Name: _______________________________________________
Human bio paper
26-06
Date:
Time:
Total marks available:
Total marks achieved: ______
Questions
Q1.
The diagram shows an alveolus and its blood supply.
(a) (i) What is the name of blood component X?
(1)
A
plasma
B
platelet
C
red blood cell
D
white blood cell
(ii) State three ways in which air in the alveolus differs from air in the atmosphere.
(3)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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3 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(iii) Give three features of alveoli that allow efficient gas exchange.
(3)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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3 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(b) Structure Y is a capillary.
Give two features in the diagram which show that structure Y is a capillary.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(c) Some people have a condition known as emphysema. One symptom of emphysema is the
breakdown of elastic fibres in
the lung tissue.
Suggest the effects that loss of elastic fibres have on a person's ability to breathe.
(2)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)
Q2.
There are four different blood groups, A, B, AB and O.
The antigens on the surface of red blood cells determine a person's blood group.
There are two types of antigen, antigen A and antigen B.
(a) The table lists the four different blood groups.
Complete the table by giving the correct type of antigens for each blood group.
(2)
(b) If a person needs a blood transfusion, it is important that they receive a suitable blood
group.
Explain the effects on a person who receives a blood group that is not suitable.
(3)
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(c) Explain which blood group or groups can be given to people with each of the other blood
groups during a transfusion.
(4)
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(d) The table shows the percentage of students with each type of blood group in a school.
There are 750 students in the school.
Calculate the number of students who can safely receive blood group B.
(3)
number of students = ...........................................................
(Total for question = 12 marks)
Q3.
Answer the question with a cross in the box you think is correct . If you change your
mind about an answer, put a line through the box
and then mark your new answer
with a cross .
(a) Bacteria can cause disease in humans.
The diagram shows how one type of white blood cell helps to defend the body against disease.
(i) Complete the diagram by drawing the shape of the white blood cell at stage 2.
(1)
(ii) The box lists words associated with bacteria and disease.
Use words from the box to complete the sentences.
(2)
White blood cells called ............................................................................................. engulf
bacteria.
These white blood cells contain ............................................................................................. to
digest bacteria.
(iii) One way that white blood cells defend the body from disease is shown in the diagram.
State another way in which white blood cells defend the body against disease.
(1)
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(b) The table lists structures found in some cells.
Place ticks in boxes to show which structures are found in bacterial cells and which are found in
human skin cells.
One row has been completed for you.
(3)
(c) Viruses can also cause diseases in humans.
Many viruses contain RNA as their genetic material.
Which statement describes the structure of RNA?
(1)
A
a double-stranded helix containing the bases ATGC
B
a double-stranded helix containing the bases AUGC
C
a single-stranded helix containing the bases ATGC
D
a single-stranded helix containing the bases AUGC
(Total for question = 8 marks)
Q4.
A teacher wants to calculate the body mass index (BMI) of a number of students.
(a) The teacher measures the height of students from four age groups.
There are two male and two female students in each age group.
The table shows the data collected.
(i) Calculate the mean height of the students aged 16.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
(2)
mean height = ........................................................... cm
(ii) State two conclusions that the teacher could make from the data in the table.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(iii) Give two ways the teacher could improve his investigation.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(b) The table shows data for two different students.
(i) BMI is calculated using the equation
Calculate the BMI of student Y.
[mass measured in kg, height measured in m]
(2)
BMI of student Y = ...........................................................
Using information from the table, explain how the BMI of student Y could affect her health.
(2)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)
Q5.
Aspirin is a painkiller, but can also be prescribed to people who are at risk of having a stroke or a
heart attack.
Aspirin dissolves blood clots and is also an enzyme inhibitor, which reduces the risk of more
blood clots
forming in blood vessels.
(a) (i) Describe how a blood clot forms in a blood vessel.
(3)
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(ii) Explain how a blood clot in the coronary artery increases the risk of a heart attack.
(3)
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(b) A student uses this apparatus to investigate the effect of aspirin on the rate of blood flow
through blood vessels.
The student uses this method.
dissolve one aspirin tablet in water
use a syringe to pass the aspirin solution through a straw containing a blood clot
record the total volume of aspirin solution in the measuring cylinder every five minutes
The student repeats the method with solutions formed from two aspirin tablets and then from
three aspirin tablets.
