CARBOHYDRATES
Compounds made of
carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
MONOSACCHARIDES
Simple sugars;
monomers
DISACCHARIDES
Compounds of two
simple sugars
POLYSACCHARIDES
Complex carbohydrates
STARCH
Used for energy storage
in plants
GLYCOGEN
Used for energy storage
in animals
CELLULOSE
A structural component
of plants
CHITIN
A structural component
of animals
LIPIDS
Insoluble polymers
made of C and H
SATURATED
LIPIDS
Lipids that are solid at
room temperature and
contain only single
bonds
UNSATURATED
LIPIDS
Lipids that are liquid at
room temperature and
contain one double
bond
POLYSATURATED
LIPIDS
Lipids that are liquid at
room temperature and
contain multiple double
bonds
FATS
(TRIGLYCERIDES)
Lipids that contain one
glycerol and three fatty
acid chains; used for
energy storage
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Lipids that are used in cell
membranes and contain
one glycerol, one
phosphate group, and two
fatty acid chains
STEROIDS
Lipids with four fused
carbon rings that are
used to mediate
physiological reactions
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Polymers made of H, O,
C, P, and N; used for
storing genetic material
NUCLEOTIDE
Monomer of nucleic
acids
DNA
Nucleic acid that controls
its own replication;
contains deoxyribose and
is double stranded
RNA
Nucleic acid that is
synthesized from DNA;
contains ribose and is
single stranded
PROTEINS
Polymers with various
functions that are
composed of amino
acids
AMINO ACIDS
Compounds with an
amine group, a carboxyl
group, and an R group
PEPTIDE BONDS
Bonds found in proteins
PRIMARY
STRUCTURE
Simplest level of protein
structure; sequence of
amino acids
SECONDARY
STRUCTURE
Describes the folding of
a polypeptide chain
TERTIARY
STRUCTURE
Describes the overall
shape of a functional
protein
QUATERNARY
STRUCTURE
Describes the position
of a protein in relation
to other proteins
ACTIVATION
ENERGY
The amount of energy
needed to start a
reaction
EXOTHERMIC
REACTION
A reaction that releases
energy and occurs
spontaneously
ENDOTHERMIC
REACTION
A reaction that absorbs
energy and requires an
energy source in order
to begin
CATALYST
A substance that speeds
up a chemical reaction
by lowering its
activation energy
ENZYME
A protein that acts as a
biological catalyst
SUBSTRATE
The reactant in an
enzyme-catalyzed
reaction
ENZYMESUBSTRATE
COMPLEX
An enzyme and its
respective substrate
ACTIVE SITE
The location on an
enzyme where substrates
bind to undergo reactions
and form new products
LOCK AND KEY
MODEL
Model depicting the
specificity of enzymes
and their substrates