Model for HVDC Training available in ATPDraw/ATP
Guilherme Sarcinelli Luz*
FURNAS
Brazil
SUMARY
HVDC transmission is an established technology since long time ago. However, relatively few power
system engineers are being educated to deal with this type of power transmission. The need for knowledge
AC-DC conversion and basic control concept has a dreaded this area.
In the first decade of this new millennium, several HVDC systems began to be designed, including in
Brazil. EPE - Energy Planning Company - hired an expert in this area, Donald Frederic Menzies, to provide
an initial reference for the technical studies for bids in Brazil involving HVDC transmission systems. He
developed a system using PSCAD program [1] to meet the studies for the Madeira project. Since this model
is available on the EPE website page for any company interested in bidding, the translation of this model
for the free tool ATPDraw/ATP program [2] was viewed as a contribution to the community of engineers
interested in learning more about HVDC area. The first contribution for this purpose was the “First
Benchmack Model for HVDC Controls in ATP program” [3] and made available for ATP community in
the ATDraw site (www.atpdraw.net). Some ATP users have already utilized this model for theirs academic
purposes.
The free license of ATPDraw/ATP program provides an excellent platform for training engineers to fill the
gap in this area and the community of ATP is a very good experience exchange forum capable of
promoting this technology.
The main goal of this article is to provide a basic description of this new HVDC system model in order to
make it also available in a minimum base of description for those interested in learn on this area or use it in
any purpose. A comparison with the original model in PSCAD for some events in the AC system is shown
as well the influence of no interpolation in the ATP program.
KEYWORDS
Electromagnetic Transients, HVDC Transmission, PSCAD, EMTP/ATP.
1. Introduction
For many years, Brazil has the DC links of Itaipu (6300MW), Garabi (2200 MW) and Uruguaiana (50
MW). Furthermore, the transmission in DC has been widely used in planning the expansion of the electric
system for hydraulic use of rivers in the Amazon basin. Recently became operational phase and
commissioning bipolos the Madeira River. The latter consist of two bipolos (6300 MW) and two back-toback (800 MW). Belo Monte is expected the two most entrance bipolos (8000 MW) that have already been
tendered. The direct current transmission therefore represents a very significant portion of Brazilian
transmission network, with a total capacity of approximately 23,5GW.
However, these numbers are not so high when compared to transmission links being built in India and
especially in China.
Studies of dynamic power system performance involving continuous chain links, made in
electromechanical transient simulation programs are vitally important both in the planning phase, which is
assessing the feasibility of the project, as in the operation phase which are identified any stability problems.
* FURNAS - email: guiluz@furnas.com.br
It is, however, the electromagnetic transient programs where the conversion process and control the firing
of the thyristor is more detailed, which identifies the switching failure issues and the transient behavior of
the voltages is reproduced more accurately. Moreover, in situations of transmission systems CCAT
neighbors, where dynamic interactions analysis between them is wanted, there is the need for this more
detailed modeling in this other program.
The objective of this work is to make feasible the use of HVDC transmission system using it associated
with different CA systems and scaling it in order to meet various analyzes and facilitating the exercise of
modeling and better know their performance. Any improvement in those models are well come.
This model was translated from PSCAD program to ATPDraw/ATP program using both the MODELS
language as the modeling TACS, allowing the user a wider range of learning and use in accordance with
uses greater familiarity.
Some comparison between PSCAD and ATP and between MODELS and TACS are presented to illustrate
the behavior in those different platforms and modeling.
2. HVDC link model
Figure 1 and 2 present, respectivelly, in PSCAD and ATP program, the HVDC model utilized for Madeira
project planning studies corresponding to a one bipole. Same compact presentation as in PSCAD could be
built for ATPDraw/ATP, but the presented one was considered easier to deal with it. Parameters and
control system were taken from [4] in EPE website.
Figure 1: HVDC system modeled in PSCAD
Figure 2: HVDC system modeled in ATPDraw/ATP
2
2.1.
DC Transmission Line
As suggested in [5], the DC line was represented using RLC/length with calculated parameters using
Bergeron model for frequency of 0.001 Hz. Considering this, the total resistance of the line is better
adjusted to the behavior in the DC side.