(i) Give a control variable for this investigation.
(1)
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(ii) Describe a suitable control test for this investigation.
(1)
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The table shows the student's results.
(iii) Explain the pattern shown by the results.
(3)
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(c) The diagram shows a pathway involved in blood clotting.
Aspirin is an inhibitor of enzyme X.
Explain how the inhibition of enzyme X reduces the formation of blood clots.
(4)
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(Total for question = 15 marks)
Q6.
(a) The image is an electron micrograph of a human body cell.
(i) The table gives information about parts of the human body cell.
Complete the table by giving the missing information.
(2)
(ii) Electron microscopes and light microscopes can both be used to view body cells.
Which of these is an advantage of using an electron microscope?
(1)
A
more cell structures can be seen with greater resolution
B
more cell structures can be seen with less resolution
C
fewer cell structures can be seen with greater resolution
D
fewer cell structures can be seen with less resolution
(iii) The actual diameter of this human body cell before magnification is 0.05 mm.
Use information from the image to calculate the magnification of the cell.
(3)
magnification = ...........................................................
(b) Body cells produce carbon dioxide.
Describe how carbon dioxide passes from a body cell into the blood.
(2)
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(Total for question = 8 marks)
Q7.
Answer the questions with a cross in the boxes you think are correct . If you change
your mind about an answer, put a line through the box
and then mark your new
answer with a cross .
The diagram shows the human circulatory system.
(a) (i) What is the name of blood vessel X?
(1)
A
aorta
B
pulmonary artery
C
pulmonary vein
D
vena cava
(ii) What is the name of blood vessel Y?
(1)
A
aorta
B
pulmonary artery
C
pulmonary vein
D
vena cava
(iii) The diagram shows a longitudinal section through blood vessel X.
Draw a diagram to show a longitudinal section through blood vessel Y.
(3)
(iv) Explain the differences in the structures of blood vessel X and blood vessel Y.
(3)
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(b) Explain two adaptations of capillaries that increase the rate of diffusion of substances into
body tissues.
(4)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(Total for question = 12 marks)
Q8.
(a) The diagram shows how a competitive inhibitor reduces enzyme activity.
(i) Explain why the competitive inhibitor is able to bind to the enzyme.
Use the diagram to help with your answer.
(3)
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(ii) The graph shows how a competitive inhibitor affects enzyme activity.
Describe how enzyme activity is affected by the presence of a competitive inhibitor.
(2)
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(b) The diagram shows how another type of inhibitor binds to an enzyme.
This inhibitor affects the enzyme in different ways to a competitive inhibitor.
Describe these differences.
(3)
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(c) The pie chart shows the worldwide industrial uses of immobilised enzymes.
(i) The total estimated market value of industries that use immobilised enzymes is £3.9 billion
(£3 900 000 000).
Calculate the estimated value of immobilised enzymes in the food and beverage industry.
(2)
£ = ...........................................................
(ii) These statements are about the use of immobilised enzymes in the food and beverage
industry.
Which of the statements are correct?
(1)
A
1 only
B
2 only
C
Both statements 1 and 2
D
Neither statement 1 nor statement 2
(d) Describe how immobilised enzymes are used to detect glucose in urine.
(4)
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(Total for question = 15 marks)
Q9.
(a) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the name given to a group of diseases that
affect the breathing system.
These diseases include chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Cigarette smoking is the main cause of COPD.
The graph shows the number of cigarette smokers diagnosed with COPD in the UK over a period
of eight years.
(i) Describe the overall trend in cigarette smokers diagnosed with COPD.
(1)
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(ii) Describe what further information is required to help form the conclusion that
cigarette smoking is the only cause of COPD.
(2)
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(b) The diagram shows how chronic bronchitis affects the airways in the breathing system.
Explain how excess mucus and damaged cilia affect the breathing system of a person with
chronic bronchitis.
(2)
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(c) The diagram shows models of two alveoli.
One model represents an alveolus from a person with healthy lungs.
The other model represents an alveolus from a person with emphysema.
The table shows the surface area to volume ratio for a healthy alveolus.
(i) Complete the table by giving the missing information.
(3)
(ii) Explain how the surface area to volume ratio of alveoli in the lungs of a person
with emphysema will affect the normal function of body cells.
