I.

CONCEPT OF SALES
Art. 1458. By the Contract of sale one of the contracting parties
obligates himself to transfer the ownership of and to deliver a
determinate thing, and the other to pay therefor a price certain in
money or its equivalent.
1.
2.
3.
A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional.

Essential Characteristics of the Contract of Sale
a) Consensual – perfected by mere consent
b) Bilateral Reciprocal – both parties are
bound by obligations dependent upon each
other
c) Onerous – because to acquire rights,
valuable consideration must be given
d) Commutative – as a rule the values
exchanged are almost equivalent to each
other
e) Principal – there is no necessity for it to
depend upon the existence of another valid
contract
f) Nominate – the Code refers to it by a special
designation or name, i.e., the Contract of Sale



Elements of a Contract of Sale
a) Consent or Meeting of the Minds – consent
to transfer ownership in exchange for the
price
b) Determinate Subject Matter – Generally,
there is no sale of generic thing; moreover, if
the parties differ as to the subject, there can
be no meeting of the minds
c) Price certain in money or its equivalent –
cause or consideration. The price need not be
in money
Some Principles

A CoS without any consideration and
executed by a person who is of low
intelligence, illiterate, and who could not sign
his name or affix his thumbmark, is void.

A receipt which merely acknowledges the
sum of 1k without any agreement as to the
total purchase price lacks the requisites of a
valid contract of sale, and is neither valid nor
enforceable
Natural Elements of a CoS

those which are inherent in the Contract, and
which in the absence of any contrary
provision, are deemed to exist in the Contract)
a)
b)
4.
5.

1.
Accidental Elements

Those which may be present or absent in the
stipulation, such as the place or time of
payment, or the presence of conditions

Stages in the Contract of Sale
a) Generation or Negotiation
b) Perfection – meeting of the minds
c) Consummation – when the object
delivered and the price is paid
Contract of Sale vs Contract to Sell
CONTRACT OF SALE
The non-payment of
price is a resolutory
condition. It may by
such occurrence put
an end to a transaction
that once upon a time
existed
2.
Title over the property
passes to the buyer
upon delivery
3.
Delivery has been
made, the seller has
lost ownership and
cannot
recover
it
unless the contract is
resolved or rescinded
Warranty Against Eviction – deprivation of
the property brought
Warranty Against Hidden Defects

Sale vs Dation in Payment
SALE
DATION IN PAYMENT
No pre-existing credit
1. there is a pre-existing
Gives rise to an
credit
obligation
2. extinguishes
the
The
cause
or
obligation
consideration is the 3. the
cause
or
price
from
the
consideration
here,
viewpoint of the seller;
from the viewpoint of
or the obtaining of the
the person offering
object
from
the
dation in payment, is
viewpoint of the buyer
the extinguishing of
his debt; from the
viewpoint
of
the
creditor, it is the
acquisition of the
object offered in lieu of
the original credit
There is agreater 4. there is less freedom
freedom
in
the
in the determination of
determination of the
the price
price
The giving of the price 5. the giving of the object
may generally end the
in lieu of the credit
obligation of the buyer
may
extinguish
completely or partially
the credit, depending
on the agreement
CONTRACT TO SELL
1. The payment in full
of the price is a
positive suspensive
condition. Hence, if
the price is not paid,
it is as if the
obligation of the
seller to deliver and
to
transfer
ownership
never
became
effective
and binding
2. Ownership
is
retained by the
seller, regardless of
delivery and is not to
pass
until
full
payment of the price
3. Since the seller
retains ownership,
despite delivery, he
is enforcing and not
rescinding
the
contract if he seels
to oust the buyer for
failure to pay
Art. 1459. The thing must be licit and the vendor must have a right
to transfer the ownership thereof at the time it is delivered
is

Licit Object – means lawful i.e., within the commerce
of men

Things may be illicit per se (of its nature) and per
accidens (made illegal by provision of law)
If the object of the sale is illicit, the contract is null and
void
The right of redemption and usufruct may be sold, so
also may literary, artistic and scientific works.