Figure 3 – DC line model
2.2.
A.C. system data
Table 1 shows the converter transformers data for each side and Table 2 the equivalent data for each side
considering a resistance in series (Rs) with a resistance (Rp) and inductance (L) in parallel.
Table 1 – Transformer data for rectifier and inverter
Table 2 – Equivalent system impedances for rectifier and inverter
3
2.3.
Initialization
PSCAD and ATP have different approaches for system initialization. While PSCAD starts considering all
sources initiated from zero, ATP calculates a load flow considering the stated values for each represented
source. Due to this, before initiate the different transient conditions, steady state operation is better obtained
for HVDC systems in ATP program, utilizing fixed AC and DC sources temporarily connected,
respectively at AC and DC sides as explained in [3].
Temporary AC sources allow the correct steady state condition at each AC side (see Figure 3a) for a
defined equivalent system and HVDC power condition. Such AC sources are not so important for this
benchmark that has just one simple equivalent in each side. However, that is not the case when a more
complex AC network is connected and a previous load flow should be considered to define the correct
amplitude and angle for the voltage in the corresponding converter bus. Preferencially, zero angle in the
converter bus will give a better initiallization since it is related to the valves that are firing in the beggining.
Negligible currents shall be fed by the temporary AC source when such values are well adjusted. HVDC
operation condition is defined (in p.u.) in the control (see Figure 3b) for the positive (PordP) and negative
(PordN) pole. Note that the bipole can operate in unbalance condition, which means that each pole can
operate with different power orders as the example of the Figure 3b.
a)
Temporary AC source at the converter
b) PordP and PordN (pu)
Figure 3 – Temporary AC source at the converter bus and DC power condition
Temporary DC sources was implemented inside smooth reactors modules. DC voltage (in kV) shall be
provided for both rectifier smooth reactors (see Figure 4a) and DC currents (in A) for both inverter smooth
reactors (see Figure 4b) observing the corrected polarity as defined in the model. Two current source values
are defined for each inverter smooth reactor and these values shall correspond to Power Order for each
pole. In the example 2625 for 1.0 p.u. and 2100 for 0.8 p.u..
b) Rectifier Voltage – AMPLIT (kV)
c) Inverter Current – AMPLIT (A)
Figure 3 – Definition of DC sources conditions for initialization
4
2.4.
Control system
In reference [3] the control system for each side were modeled separately. A bipolar model was later
lauched with control for each pole at each side. However this system is presented in a unique block that
make easier to develop and understand each part of control as well as control variables.
The following are the list of DATA for the control system block:
Idc – Nominal DC current (2.625 kA)
Vdc – Nominal DC voltage (600 kV)
Vac_R – Nominal AC voltage at rectifier side (500 kV)
Vac_I – Nominal AC voltage at inverter side (500 kV)
PordP – DC power order for positive pole
PordN – DC power order for negative pole
The following are the list of variables that the control system block interfaces with the electrical system
when scrolling the table of NODES in the block:
IDCRP – DC current measurement at the rectifier for positive pole
VDRRP – DC voltage measurement at the rectifier for positive pole
VR – AC voltage measurement at the rectifier
IDCRN – DC current measurement at the rectifier for negative pole
VDRRN – DC voltage measurement at the rectifier for negative pole
IDCIP – DC current measurement at the inverter for positive pole
VDRIP – DC voltage measurement at the inverter for positive pole
VI – AC voltage measurement at the inverter
IDCIN – DC current measurement at the inverter for negative pole
VDRIN – DC voltage measurement at the inverter for negative pole
CTYP – Inverter transformer AC current in the side Y of positive pole
CTDP – Inverter transformer AC current in the side D of positive pole
VTYP – Inverter transformer AC voltage in the side Y of positive pole
VTDP – Inverter transformer AC voltage in the side D of positive pole
CTYN – Inverter transformer AC current in the side Y of negative pole
CTDN – Inverter transformer AC current in the side D of negative pole
VTYN – Inverter transformer AC voltage in the side Y of negative pole
VTDN – Inverter transformer AC voltage in the side D of negative pole
FIRRP – 12 pulses of the rectifier bridge for positive pole
FIRRN – 12 pulses of the rectifier bridge for negative pole
FIRIP – 12 pulses of the inverter bridge for positive pole
FIRIN – 12 pulses of the inverter bridge for negative pole
DC current (IDC__ ) and DC voltage (VDC__ ) provide the control routine (CONT_RETP or
CONT_INVP) with the main two variables to define the firing angle (UCCA__ ) necessary to the PLL
routine generate the firing pulses (FIR__ ) taking the corresponding AC voltage in the converter bus (VR or
VI) as reference. Inverter transformer AC currents compared to the DC current provide the control routine
in the inverter the way to identify the commutation failure condition. Inverter transformer AC voltages
provide the control routine in the inverter (CONT_INVP) conditions to calculate GAMMA and MI angles.