(3)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)
Q10.
(a) Two types of nucleic acid are found in cells. These are DNA and RNA.
Describe three differences between DNA and RNA.
(3)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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3 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(b) The symbols shown can be used to represent the components of nucleotides that join
together to make nucleic acid.
Draw a section of RNA consisting of two nucleotides using the symbols given.
(3)
(c) A student investigates DNA taken from a human cheek cell. The student finds that 37% of
the nucleotides contain adenine.
(i) Calculate the percentage of nucleotides in the sample that contain guanine.
Show your working.
(3)
percentage containing guanine = ........................................................... %
(ii) The student repeats the investigation twice using a muscle cell and then a red blood cell.
Explain the results that the student should expect for each investigation.
(5)
muscle cell
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red blood cell
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(d) The DNA of rice plants can be modified to produce Golden Rice. Golden Rice has been
modified to have high levels of
(1)
A
insect resistance
B
iron
C
protein
D
vitamin A
(Total for question = 15 marks)
Q11.
A student investigates the effect of bile salts on the digestion of lipids. The student uses milk as
a source of lipids.
The student sets up three test tubes.
Table 1 lists the contents of each test tube.
The student records the colour of the contents of each tube at the start of the investigation, and
at 5 minute intervals for 15 minutes.
Table 2 shows the student's results.
Phenolphthalein is pink in solutions above pH 10 and colourless in solutions below pH 8.
(a) (i) Which enzyme is used in this investigation?
(1)
A
amylase
B
carbohydrase
C
lipase
D
protease
(ii) Which chemical elements are found in lipids?
(1)
A
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
B
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
C
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur
D
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
(iii) Where in the body are bile salts produced?
(1)
A
brain
B
duodenum
C
liver
D
pancreas
(b) Explain the purpose of tube C.
(2)
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(c) Suggest one reason for the addition of the sodium hydrogencarbonate.
(2)
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(d) Describe the effect of bile salts on lipid digestion in this investigation.
(3)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)
Q12.
The table lists some features and regions of the human alimentary canal.
Tick
one box in each row to show the region of the alimentary canal where each feature
occurs.
(6)
(Total for question = 6 marks)
Q13.
Answer the question with a cross in the box you think is correct . If you change your
mind about an answer, put a line through the box
and then mark your new answer
with a cross .
(a) Some bacteria in food can affect the digestive system and cause poor health.
Storing food at the correct temperature can reduce the growth of these bacteria.
The graph shows the growth rate of four groups of bacteria at different temperatures.
(i) Food kept in a fridge shows signs of contamination by bacteria.
Which group of bacteria is most likely to have caused this contamination?
(1)
A
psychrophiles
B
mesophiles
C
thermophiles
D
hyperthermophiles
(ii) Explain how cooking food at 65°C will affect thermophiles.
(2)
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(b) A student investigates the effect of different antibiotics on the growth of bacteria.
She uses this method.
streak bacteria onto nutrient agar in a Petri dish
place discs of different antibiotics, A, B, C and D, onto the nutrient agar
incubate the Petri dish in a warm oven for one week
(i) Explain how the student could determine the effectiveness of each antibiotic.
(2)
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(ii) Explain safety precautions the student should take in this investigation.
(6)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)
Q14.
Answer the question with a cross in the box you think is correct . If you change your
mind about an answer, put a line through the box
and then mark your new answer
with a cross .
(a) The diagram shows how genetically identical twins are produced.
(i) Name the process that occurs at stage 1.
(1)
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(ii) Name the process that occurs at stage 2.
(1)
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(iii) Use information from the diagram to explain how genetically identical twins are formed.
(2)
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(b) (i) In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) increases the chance of producing twins.
Which hormones are given to a female at the start of IVF treatment?
(1)
A
FSH and LH
B
LH and oestrogen
C
oestrogen and progesterone
D
progesterone and FSH
(ii) Describe the procedures in IVF after hormone treatment.
(4)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)
Q15.
Homeostasis in humans involves the deamination of excess amino acids.
Deamination includes the removal of nitrogen from the amino acid and the formation of urea.
(a) (i) State what is meant by the term homeostasis.
(2)
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(ii) State where the process of deamination occurs.