There may be a contract of sale of goods, whose acquisition by
the seller depends upon a contingency which may or may not
happen


Art. 1460. A thing is determinate when it is particularly designated
or physical segregated from all others of the same class.
The requisite that a thing be determinate is satisfied is at the time
the contract is entered into, the thing is capable of being made
determinate without the necessity of a new or further agreement
between the parties.

Determinate – specific, but it is not essential really
that at the time of perfection, the object be already
specific. It is sufficient that it be capable of being
determinate without need of any new agreement.
Art. 1461. Things having a potential existence may be the object of
a contract of sale.
The efficacy of the sale of a mere hope or expectancy is deemed
subject to the condition that the thing will come into existence.
Sale of Goods – may be future or existing goods
Future Goods – are those which are still to be
manufactured, raised, acquired by the seller after
the perfection of the contract or things whose
acquisition depends upon a contingency which
may or may not happen.
Art. 1463. The sole owner of a thing may sell an undivided interest
therein.
Art. 1564. In the case of fungible goods, there may be a sale of an
undivided share of a specific mass, though the seller purports to
sell and the buyer to buy a definite number, weight or measure of
the goods in the mass, and through the number, weigh or measure
of the goods in the mass is undetermnined. By such a sale the
buyer becomes owner in common of such a share of the mass as
the number, weight or measure bought bears to the number,
weight or measure of the mass. If the mass contains less than the
number, weight or measure bought, the buyer becomes the owner
of the whole mass and the seller is bound to make good the
deficiency from goods of the same kind and quality, unless a
contrary intent appears.
The sale of a vain hope or expectancy is void.




Things with Potential Existence
1. All my rice harvest next year
2. Young animals not yet in existence or
ungrown fruits
3. A particular wine a vineyard is expected to
produce
4. The expected goodwill of a business
5. The wool that shall, thereafter grow upon a
sheep
Sale of an Expected Thing (Emptio Rei Sperati)

If the sale did not materialize, the sale is not
effective

Deals with a future thing
Sale of the Hope Itself (Emptio Spei)

It does not matter whether the expected thing
materialized or not, what is important is that
the hope itself validly existed

Deals with a present thing

Ex: sale of a valid sweepstakes ticket
Vain Hope or Expectancy

If the hope or expectancy itself is vain, the
sale itself is void

Be noted that this is not an aleatory contract
for while in an aleatory contract there is an
element of chance, here, there is completely
no chance

Ex: sale of a losing ticket for a sweepstakes
already run
Art. 1462. The goods which form the subject of a contract of sale
may be either existing goods, owned or possessed by the seller, or
goods to be manufactured, raised or acquired by the seller agter
the perfection of the contract of sale, in this Title called “future
goods.”
Art. 1465. Things subject to a resolutory condition may be the
object of a contract of sale.

Examples
1. Property subject to reserve troncal may be
sold
2. A usufruct that may end when the naked
owner becomes a lawyer may be sold
Art. 1466. In constrying a contract containing provisions
characteristic of both the contract of sale and of the contract of
agency to sell, the essential clauses of the whole instrument shall
be considered.

Contract to Sell vs Contract of Agency to Sell
Contract to Sell
Contract of Agency to Sell
1.
Buyer pays the price
1.
2.
Buyer after delivery
becomes the owner
2.
3.
Seller warrants
3.
Agent delivers the
price which in turn he
got from his buyer
The agent who is
supposed to sell
does not become the
owner, even if the
property has already
nee delivered to him
Agent who sells
assumes no personal
liability as long as he
acts
within
his
authority and in the
name of the principal
Art. 1467. A contract for the delivery at a certain price of an article
which the vendor in the ordinary course of his business
manufactures or procures for the general market, whether the
same is on hand at the time or not, is a contract of sale, but if he
goods are to be manufactured specially for the customer and
upon his special order, and not for the general market, it is a
contract for a piece of work.


Rule to determine if the Contract is One of Sale
or a Piece of Work
1. If ordered in the ordinary course of business
– SALE
2. If manufactured specially and not for the
markert -- PIECE OF WORK

Schools of Thought
1. Massachusetts Rule – if specially done at
the order of another, this is a contract for a
PIECE OF WORK. Philippines follows this
rule
2. New York Rule – If the thing already exists, it
is a SALE, if not, WORK
3. English Rule – If material is more valuable,
SALE; if skill is more valuable, WORK

If I ask someone to construct a house for me, is
this a contract of sale or for a piece of work?