5
Figure 4 – Control system variables
2.5.
Time step and interpolation
The influence of interpolation can be observed when the steady state condition is compared between
PSCAD and ATP program results for different timestep values. Firing angle at rectifier (UCCAR1) and
Extintion angle (GAMMI1) at inverter shown in the Figures 5 to 7 for 25 µs, 10 µs and 2,5 µs, respectively,
give a good observation of this influence. As ATP program has no interpolation, the comparisons were
performed with PSCAD using 25 µs and interpolation activated.
A 12o harmonic component is present in alpha for rectifier in both programs, but in ATP others components
inherent to the calculation process is observed according to the timestep value. In the inverter where
gamma value is almost constant in PSCAD, in ATP it presents a variation of 0.2º for 2.5µs and 0,7º for
25µs.
Comparison results presented in section 3 were performed using the timestep value of 10µs for ATP and 25
µs for PSCAD.
6
15,0
19,0
Alpha in PSCAD
14,6
Gamma in PSCAD
18,6
Gamma in ATP
14,2
18,2
Alpha in ATP
13,8
17,8
13,4
17,4
13,0
0,30
0,32
0,34
0,36
0,38
0,40
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC.pl4: m:UCCAR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC.ADF: alfao1:1
17,0
0,30
0,32
0,34
0,36
0,38
0,40
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC.pl4: m:GAMMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC.ADF: S2P1_gamas:1
Figure 5 – Steady state condition – Alpha and Gamma for dt = 25µs in ATP
15,0
19,0
Gamma in PSCAD
Alpha no PSCAD
14,6
18,6
Alpha no ATP
14,2
13,8
17,8
13,4
17,4
13,0
0,30
0,32
0,34
0,36
Gamma in ATP
18,2
0,38
0,40
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC.pl4: m:UCCAR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC.ADF: alfao1:1
17,0
0,30
0,32
0,34
0,36
0,38
[s]
0,40
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC.pl4: m:GAMMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC.ADF: S2P1_gamas:1
Figure 6 – Steady state condition – Alpha and Gamma for dt = 10µs in ATP
15,0
19,0
Gamma in PSCAD
Alpha in PSCAD
14,6
18,6
Gamma in ATP
Alpha in ATP
14,2
18,2
13,8
17,8
13,4
17,4
13,0
0,30
0,32
0,34
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC.pl4: m:UCCAR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC.ADF: alfao1:1
0,36
0,38
[s]
0,40
17,0
0,30
0,32
0,34
0,36
0,38
0,40
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC.pl4: m:GAMMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC.ADF: S2P1_gamas:1
Figure 7 – Steady state condition – Alpha and Gamma for dt = 2,5µs in ATP
7
2.6.
Commutation failure protection action
Commutation failure occurs when some thyristor is submitted to an insufficient reversal voltage time and
the deionization may not happen. For both programs this condition is defined by setting the deionization
time. During the simulation, in case of this time is not attended during the commutation between two
valves, the turning-off valve restart to conduct producing a short-circuit among the involved phases.
In order to provide action to avoid new commutation failures, this condition is identified through the
comparison between DC current and transformers valve side currents.
Figure 8a shows AC and DC currents for steady state condition, where commutations are concluded
normally and no difference between the currents at both side are observed. Figure 8b shows the same
currents during a transient when a commutation failure occurs. Around 425ms, phase A restart to increase
while phase B decrease. Both stop to conduct and a difference related to CC current last for half cycle.
