MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Document Title:
WORK STANDARD
FIRE FIGHTING MANUAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
2
3
4
4.1
4.2
5
6
7
8
9
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
11
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
13
13.1
13.2
14
14.1
15
15.1
16
16.1
16.2
17
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
Purpose ..................................................................................................................... 4
Scope......................................................................................................................... 4
Objective .................................................................................................................... 4
Responsibilities & Authorities .................................................................................... 4
Responsibilities .......................................................................................................... 4
Authorities .................................................................................................................. 4
References ................................................................................................................ 4
Definitions .................................................................................................................. 5
Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. 5
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................ 5
VESSEL PARTICULARS ........................................................................................... 6
FiFi TRAINING PROCEDURE ................................................................................... 6
Drills ........................................................................................................................... 6
Fire drill ...................................................................................................................... 7
Alarm signals ............................................................................................................. 7
The General Emergency Instructions ........................................................................ 8
Fire control and Safety plan ....................................................................................... 8
Fire detection system ................................................................................................. 8
Optical smoke and heat detector ............................................................................... 8
Manual operated call point ......................................................................................... 8
Fire Alarm panel ........................................................................................................ 9
Indicator lights ............................................................................................................ 9
Firefighting equipment ............................................................................................. 10
Portable Fire Extinguishers ...................................................................................... 10
Fixed firefighting equipment ..................................................................................... 13
Fire reels and water hoses ...................................................................................... 22
Fire blanket .............................................................................................................. 23
Fire teams and PPE ................................................................................................. 24
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus. (SCBA) ......................................................... 24
Emergency Escape Breathing Device (EEBD) ........................................................ 25
Escape routes .......................................................................................................... 25
Escape route signage .............................................................................................. 25
Fire and smoke dampers ......................................................................................... 26
Galley Shutters ........................................................................................................ 28
OPERATION AND USE OF FIRE DOORS ............................................................. 29
General .................................................................................................................... 29
Type A, B and C fire divisions .................................................................................. 29
GENERAL FIRE SAFETY PRACTICE .................................................................... 30
Fire triangle .............................................................................................................. 30
Fire classes .............................................................................................................. 31
Spontaneous ignition ............................................................................................... 32
Faulty electric circuits and equipment ...................................................................... 32
Exposed light bulbs .................................................................................................. 33
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17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
17.10
17.11
17.12
17.13
17.14
17.15
17.16
18
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
18.10
18.11
18.12
18.13
18.14
WORK STANDARD
FIRE FIGHTING MANUAL
Engine rooms ........................................................................................................... 33
Electric motors ......................................................................................................... 33
Charging storage batteries ...................................................................................... 34
Galley operations ..................................................................................................... 34
Smoking ................................................................................................................... 34
Space heaters.......................................................................................................... 34
Stowage ................................................................................................................... 35
Spread of fire ........................................................................................................... 35
Unsafe hot-work practices ....................................................................................... 37
Good housekeeping................................................................................................. 37
Engine room fire safety checklist ............................................................................. 38
FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURE .............................................................................. 39
Sound the alarm ...................................................................................................... 39
Hidden fires .............................................................................................................. 40
Size-up..................................................................................................................... 40
Attacking the fire ...................................................................................................... 41
Direct attack ............................................................................................................. 41
Firefighting on the same level ................................................................................. 41
Fire fighting from above ........................................................................................... 42
Indirect attack .......................................................................................................... 47
Ventilation ................................................................................................................ 48
Preventing fire spread .............................................................................................. 48
Overhaul .................................................................................................................. 49
De-watering ............................................................................................................. 49
When the fire is out .................................................................................................. 49
The search ............................................................................................................... 50
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Document Title:
1
WORK STANDARD
FIRE FIGHTING MANUAL
Purpose
The purpose of this manual is to provide, all members of the crew, instructions and information on the
FiFi equipment of the vessel. This manual is provided to comply with regulation 15 and 16 of Chapter II2 of SOLAS 1974, including all revisions up to Manila amendments of 2012.
2
Scope
This manual is applicable for all crew on board the HLV Oleg Strashnov and describes the use of all
Fire Fighting equipment.
3
Objective
To provide instructions and information on the firefighting equipment to all persons on board and to
promote safety through training and knowledge, in daily work as well as in an emergency situation.
This manual may also be used as a framework and reference source for those personnel whose duty it
is to give instructions to crewmembers and visitors in the use of the lifesaving appliances and the
practice of survival at sea.
4
Responsibilities & Authorities
4.1 Responsibilities
Function
Chief Officer
Chief Officer
Description
Responsible for the maintenance of this manual
Responsible for the maintenance and readiness of all lifesaving
equipment
4.2 Authorities
Function
DPA
Master
5
Description
Authority of making changes in this document
Overriding authority
References
Document Id
SOLAS Ch. II-2 reg. 15 &
16
FSS Code
MARPOL
SPS Code
7716-349-01-010
16208-GM-01-20
SP.HL.103.020
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Title
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-
General Emergency Instructions
Fire Control & Safety Plan
Vessel Emergency Response Plan
Last update: 12 May 2014
Technical Director
Technical Director
Operations Director
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Document Title:
6
FIRE FIGHTING MANUAL
Definitions
Definition
International Code (FFS)
7
Description
referred to as "the Code" in this chapter) means the International Code
for Fire Safety Systems (FSS) Code.
Abbreviations
Abbreviation
BA
DIFFS
EEBD
FiFi
LOA
MARPOL
SOLAS
SPS Code
HLV
OS
DA
PA / GA
8
WORK STANDARD
Description
Breathing Apparatus
Deck Integrated Fire Fighting System
Emergency Escape Breathing Device
Fire Fighting
Length Over All
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
Safety Of Life At Sea
Special Purpose Ship Code
Heavy Lift Vessel
Oleg Strashnov
Dual Agent
Public announcement / General Alarm
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
This FiFi manual shall be provided in each crew mess room and recreation room, to be found as
follows:
 Deck 5: Coffee shop;
 Deck 6: Smoking recreational room;
 Deck 7: Non-smoking recreational room;
 Deck 11: Bridge.
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9
WORK STANDARD
FIRE FIGHTING MANUAL
VESSEL PARTICULARS
Particular
Name
Imo Number
Ship Type
Flag
Port Of Registry
Call Sign
Classification Society
Owner
Manager
Gross Tonnage
Loa (m)
Breadth (m)
Draft t (m)
Depth for deck (m)
10
Ship Specific
Oleg Strashnov
9452701
Crane Vessel
Cyprus
Limassol
5BNL2
Det Norske Veritas
Seaway Heavy Lifting Shipping
Seaway Heavy Lifting
47426 T
183 m
47 m
8.5 m
18.20 m
FiFi TRAINING PROCEDURE
10.1 Drills
To ensure that all personnel are familiar with escape routes and are able to respond in a positive
manner to any emergency, practical drills and exercises will be undertaken at regular intervals.
Drills will be organised such that there will be maximum participation with minimum interference to
operations in progress.
Special arrangements will be made for key personnel whose normal work cannot be interrupted without
causing disruption of, and risk to, the safe operation of the vessel.
The Master is overall responsible for ensuring that all personnel are advised of and trained in their roles
in case of an emergency.
All persons joining the vessel will, upon arrival, be instructed in the details of the appropriate escape
routes, muster points and vessel alarm signals by the Safety Officer or by his appointed delegate.
All drills and musters will be recorded in the Official log book.
After each drill a drill report will be completed and contains at least:
 Date and time of drill;
 Type of drill;
 Duration of drill (time to man stations);
 Details of any equipment utilized and its efficiency or otherwise;
 Comments on the efficiency of the drill;
 List of participants.
