DIFFERENT FORMATS
OF CITATION
An Academic presentation by
Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, Tutors India
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Today's Discussion
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
BNT Style
AMA Style
APA Style
Chicago: Author-Date Style
Chicago: Humanities Style
Harvard: Australian Style
Harvard: Author-Date Style
MLA Style
Vancouver/ICMJE Style
Graphic Representation of the Names of
Different Citations
INTRODUCTION
Citation styles and forms that support research
findings vary greatly depending on disciplines and
requirements.
Data used to cite electronic sources is not yet
standardized. Some of the most widely used styles of
citation are:
ABNT STYLE
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT) is
responsible for the maintenance of technical standards in
Brazil.
Instructions
Names: Last name in capital letters, followed by first and
middle initials (separated by periods).
·Titles: The first letter of the first word of titles of articles,
books and book chapters is capitalized.
Dates: The day and year of publication must always be
indicated in Arabic numerals. The month must be given in
abbreviated form.
Example:Budge, E. A. Wallis. The dwellers on the Nile. New York: Dover, 1977.
For more Details: http://www.abnt.org.br/
AMA STYLE
AMA stands for American Medical Association.
Since 1960s, AMA has been issuing a style manual for its scientific
journals.
Instructions
Names: Last name is followed by first and middle initials without
space or periods.
Titles: Names of periodicals, titles of articles, and books are
capitalized headline style excepting for prepositions and common
conjunctions.
Dates: Use the order: month day, year.
American Medical Association Manual of Style
Example: Saver, Cynthia. Anatomy of Writing for Publication for Nurses. Indianapolis, IN:
Sigma Theta Tau International; c2011:31-33.
APA STYLE
The American Psychological Association (APA) has established
standardized methods for citing electronic and print sources used in
research.
Instructions
Names: Last name is followed by first and middle initials. They are
separated by periods.
Titles: Capitalize only the first letter of the first word in titles of
articles, books and chapters.
Titles of periodicals are capitalized headline style excepting the
prepositions and conjunctions.
Dates: Use the order: year, month day.
Example: Nightingale, J., & Twain, M. (2008). Tom Sawyer. Long Island, NY: EDCON.
For More Details: http://www.apastyle.org/
CHICAGO: AUTHORDATE STYLE
The Chicago Manual of Style is used by writers in the
publishing field.
Instructions
Names: Author names appear as they do on the title
page. For the first author, last name comes first, for the
subsequent authors’ names, it is the first name
followed by last name.
Titles: Names of periodicals, titles of articles, and
books are capitalized headline style excepting for
prepositions and common conjunctions.
Dates: Use the order: month day year.
Example: Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. 2015. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a
Bigger Life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
For More Details : https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org
CHICAGO: HUMANITIES STYLE
Instructions
Names: Author names appear as they do on the title page.
For the first author, last name comes first, for the subsequent authors’ names, it is
the first name followed by last name.
Titles: Names of periodicals, titles of articles, and books are capitalized headline
style excepting for prepositions and common conjunctions.
Dates: Use the order: month day, year.
Example:Frank, Anne. Anne Franks Diary. London: Royal National Institute for the
Blind, 1970.
Formore Details: https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org
HARVARD:
AUSTRALIAN STYLE
Instructions
Names: First and middle initials without periods or
spaces follow the last name.
Titles: The first letter of the first word of titles of
articles, books and book chapters is capitalized.
Dates: Use the order: day month year.
Example: Singer, MC 1990, Human resource
management, PWS-Kent Pub. Co., Boston.
HARVARD:
AUTHOR-DATE
STYLE
This citation is used for books in the social sciences and
natural sciences.
Instructions
Names: Last name followed by first and middle initials
(separated by periods).
Titles: Names of periodicals, titles of articles, and books are
capitalized headline style excepting for prepositions and
common conjunctions.
Dates: Use the order: day month year.
Example: Kuhn, Thomas. (1962) 2012. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 50th
anniv. ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1
0
MLA STYLE
MLA citation format applies to every source type. It stands for
Modern Language Association.
Instructions
Names: The name of the first author is inverted (last name first),
subsequent authors’ names are listed as first name followed by last
name.
Titles: Names of periodicals, titles of articles, and books are
capitalized headline style excepting for prepositions and common
conjunctions.
Dates: Use the order day month year.
1
0
Example: Nightingale, Jacqueline, and Mark Twain. Tom Sawyer. EDCON, 2008.
For more Details: https://style.mla.org/
VANCOUV
E R/ICMJE
STYLE
The ICMJE style is used by many biomedical journals
including the Annals of Internal Medicine, British Medical
Journal (BMJ), The Lancet, and PLOS Medicine.
Instructions
Names: First and middle initials without periods or spaces
follow the last name.
Titles: The first letter of the first word of titles of articles,
books and book chapters is capitalized.
Dates: Follows the order: year, month day. Names of the month are shortened to the
standard 3-letter abbreviation without a period.
Example: Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected
patients. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 25;347(4):284-7.
For more Details: http://www.icmje.org/
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GRAPHIC
REPRESENTATION
OF THE NAMES
OF DIFFERENT
CITATIONS
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