Figure 9 shows this current difference and the flag indicating the commutation failure occurrence.
5000
[A]
3750
5000
[A]
3750
2500
2500
1250
1250
0
0
-1250
-1250
-2500
-2500
-3750
-3750
-5000
0,20
0,21
0,22
(file R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_CMF.pl4; x-var t) c:IMEDLI-LINHI1
0,23
c:TRDI1A-IMDI1A
0,24
c:TRDI1B-IMDI1B
[s]
0,25
c:TRDI1C-IMDI1C
a) Steady state
-5000
0,40
0,41
0,42
(file R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_CMF.pl4; x-var t) c:IMEDLI-LINHI1
0,43
c:TRDI1A-IMDI1A
0,44
c:TRDI1B-IMDI1B
[s]
0,45
c:TRDI1C-IMDI1C
b) transient with commutation failure
Figure 6 – DC Current (MEDLI-LINHI) e AC currents (TRDI1A[B e C]-MIDI1A[B e C])
1,8
1,4
1,0
0,6
0,2
-0,2
0,40
0,41
0,42
(file R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_CMF.pl4; x-var t) m:DIFY
m:DIFD
0,43
0,44
[s]
0,45
m:COMFAL
Figura 7 – Difference between AC and DC currents and the commutation failure flag
Depending on fault impedance, small differences in the AC voltages and currents may
produce major differences in the commutation failure detection and, therefore, in the
protection action between the two programs.
8
3. Simulation results comparison
Single and three-phase AC faults at rectifier and inverter side for different voltage levels were
performed in order to compare results between PSCAD and ATP models. Such comparison
shows that both programs presents same results for 28 different AC faults cases, except for
small differences in only 4 cases when commutation failure occurs.
In Attachment I some of those cases are presented showing the following variables:
a) AC voltage at the converter bus where the fault is being applied
b) Firing angle at the rectifier (Alfa – UCCAR1)
c) Extinction angle at the inverter (GAMMAI1)
d) DC voltage at the rectifier (LINHR1)
e) DC current at the inverter (IDCMI1)
f) Ângulo Máximo de disparo do inversor (UCCAI1)
4. Conclusion
This article presents a new HVDC Benchmark system that is now available for those who are
interested in learn and training about HVDC transmission. Based on this reference the user
can change AC system for both sides and/or any HVDC parameters accordingly to apply for a
real or hypothetical electrical system for different purposes.
Considering that some thesis were already developed based on the small “First Benchmark
system”, I hope this new benchmark may provide a more realistic HVDC transmission system
built with a more powerful control.
REFERENCES
[1] PSCAD – Circuit Design and Custom Models – Tutorial Manuals – Manitoba Research
Center.
[2] K.U. LEUVEN EMTP CENTER - Alternative Transient Program Rule Book and Hans Kr.
Hoidalen – ATPDraw Manual.
[3] G.Sarcinelli, N.Felippe da Silva, “First Benchmarck Model for HVDC control in ATP
program”, X SEPOPE, May 2006, Florianópolis, Brazil.
[4] http://www.epe.gov.br/Transmissao/Documents/LeilaoMadeira07_12/Dados_R2_Corrente
_Continua.zip
[5] G.Sarcinelli, F.Cattan, D. S.Carvalho, S. Gomes Jr., “HVDC Transmission Line Modeling
Analysis in PSCAD and ATP Programs”, XIII SEPOPE, May 2014, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil.