If he will construct on his own land, and I will
get both the land and the house it would seem
that this can be very well treated as a SALE
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Art. 1468. If the consideration of the contract consists partly in
money, and partly in another thing, the transaction shall be
characterized by the manifest intention of the parties. If such
intention does not clearly appear, it shall be considered a barter
if the value of the thing given as a part of the consideration
exceeds the amount of the money or its equivalent; otherwise it
is a sale


Rules to Determine whether Contract is one of
Sale or Barter
1. Intent
2. If intent does not clearly appear
a) If the thing is more valuable than money
– BARTER
b) IF 50-50 – SALE
c) If the thing is less valuable than money –
SALE
In order to judge the intention, we must consider
the contemporaneous and consequent acts of the
parties.
Art. 1469. In order that the price may be considered certain, it shall
be sufficient that it be so with reference to another thing certain,
or that the determination thereof be left to the judgment of a
specified person or persons.
Should such person or persons be unable or unwilling to fix it,
the contract shall be inefficacious, unless the parties
subsequently agree upon the price.
If the third person or persons acted in bad faith or by mistake, the
courts may fix the price.
Where such third person or persons are prevented from fixing
the price or terms by default of the seller or the buyer, the party
not in fault may have such remedies against the party in fault as
are allowed the seller or the buyer, as the case may be
When no specific amount is stipulated

If there is no specific amount that has been
agreed upon, the price is still considered
CERTAIN:
a) If it be certain with reference to
another thing certain (ex: price of
tuition fee charged at Ateneo for a
pre-bar review course)
b) If the determination of the price is left
to the judgment of a specified person
or persons
c) In the cases provided under Art. 172
of the Civil Code
Art. 1470. Gross inadequacy of price does not affect a contract of
sale, except as it may indicate a defect in the consent, or that the
parties really intended a donation or some other act or contract


In ORDINARY SALE, the sale remains valid even
if the price is very low. If there was vitiated
consent, the contract may be annulled but only
due to such vitiated consent
In EXECUTION OF JUDICIAL SALES, mere
inadequacy of price will not set aside a judicial sale
of a property; but if the price is so inadequate as
to shock the conscience of the court, it will be set
aside
Art. 1471. If the price is simulated, the sale is void, but the act may
be shown to have been in reality a donation, or some other act or
contract.

Simulated Price

The price must not be fictitious. Therefore, isf
it is, the contract as a sale is void

It may however, be valid as a donation or
some other agreement, provided the
requirements of donations or other
agreements have been complied with. If the
requirements do not exists, the contract as a
sale is absolutely void

A price is simulated IF

It is fictitious

There being no price, there is no cause or
consideration; hence the contract is void as a
sale

A rescission of the price will not invalidate a
sale

Fictitious Sale

A mother sells to her child a property at a very
low much lower price than what she has paid
for it
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Art. 1472. The price of securities, grain, liquids, and other things
shall also be considered certain, when the price fixed is that
which the thing sold would have on a definite day, or in a
particular exchange or market, or when an amount is fixe above
or below the price on such day, or in such exchange or market,
provided said amount be certain.

Certainty of Price of Securities

I can sell to you today a Mont Blanc fountain
pen at the price equivalent to the stock
quotation two days from today of 100 shares
of PLDT

If stock market price cannot be ascertained

if the stock quotation price two days later
cannot really be ascertained at that time, the
sale is inefficacious


Art. 1473. The fixing of the price can never be left to the discretion
of one of the contracting parties. However, if the price fixed by
one of the parties is accepted by the other, the sale is perfected.

Price cannot be left to the discretion of one
party

REASON: The other could not have
consented to the price, for he did not know
what it was
Art. 1474. Where the price cannot be determined in accordance
with the preceding articles, or in any other manner, the contract
is inefficacious. However, if the thing or any part thereof has been
delivered to and appropriated by the buyer, he must pay a
reasonable price therefore. What is a reasonable price is a
question of fact dependent on the circumstances of each
particular case.