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10.2 Fire drill
A fire drill will be held to ensure that all personnel are familiar with the procedure of firefighting and will
be announced by the fire alarm audio signal as detailed on the General Emergency Instruction.
All personnel assigned to fire teams will meet at their respective fire stations.
Each fire team leader will contact the bridge to confirm that the alarm has been received and his team is
assembled.
All other personnel will meet at their respective muster station.
All personnel assigned to emergency teams will meet at their respective (emergency) stations.
All other personnel will muster at their designated survival craft muster station, wearing warm
clothing and closed shoes.
T-card system is to be used for all persons on board reporting to the muster station.
Fire team assembling:
 By hearing the alarm, designated persons will assemble at their Fire Station.
 Fire Team will don their firefighting equipment.
 Fire team leader will inform the bridge upon readiness of the fire team.
Mustering:
 The Muster leader will inform the Master of any missing personnel at the Muster station.
 The Muster leader will ensure that all persons, at the muster station, are wearing a lifejacket
and that the lifejacket is worn correctly.
 The Muster leader will inform the Master of readiness for embarking the lifeboat.
The drill will exist of extinguishing a simulated fire. Fire extinguishing equipment and Fireman’s outfit,
including BA sets, will be used. A stretcher team is taking care of wounded, if any.
The General Emergency Instructions provides details of muster points, emergency teams and
responsibilities.
10.3 Alarm signals
Alarm signals are sounded through PA / GA system and ships horn. These signals have the following
meanings:
In Case of Fire Alarm
Continuous sounding of alarm signal followed by an announcement about the specific emergency
situation.
General (Muster) Alarm
Seven short and one long alarm signal followed by an announcement about the specific emergency
situation.
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10.4 The General Emergency Instructions
The General Emergency Instructions shows the alarm signals used on board, the designated muster
stations and assigned duties for emergency situations. Muster stations and duties are assigned as per
your cabin number. For crew with specific emergency tasks their rank is mentioned.
The General Emergency Instructions are strategically placed throughout the vessel.
10.5 Fire control and Safety plan
On the Fire control and Safety plan you can find all the fire and safety equipment on board. Equipment
is identified with a symbol. The descriptions of all the symbols are available in the legend on the righthand side of the plan. The Fire control and Safety plan is strategically placed throughout the vessel.
Additional ones will be available in a portable holder at the gangway when the vessel is moored at a
quayside.
11
Fire detection system
The fire detection system is to detect the unwanted presence of smoke, heat or flames.
The fire detection system consists of the following elements:
 Activators, e.g. manual call point, detectors;
 Operation and indication panels;

Indicator lights.
11.1
Optical smoke and heat detector
Smoke detectors are installed throughout the whole vessel.
The smoke detector detects smoke and/or increase of heat and automatically provides a signal to the
fire panel. If the signal is not accepted, the fire alarm will eventually sound throughout the vessel.
11.2 Manual operated call point
Manual call points are located at the exit doors on board. These call points have to be
activated manually. This can be achieved by breaking the glass of the call point. If the
glass is broken the fire alarm will be raised immediately.
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11.3 Fire Alarm panel
There are 5 fire panels located on the HLV OS:
1. Bridge forward;
2. Bridge aft;
3. Emergency station (boom rest deck 5);
4. Main crane operator cabin (indication of fire alarms of the crane);
5. Main crane winch house (indication of fire alarms of the crane).
Note: The isolation of the main crane smoke detectors can only be done by using the fire panels
located in the main crane.
11.4 Indicator lights
Indicator lights are placed above the door of every space, indicating that one or more fire detectors are
activated inside that area.
In accommodations:
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12
WORK STANDARD
FIRE FIGHTING MANUAL
Firefighting equipment
12.1 Portable Fire Extinguishers
A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires. It is not
intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached the under deck and/or
endangers the user (e.g. no escape route, smoke, explosion hazard, etc.).
Extinguishers must be readily seen by persons following an escape route. Sitting positions near to exits,
alleyways, stairways, lobbies and landings are most suitable.
The extinguishers, type and size are shown on vessel’s Fire Control / Safety Plan.
Extinguishers should not be placed in concealed positions, behind doors, in cupboards or deep
recesses, unless a suitable photo luminescent sign indicates their position.
All fire extinguishers required to be serviced and inspected by a fire protection service company at least
annually. The servicer places a tag on the extinguisher to indicate the date of service.
12.1.1
Fire extinguishers on board
Type
Capacity
Powder Fire Extinguisher
12 KG
Light Water Fire
Extinguisher (Water and
Additive)
9 Liter
CO2 Fire Extinguisher
5 KG
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Type
Capacity
CO2 Fire Extinguisher
10 KG
Portable Foam Applicator
20 liter
Wheeled Foam Fire
Extinguisher
45 liter
Wheeled Foam Fire
Extinguisher
135 liter
Wheeled Powder Fire
Extinguisher (ABS FIRE)
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25 KG
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Helicopter Deck Fire Fighting Equipment
Type
Capacity
Wheeled Powder Fire
Extinguisher (NOHA 25
HKA)
Foam Pop-Up system
25 KG
437,5 liter
Portable Foam Applicator
20 liter
Wheeled CO2 Fire
Extinguisher
18 KG
Powder tank
(Helideck Dual Agent)
250 KG
Foam tank (Helideck Dual
Agent)
250 liter
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12.1.1.1
When to use the different types of extinguishing agent
Type
Light
Water
Type of control
- Forming a blanket of
foam over the surface
of the burning liquid
which smothers the
fire.
- Cools solid fires.
Class of fire
- Class A
- Class B
By using the vaporizing
liquid gas to smother
the flames by displacing
the oxygen in the air.
- Class A
- Class B
- Class C
CO2
(Carbon
dioxide)
How to use
For fires involving solids, point the jet at
the base of the flames and keep moving
across the area of the fire.
For liquids do not aim directly into the
fire, try to bounce the foam of the
bulkhead and apply indirectly.
Remove the safety pin and place your
hand on the insulated part of the
discharge horn to avoid freezing your
hands.
Direct the discharge horn at the base of
the flames and the jet kept moving
across the area of the fire
Dry
Powder
Creating a negative
reaction
- Class A
- Class B
- Class C
Point the jet discharge horn at the base
of the flames and with a rapid sweeping
motion drive the fire to the far edges
until it is extinguished.
12.2 Fixed firefighting equipment
Fixed fire extinguishing systems are used to protect large high risk areas as machinery spaces, cargo
holds and specific risks areas, such as paint store(s) and galley exhaust ducts.
It is a release into the risk area through fixed piping and nozzles sized and arranged to give a uniform
distribution of the gas within the required discharge time.
12.2.1
CO2 System
Carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguishes fire by physically attacking all three points of the fire triangle (see
17.1). The primary attack is on the oxygen content of the atmosphere. The introduction of CO2 into the
fire zone displaces sufficient oxygen in the atmosphere to extinguish the open burning. At the same
time, the extinguishing process is aided by a reduction in the concentration of the evaporated or gasified
fuel in the fire area. And finally, CO2 does provide some cooling in the fire zone to complete the
extinguishing process.
CO2 shall be released only under the order of the Master.
CO2 release station for the machinery spaces is located in the emergency control station deck 5 and
locally from CO2 store.
The activation of the CO2 system for the paint- and chemical store is located in the CO2 Room deck 5.
The activation of the CO2 system for the galley exhaust duct is located of the galley entrance door on
deck 6.