(1)
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(b) Describe how a person obtains amino acids for the body to produce new proteins.
(3)
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(c) An investigation is carried out to show the daily amounts of nitrogen-containing compounds
excreted in the urine of two people, A and B.
The two people are on different diets.
The results of the investigation are shown in the table.
(i) Explain how the diet of person A is different from the diet of person B.
Use information in the table to help you with your answer.
(4)
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(ii) The figures for creatinine do not vary even though the diets of person A and person B are
different.
State why the figures for creatinine do not vary.
(1)
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(d) If certain steroid drugs are taken, the balance of nitrogen-containing compounds in the body
changes. This results in less nitrogen-containing compounds being excreted.
Suggest the effect that taking these drugs could have on the body.
(1)
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(Total for question = 12 marks)
Q16.
Read the passage below. Use the information in the passage and your own knowledge to answer
the questions that follow.
(a) Calculate the number of people in North Carolina who died from this mystery disease (lines 4
to 5).
(2)
number of deaths = ...........................................................
(b) State the meaning of the term pathogens (line 7).
(1)
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(c) The people were suffering from a deficiency disease called pellagra, which is caused by a
lack of vitamin B in the diet.
State why deficiency diseases such as pellagra are not infectious diseases.
(1)
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(d) Describe a method that Goldberger could use to show that the symptoms of his
patients were caused by a lack of vitamin B in their diet.
(3)
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(e) Scurvy is another deficiency disease.
Scurvy affects the production of a protein called collagen.
Collagen is a component of many body tissues including cartilage.
Explain why a person with scurvy often experiences pain when walking.
(2)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)
Q17.
Answer the question with a cross in the box you think is correct . If you change your
mind about an answer, put a line through the box
and then mark your new answer
with a cross .
Inheritance of blood group involves codominant inheritance.
(a) (i) Which statement describes codominant inheritance in ABO blood groups?
(1)
A
the inheritance of two different alleles, both of which are expressed
B
the inheritance of two different alleles, only one of which is expressed
C
the inheritance of multiple alleles, only two of which are expressed
D
the inheritance of multiple alleles, only one of which is expressed
(ii) State the possible genotypes of a person with blood group A.
(1)
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(b) (i) A person's blood group is determined by antigens.
These antigens are carbohydrate and protein molecules on the surface of red blood cells.
In 2007, a team of scientists used enzymes to convert blood groups A, B and AB into blood group
O for transfusions.
Suggest how enzymes can convert blood groups A, B and AB into blood group O.
(3)
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(ii) Suggest an advantage of producing blood group O using enzymes, compared
with other methods of obtaining blood group O.
(1)
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(c) Haemophilia is a sex-linked blood disorder that reduces the ability of the blood to clot.
These are the genotypes of four offspring, P, Q, R and S.
(i) Draw a genetic diagram to show how these offspring are produced from one set of parents.
(2)
(ii) These parents are expecting another baby.
Determine the probability that this baby will have haemophilia.
(1)
........................................................... probability =
(Total for question = 9 marks)
Q18.
A student uses this apparatus to investigate the energy contained in popcorn.
This is the student's method.
place 12 g of water in a test tube
measure the initial temperature of the water
place the popcorn on a mounted needle
light the popcorn using a Bunsen flame
place the burning popcorn under the test tube
measure the maximum temperature of the water
(a) (i) State why the test tube should have thin glass walls.
(1)
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(ii) Explain one safety precaution that the student should take during the investigation.
(2)
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(b) The student uses this equation to calculate the energy released by the popcorn.
energy released = mass (g) × 4.2 × temperature rise (°C)
The initial temperature of the 12 g of water is 17 °C.
The maximum temperature of the water is 45 °C.
(i) Calculate the energy released when the student burns the popcorn.
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
(3)
energy released = ........................................................... J
(ii) Explain why the calculated amount of energy released is not the same as the full amount of
energy contained in
the popcorn.
(3)
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(c) The student wants to compare the energy content of popcorn with the energy content of two
other foods.
State four factors that the student should control to make sure the comparison is valid.
(4)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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3 ..........................................................................................................................................
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4 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(Total for question = 13 marks)
Q19.
A student carries out an investigation to compare the rates that two different solutions of
amylase, P and Q, digest starch.
