Name:
Living Environment Final Review
1: How are materials transported throughout the cell? Explain why.
Materials are transported throughout the cell within the Cytoplasm.
2: Put the following terms in order from largest to smallest:
Organ, Tissues, Organ System, Cells
Organ System, Organs, Tissues, Cells,
3: A) What are the three parts of the Cell Theory?
1: All cells come from preexisting cells
2: Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
3: All living things are made up of cells
B) What are the exceptions to the Cell Theory?
1: The first cell did not come from a preexisting cell
2: Mitochondria and Chloroplast have their own DNA
3: Viruses are not made up of cells.
4: Explain the function of the following organelles:
a) Cell Membrane: Regulate the flow of molecules into and out of the cell.
b) Nucleus: Controls all of the cellular activities
c) Cytoplasm: Gel like fluid in which organelles are suspended/floating
d) Ribosome: Creates proteins
e) Mitochondria: Where aerobic cellular respiration occurs. Creates energy
(ATP) from glucose
f)
Chloroplast: Where photosynthesis occurs
g) Centrioles: Only in animal cells. Create spindle fibers used in cell division
h) Vacuoles: Sacs that carry water or waste. Central vacuole in the plant cell
helps keep the cell's structure.
i)
Golgi body: Packages and sends proteins to the ER
j)
Cell wall: Only in plant cells, keeps the cells structure
k) Lysosomes: Contains digestive enzymes which break down old and worn
cell parts.
5: Using the words, mRNA, DNA, tRNA, amino acids, ribosome and peptide bonds, explain the
difference between Transcription and Translation.
Transcription: DNA unwinds and separates, the DNA strands are then copied into
complementary mRNA strands. THIS HAPPENS IN THE NUCLEUS
Translation: mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome.tRNA reads the
message encoded in the mRNA and brings the corresponding amino acids to the
ribosomes.
Peptide bonds are formed between amino acids in order to form a protein.
6: State two differences between plant cells and animal cells. Why are they different?
Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts while animal cells do not. Animal cells have
centrioles and plant cells do not.
Refer to the Diagram below to answer questions 7 and 8
7:
a) Label 8 organelles in the diagram above.
See completed diagram above
b) What is the organelle labeled A?
The Nucleus
c) What does it contain?
The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA)
d) What is its function?
The nucleus controls and regulates all of the cell’s activities
8: Write the name of the organelle labeled B and Describe its function:
Golgi body, it packages and sends proteins to the ER
9: What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
Organic compounds contain both Carbon and Hydrogen. Inorganic compounds DO NOT
contain both Carbon and Hydrogen
10: State 2 factors that can affect enzyme activity. Explain why.
Temperature and pH level. A higher temperature can denature the enzyme (break down
the enzyme) and cause it to lose its function. A low pH can also cause the enzyme to
denature and lose it’s function.
The graph below shows the activity of the enzyme, Amylase, at different temperatures:
11: At which temperature does Amylase work best?
Around 30-32 degrees Celsius
12: Why do you think the activity of Amylase decreases from 35 degrees C to 80 degrees C?
The temperature was too high and it caused the enzyme to denature.
13: a) The shape of a protein determines its: Function
b) What determines the shape of a protein?
The pattern of amino acids determines a protein's function.
The diagram below shows a chemical reaction:
14: a)What is the name of this process? How do you know?
Dehydration synthesis, because a water molecule is being removed or lost and two
smaller molecules are combining to form a bigger molecule.
b) What type of molecule would affect the rate of this reaction?
An enzyme would affect this rate of reaction
15: List 4 organic compounds and its building blocks:
a) Carbohydrates- Simple sugars
b) Proteins- Amino acids
c) Lipids: Three fatty acids and one glycerol
d) Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)- Nucleotides
16: Explain the process of diffusion.
Diffusion is when a molecule goes from an area of higher concentration to lower
concentration.