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The CO2 protected areas are:
 High voltage switchboard room 1, 2, 3 and 4
 Low voltage switchboard room 1, 2, 3 and 4
 Emergency Generator
 Thruster Room 3, 4, 5 and 6
 Thruster Drive Room 3 and 4
 Engine Room 1 and 2
 Bow Thruster Room
 Engine Room Workshop 1 and 2
 Separator Room 1 and 2
 Transformer Room 1 and 2
 Auxiliary engine room 1 and 2
 Paint store
 Chemical store
 Galley ventilation duct
CO2 Activation panel as located in the Emergency Control Room on
deck 5.
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12.2.2
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FM-200®
This gas extinguish system belongs to the class of fluorinated hydrocarbons (HFCs) which are
exclusively made up of carbon, fluoride and hydrogen atoms. The effect consists of cooling the flame
and disrupting the chemical reaction of the combustion process. If exposed to flames, the FM-200 will
emit small quantities of free radicals on the fire which inhibit the chain reactions responsible for
combustion. Another important aspect is that FM-200 is not harmful to sensitive devices. It is a clean,
gaseous substance without particles or oily residue. It does not cause a significant reduction of the
oxygen content and is therefore also suitable for human-occupied premises.
When FM-200 is used to extinguish a fire, the area must be well ventilated, before entering without
breathing apparatus, because of the toxic gasses formed during the fire and the possibility of the
existence of Hydro-Fluor gasses especially when the fire temperature has been close or above 700⁰C.
Onboard of the HLV OS the FM-200® system is used in the Machine Control Room, Electrical
equipment room deck 10 and in de electrical house level 1,2 and 3 of the main crane.
Operating box for FM-200®
engine control room.
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12.2.3
WORK STANDARD
FIRE FIGHTING MANUAL
KS 2000 (foam) deep fat fryer
The KS 2000 compact extinguishing system has been specifically designed for use in galleys. The
system shall be manually released as soon as the first flame occurs. The extinguishing agent used in
the system works in two ways: It is sprayed through fine nozzles onto the equipment, forming a blocking
layer over the fat or oil so that the fire is starved of oxygen. Simultaneously, the fat is cooled down by
the water contained in the agent, so preventing self-ignition.
Fire suppression system located nearby the galley entrance on level 6.
12.2.4
Quick attack foam hose on reel
1. Fire hose reel and cabinet with
foam tank.
2. Hose reel mounted on the
door, which opens 180°
3. 3% foam inductor fed from a 50
liter stainless steel box.
4. 50 liter foam can be used in
action for 20 minutes.
5. Ideal unit for fighting fires in
carboniferous materials and
flammable liquids.
6. Is excellent for insulating spills
of flammable liquids against
ignitions.
7. Located in Machine Room
Workshop 1 and 2
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12.2.4.1
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Operating instructions
1) Open both valves. (water and foam)
2) Pull out the hose
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3) Aim at the fire and turn the nozzle clockwise to open.
12.2.5
Sprinkler installation
The sprinkler system is an active fire protection system, consisting of a water supply system (pump
driven), providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire
sprinklers are connected. These sprinklers can be found in each cabin and all around the
accommodation.
Sprinkler head up to 68°C
Sprinkler head up to 94°C (sauna)
The glass bulb of the sprinkler head is filled with red or green fluid that will shatter the glass if a certain
heat level is reached. When the pressure of the water in the piping is dropping, a pressostat will start
the sprinkler pump providing a constant flow of water.
All sprinkler heads are working independently.
SOLAS Safety sign for sprinkler section valve
All sprinkler areas for the accommodation are always pressurised, except areas with dry nozzles:
- Sauna deck 5
- Cold store/Freezer rooms deck 6
- Steam sauna deck 10
- Bridge deck 11
- DP back up room deck 12
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12.2.6
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Water mist
Water Mist is a firefighting system used in the machine room. The system provides safe fire protection
for occupied spaces and critical assets by using water, the most natural of substances, deployed as a
highly efficient very fine water spray. It can be activated from the machine control room, locally and
automatically.
The protected areas are:
 Separators room;
 Thermal oil boiler room;
 Main engines room.
Example: Water mist activated over the main engines.
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12.2.7
Helicopter Deck Fire Fighting Equipment
12.2.7.1
Deck integrated Fire Fighting System (DIFFS)
The DIFFS on board the HLV OS consist of the Mater Pop-Up system and the Mater Foam system
For the operation of the foam system, at least 1 ships fire pump must be running prior to helicopter
arrival.
There are 4 sets of buttons available to open and close the main valve:
 Foam Room deck 12;
 At the base of both stairs to the helideck;
 Bridge (Helideck control and communication panel).
If the remote control of the valve is not working the valve should be opened by hand with the hand
wheel.
After opening of the main valve the 1% foam concentrate will be ejected from the foam tank. The popup valves will automatically “pop-up” and the entire helideck will be covered with a foam layer after 5
minutes.
The approximate foam extraction rate from the tank will be 43,7 ltr/min.
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12.2.7.2
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Foam / powder dual agent
To activate, the valves must be opened in the following order:
Foam (left side of cabinet)
1. Manual release 3 % foam AFFF valve on the pressure bottle.
2. The water valve.
3. Foam isolation valve.
Powder (right side of cabinet)
1. Manual release powder valve.
2. Powder isolation valve.
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12.3 Fire reels and water hoses
One of the most common methods of extinguishment is by cooling with water. The process of
extinguishment by cooling is dependent on cooling the fuel to a point where it does not produce
sufficient vapour to burn. If we look at fuel types and vapour production, we find that solid fuels and
liquid fuels with high flash points (>60°C) can be extinguished by cooling. Low flashpoint (<60°C)
liquids and flammable gases cannot be extinguished by cooling with water as vapour production
cannot be sufficiently reduced. Reduction of temperature is dependent on the application of an
adequate flow in proper form to establish a negative heat balance.
Water is available on various locations around the vessel. This includes inside the accommodation and
on deck.
There are two kinds of hoses onboard:
 Reeled hoses
 Hoses which can be connected to each other by (Stortz) couplings.
Reeled hose operate instructions:
1. Swivel the reel in the desired position;
2. Open the valve ( 1) between the (fire main) piping and the
reel;
3. Role the hose of the reel;
4. Open the hose by turning the nozzle (2);
5. Control the spray by turning the nozzle (2) (solid jet and
spray).
Hose operating instruction:
1. Connect the coupling of hose to hydrant and the nozzle (if not
connected);
2. Remove the hose out of the GRP box;
3. Open the valve at the beginning of the hose;
4. Control the flow and spray by turning the nozzle ( solid jet
and spray) or by moving the handle for the flow control and
the nozzle for solid jet or spray with the pistol grip fire nozzle.
REMINDER: Water also has few big disadvantages

Water is not suitable for all fires;

Water itself can also result in damage.

Water could give an electric shock hazard
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12.4
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FIRE FIGHTING MANUAL
Fire blanket
Fire blankets are found in the galley and are suitable for contained fat fires (e.g. chip pan), contained
liquid fires and other small fires.
Advance and lay the blanket over the fire. If it is a liquid fire, make sure the blanket is stretched so that it
does not dip into the liquid. Do not throw the blanket down, as this may drive air into the fire and cause
it to be more intense or cause a plume of flame.
Once the fire has been extinguished do not remove the blanket until the previously burning item has
had time too cool. Removing the blanket too soon may allow re-ignition.
A person with burning clothes should be laid on the floor and wrapped in the blanket; always extinguish
from the head towards the feet. Do not leave them within the blanket when extinguished, as this may
trap heat and so cause more injury.
12.4.1
Using a fire blanket
1
Pull out the blanket from its stowed position
2
Protect your hands by wrapping them in the top edge
of the blanket.
3
Use the blanket as a shield as you approach the fire.
4
Place the blanket over the fire.