9
ATTACHMENT I
10
3ph-Fault for 25% of voltage at Inverter
500
*10 3
375
250
125
0
-125
-250
-375
-500
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_25%.pl4: v:INVERA
v:INVERB
v:INVERC
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_25%.ADF: ARQ500_a:1
ARQ500_b:1
0,45
0,50
ARQ500_c:1
AC Voltages at the Inverter
150
150
120
120
90
90
60
60
30
30
0
0
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_25%.pl4: m:UCCAR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_25%.ADF: alfao1:1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_25%.pl4: m:GAMMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_25%.ADF: S2P1_gamas:1
Alfa at the rectifier
Gamma at the inverter
2,0
800
*103
500
1,6
200
1,2
-100
0,8
-400
0,4
-700
0,25
0,0
0,35
0,45
0,55
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_25%.pl4: v:LINHR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_25%.ADF: S1P1_Ud:1
factors:
6E5
DC Voltage at the Rectifer
0,65
0,75
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_25%.pl4: m:IDCMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_25%.ADF: IdmInv:1
DC Current at the Inverter
11
3ph-Fault for 50% of voltage at Inverter
500
*10 3
375
250
125
0
-125
-250
-375
-500
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_50%.pl4: v:INVERA
v:INVERB
v:INVERC
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_50%.ADF: ARQ500_a:1
ARQ500_b:1
0,45
0,50
ARQ500_c:1
AC Voltages at the Inverter
150
150
120
120
90
90
60
60
30
30
0
0
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_50%.pl4: m:UCCAR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_50%.ADF: alfao1:1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
0,55
0,60
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_50%.pl4: m:GAMMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_50%.ADF: S2P1_gamas:1
Alfa at the rectifier
Gamma at the inverter
2,0
800
*103
540
1,6
280
1,2
20
0,8
-240
0,4
-500
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_50%.pl4: v:LINHR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_50%.ADF: S1P1_Ud:1
factors:
6E5
DC Voltage at the Rectifer
0,55
0,60
0,0
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_50%.pl4: m:IDCMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_50%.ADF: IdmInv:1
DC Current at the Inverter
12
3ph-Fault for 75% of voltage at Inverter
500
*10 3
375
250
125
0
-125
-250
-375
-500
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_75%.pl4: v:INVERA
v:INVERB
v:INVERC
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_75%.ADF: ARQ500_a:1
ARQ500_b:1
0,45
0,50
ARQ500_c:1
AC Voltages at the Inverter
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_75%.pl4: m:UCCAR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_75%.ADF: alfao1:1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_75%.pl4: m:GAMMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_75%.ADF: S2P1_gamas:1
Alfa at the rectifier
Gamma at the inverter
2,0
800
*103
600
1,6
400
1,2
200
0,8
0
0,4
-200
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_75%.pl4: v:LINHR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_75%.ADF: S1P1_Ud:1
factors:
6E5
DC Voltage at the Rectifer
0,55
0,60
0,0
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_75%.pl4: m:IDCMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FI_75%.ADF: IdmInv:1
DC Current at the Inverter
13
3ph-Fault for 25% of voltage at Rectifier
500
*10 3
375
250
125
0
-125
-250
-375
-500
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_25%.pl4: v:RETIFA
v:RETIFB
v:RETIFC
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_25%.ADF: PV500_a:1
PV500_b:1
PV500_c:1
AC Voltages at the Rectifier
50
100
40
80
30
60
20
40
10
20
0
0
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_25%.pl4: m:UCCAR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_25%.ADF: alfao1:1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
0,55
0,60
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_25%.pl4: m:GAMMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_25%.ADF: S2P1_gamas:1
Alfa at the rectifier
Gamma at the inverter
1,1
700
*103
600
1,0
0,9
500
0,8
400
0,7
300
0,6
200
0,5
100
0
0,25
0,4
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_25%.pl4: v:LINHR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_25%.ADF: S1P1_Ud:1
factors:
6E5
DC Voltage at the Rectifer
0,60
0,65
0,3
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_25%.pl4: m:IDCMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_25%.ADF: IdmInv:1
DC Current at the Inverter
14
3ph-Fault for 50% of voltage at Rectifier
500
*10 3
375
250
125
0
-125
-250
-375
-500
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_50%.pl4: v:RETIFA
