Some selected Reference Equations for your use: Voltage & Current dividers : (Resistors shown, but equally valid for impedances Z) + I Ra V - + Rb Ra Rb Vb = V. Ra+Rb - Rb Ib = I . Ra Ra+Rb I CURRENT-DIVISION RULE VOLTAGE-DIVISION RULE A jB (A jB )( C - jD ) C jD C2 D2 General Thévenin Equivalent Circuit (TEC) : VT = Vab (OC) , i.e. the voltage across terminals a-b with the load impedance removed. ZT = Zab („dead‟), i.e. the impedance between the terminals a-b with the load impedance removed and with all source values set to zero (= sources “killed”) . For Maximum power transfer: ZL = ZT* where ZT* is the complex conjugate of ZT. When ZL = ZT* is satisfied, Pmax = (VT)2 / 4RT where RT is the real part of ZT Impedances: (radians/sec)= 2f(Hz), ZR = R 0o , ZL = jL = L +90o ZC = 1/jC = - j /C = (1/C) -90o. Combinations of impedances follow the rules used for resistors. Transformers: Voltage & Current transformations: Vp/Vs = Np/Ns = Is /Ip where Np & Ns are the number of turns on the primary & secondary, respectively. Impedance transformation : Zp = (Np/Ns)2 Zs Power: DC Power calculations: PR = I V = I2 R = V2 / R AC Power: Real or Average Power P = VI cos (Watts), where VI is the „apparent power‟(in volt-amps) and is the phase angle between V & I P= I2 Re Z where I = RMS current magnitude & Re Z is the real part of Z Reactive Power Q = VI sin (VARs), Q = P tan and Q= I2 Im Z where I = RMS current magnitude & Im Z is the imaginary part of Z Complex Power S = P + jQ = VI* (Watts) , where I* is the complex conjugate of I. Complex Number normalization : 3-Phase Power : Total Power in a balanced 3-phase Y or load: P= 3 VLIL cos and Q = 3 VLIL sin where VL & IL are the line voltage and line current and is the phase angle between the phase voltage & phase current For Y –loads: IL = Iph and VL = 3 Vph ; For –loads: VL = Vph and IL = 3 Iph For balanced loads, ZY = Z/ 3 Magnetic circuits: MMF = Ni , N= No. of turns, i = current (A). Flux = MMF/ Rm (Wb) , where Rm = Reluctance = l /A , (A-turn/Wb) , l = average path length(m), A = area of cross-section(m2) and Permeability =r o , where r = relative permeability & o= „free space‟ permeability, o = 4(10)-7 H/m Motors: Radians/sec to RPM conversion : (radians/sec) = (2/60)N(rpm) , DC Motors: Back-emf Eb = kam and Torque developed T = ka ia where ka is the „armature constant‟, is the „flux per pole‟, m is the speed (radians/sec), and ia (A) is the armature current . For a given motor, the product (ka) can be assumed to remain constant. =============== 1