5
Leave the blanket in place until it's cool to the touch
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Fire teams and PPE
The HLV OS has 3 fire teams:
Fire team
1
2
3
Location fire station
Fire store deck 5
Fire station 2 – crane tub
Fire station 3 – Engine room workshop 2
Helideck fire station (back-up team)
The members of the fire team can be found on the General emergency instruction. Each member of the
fire team has his designated task. Members of a fire the teams should report at their designated fire
stations and prepare them self to be stand-by for firefighting.
Fireman outfit consists out of:
 Protective clothing, Fireman suit;
 Boots, gloves, fire retardant hood and helmet;
 Electric safety lamp;
 Breathing apparatus;
 Fire axe;
 Belt and safety hook;
 Blanket, fire resistant;
 Communication equipment;
 Fire proof line.
13.1
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus. (SCBA)
Every fire team has 3 BA sets that are ready for use before using a BA set, always check the pressure
and test your low pressure-alarm whistle and bypass valve.
1 Pressure Gauge
2 Air Bottle (300 bar)
3 Cylinder valve and reducer/valve connector
4 Facemask
5 Demand valve (DV) with reset button and
bypass knob
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FIRE FIGHTING MANUAL
Donning instructions BA set
1. Hang the BA set over your shoulders
2. Connect waist belt buckle and pull adjusting straps until apparatus
is secure. Tuck away loose ends into belt.
3. Pull down on shoulder straps of BA until waist belt pad aligned with
hips.
4.
Check if the valve is open.
5.
Place the chin into the chin-cup of the facemask and pull the straps
over the back of the head.
6.
Adjust the facemask top strap so that the mask is at the correct level
with the face and the head-harness pad is in the center of the back of
the head.
7.
Tighten the harness straps in sequence: Bottom, Middle, Top.
Do not over tighten the straps.
13.2
Emergency Escape Breathing Device (EEBD)
An EEBD is designed to provide you with a limited amount of air to safely escape a hazardous area.
They are located on the bridge, technical spaces and workshops.(see the Fire Control and Safety
Plan)The EEBD’s on board the HLV OS are designed to provide you (with normal breathing) 15 minutes
of breathing air.
For Instruction of EEBD see LSA Manual 3.4.
14
Escape routes
All crew members must be aware what their escape routes are at all times. The escape route can be
found on the Fire control and Safety plan. The escape routes are also shown on the safety instructions
which are provided in each cabin posted on the door.
14.1 Escape route signage
Signage is posted in passageways and stairways of the vessel with an escape route marking, allowing
you to find the nearest escape / relevant muster station.
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14.1.1
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Primary escape route signage
The primary escape route is the fastest, shortest and/or easiest escape route to your muster station.
14.1.2
Secondary escape route signing
The secondary escape route provides an alternative route to the muster station. This route is marked by
means of the sign below.
In addition to the fluorescent signs, the HLV OS is fitted inside the accommodations with
plinth lighting to indicate and facilitate the way to follow to the muster stations and nearby
exit in case of blackout.
15
Fire and smoke dampers
The role of the fire and smoke dampers in fighting a fire is to eliminate the oxygen side of the fire
triangle. By closing them a space where a fire exists will be closed for oxygen supply. The fire will starve
by lack of oxygen.
Differentiation is made between Fire and Smoke dampers of the Machinery spaces and
Accommodations. One is marked by the letter M (Machinery) and green colour, the other is with the
letter A (Accommodation) and in blue. They can be closed either manually or remotely.
Fire and Smoke damper for Machinery manual
closing
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Fire and Smoke damper remote switch: Test position is for preventive
maintenance purposes.
Emergency shutdown panel for accommodations located on the
navigation bridge
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15.1 Galley Shutters
Between the galley scullery and the mess room there are two fire shutters located, which will separate
the galley and mess room.
15.1.1
How the shutters are functioning:
Inside the galley and scullery, there are two local key switches. If you want to close the shutters in a
normal way without any fire you will have to use the key switches.
In the case of a fire alarm the shutters will close automatically when the alarm has not been reset
within:
 4 minutes after activation of a smoke detector
 2 minutes after activation of a manual call point
 2 minutes after activation of a heat detector in the galley
 By manually pushing the emergency buttons outside the galley corridor
 On activation of the KS2000 system
Fire doors will automatically close upon activation of the fire alarm sounder.
15.1.2
Activating dry Sprinkler system close to the roller shutters (at both sides)
To activate the sprinkler system close by the shutters ( this is to reduce the heat at the shutters in case
of a fire inside the mess room or galley). By switching the switch at the corridor outside the galley you
will activate three sprinkler nozzles closest by the shutters, at the mess room side and the galley side.
Only operate the sprinkler system of the shutters in case there is a fire inside the galley or mess room.
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OPERATION AND USE OF FIRE DOORS
16.1 General
The fire protection for the entire accommodation area has been achieved by using exclusively noncombustible materials for all bulkheads, sides and ceilings.
16.2 Type A, B and C fire divisions
A distinction is made between division classes "A", "B" and "C".
16.2.1
“A” class divisions
Class "A" divisions are steel bulkheads and decks with the reinforcements necessary for stability, so
insulated with an approved material that they will certainly prevent the penetration of smoke and flames
for an hour (one hour fire test). The average temperature should not rise more than 180ºC above the
normal temperature, within the time listed below:
Class A-60
60 minutes
Class A-30
30 minutes
Class A-15
15 minutes
Class A-0
0 minutes
This period is appended to the type designation. A class "A-60' division for instance meets the
requirements for a period of 60 minutes.
16.2.2
“B” class divisions
"B" Class divisions are bulkheads, decks, deck heads or claddings of approved non-combustible
material, which will certainly prevent the penetration of smoke and flames for half an hour. The
maximum permissible value must not exceed 225ºC, within the time listed below:
Class B-15
15 minutes
Class B-0
0 minutes
16.2.3
“C” class divisions
Class "C" divisions must be of approved non-combustible material. For them there are no special
requirements as regards the prevention of smoke or flame penetration or as regards insulating effect.
Class "A" and "B" divisions must be approved. This applies to the division as a whole and to the
materials used.
Upon hearing the fire and emergency signal all airports, watertight doors, fire doors shall be closed.
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GENERAL FIRE SAFETY PRACTICE
Each crewmember must be aware of common fire hazards and taught how to eliminate them. Each
crewmember must be trained towards his duties in the event of fire, and must be familiar with the
means of escape from any area on board the vessel.
Oxidation is a chemical process in which a substance combines with oxygen. Rusting metal and rotting
wood are examples of slow oxidation. Fire or combustion is rapid oxidation in which a fuel turns to vapor
and mixes with oxygen at a very high rate of speed. By-products of the process are heat and flame.
A golden rule to follow when dealing with fire is:
F: FIND
I : INFORM
R: RESTRICT / RESCUE
E: EXTINGUISH
17.1 Fire triangle
An interaction between fuel, oxygen and heat is necessary to produce a fire condition as illustrated in
the fire triangle.
A fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing one of the elements in the fire triangle. If the chain
reactions is broken, the reduction in vapor and heat will put down the fire, although cooling may be
needed where smoldering or re-flash is a possibility.
Removing the fuel:
Theoretically, you could extinguish a fire by physically dragging the fuel away from the source of the
heat. While this may be rarely practical, it is often possible to move nearby sources of fuel in such way
that the fire cannot expand beyond what is already being consumed.
Fire, fueled by liquids or gases, may be possible to extinguish by cutting off the fuel supply.
Removing the oxygen:
A fire can be extinguished by removing oxygen, or by lowering the oxygen level in the air to less than
16%.