v:RETIFB
v:RETIFC
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_50%.ADF: PV500_a:1
PV500_b:1
PV500_c:1
AC Voltages at the Rectifier
50
100
40
80
30
60
20
40
10
20
0
0
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_50%.pl4: m:UCCAR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_50%.ADF: alfao1:1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
0,55
0,60
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_50%.pl4: m:GAMMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_50%.ADF: S2P1_gamas:1
Alfa no retificador
Gamma no inversor
1,2
700
*103
1,1
600
1,0
500
0,9
400
0,8
300
0,7
200
100
0,25
0,6
0,35
0,45
0,55
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_50%.pl4: v:LINHR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_50%.ADF: S1P1_Ud:1
factors:
6E5
DC Voltage at the Rectifer
0,65
0,75
0,5
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_50%.pl4: m:IDCMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_50%.ADF: IdmInv:1
DC Current at the Inverter
15
3ph-Fault for 75% of voltage at Rectifier
450
*10 3
400
350
300
250
200
150
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_75%.pl4: v:RETIFA
v:RETIFB
v:RETIFC
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_75%.ADF: PV500_a:1
PV500_b:1
PV500_c:1
AC Voltages at the Rectifier
30
60
25
50
20
40
15
30
10
20
5
10
0
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_75%.pl4: m:UCCAR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_75%.ADF: alfao1:1
0
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_75%.pl4: m:GAMMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_75%.ADF: S2P1_gamas:1
Alfa at the rectifier
Gamma at the inverter
1,10
650
*103
1,05
600
1,00
550
0,95
0,90
500
0,85
450
0,80
400
350
0,25
0,75
0,30
0,35
0,40
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_75%.pl4: v:LINHR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_75%.ADF: S1P1_Ud:1
factors:
6E5
DC Voltage at the Rectifer
0,45
0,50
0,70
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_75%.pl4: m:IDCMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_3FR_75%.ADF: IdmInv:1
DC Current at the Inverter
16
1ph-Fault for 25% of voltage at Inverter
600
*10 3
380
160
-60
-280
-500
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_25%.pl4: v:INVERA
v:INVERB
v:INVERC
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_25%.ADF: ARQ500_a:1
ARQ500_b:1
0,45
0,50
ARQ500_c:1
AC Voltages at the Inverter
200
200
160
160
120
120
80
80
40
40
0
0,25
0,35
0,45
0,55
0,65
0,75
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_25%.pl4: m:UCCAR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_25%.ADF: alfao1:1
0
0,25
0,35
0,45
0,55
0,65
0,75
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_25%.pl4: m:GAMMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_25%.ADF: S2P1_gamas:1
Alfa at the rectifier
Gamma at the inverter
2,5
800
*103
540
2,0
280
1,5
20
1,0
-240
0,5
-500
0,25
0,35
0,45
0,55
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_25%.pl4: v:LINHR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_25%.ADF: S1P1_Ud:1
factors:
6E5
DC Voltage at the Rectifer
0,65
0,75
0,0
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_25%.pl4: m:IDCMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_25%.ADF: IdmInv:1
DC Current at the Inverter
17
1ph-Fault for 50% of voltage at Inverter
500
*10 3
375
250
125
0
-125
-250
-375
-500
0,25
0,29
0,33
0,37
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_50%.pl4: v:INVERA v:INVERB v:INVERC
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_50%.ADF: ARQ500_a:1 ARQ500_b:1
0,41
0,45
ARQ500_c:1
AC Voltages at the Inverter
150
150
120
120
90
90
60
60
30
30
0
0
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_50%.pl4: m:UCCAR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_50%.ADF: alfao1:1
0,9
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_50%.pl4: m:GAMMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_50%.ADF: S2P1_gamas:1
Alfa at the rectifier
Gamma at the inverter
800
*10 3
600
2,0
1,6
400
1,2
200
0
0,8
-200
0,4
-400
-600
0,25
0,0
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_50%.pl4: v:LINHR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_50%.ADF: S1P1_Ud:1
factors:
6E5
DC Voltage at the Rectifer
0,60
0,30
0,35
0,65 0,25
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_50%.pl4: m:IDCMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_50%.ADF: IdmInv:1
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
DC Current at the Inverter
18
1ph-Fault for 75% of voltage at Inverter
500
*10 3
375
250
125
0
-125
-250
-375
-500
