1
)
o):
n
no
phân li hoàn toàn thành ion.
= 1.
< 1.
Chú ý
VD1: HCl
".
H+ + Cl–
Ba(OH)2
".
NaCl
Ba2+ + 2OH–
VD2: CH3COOH
Mg(OH)2
CH3COO– + H+
Mg2+ + 2OH–
Na+ + Cl–
21
li ra H+.
VD3: HCl, H2SO4, ...
li ra OH–.
li ra H+ và OH–.
VD4: NaOH, Ca(OH)2, ... VD5: Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, ...
1
proton (H+).
+).
(H+).
+ Các axit theo quan
tính: Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2…
–
3 ,
2+,
Zn2+,
Al3+,
2–,
CO32–,
NH4+…
PO43–, CH3COO–…
A + H2O
H3O+
HSO3–, HS–, HPO42–…
4)2CO3…
n
B+
B + H2O
[B].[H ]
[A]
Ka
Kb
A + OH–
[A].[OH ]
[B]
– Kb
– Ka
b
a
– Kb
– Ka
–
+
4
–
VD6: NaCl, Al2(SO4)3, Na2CO3…
ion H+.
2HPO3, NaH2PO2 là các VD7: NaHCO , K HPO , KHSO …
3
2
4
4
CaOCl2…
2
1
(A
(B
(C
(D
2
(A) CH4.
(B) C2H5OH.
(C) HCl.
(D) C6H6.
3
không
(A) H2SO4.
Chú ý
(B) KOH.
(C) C2H5OH.
4
(D) AgNO3.
KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, C2H5OH,
C12H22O11
3COOH,
Ca(OH)2, CH3COONH4
– CH3COONH4
– KAl(SO4)2.12H2
A) 3.
B) 4.
C) 5.
5
(A) NaCl, AgCl, KOH.
D) 2.
(B) H2SO3, NaOH, BaCl2.
(C) KNO3, Ba(OH)2, HCl.
(D) H2SO4, Cu(OH)2, AgNO3.
6
(A) 3.
3,
(B) 4.
(C) 5.
AgBr, BaSO3, CuSO4, HNO3.
(D) 6.
7
(A) H2O, CH3COOH, CuSO4, NH3.
(B) CH3COOH, NaNO3, NH3.
(C) H2O, Ba(OH)2, NaNO3, CuSO4.
(D) H2O, CH3COOH, NH3.
8
(A) KNO3, PbCl2, Ca(HCO3)2, Na2S, NH4Cl.
(B) KNO3, HClO4, Ca3(PO4)2, Na2CO3, CuSO4.
(C) KHSO4, HClO4, Na2S, CH3COONa, NH4Cl.
(D) KOH, HClO4, NaHSO4, Ca(HCO3)2, NH3.
3
9
(A) H2SO4
H+ + SO42–.
(B) H2SO4
2H+ + HSO4–.
(C) H2SO4
H+ + 2SO42–.
(D) H2SO4
2H+ + SO42–.
Na+ + O2–.
(B) KOH
A
(A) NaOH
Ca2+ + OH–.
(C) Ca(OH)2
Na+ + OH–.
(D) Ca(OH)2
B
Ca2+ + 2OH–.
không
Na+ + Cl–.
(A) NaCl
(C) Na2SO4
Ca2+ + SO42–.
(B) CaSO4
2Na+ + SO42–.
Ca2+ + 2Cl–.
(D) CaCl2
C
(A) NaOH
Na+ + Cl–.
(B) Na2SO4
(C) BaSO4
Ba2+ + SO42–.
(D) NaCl
D
(A
(B
(C
(D
E
(A) 0 <
(C) 0 <
2Na+ + SO42–.
Na+ + Cl–.
là
là
< 1.
< 100.
F
CH3
(A
(C
G
axit?
(A) HCl.
(B) 0
(D) 0
1.
100.
3
(B
(D
không
(B) HNO3.
(C) CH4.
(D) H2SO4.
H
(A) NaOH.
(C) C6H5OH.
(B) Ca(OH)2.
(D) KOH.
4
I
(A) NaOH.
(C) Al(OH)3.
(B) Mg(OH)2.
(D) Cu(OH)2.
J
(A) Al(OH)3.
(C) Pb(OH)2.
Chú ý
+
CH3COOH
CH3
–
3COO .
CH3COO–
axit CH3COOH.
không
(B) Zn(OH)2.
(D) Cu(OH)2.
K
(A
(C
(B
(D
L
(A
(C
(B
(D
CH3COO– + H+
M
(A) S.