To extinguish a fire in an enclosed compartment (e.g. engine room, cargo hold) the space can be
flooded with carbon dioxide (CO2). When the CO2 enters the compartment, the percentage of oxygen in
the air will reduce below 16% and the fire extinguish.
To use this method of extinguishing, the compartment must be completely sealed to keep fresh air
outside.
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Removing the heat:
The most common method of extinguish fires, is to remove the heat. Water destroys the ability of a fire
to sustain itself by cooling the fuel and by absorbing radiant heat from the flame. The chain reaction is
indirectly attacked both on the fuel surface and at the flames. The production of vapor and radiant heat
is reduced, and continued water rill control and extinguish the fire.
However, the use of large quantities of water to fight a fire may jeopardize the stability of the vessel.
"De-watering techniques" must be commenced immediately when large quantities of water are used.
When the fire is attacked with a hose line, water must first be sprayed onto the main body of the fire to
achieve the quickest possible heat reduction. To extinguish the fire fully, water must then be applied to
the seat or base of the fire.
Breaking the chain reaction:
Breaking the chain reaction permits a fire to be extinguished rapidly.
The extinguishing agents most often used, to attack the chain reaction and stop combustion, are dry
chemicals. These agents attack the molecular structure of compounds formed during the chain reaction
and reduce the flame-producing capability of the fire.
Keep in mind that these agents do not cool a smoldering fire or a liquid whose container has been
heated above the liquid's ignition temperature. In these cases, the extinguishing agent must be
maintained on the fire until the fuel has cooled down otherwise the fire will re-ignite.
Warning: the use of water on electrical fires is not recommended. Water can create a shock hazard,
when in contact with electricity. Light water or AFFF as we have on board is save to use on 1000 volt at
a distance 1 meter. On oil fires a solid stream of water will splash the oil and spread the fire. Water fog
or Light water may be used on oil fires.
17.2 Fire classes
In firefighting, fires are identified according to the fire classes A, B, C, D and F. Each class designates
the fuel involved in the fire, and the most appropriate method of firefighting.
Fire Class
Source type
Source type examples
A
Solids
Wood, paper, textile, plastics
B
Liquids
Liquefying goods, petrol, alcohol, fat, tar, paint
C
Gases
LPG, Butane, Propane
D
Metals
Magnesium, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, sodium, potassium
F/K*
Cooking oils
Frying fat
* according US regulations
Before class E was used for electrical fires, however this class has been deleted as electricity can’t
burn, isolation of the cables can. This is then classified as class A – plastic fire.
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17.3 Spontaneous ignition
Spontaneous ignition is often overlooked as a cause of fire aboard
a ship.
For example, a rag soaked with oil or paint and thrown into the
corner of a workshop, storage area or engine room is an example
for spontaneous ignition.
The area is warm and there is no ventilation. The oil on the rag
begins to react chemically with the oxygen in the warm air around
it, which in turn produces heat. The heat causes the oil to oxidize
faster and produce still more heat. Since the heat is not drawn
away by ventilation, the heat builds up around the rag.
Finally, the rag gets hot enough to burst into flames. It then can ignite any nearby combustible
substances (other rags or stored materials) and the spreading of a fire starts.
17.4 Faulty electric circuits and equipment
For properly insulated and wired equipment, electricity is a safe and convenient source of power. When
electrical equipment wears out, is misused or is poorly wired, electrical energy can turn to heat, and fire
may be the result.
Standard home or industrial electrical equipment should not be used on board the vessel, without
approval of the Chief Electrician. This because the salt air causes corrosion and the hull can cause
erratic operation or short-circuiting, resulting in overheating or arcing in equipment or wiring and the
ignition of flammable materials nearby.
Approved marine electrical equipment is specially made for shipboard use. Given the right
maintenance, it will withstand the hard life at sea.
The insulation on electrical wiring, electric hand tools and drop lights, does
not last forever. With age and use, it can become brittle and crack. Or, it
may be rubbed-through or broken by abuse or vibration. No matter how it
happens, the result of damaged insulation is dangerous bare wire. A single
exposed wire can arc to any metal object. Two exposed wires can touch
and cause a short circuit. Either circumstance can produce enough heat to
ignite the insulation on the wiring or set fire to some other nearby material.
Further, if the fuse or circuit breaker increased the problem (circuit is
oversize), the circuit won't be broken. Instead, an increased current will flow
and the entire circuit will overheat. In time, the insulation will begin to burn
and ignite combustible material nearby.
You can avoid this type of fire by making frequent inspections, replacing wires that are obviously
defective and by using only fuses and circuit breakers of the proper size for their circuits.
The following should be kept in mind:
 Earth test and inspect wiring normally out of sight.
 Inspection of personal equipment (e.g. radios) must be performed by a competent person.
 Take faulty equipment out of service.
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Regular inspections of electrical appliances must be carried out.
Disconnect equipment not in use including radios and videos.
Allow irons and soldering irons to cool before stowing. Do not leave unattended when in use.
Renew electrical leads at the first sign of wear in the outer covering.
Do not overload power points
Do not tamper with electrical fittings or equipment.
Do not push bare wires into electric sockets.
17.5 Exposed light bulbs
An exposed light bulb can ignite combustible material by direct
contact. Numerous vessel fires have started when a crewmember
left a lamp lit in unoccupied quarters. As the ship rolled, curtains or
other combustible material came in direct contact with the hot bulb
and ignited. Crewmen should use no unauthorized lighting on
wandering leads, and should utilize guards provided with droplights. Engine room lights should be covered by vapor globes and
screens.
17.6 Engine rooms
Engine rooms are full of fire hazards. Water dripping from ruptured sea water lines can cause severe
short-circuiting and arcing in electric motors, switchboards and other exposed electrical equipment.
This, in turn can ignite insulation and nearby combustible materials.
More serious are ruptured fuel and lubrication lines above and near electrical equipment, or near hot
engine exhausts. Not insulated engine exhausts have also started fires where they come in contact with
other combustible materials.
All connections should be tight. Pipes should be arranged so they don't rub against structural members.
Drip trays should be emptied frequently, and oil accumulation in the bilges should be kept to a
minimum.
Where a hose must be used to accommodate vibration, it should be frequently inspected and replaced if
cracked brittle or otherwise damaged.
17.7 Electric motors
Faulty electric motors are prime causes of fire. Problems may result when a motor is overloaded, isn't
properly maintained or is used beyond its safe working life. Motors require regular inspection, testing,
lubrication, cleaning and ultimately replacement. Sparks and arcing may result if a winding becomes
short-circuited or grounded, or if the brushes do not operate smoothly. If a spark or an arc is strong
enough, it can ignite nearby material. Lack of lubrication may cause the motor bearings to overheat,
with the same results.
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17.8 Charging storage batteries
When storage batteries are being charged, they remit hydrogen, a highly flammable gas. A mixture of
air and between 4.1% to 74.2% hydrogen by volume can be explosive. Hydrogen is lighter than air and
will rise as it is produced. If ventilation is not provided at the highest point in the battery charging space,
the hydrogen will collect at the overhead. Then, any source of ignition can cause an explosion and fire.
17.9 Galley operations
A ship's galley is a busy, potentially dangerous place. The intense activity, the many people, the long
hours of operation and the basic hazards – open flames, rubbish and grease or soot build-up – all add
to the danger of fire.
For cooking, the most common energy source on board is electricity. All stoves
and exhaust ductwork should be well secured and insulated.
Everyone who uses the galley should know where the electricity shut-off
breaker(s) are, and the breaker(s) must be easy to get at.
The galley provides plenty of opportunities for fires caused by carelessness.