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_75%.pl4: v:INVERA
v:INVERB
v:INVERC
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_75%.ADF: ARQ500_a:1
ARQ500_b:1
0,45
0,50
ARQ500_c:1
AC Voltages at the Inverter
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_75%.pl4: m:UCCAR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_75%.ADF: alfao1:1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
0,55
0,60
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_75%.pl4: m:GAMMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_75%.ADF: S2P1_gamas:1
Alfa at the rectifier
Gamma at the inverter
2,0
700
*103
550
1,6
400
1,2
250
0,8
100
0,4
-50
-200
0,25
0,35
0,45
0,55
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_75%.pl4: v:LINHR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_75%.ADF: S1P1_Ud:1
factors:
6E5
DC Voltage at the Rectifer
0,65
0,75
0,0
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_75%.pl4: m:IDCMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FI_75%.ADF: IdmInv:1
DC Current at the Inverter
19
1ph-Fault for 25% of voltage at Rectifier
500
*10 3
375
250
125
0
-125
-250
-375
-500
0,28
0,32
0,36
0,40
0,44
0,48
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_25%.pl4: v:RETIFA
v:RETIFB
v:RETIFC
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_25%.ADF: PV500_a:1
PV500_b:1
PV500_c:1
AC Voltages at the Rectifier
40
80
35
70
30
60
25
50
20
40
15
30
10
20
5
10
0
0
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_25%.pl4: m:UCCAR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_25%.ADF: alfao1:1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_25%.pl4: m:GAMMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_25%.ADF: S2P1_gamas:1
Alfa at the rectifier
Gamma at the inverter
1,2
800
*103
700
1,1
600
1,0
500
0,9
400
300
0,8
200
0,7
100
0
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_25%.pl4: v:LINHR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_25%.ADF: S1P1_Ud:1
factors:
6E5
DC Voltage at the Rectifer
0,60
0,65
0,6
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_25%.pl4: m:IDCMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_25%.ADF: IdmInv:1
DC Current at the Inverter
20
0,65
1ph-Fault for 50% of voltage at Rectifier
500
*10 3
375
250
125
0
-125
-250
-375
-500
0,28
0,32
0,36
0,40
0,44
0,48
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_50%.pl4: v:RETIFA
v:RETIFB
v:RETIFC
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_50%.ADF: PV500_a:1
PV500_b:1
PV500_c:1
AC Voltages at the Rectifier
40
80
35
70
30
60
25
50
20
40
15
30
10
20
5
10
0
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_50%.pl4: m:UCCAR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_50%.ADF: alfao1:1
0
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
0,60
0,65
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_50%.pl4: m:GAMMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_50%.ADF: S2P1_gamas:1
Alfa at the rectifier
Gamma at the inverter
1,10
800
*103
700
1,05
1,00
600
0,95
500
0,90
400
0,85
300
0,80
200
100
0,25
0,75
0,30
0,35
0,40
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_50%.pl4: v:LINHR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_50%.ADF: S1P1_Ud:1
factors:
6E5
0,45
0,50
0,55
DC Voltage at the Rectifer
0,60
0,65
0,70
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_50%.pl4: m:IDCMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_50%.ADF: IdmInv:1
DC Current at the Inverter
21
1ph-Fault for 75% of voltage at Rectifier
500
*10 3
375
250
125
0
-125
-250
-375
-500
0,28
0,32
0,36
0,40
0,44
0,48
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_75%.pl4: v:RETIFA
v:RETIFB
v:RETIFC
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_75%.ADF: PV500_a:1
PV500_b:1
PV500_c:1
AC Voltages at the Rectifier
30
40
25
35
20
30
15
25
10
20
5
15
0
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_75%.pl4: m:UCCAR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_75%.ADF: alfao1:1
10
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,55
0,60
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_75%.pl4: m:GAMMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_75%.ADF: S2P1_gamas:1
Alfa at the rectifier
Gamma at the inverter
1,05
700
*103
650
1,00
600
0,95
550
0,90
500
0,85
450
400
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_75%.pl4: v:LINHR1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_75%.ADF: S1P1_Ud:1
factors:
6E5
DC Voltage at the Rectifer
0,55
0,60
0,80
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
R2_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_75%.pl4: m:IDCMI1
PSCAD_MAD_EQV_LCC_1FR_75%.ADF: IdmInv:1
DC Current at the Inverter
22