17: Give examples of each organic compound:
a) Carbohydrates
Glucose, Starch, Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose, Galactose, etc.
b) Proteins
Enzymes, Hemoglobin, Keratin, etc
c) Lipids
Fats, Oils, Waxes,
d) Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
18: Explain how the following systems work together:
a) Digestive and Circulatory
The digestive system breaks down nutrients and the circulatory system distributes those
nutrients throughout the body.
b) Respiratory and Excretory
The respiratory system takes in (inhales) Oxygen. The excretory system helps the waste
products of carbon dioxide and water vapor be exhaled.
c) Digestive and Respiratory
The respiratory system helps take in oxygen, the digestive system needs that oxygen in
order create energy needed to break down food into nutrients.
d) Muscular and Skeletal
The skeletal system gives the body shape and structure, the muscles on the muscular system
attach to bones and pull on them in order to create motion
e) Nervous and Endocrine
The nervous system and the endocrine system work together to maintain homeostasis in
the body. They nervous system interacts with the endocrine system and can tell it to
release certain hormones.
19: Compare and contrast ligaments and tendons.
Ligaments are connective tissue which connect bones to other bones
Tendons are connective tissue that attach muscle to bone.
20: a) Label the organs in the following diagram
b) State the function of each organ
A: Mouth: allows for chemical digestive (saliva coating food) and mechanical digestion
(chewing food)
B: Pharynx: Allows for the passage of food from the mouth into the esophagus.
C: Esophagus: Large tube which connects the mouth to the stomach. Allows for the
passage of food from the mouth to the stomach.
D: Stomach: J-shaped pouch. This is where food is broken down into nutrients
E: Small Intestine: Contains villi which allow for the absorption of nutrients
F: Large Intestine: Allows for the absorption of water
G: Rectum: Site where stool is compacted
H: Anus: Allows for the passage of stool
I: Salivary glands: Produce saliva
21: On the diagram below, label the 3 different types of blood vessels AND state the function of
each.
23: Label the following on the diagram below: aorta, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, right
ventricle, left ventricle, right atrium, left atrium, valve, septum.
24: What is the function of a valve in the heart?
Prevents the backflow of blood, prevents blood from flowing back into the previous
chamber.
25: On the diagram below
a) Label the red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet
b) Explain the function of each
c) Explain where they are produced
d) Explain the role of plasma
b) Red blood cells carry oxygen
White blood cells protect the body against pathogens
Plasma carries salt, water, and enzymes. It allows blood to flow throughout the
body
Platelets allow for the clotting of blood.
c) They are produced in the bone marrow (Endoskeleton)
d) Plasma allows blood to flow and carries enzymes, salt, and water.
26: Explain the difference between phagocytes and lymphocytes.
Lymphocytes generate a specific immune response against a pathogen
Phagocytes generate the same immune response for every pathogen
27:
a) What is peristalsis and where does it occur in the digestive system?
Peristalsis is the wave like contractions of muscles that help move food down/through
the digestive system
Peristalsis occurs in the esophagus and the small intestine.
b) Explain the following disorders of the digestive system:
i)
Ulcer- A sore on the lining of the stomach, can be caused by too much
stomach acid.
ii)
Gallstones- A hardened deposit of bile in the gallstone. This can block the
bile ducts and prevent the flow of bile, it also causes extreme pain.
28: Fill in the labels of the heart diagram below:
A: Left Atrium
B: Left Ventricle
C: Right Ventricle
D: Right Atrium
29: Describe the path that blood takes through the heart.
Vena cavas ----> Right atrium ---->through tricuspid valve ----> right ventricle -----> exits
right ventricle through pulmonary valve and goes to the pulmonary artery ----> blood
goes to the blood where gas exchange occurs -----> blood enters back into the heart
through the pulmonary veins -----> enters the left atrium ----> goes through mortal valve
-----> right ventricle ----->exits through semilunar valve -----aorta ------ blood distributed
throughout the body.
30: Describe the path that air takes as it travels through the respiratory system using the
diagram below:
Air enters through the mouth and nasal cavities, travels down the trachea and into the
brochi, then the air goes into the brochioles and eventually into the alveoli
31: Where does gas exchange take place?
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. Blood gives the alveoli Carbon dioxide and the
alveoli give the blood oxygen
32: Define dynamic equilibrium:
Dynamic equilibrium refers to homeostasis. Homeostasis is a stable internal
environment.
34: Give an example of how the body maintains dynamic equilibrium.
Getting rid of waste through the excretory system so that it doesn’t build up.