2SO3
(C) SO32–.
(B) SO2.
N
(A) Zn.
là
2
(D) SO3.
là
(B) ZnO.
(C) Zn2+.
(D) ZnCl2.
(B) S2–.
(C) Cu2+.
(D) Al3+.
(B) S2–.
(C) Al3+.
(D) SO32–.
O
(A) Cl–.
P
(A) CO32–.
Q
(A) HCl, H2SO4, H2CO3, CO32–.
(B) NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)2, Mg2+.
(C) HNO3, HCOOH, Mg2+.
(D) Al3+, Zn2+, CO32–.
R
(A) Fe2+.
(B) Fe3+.
(C) HS–.
S
(A) 2.
–
3 ,
(B) 1.
(C) 5.
(D) Cl–.
H2PO4–, PO43–, NH3, S2–, HPO42–.
(D) 3.
5
T
HNO2, HCOOH.
a
U
b
–
2 ,
CH3COO–, HCOO–.
V
(A
(B
(C
(D
W
(A
(B
(C
(D
a
a
a
a
b
[NH3]> Kb [Mg(OH)2
2.
3
2.
3
3.
2
3
2.
6
)
o):
n
hay
no
C
C0
– C0
< 1.
VD8:
3COOH
3
3COOH
3COOH
– Vì 0 <
2
100
là
0, 02.
< 1 nên CH3
VD9:
li
+
3
PT phân li: CH3COOH ↽ ⇀ CH3COO– + H+
3COOH]phân li =
3COOH
[H+] = 0,004 M.
1 M là
0, 004
1
0, 004
VD10:
a. HCl 0,5 M.
b. Ba(NO3)2 1 M.
Vì HCl, Ba(NO3)2 và Al2(SO4)3
HCl 0,5 M.
PT phân li: HCl
= 1.
H+ + Cl–
(1)
+]
= [Cl–] = [HCl] = 0,5 M.
Ba(NO3)2 1 M.
PT phân li: Ba(NO3)2
Ba2+ + 2NO3–
2+]
(2)
= [Ba(NO3)2] = 1 M.
[NO3–] = 2 [Ba(NO3)2] = 2 M.
7
VD11:
CH3COO– và H+ trong dung
= 0,02.
3COOH,
3
C
C0
C = .C0
3
PT phân li.
CH3COOH ↽ ⇀ CH3COO– + H+
Phân li:
0,001
0,001
0,001
3COOH
0,05 M là
[CH3COOH] = 0,049 M
[CH3COO–] = 0,001 M.
[H+]
= 0,001 M.
X
a. NaCl 0,4 M.
c. FeSO4 1,2 M.
e. Ba(OH)2 0,25 M.
b. CaCl2 0,5 M.
d. H2SO4 0,15 M.
f. Na3PO4 0,03 M.
Y
= 0,05.
= 0,01.
= 0,04.
b. CH3
Z
H+ là 4,08.10–4
(A
(C
+
3
= 0,0108.
= 0,0408.
(B
(D
là 0,004 M. Khi pha
= 0,0408.
= 0,0108.
8
Câu
1
C
Câu
D
B
Câu
P
C
2
C
E
B
Q
C
3
C
F
A
R
C
4
B
G
C
S
D
5
C
H
C
T
6
C
I
C
U
7
D
J
D
V
B
8
C
K
B
W
A
9
D
L
A
X
A
D
M
C
Y
B
B
N
C
Z
C
C
O
B
T Ka (HClO) =
[ClO ].[H ]
[HClO]
Ka (HCOOH) =
U Kb (NO2-) =
[NO2 ].[H ]
[HNO2 ]
[HCOO ].[H ]
[HCOOH]
[HNO2 ].[OH ]
Kb (CH3COO-) =
Ka (HNO2) =
C
[NO2 ]
Kb (HCOO-) =
[HCOOH].[OH ]
[HCOO ]
[CH3COOH].[OH ]
[CH3COO ]
X a. [Na+] = [Cl-] = 0,4 M.
b. [Ca2+] = 0,5 M; [Cl-] = 1 M.
c. [Fe2+] = 1,2 M; [SO42-] = 1,2 M.
d. [H+] = 0,3 M; [SO42-] = 0,15 M.
e. [Ba2+] = 0,25 M; [OH-] = 0,5 M.
f.
[Na+] = 0,09 M; [PO43-] = 0,03 M.
Y a. [H+] = [HCOO-] = 0,02 M.
b. [H+] = [CH3COO-] = 2,5.10-3 M.
c. [H+] = [HCOO-] = 4.10-3 M.
9