Effect if the price cannot be determined
1. The sale is void for the buyer cannot fulfil his
duty to pay
2. If the buyer has made use of it, he should not
be allowed to enrich himself unjustly at
another’s expense. So, he must pay a
reasonable price. The seller’s price,however,
must be the one paid if the buyer knew how
much the seller was charging and there was
an acceptance of the goods delivered. Here,
there is an implied assent to the price fixed,
Art. 1475. The contact of sale is perfected at the moment there is a
meeting of the minds upon the thing which is the object of the
contract and upon the price.
From that moment, the parties may reciprocally demand
performance, subject to the provisions of the law governing the
form of contracts


Nature of Contract

Consensual: perfected by mere consent

Delivery or payment is not essential for
perfection

The contract of sale is consummated upon
delivery and payment
Requirements for Perfection
1. When the parents are face to face when an
offer is accepted without conditions and
without qualifications
2. When contract is through correspondence or
through a telegram, there is perfection when
the offeror receives or has knowledge of the
acceptance by the offeree
o If the buyer has already accepted,
but the seller does not know yet of
the acceptance, the seller may still
withdraw
3. when the sale is made subject to a
suspensive condition, perfection is from the
moment the condition is fulfilled




Before perfection

No mutual rights and obligations exist
between the would be buyer and the would be
seller
Accepted Bilateral Promise to Buy and Sell

In sense, is similar to, but not exactly the
same as, as perfected contract of sale

Permitted under Art. 1479, par 1 “A promise
to buy and sell a determinate thing for a price
certain is reciprocally demandable”
Formalities for Perfection
Under the Statute of Frauds, the sale of
1. Real Property – regardless of the amount,
must be in writing
2. Personal Property, if P500 or more must be
in writing to be enforceable. If it is orally made,
it cannot be enforced by a judicial action
except if the defense of the Statute of Frauds
is waived
Perfection in the Case of Advertisements

Advertisements are mere invitations to make
an offer, and therefore, one cannot compel
adviser to sell
Transfer of Ownership

Mere perfection of a contract does not transfer
ownership. Ownership of the object is
transferred only after delivery
Effect of Perfection

The mutual parties must now comply with
their mutual obligations
Art. 1476. In the case of a sale by auction:
1) Where goods are put up for sale by auction in lots,
each lot is the subject of a separate contract of sale
2) A sale by auction is perfected when the auctioneer
announces its perfection by the fall of the hammer,
or in any other customary manner. Until such
announcement is made, any bidder may retract his
bid; and the auctioneer may withdraw the goods
from the sale unless the auction has been announced
to be without reserve
3) A right to bid may be reserved expressly by on
behalf of the seller, unless otherwise provided by la
or by stipulation
4) Where notice has not been given that a sale by
auction is subject to a right to bid on behalf of the
seller, it shall not be lawful for the seller to bid
himself or to employ or induce any person to bid at
such sale on his behalf or for the auctioneer, to
employ or to induce any person to bid at such sale
on behalf of the seller or knowingly to take any bid
from the seller of any person employed by him. Any
sale contravening this rule may be treated as
fraudulent by the buyer

When sale by Auction is perfected

The sale is perfected when the auctioneer
announces its perfection by the fall of the
hammer or in other customary manner

Before the fall of the Hammer:
1. a bidder may: retract his bid because
every bidding is merely an offer and
therefore, before it is accepted, it may be
withdrawn. The assent is signified on the
part of the seller by knocking down the
hammer.


An auctioneer may withdraw the goods
from the sale unless the action has been
announced to be without reserved. It is
because the bid is merely an offer, not an
acceptance of an offer to sell. Therefore,
it can be rejected. What the auctioneer
does in withdrawing is merely reject the
offer
When Seller Can Bid?
1. A right to bid was reserved; and
2. Notice was given that the sale by auction is
subject to a right to bid on behalf of the seller
May a seller employ others to bid for him?

Yes, provided that he has notified the public
that the auction is subject to the right to bid on
behalf of the seller

People who bid for the sellers, but are not
themselves bond are called by bidders or
puffers

BUT, without the notice, any sale
contravening the rule may be treated by the
buyer as fraudulent

2.