35: Define the following terms:
a) Sensory Neuron - Transmits an impulse from a receptor. Sensory neurons will
receive a stimuli and transmit it to the nervous system/brain
b) Motor Neuron- Transmits an impulse from the spinal cord or brain to a muscle.
c) Interneuron- Transmits impulses between sensory and motor neurons
36:
a) Using the terms defined above, describe the path does a nerve impulse follows
Sensory Neuron ---> Interneuron ----> Motor Neuron
b) Explain the importance of protein receptors
Protein receptors are located on the cell membrane. Protein receptors bind substrates
and can allow for the passage of materials through the cell membrane.
37: What is a reflex?
A reflex is an involuntary response to a stimulus
38: Label each phase in Mitosis on the diagram below. Then, explain what happens during each
stages of Mitosis:
A: Telophase
B: Metaphase
C: Prophase
D: Anaphase
a) InterphaseCell prepares for cell division, DNA is duplicated
b) ProphaseNuclear envelope/membrane disintegrates and the chromosomes start to condense.
Spindle fibers are formed.
c) Metaphase
Spindle fibers attach to the centromere of the chromosomes and bring them to the
middle of the cell
d) Anaphase: Spindle fibers pull chromosomes to the opposite sides of the cell
e) Telophase
Pinching in of the cell membrane occurs
f)
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm to create two new daughter cells
39:
a) What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?
Mitosis produces daughter cells that have a full set (diploid) of chromosomes. Meiosis
produces daughter cells that have half (haploid) the amount of chromosomes.
Mitosis happens during Asexual reproduction, Meiosis happens during Sexual
reproduction
b) Explain what happens when cells divide out of control.
Cancer occurs and tumors start to form.
40:
a) Label the diagram below
b) Explain what happens during pollination
c) Explain the difference between cross pollination and self pollination.
1: Cuticle
2: Upper Epidermis
3: Palisade cells
4: Spongy cells
5: Xylem
6:Phloem
7: Lower Epidermis
8: Guard Cells
9: Stoma
b) Pollen from the anther (male part) of the flower are transferred to the stigma (female)
part of the flower.
c) Cross pollination is when one flower pollinates a different flower. Self pollination is
when a plant pollinates itself.
41:
a) Label the parts of a flower: See labeled diagram
b) What happens during pollination?
See above
c) What is the difference between cross pollination and self pollination? See above
42: What is the difference between active and passive transport?
Active transport requires energy. It happens when molecules are moving from a
LOWER concentration to a HIGHER concentration or when a molecule is TOO BIG to fit
through the cell membrane
Passive transport does NOT require energy, It occurs when molecules are moving
from an area of HIGHER concentration to LOWER concentration. It also occurs with
smaller molecules than CAN fit through the cell membrane
43:
a) Label the diagram below:
b) Explaining the function of each part labeled above.
Fallopian tubes: are where fertilization occurs
Ovaries: where eggs are produced as well as estrogen and progesterone
Cervix: connects the vagina to the uterus
Vagina: pathway that fetus takes when it exits the uterus
44:
a) What is the role of Estrogen in the female reproductive system?
Estrogen allows for the development of secondary sex characteristics (puberty)
Regulates the menstrual cycle
b) What is the role of Progesterone?
Prepares the uterus for pregnancy, helps regulate the menstrual cycle
45:
a) Label the diagram below:
P- Placenta
Q- Umbilical cord
R: Amniotic fluid
S: Amniotic sac
b) What is the function of the placenta?
The placenta allows for the exchange of gasses and nurtients between the fetus and the
mother without their blood mixing
46: Explain the relationship between hormones and glands.
Glands produce hormones
47:
a) Explain negative feedback mechanism?
Negative feedback is when the product of the system leads to a decrease in that reaction
b) How does the body regulate the level of sugar in the bloodstream?
The production of insulin and glucagon by the pancreas
48: Arrange the events in chronological order:
Fertilization, Cell Division, Gamete Formation
Gamete Formation (Egg and Sperm) -----> Fertilization (Zygote) -----> Cell Division
(Embryo)
49: What is an allele?
An allele is a different form of a gene
50: What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Phenotype refers to your physical characteristics (what you look like)
Genotype refers to the actual alleles you have for a trait
51: In pea plants, the allele for purple flower color (P) is dominant over the allele for white (p)
flower color. If two heterozygous plants are crossed (Pp x Pp) what percentage of the offspring
would have white flowers?