Thus, good housekeeping is a must. Used boxes, bags, paper and even leftover food should be placed in covered non-combustible refuse cans where they
cannot catch fire by e.g. being too close to a hot stove.
Grease or soot build-up in and around the range, hoods; filters and ductwork can fuel a galley fire. If the
ductwork becomes involved and there is a heavy build-up of grease or soot, the fire can spread to other
areas and decks. Thus cleanliness is a must, and it doesn't mean just cleaning the stovetop. Fixed
automatic extinguishing systems for ductwork are extremely valuable for putting out grease fires. (For
deep-fat fryers only use extinguishers containing sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate dry
chemical).
17.10 Smoking
Careless smoking is a key fire hazard. Cigarettes and matches must be properly
disposed of, in non-combustible receptacles. Ashtrays should be emptied into metal
containers with lids, not cardboard boxes used as trash containers. In hazardous areas,
smoking warnings should be posted and observed. Smoking inside the vessel is not
allowed, except at designated smoking areas.
17.11 Space heaters
Open flame heating appliances should not be used. Electric heaters or radiators must be secured
against the motion of the vessel. Heating elements must be protected so they cannot come into contact
with clothing, curtains or other flammable material. Clothing should not be left to dry unattended near a
heater or stove.
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17.12 Stowage
Space for stowage is always scarce aboard vessels, and scarcity produces another Golden Rule: a
place for everything and everything in its place.
Proper stowage is a key fire prevention measure, but only if the stowage area and method are safe to
start with. Combustible materials must be stowed away from sources of flame, arcing or heat, and in
well-ventilated areas. Combustible wastes should be discarded promptly.
On-board stowage of paints, solvents and other highly
flammable substances should be kept to a minimum.
Those carried aboard should be inspected frequently
for corrosion or damage to the containers that could
produce leakage. Spaces used for stowage of highly
flammable liquids should be vented and should have
direct access only from open decks. Such spaces
should be posted with No Smoking and No Open
Lights warnings, and no unnecessary wiring or
electrical equipment should be introduced.
Cylinders used to contain gas or other hazardous
substances (whether full or empty) should be stowed
on open decks. Valves, pressure regulators and pipes
leading from the cylinders should be protected from
damage.
Loose gear can rupture fuel lines, damage machinery and smash electrical equipment, causing shortcircuiting. In addition, it is difficult and dangerous to try regaining control of heavy equipment that has
come loose in heavy seas.
17.13 Spread of fire
If a fire is attacked quickly and effectively, it can usually be contained and extinguished. When a fire
burns freely, it will generate great amount of heat that can spread throughout the vessel and ignite new
fires wherever fuel and oxygen are present.
Additionally, the heat, flame, smoke and gases associated with fire pose many health hazards. When
fighting a fire, you should utilize all available protective clothing and respiratory equipment, and should
stay low and retreat to fresh air before you overcome.
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Heat and fire spreads in four different ways:
1. Conduction. This refers to direct heat transfer, e.g.
heat traveling along or through unprotected
steelwork (girders, deck, plating, bulkheads, etc.).
2. Convection. The spread of heat via gases, liquids,
or hot air circulating through stair well, lift shaft,
ventilation trucking, etc.
3. Radiation. Materials may be ignited when placed
too close to a source of radiated heat such as an
electric heating appliance.
4. Direct Burning. Where combustible materials give
off sufficient vapor to encourage combustion to
continue when coming into contact with naked
flame. E.g. a mattress being exposed to a lighted
cigarette.
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17.14 Unsafe hot-work practices
The high temperatures, molten metal and sparks produced in welding and cutting can be a serious fire
hazard. During these operations, vessel fires may be caused by:
1. Failure to keep watch in the work area, below the work area and on the other side of a bulkhead
that is being welded or cut.
2. Failure to move combustible materials (or to protect them if they cannot be moved).
3. Cutting near heavy concentrations of dust or of combustible vapors such as those given off by fuel
oil, lubricating oil and other flammable liquids.
4. Failure to remove flammable vapors, liquids or solids from a container, pipe or similar work piece,
or from a confined space such as a fuel tank, void, cofferdam or hold.
5. Failure to have the proper type of fire extinguisher present at the scene.
6. Failure to secure oxygen and gas cylinders in an upright position.
7. Failure to protect gas and oxygen hoses from mechanical damage, or damage from flying sparks,
slag and hot metal.
8. Failure to provide a gas shutoff valve outside a confined space.
9. Failure to remove hoses from confined spaces when the torches have been disconnected.
17.15 Good housekeeping
From the fire prevention standpoint, good housekeeping means the elimination of sources of fuel for
fire, that is, the elimination of fire "breeding grounds". Various housekeeping problem areas are listed
below. All of these can be eliminated with a little effort.
Cleaning rags and flammable wastes should be stored in covered metal containers.
Oil rags should be placed in covered metal cans and thrown away as soon as possible.
Discarded packing materials should be disposed of immediately.
Flammables should not be stored in crew quarters.
Oil soaked clothing or other flammables should never be stored in crew lockers.
Paints, varnish and so forth should be stored in the paint locker when not in use, even if you'll need
them again the next day. Containers should be inspected frequently for damage and leakage.
Leaks in fuel oil or lube oil piping, and spilled oil or grease, should be cleaned up immediately. Oil in
bilges or on floor plates should be kept to a minimum.
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Kerosene and solvents should be
stored in proper containers and in
approved spaces. The containers
should be inspected frequently for
damage and leakage.
Oil-soaked clothing should not be
worn by crewmembers.
Grease filter and hoods over galley
ranges should be cleaned regularly.
17.16
Engine room fire safety checklist
Remove sources of fuel:
 Maintain tidy stores and keep combustible packaging to a minimum.
 Use metal waste-bin with lit, separate the waste and keep these clear of other combustibles.
 Keep all bilges free of oil accumulations and ensure scuppers are clear. Avoid accumulations of
cotton waste, rags etc.
 Maintain all lube oil and fuel lines in good condition and repair leaks immediately.
 Keep purifier plate cleaning fluid receptacles covered.
Remove / Minimize sources of ignition:
 Ensure all exhaust systems are fully lagged, preferably clad externally with metal sheet.
 Ensure all electrical connections/terminals are tight and properly made.
 Ensure contact surfaces of contactors/relays are well maintained.
 Repair faulty equipment (e.g. heaters) promptly.
 Provide metal ashtrays in control rooms, and other areas where smoking is permitted.
 Adopt a strictly enforced permit to work system for all "hot work", including angle grinding.
Minimize opportunity of fire spread:
 Keep engine room tidy and prevent oil accumulations.
 Ensure all engine room door self-closers are operable and remove means of permanently securing
doors open.
 Keep all quick closing valves on fuel tanks "set" and in good working order. In the event of an
outbreak of fire involving oil, operate all valve trips to limit opportunity for continuously feeding fire
with oil.
 In the event of fire, stop forced ventilation and seal engine room boundaries.
 Properly maintain fire detection, fire extinguishing- and explosion suppression systems.
 Do not delay in using total flooding fire extinguishing system (e.g. CO2), when it is clear portable
appliances are not/will not be effective. Ensure engine room is vacated.
 Protect spaces adjacent to engine room from ignition by conduction through decks/bulkheads by
careful observation and cooling where necessary. Boundary cooling will not have any direct effect
on the fire in the engine room.
 Maintain the fire pumps and emergency generator and test regularly.
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FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURE
18.1 Sound the alarm
A delay in sounding the alarm usually allows a small fire to become a large one, so on discovery a fire
sound the alarm by breaking the glass of a manual call point.
Then contact the bridge to give the exact location of the fire, including the
compartment and deck level.