Art. 1477. The ownership of the thing sold shall be transferred to
the vendee upon the actual or constructive delivery thereof.


When ownership is transferred

Perfection by delivery
Kinds of Delivery
1. Actual
2. Constructive – including any other manner
signifying an agreement that the possession
is transferred


Art. 1478. The parties may stipulate that ownership in the thing
shall not pass to the purchaser until he has fully paid the price

When ownership is not transferred despite
delivery

Generally, ownership is transferred upon
delivery, but even if delivered, the ownership
may still be with the seller till full payment of
the price is made, IF there is a stipulation to
this effect

The stipulation is usually knows as pactum
reservati dominie and is common in sales on
instalment plans
Art. 1479. A promise to buy and sell a determinate thing for a price
certain is reciprocally demandable
An accepted unilateral promise to buy or to sell a determinate
thing for a price certain is binding upon the promissor if the
promise is supported by a consideration distinct from the price.


First Paragraph – MUTUAL PROMISE

A promises to buy something and B promises
to sell it at an agreed price. This is a promise
to buy and sell, clearly a bilateral reciprocal
contract
Second Paragraph – ACCEPTED UNILATERAL
PROMISE

Only one makes a promise. This promise is
accepted by the other
A promises to sell to B. B accepts the
promise, but does not in turn promise to buy.
This is an accepted unilateral promise to sell.
It is binding on the promissor only if the
promise is supported by a consideration
distinct from the price.
Policitation – unilateral promise to buy or to sell
which is not accepted. This produces no juridical
effect, and creates no legal bond. This is a mere
offer, and has not yet been conversed into a
contract.
Bilateral Promise – a bilateral promise to buy and
sell a certain thing for a price certain gives to the
contracting parties personal rights in that each has
the right to demand from the other the fulfilment of
the obligation.
Unilateral Promise – the acceptance of a
unilateral promise to sell must be plain, clear and
unconditional. Therefore, if there is a qualified
acceptance with the terms different from the offer,
there is no acceptance, that is, there is no promise
to buy and there is no perfected sale
Option

A contract granting a person the privilege to
buy or not to buy certain objects at any time
within the agreed period at a fixed price

Separate and distinct contract fron the
contract which the parties may enter into upon
the consummation of the contract

An option must have its own cause or
consideration
If an option is granted, how long is the offer
bound by his promise?

If no period has been stipulated, the court will
fix them
Is the right to buy, a right that may be
transmitted to others?

YES, unless it was granted for purely personal
considerations
Art. 1480. Any injury to or benefit from the thing sold, after the
contract has been perfected, from the moment of the perfection
of the contract to the time of delivery, shall be governed by
Articles 1163 to 1166 and 1262.
This rule shall apply to the sale of fungible things, made
independently and for a single price, or without consideration of
their weight, number or measure.
Should fungible things be sold for a price fixed according to
weight, number, or measure, the risk shall not be imputed to the
vendee until they have been weighed, counted or measured, and
delivered, unless the latter has incurred in delay.

Who bears the risk of loss?
1. If the object was lost before perfection

The seller bears the loss because there was
no contract, for there are no cause or
consideration. Being the owner, the seller
bears the loss, therefore, he cannot demand
payment of the price
2. If the object was lost after delivery to the buyer

The buyer bears the risk of loss (Res perit
domino)
3. If the object was lost after perfection but
before delivery