52: What are the three differences between DNA and RNA?
RNA = Single stranded, has ribose sugar, and has the base uracil
DNA= Double stranded, has deoxyribose sugar, has the base thymine
53: Determine the corresponding RNA and amino acid sequence from the DNA sequence
below: The codon chart is provided below
a) DNA: A A C G A T T A G
b) RNA: UUG CUA AUC
c) Amino acids: Leu, Leu, Ile
55
54: Explain the importance of cellular respiration. Where does it take place?
Cellular respiration allows for the production of energy and for the cells to perform their
functions. Aerobic cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria
55: Why is a restriction enzyme important?
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites. This is important when comparing DNA samples
using Gel Electrophoresis
56: What is an immune response?
An immune response is when your immune cells (white blood cells/antibodies) attack a
pathogen. It is how your body recognizes and defends itself against viruses
57: Explain the role of immunosuppressant drugs.
Immunosuppressant drugs lower or block an immune response to an antigen. They are
used during organ transplants so that the patient’s immune system doesn’t attacked the
transplanted organ
58: What is a vaccine?
A vaccine is a weakened or dead pathogen or virus. It helps the body create antibodies against
that pathogen or virus.
59: Fill in the chart:
Blood
Type
Antigen on
__Surface_____
Antibody found in
the Blood
A
A
Anti- B
B
B
Anti- A
AB
A and B
None
O
None
Anti- A and Anti B
60: What are allergies?
Allergies are when the immune system creates an immune response against a normally
harmless antigen/substance.
61: Label the diagram below and state the function of each organ:
Pituitary Gland: Called the master gland. It regulates the activity of all the other glands in
the body
Thyroid Gland: Regulates metabolism
Parathyroid Gland: Regulates the release of calcium by the bones into the bloodstream
Thymus: Regulates the immune system and produces immune cells
Adrenal Glands: Produce adrenaline. Help regulate the body’s fight or flight response
Pancreas: Regulates blood sugar level by producing insulin and glucagon
Ovaries: Produce eggs as well as the hormones estrogen and progesterone
Testes: Produce sperm as well as testosterone
62: Explain the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction involves two parents. The offspring are not genetically identical to
their parents
Asexual reproduction involves one parent, the offspring are genetically identical to the
parent
63: Label the diagram below and state the function of each part:
A: Bladder, storage of urine
B: Vas deferens, allows the travel of mature sperm through the urethra
C:Urethra: Excretes urine as well as semen
D: Penis: allows for sexual reproduction
E: Testicals, Stores and creates sperm, makes testosterone
64: Explain the relationship between chromosomes and genes.
Chromosomes contain genes
65:
a) What is genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering is the modification or manipulation of DNA in order to create a
desired trait.
b) What is cloning?
Cloning the the creation of a genetically identical copy of an organism
c) What are the advantages of genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering allows you to modify a gene to create a desired trait.
66: Explain the process of natural selection using the following terms: struggle for survival,
survival of the fittest, overproduction, variation and new species.
Natural selection involves the struggle for survival of organisms. Organisms will
compete for resources as well as habitat space. This leads to the survival of the fittest,
which means that only the organisms that are the most well adapted to an environment
and can more successfully obtain resources and habitat space will survive and
reproduce. Overproduction can cause too much of a species in a single area so only the
species that have an advantage will survive. Variation within a species can cause one
organism to be better adapted to its environment than another organism. Eventually
variation will lead to the formation of a new species.
67: What is the driving force behind natural selection? Changes that occur in the
environment
68: Explain the diagram below:
The following diagram represents ecological succession, The organisms in picture
number 5 are pioneer organisms that modify and change the ecosystem/environment so
that the organisms in pictures 6 through 8 can grow
69: Explain the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration.
Photosynthesis uses sunlight and oxygen to create glucose. Respiration uses glucose to
create energy in the form of ATP
70:
a) What is the cause of the depletion of the ozone layer?
The use of CFCs, refrigerants, and aerosols are the cause of the depletion of the ozone
layer
b) What are the effects of ozone depletion?
The increase of UV radiation. More people are getting skin cancer as a result of increased
UV radiation