
– Fourth
level relative to CO2 emissions. Takes place
Products
life cycle
Fifth level
using the»formula
j
E k   ec k , j B j
j 1
eck,j represents the relative
contribution of burden Bj to
impact Ek
The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
Normalisation
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Master text styles
–– The
impacts
can be normalised with respect to
Second
level
the
total emissions or extractions in a certain area
• Third level
over–aFourth
givenlevel
period of time. This can help to asses
the extent
tolevel
which an activity contributes to the
» Fifth
regional or global environmental impacts. Should
be interpreted with care due to lack of reliable
data.
The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
Valuation
• Click to
edit Master text styles
–
impact
– Each
Second
level is assigned a weight which
indicates
its relative importance. As a result
• Third level
the environmental
impacts are aggregated
– Fourth level
into a single
environmental impact function EI
» Fifth level
k
EI   wk E
k 1
Where wk is the
relative importance
of impact Ek
The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
Valuation
• Click to
edit Master text styles
– A number of problems at philosophical and
– Second level
practical level in the realisation of this and
• Third
there
is level
no consensus on the best way to
– Fourth level
aggregate
the environmental impacts into a
» Fifth level
single EI
figure.
– Some people argue that valuation should not
be carried out at all as it obscures information
and that considering the impact in a
disaggregated form enhances the
transparency of the decision making based on
LCA results
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
The LCA process – 4. Interpretation
•4. Interpretation
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 Mengkaji hasil dari tahap-tahap sebelumnya untuk menentukan dampak
utama.
– Second level
 Menganalisis
• Thirdbeberapa
level alternatif proses untuk mengurangi
dampak lingkungan
– Fourth level
 Pertimbangkan desain proses yang berwawasan lingkungan dan
» Fifth level
mendekatikonsep ekologi industry.
 Interpretasikan dari langkah sebelumnya (bisa disertakan saran
untuk langkah perbaikan)
 Bila untuk membandingkan produk  rekomendasi produk yang paling
ramah terhadap lingkungan.
 Jika analisis satu produk  saran untuk memodifikasi produk
• Click to edit Master text styles
– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
SELAMAT BELAJAR