The buyer bears the loss, as exception to the
rules of res perit domino
REASONS:
i.
had the sale been perfected, the
buyer would have borne the loss,
that is, he would still have to pay for
the object even if no delivery had
been made
ii.
Under Art. 1262, an obligation which
consists in the delivery of a
determinate
thing
shall
be
extinguished if it should be lost or
destroyed without the fault of the
debtor, and before he has incurred in
delay
iii.
Art. 1583 says that in case of loss,
deterioration or improvement of the
thing before its delivery, the rule in
Art. 1189 shall be observed, the
vendor being considered the debtor.
Art. 1189 in turn, says, if the thing is
lost without the fault of the debtor,
the obligation shall be extinguished
iv.
Art. 1269 on loss states that: the
obligation having been extinguished
by the loss of the thing, the creditor
shall have all the rights of action
which the debtor may have against
third persons by reason of the loss
v.
Historically, the buyer has always
borne the loss
vi.
Since the buyer gets the benefits
during the intervening period, it is
clear that he must also shoulder the
loss
Exceptions:
a) If the object sold consists of
fungibles sold for a price
fixed according to weight,
number or measure
b) If the seller is guily of fraud,
negligence,
default
o
violation of contractual term
c) When the object sold is
generic because genus
does not perish
Fungibles – are personal property which may be
replaced with equivalent things
Art. 1480. In the contract of goods by description or by sample, the
contract may be rescinded if the bulk of the goods delivered do
not correspond with the description or sample, and if the contact
be by sample as well as by description, it is not sufficient that the
bulk of goods correspond with the sample if they do not also
correspond with the description.

Art. 1482. Whenever earnest money is given in a contract of sale,
it shall be considered as part of the price and a proof of the
perfection of the contact.


Sale by Description – where the seller sells
things as being of a certain kind, the buyer merely
relying on the seller’s representations, or
descriptions. Generally, the buyer has not
previously seen the goods, or even if he has seen
them, he believes that the description tallies with
the goods he has seen
Sale by Sample – where the seller warrants that
the bulk of the goods shall correspond with the
Earnest Money – also called “arras”, is something
of value to show that the buyer was really in
earnest, and given to the seller to bind the bargain.
IT APPLIES TO A PERFECTED SALE.
Significance of EM:
1. Considered part of the purchase price
2. Proof of the perfection of a contract
Art. 1483. Subject to the provisions of the Statute of Frauds and of
any other applicable stature, a contract of sale may be made in
writing, or by word of mouth, or partly in writing and partly by
word of mouth, or may be inferred from the conduct of the
parties.

Effect if Notary Public is not authorized
If the Deed of Sale of land is notarized by a
notary public whose authority had expired, the
sale would still be valid, since for validity of the
sale, a public instrument is not even essential
(Sorfano vs Latono)
Art. 1484. In a contract of sale of personal property the price of
which is payable in instalments,, the vendor may exercise any of
the following remendies:
1.
2.
3.
The buyer shall have a reasonable opportunity of comparing the
bulk with the description or the sample.

sample in kind, quality and character. Only the
sample is exhibited. The bulk is not present, and
so there is no opportunity to examine or inspect it.

Remedies of a Buyer if the bulk of goods
purchases does is defective or damaged
a. To return the thing, and recover the
money paid; OR
b. To retain the thing, and still sue for
breach of warranty
Sale by Description and Sample – the mere
exhibition of the sample does not necessarily
make it a sale by sample. This exhibition must
have been the sole basis or inducement of the
sale. A sale by sample may still be had even if the
sample was shown only in connection with a sale
to the first purchaser. There can be sale by sample
even if the sale is “as is”

Exact fulfilment of the obligation, should vendee fail to
pay
Cancel the sale, should the vendee’s failure to pay or
cover 2 or more instalments
Foreclose the chattel mortgage on the thing sold, if one
has been constituted, should the vendee’s failure to pay
cover 2 or more instalments. In this case, he shall have
no further action against the purchaser to recover any
unpaid balance of the price. Any agreement to the
contrary shall be void.
Requisites before Art. 1484 may be applied
1. There must be a contract
2. The contract must be one of sale
3. What is sold is personal property
4. The sale must be on the instalment plan


The remedies in this article are alternative, and if
one is exercised, the others cannot be made use
of.
Instances when Art. 1484 does not apply
1. Real Estate Mortgage
2. Sale of real property on straight terms
Art. 1485. The preceding article shall be applied to contracts
purporting to be leases of personal property with option to buy,
when the lessor has deprived the lessee of the possession of the
possession or enjoyment of the thing.