This is important for several reasons. It confirms the location of the fire for the
bridge and the fire team coordinator.
The exact location may indicate the need to shut down certain fuel, electric
and ventilation systems, and it indicates what doors and hatches must be
closed to isolate the fire.
Fire alarm signals are sounded by means of the PA / GA system. The alarm will sound continuously
until stopped from the bridge. As soon as the alarm is sounding each person shall without delay go to
their station according to the muster list and carry out the duties assigned to him. Steps shall be taken
to ensure that all persons near the scene of fire are warned and if necessary assisted to a safe position.
The first reaction when discovering a fire is usually one shock or disbelief. Without training this can lead
to actions that are instinctive and often incorrect.
Common instinctive actions are to:
 Run away leaving doors open.
 Run into the compartment without fire fighting equipment and attempt to stamp out the burning
material.
If the discoverer becomes a casualty, effectively no one has discovered the fire, which will continue to
grow and spread unchecked until someone else responds in a correct manner.
You may discover a fire anywhere by seeing, smelling or hearing it. If you do find a fire:
 Think about the procedure for raising the alarm.
 Stay calm.
Familiarity with all the fire fighting equipment and its effective and safe use in a real emergency will
save vital minutes and seconds, which can make difference between an incident and a tragedy.
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18.2 Hidden fires
Before a compartment or bulkhead door is opened to check for fire, the door should be examined.
If flames can be seen, the location of the fire is obvious. However, if only smoke is evident, the fire may
be hidden behind a bulkhead or a compartment door. If so, certain precautions must be taken.
Discolored or blistered paint indicates fire directly behind the door. Smoke puffing from cracks at door
seals or where wiring passes through the bulkhead is also an indication of fire. The bulkhead or door
should be touched with the back of a bare hand. If it is hotter than normal, it is probably hiding a fire.
Do not open a door hiding a fire until help and a charged hose line are at hand. A fire burning in a
closed compartment consumes the oxygen within that space. Opening the door will feed additional
oxygen to the fire, and usually means that the fire will grow in size with explosive force.
Flames and superheated gases are then forced out
through the door, and anyone standing in the path
could be severely burned. Therefore, before opening it,
cool the door with water and have everyone stand
clear.
18.3 Size-up
A small fire might be extinguished by the first few crewmembers to arrive. Larger fires require a
coordinated attack and efficient use of manpower and equipment (Fireman’s Outfit(s) etc.). So as soon
as the fire alarm is sounded the firefighting organization will be sized-up.
Size-up is the evaluation of the fire situation. The on-scene leader should determine:
1) The class of fire: what combustible materials are burning?
2) The appropriate extinguishing agent.
3) The appropriate method of attack.
4) How to keep the fire from spreading.
5) The required man power and fire-fighting assignments.
6) Communications.
7) Staging area.
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Communications. Communications should be established by intercom or messenger. Communications
with fire-fighting teams must be established and maintained.
Staging area. The staging area should be established in a smoke-free area, as near as possible to the
fire. An open-deck location, windward of the fire, is ideal. However, if the fire is below deck deep within
the vessel, the staging area should be located below deck. A location near an intercom, if feasible,
would be helpful in maintaining communications. However, the staging area should not be located
where it will be endangered by fire. All supplies needed to support the fire-fighting effort should be
brought to the staging area.
18.4 Attacking the fire
The attack should be started as soon as possible, to gain immediate control of the fire and to prevent or
minimize its spread. The attack will either be direct or indirect, depending on the fire situation. Direct
and indirect attacks differ widely in how they achieve extinguishment; both are efficient when properly
employed.
18.5 Direct attack
In a direct attack, firefighters advance to the immediate fire area and apply the extinguishing agent
directly into the seat of the fire. However, if heat and smoke make it impossible to locate or reach the
seat of the fire, an indirect attack should be considered.
18.6 Firefighting on the same
level
1. The pre-arranged team is
formed. Hoses fully charged.
Nozzles at “water-wall”. Ready to
open door. Lanyard attached to
door if appropriate.
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2.
Unclips door - hinged side first. Last door clip to release is the
lowest on the opposite side to hinges.
3.
In a controlled manner the door is opened sufficiently to allow
one water-wall to seal the opening.
4.
The entire team crouch low. Opens the
door. Both nozzles on water-wall
5.
Try to identify the seat of the fire. One
nozzle set to spray. The other nozzle on
water-wall. Team ready to advance and
fight the fire.
18.7 Fire fighting from above
A.
1.
2.
Hatch Entry – Non oil fire
Set nozzles to “water-wall” and 'on'.
Place them at the two corners of the
hatch on the opposite side to the
hinges.
Open the hatch sufficiently for waterwalls to seal the opening. Ensure that
the hatch cover is securely clipped
back.
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3.
Hose 1 is lowered halfway to the lower
deck and swung around to maximise
coverage.
4.
Hose 2 is lowered until it just touches
the deck.
5.
One man descends through the water-wall to the
bottom of the ladder. Whether the ladder is vertical
or sloping descend one rung at a time gripping the
stringers with the forearms.
6.
At the bottom of the ladder the fire fighter takes a
brief moment to orientate him and takes hold of the
hose, directing the water-wall to the front.
7.
He then steps to one side of the ladder (which side
has been prearranged). Crouching low he awaits
the arrival of other team member(s).
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8.
A second fire fighter prepares to descend. When
shoulders are level with hatch coaming he raises
his arm.
9.
The hose is passed over his shoulder and back
under his armpit so that the water-wall is at his
back. The fire fighter grips the hose with his arm
and descends.
10. The descending fire fighter is protected by his own
water-wall.
11. At the bottom of the ladder the second fire fighter
takes a brief moment to orientate himself and rearranges his hose with the nozzle to his front. The
second fire fighter has now joined the first.
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12. If available a third person prepares to descend
without a hose. He orientates himself at the
bottom of the ladder and positions himself
behind and between the other two fire fighters.
13. The two or three fire fighters stay together
working towards the seat of the fire. One nozzle
will be on spray and the other on water-wall.
B. Hatch Entry - Oil fire
1. Prepare and charge two hoses to
deliver water and prepare another to
deliver foam. Set the water nozzles
to “water-wall” and “on”. Place them
at the two comers of the hatch on
the opposite side to the hinges.
2. Open the hatch sufficiently for water-walls to seal the
opening. Ensure that the hatch cover is securely clipped
back.
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3. Open the hatch sufficiently for water-walls to seal the
opening. Ensure that the hatch cover is securely clipped
back.
4. Commence production of foam away from the fire, and then
fight the fire through the water-walls.
5. A fire fighter prepares to descend. When shoulders are level
with hatch coaming he raises his arm. The hose is passed
over his shoulder and back under his armpit so that the
water-wall is at his back. The fire fighter grips the hose with
his arm and descends through the water-wall and protected
by his own water-wall also.
6. At the bottom of the ladder the fire fighter takes a brief
moment to orientate him and takes hold of the hose,
directing the water-wall to the front.
7. He then steps to one side of the ladder (which side has been prearranged). Crouching low he
awaits the arrival of other team members.
8. A second fire fighter descends in a similar manner with the foam branch pipe gripped under his arm
and pointed downwards.
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9. At the foot of the ladder he joins the first fire fighter. If a
third fire fighter is to enter the incident the first two await
his arrival.
10. If available a third person prepares to descend through
the water-wall, but without a hose. At the foot of the
ladder he orientates himself and joins the others.
Maintaining contact with the other two and positioning
himself behind and between them, the third fire fighter
directs the second to deliver foam through the waterwall of the first. Care should be taken to ensure that the
water does not break down the foam blanket.
18.8 Indirect attack
An indirect attack is employed when it is impossible for firefighters to reach the seat of the fire.