The student mixes 5 cm3 of starch suspension with 5 cm3 of amylase P solution and pours it into
the Visking tubing. This is then placed in a water bath at 37 °C, as shown in the diagram.
The experiment is left for four hours. Every hour, the Visking tubing is removed from the water
bath. It is dried, weighed and returned to the water bath.
The experiment is repeated, with amylase Q solution instead of amylase P solution.
The table shows the results obtained by the student.
(a) Plot the results of this investigation joining the points with straight lines.
(5)
(b) (i) Explain why there is an increase in the mass of the Visking tubing during the
investigation.
(3)
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(ii) Explain why the rate of increase of mass is lower after 3 hours in both investigations.
(2)
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(iii) Two factors that are kept constant in the investigation are the concentration of amylase and
the pH of the solution.
Explain why these two factors should be kept constant.
(2)
concentration
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pH
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(c) State why the tubing is dried before each weighing.
(1)
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(d) State two places in the body where amylase is produced.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
(e) Describe a test to detect glucose.
(3)
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(Total for question = 18 marks)
Q20.
The volume of alcohol in alcoholic drinks can be measured in units.
One unit is equivalent to 10 cm3 of pure alcohol.
The diagram shows a bottle of wine with 14% alcohol content and a glass containing 250 cm3 of
this wine.
(a) Calculate the number of units of alcohol in the glass of wine.
(2)
number of units = ...........................................................
(b) It is illegal for a person to drive a motor vehicle if they have more than the legal limit of
alcohol in their bloodstream.
It takes one hour for the body to process one unit of alcohol so that there is no alcohol left in the
bloodstream.
(i) A person drinks three units of alcohol. This puts her at the legal limit.
Calculate the time it would take before a person can legally drive after drinking four glasses of
Ruby Red wine.
(2)
Answer ........................................................... hours
(ii) Suggest why it is illegal for people to drive a motor vehicle with more than
the legal limit of alcohol in their bloodstream.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) Drinking a lot of alcohol over a long period of time can cause a condition called cirrhosis.
This condition prevents the cells of the liver from functioning normally.
Explain the effect of cirrhosis on the digestion of food molecules.
(5)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 11 marks)
Q21.
Aspirin is the active ingredient used in some tablets to relieve pain.
Aspirin becomes acidic when it dissolves in the body. The faster aspirin dissolves, the faster it
can relieve pain.
A student investigates if it is better to mix sucrose or starch with the active ingredient to make
an aspirin tablet.
This is the student's method.
add distilled water to three beakers, A, B and C
add 1 aspirin tablet to each beaker
add 5 g of sucrose to beaker B
add 5 g of starch to beaker C
measure the pH of the contents of each beaker at the start of the investigation
measure the pH of the contents of each beaker every minute for 5 minutes
The table shows the student's results.
(a) (i) Plot a graph of the student's results.
Join the points with straight lines.
(5)
(ii) State two variables that should be controlled in this investigation.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Name the dependent variable in this investigation.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Explain how the results of this investigation could help a manufacturer improve the
effectiveness of its aspirin tablets.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 11 marks)
Q22.
(a) Movement of air in and out of the lungs during breathing is achieved by various volume and
pressure changes occurring in the lungs and thorax.
Complete the following passage using the most appropriate words.
(5)
During the process of breathing in, .............................................................. in the thorax is
reduced.
This is brought about by an increase in the .............................................................. of the thorax.
These changes are due to the .............................................................. becoming flat and the ribs
moving
out and up. This means that the external air pressure is greater. This causes air to
travel .............................................................. a pressure gradient. This results in the
lungs .............................................................. .
(b) The diagram shows a section through part of a lung.
(i) Blood vessel A labelled on the diagram is the pulmonary vein.
State why blood vessel A is the pulmonary vein.
Use information from the diagram to help you with your answer.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Determine the actual thickness of the wall of the alveolus using a ruler and the scale shown
on the diagram.
Show the stages in your calculation.
(4)
(iii) Explain the significance of the thickness of the wall of the alveolus to the efficiency of gas
exchange.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 13 marks)
Q23.
The diagram shows the bones of a human arm and the muscles that move the lower arm.
(a) (i) Muscle X needs energy to contract.