“When the lessor has deprived the lessee of
the possession or enjoyment of the thing”
This means that for failure to pay, the lessor
is apparently exercising the right of an unpaid
seller, and has taken possession of the
property
When is Lease construed as Sale
Even if the word lease is employed, when a
sale on instalment is evidently intended, it
must be construed as a sale
3.
4.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
Art. 1486. In the cases referred to in the two preceding articles, a
stipulation that the instalments or rents paid shall not be
returned to the vendee or lessee shall be valid insofar as the same
may not be unconscionable under the circumstances.


Non-return of instalments paid
General Rule: It is required that a case of
rescission or cancellation of the sale requires
mutual restitution, that is, all partial payment of
price or rents must be returned
Exception: It is valid to stipulate that there should
be no returning of the price that has been partially
paid or of the rents given, provided the stipulation
is not unconscionable
(See Maceda Law)
Art. 1487. The expenses for the execution and registration of the
sale shall be borne by the vendor, unless there is a stipulation to
the contrary.
Art. 1488. The expropriation of property for public use is governed
by special laws




1.
2.
Nature of Expropriation – it is involuntary in
nature, that is, the owner may be compelled to
surrender the property after all the essential
requisites have been complied with. Therefore,
generally, it does not result in a sale. There is no
exception to this rule
When Transaction is one of Sale – If the property
owner voluntarily sells the property to the
government, this would be a sale, and not an
appropriation
Eminent Domain vs Expropriation
Eminent Domain refers to the right give to the
state, whereas Expropriation usually refers to
the process
Essential Requisites for Expropriation
Taking by competent authority
Observance of due process of law
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
Taking for public use
Payment of just compensation
Just Compensation: is the market value plus
consequential damages, if any, minus the
consequential benefits, if any. BUT, the
benefits may be set off only against the
consequential damages, and not against the
basis value of the property taken.
OBLIGATIONS OF BUYER AND SELLER IN
CONTRACTS OF SALE
ABSOLUTE AND CONDITIONAL SALE
ELEMENTS OF A VALID CONTRACT // IS
DELIVERY ESSENTIAL
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PROMISE TO BUY
AND SELL A DETERMINATE THING FROM AN
OFFER TO SELL
EARNEST MONEY vs OPTION MONEY
MAY A MINOR OR UNEMANCIPATED PERSON
ENTER INTO A CONTRACT OF SALE // WHAT
IS THE EFFECT OF SUCH SALE
MAY A HUSBAND AND WIFE SELL PROPERTY
TO EACH OTHER
WHAT
IS/ARE
THE
OBJECTS
OR
CAUSE/CONSIDERTION, OR FORMS OF
CONTRACT OF SALE
OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES IN A
CONTRACT OF SALE
IS DELIVERY AN ELEMENT OF CONTRACT OF
SALE
WHAT CONSTITUTES DELIVERY? WHAT IS
CIF, FAS, FOB? BILL OF LADINGS? WHOSE
RECEIPT?
WHAT ARE THE RISKS OF LOSS? RULES?
RES PERIT DOMINO? WHEN IT IS
APPLICABLE?
RULES IN DOUBLE SALE AND SALE BY NONOWNER? WHAT IS CAVEAT EMPTOR?
WHAT IS/ARE RULES IN THE TRANSFER OF
GOODS COVERED BY DOCUMENTS OF
TITLES LIKE QUEDAN? WHOSE RECEIPT?
WARRANT? DELIVERY OF RECEIPT?
OBLIGATIONS/WARRANTIES OF A BUYER
AND A SELLER?
RULES IN THE ACCEPTANCE OF DELIVERY?
PAYMENT OF PRICE? REMEDIES OF SELLER
OR BUYER IN SALES?
LAW/RULES/RIGHTS OF SELLER AND BUYER
IN A CONTRACT OF SALE OF PERSONAL
PROPERTY
LAW/RULES/OBLIGATIONS/REMEDIES OF A
SELLER IN CONTRACT OF SALE OF REAL
PROPERTY
RULES/REMEDIES OF A SELLER IN
INSTALLMENT OF PERSONAL PROPERTY
WHAT ARE THE JUDICIAL REMEDIES IN
SALES?
WHEN IS A SALE EXTINGUISHED?
RULES IN REDEMPTION vs OPTIOM TO BUY