Generally this is the case when the fire is in the lower portions of the vessel. The success of an indirect
attack depends on the complete containment of the fire.
One technique involves making a small opening into the fire space, inserting a fire hose nozzle and
injecting a water spray. Heat converts the water spray to steam which acts as a smothering agent. For
this method to work the space must be completely sealed and the fire hot enough to convent the water
to steam.
Another indirect method is to flood the space with carbon dioxide. Here too, the space must be
completely sealed.
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18.9 Ventilation
Ventilation is the action taken to release combustion products trapped within the vessel and vent them
outside the ship. Most fire fatalities result from asphyxiation by combustion gases or lack of oxygen
rather than burning. However, ventilation is only used when a direct attack is made on a fire. During an
indirect attack the fire area must be kept as airtight as possible to keep oxygen out and the
extinguishing agent in.
18.10
Preventing fire spread
If a fire can be prevented from spreading beyond the space in which it originated, it can usually be
controlled and extinguished without extensive damage. To do this, the fire must be virtually surrounded
on six sides: firefighters with hose lines or portable extinguishers must be positioned to cover the flanks
and the spaces above and below the fire. The possibility of the fire traveling through the venting system
must also be considered.
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18.11
WORK STANDARD
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Overhaul
Overhaul is begun after the main body of the fire is out. It is actually a combination of two procedures:
examination and cleanup.
The purpose of the examination is to find and extinguish hidden fire and hot embers, and to determine if
the fire has spread to other parts of the vessel. At the same time debris should be cleaned up and free
water removed. Any unsafe condition should be corrected. For example, hanging lagging should be
removed, hanging wires should be secured, and all debris should be removed to make the fire area as
safe as possible.
18.12
De-watering
Free water can impair the stability of a vessel. Every effort should be made to limit the accumulation of
water in large compartments and cargo holds. The efforts should begin with the use of water in methods
that produce maximum cooling with minimum quantities of water, for example, preference should be
given to water spray over solid streams. As soon as water is used for extinguishment, de-watering
procedures should commence.
18.13
When the fire is out
Before a fire can be considered out, the on-scene leader must ensure that certain essential steps have
been taken. These include:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
A thorough examination of the fire area to ensure that all potential paths of fire spread have been
examined.
All smoke and combustion gases have been removed through ventilation.
A reflash watch has been established. Crewmembers must be assigned to do nothing but check for
re-ignition, and to sound the alarm if it occurs.
An examination has been made to see if the vessel has been damaged by the fire. High
temperatures can cause decks, bulkheads and other structural members to warp or become
structurally unsound.
Any necessary dewatering procedures have been started.
A muster has been conducted to account for all personnel.
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18.14
The search
18.14.1
Guide lines.
These may be used if available and on the instruction of the officer in charge. They might be considered
unnecessary where hoses or lifelines form a traceable route, but may be essential in the absence of any
other means of tracing the exit.
18.14.2
Moving Around.
In smoke or other conditions restricting visibility it’s necessary to work by touch. Because of the situation
there is a very real possibility that the searchers will become casualties themselves, so it is important to
be practised in some simple but effective search techniques.

Shuffle the feet: don't walk. The weight of the body should be placed on the near foot until the front
foot has tested that it is safe to move forward. This is done by pushing the foot along the deck and
probing. If safe to do so bring the rear foot up to the front foot and commence the next advance. The
feet should not be lifted from the deck, nor should they cross (i.e. the front foot always stays as the front
foot). Sliding the foot forward rather than lifting will help detect obstructions and dangers such as
projecting nails, stairs, fallen items, etc.

The searcher should hold a free hand 30-40 cm in front or his face, slightly cupped with palm
towards himself. As he advances he slowly moves his hand up and down to ensure that neither head
nor face strike an obstruction. It is important that the back of the hand is forward so that should he
contact some sharp, hot or electrically live object there is a tendency for the hand to re-coil from, rather
than grasp the object.

In smoke the air will be coolest near the floor and it will sometimes be beneficial to crawl to avoid
excessive heat when crawling forward raise the free hand in front of you. For the reasons described
above the hand should be slightly clenched and with the back uppermost. From a low, relatively smoke
free, position it is sometimes possible to detect the fire glow which has been obscured when standing
upright.

When descending stairs proceed backwards. This will shield the face from heat and allow a more
secure hand hold.
Smoke Behaviour, It may be difficult to determine the seat of a fire merely from the presence of smoke.
Smoke may travel a considerable distance from the source and its presence may not necessarily
indicate where the fire is seated. Neither is the volume of smoke always a true guide to the size of the
fire.
Smoke rises (e.g. up lift shafts, stairwells, etc). when heated and sinks as it cools. It will rise until it
meets a deck head or other obstruction when it will spread sideways (mushroom).
18.14.3
Heat Characteristics.
Usually the temperature increases as the seat of the fire is approached, although in the immediate
vicinity of the fire an inrush of air (to feed the fire) may be felt. Cautiously feeling bulkheads, decks,
doors, etc for heat is a reliable guide to determining the direction in which the fire seat lays. Watch also
for blistering paint and distorted plastic mouldings and fittings.
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18.14.4
WORK STANDARD
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Doors and Openings.
When searching for a fire, doors which are left open may cause extra draught and so result in the fire
spreading. After passing through a doorway the BA wearer should, close the door as far as hoses and
lines permit unless his intention is to carry out ventilation control. If it is decided to secure a swing door
in the open position it should be wedged so that it is open into the room and not onto the alleyway or
staircase.
18.14.5
Disorientated in Smoke.
There is an elevated possibility of getting "lost" in smoke, even in a compartment with which, in other
circumstances, the searcher may be familiar.

If possible use personnel who are familiar with the area being searched.

Take note of any features which will assist in retracing the route to safety.

Use a hose or life line to retrace a route, but “shuffle” and proceed cautiously as described above.
Remember hoses and lifelines may take a route that is more direct, such as across stairwells, than it is
possible to walk.

Guidelines will provide a more reliable guide.
If lost in a space make for a bulkhead and then follow it in a continuous direction until a door is found.
Sounds may be a guide as to the whereabouts of an exit
If it is suspected that a fire fighter is lost in smoke, it may be possible to indicate the location of an exit
by standing close to it and giving a series of hand claps.
18.14.6
Search Patterns
When looking for persons the search should be methodical and in accordance with a pre-determined
pattern. The search may follow either a "right hand” or "left land pattern”; that is the searchers
investigate a compartment by moving continuously and methodically in one direction, either to the right
or left. Circulate the area or compartment around the perimeter or bulkhead back to the commencement
or entry point. Where possible search in pairs: one man uses the back of his gloved hand to maintain
contact with the bulkhead or perimeter; the second adds width to the search by walking abreast of the
first and maintains contact with him by, placing his hand on the shoulder. The free hand of each
searcher is held in front, slightly cupped with palm towards him, as he advances he slowly moves his
hand up and down to ensure that neither head nor face strike an obstruction. The searchers should
progress by shuffling their feet as previously described In larger spaces the searchers may add more
width and keep contact by tying a short length of rope between them.
Normally the search should commence at the point of greatest danger so that the searchers are nearest
fresh air and safety at the end of the search. Pay attention to doors and openings so that they are not
passed without completing the search of each compartment and alcove. Trapped persons often seem to
take refuge in wardrobes, cupboards and recesses - make sure that these are not overlooked.
However, when searchers are wearing lifelines this approach may not be practical in larger spaces
enveloped in thick smoke. In this situation there may be a danger of the searchers becoming
disorientated. Even hoses may not assist if they become coiled round or cross other hoses.
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