Name the process that supplies this energy.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Muscle X contracts when the lower arm is raised further.
Describe the changes in shape of muscle X when the lower arm is raised further.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain how the contraction of muscle X causes the lower arm to be raised.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Draw a labelled diagram to show the internal structure of the synovial joint.
(6)
(Total for question = 12 marks)
Q24.
(a) The diagram shows a human brain.
Add lines labelled X, Y and Z to the diagram to show the areas of the brain that control these
functions.
(3)
X voluntary actions
Y balance
Z breathing rate
(b) Parkinson's disease affects the cells in the brain that help to control body movement.
The affected cells are unable to communicate effectively with neurones that cause muscles to
contract.
(i) Name the type of neurone that causes muscles to contract.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give one difference between neurones that cause muscles to contract and
neurones that transmit nerve impulses from receptor organs.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain how one neurone communicates with another neurone.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) Recent scientific research into the treatment of Parkinson's disease has involved the use of
stem cells.
Explain how stem cells could be used to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 11 marks)
Q25.
(a) The diagram shows the nucleus of a cell.
(i) Name the structures labelled P.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The cell divides by mitosis and two nuclei are produced.
Draw the appearance of the two nuclei.
(2)
(b) Before mitosis can occur, the DNA of the cell must replicate.
The table lists stages of DNA replication.
Write the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the boxes to show these stages in the correct order.
(1)
(c) The DNA of the nucleus is analysed.
The table shows the results.
(i) Identify base Z.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give the possible identities of base X.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(d) Meiosis is another type of cell division.
Explain why meiosis is important in humans.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 10 marks)
Q26.
A group of four students investigate their pulse rates at rest and after two minutes of exercise.
The table shows their results.
(a) Draw a bar chart to show the pulse rates of each student at rest and after two minutes of
exercise.
(4)
(b) Calculate the mean increase in pulse rate after two minutes of exercise.
(2)
mean increase in pulse rate = ........................................................... bpm
(c) Suggest why the value obtained for the mean increase in pulse rate may be unreliable.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(d) Give three possible reasons why the increase in pulse rate after two minutes of exercise is
different for each student.
(3)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
3 ..........................................................................................................................................
3 ..........................................................................................................................................
(e) Describe a method that the students could use to measure their pulse rates.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 12 marks)
Q27.
(a) The diagrams show a red blood cell and a blood capillary drawn to the same scale.
(i) State why only one red blood cell at a time can travel through blood capillaries.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain the advantage of only one blood cell at a time travelling through a capillary.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Cigarette smoke affects the function of red blood cells.
Explain why the birth weights of babies born to mothers who smoke cigarettes tend to be lower
than the mean birth weight.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 7 marks)
Q28.
Figure 1 shows a human heart.
(a) (i) Which part of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
(1)
A
left atrium
B
left ventricle
C
right atrium
D
right ventricle
(ii) Name blood vessels W and X.
(2)
Blood vessel W
.............................................................................................................................................
Blood vessel X
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Describe the differences in the composition of the blood carried by blood vessels W and X.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The diagram shows two blood vessels that are connected to the heart.
(i) Give a reason why blood vessel 1 represents X in Figure 1.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The diameter of the lumen in blood vessel 1 is 10 mm. The diagram has been drawn 50
times larger than the actual size of the blood vessel.
Calculate the actual size of the lumen of this blood vessel.
Give your answer in micrometres (μm).
(2)
actual size = ........................................................... μm
(iii) Explain how the structure of blood vessel 1 is adapted to help the blood flow through the
vessel.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) The diagram shows the interaction of an ACE inhibitor in the renin-angiotensin pathway. This
pathway is used by the body to control blood pressure.
(i) Explain how ACE inhibitors are used in the treatment of high blood pressure.
Use the diagram to help with your answer.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why it is important that people with high blood pressure take medication to reduce
it.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 15 marks)
Q29.
(a) The diagram shows part of a nephron in the human excretory system.
(i) Explain how ultrafiltration occurs in the Bowman's capsule.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain the differences in the composition of the blood flowing through the renal artery
and through the renal vein.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The quantity of salt in the diet affects the concentration of urine produced.
An investigation is set up to test this statement.
This is the method used.
ten people are each given a different food
each food contains a different quantity of salt
the volume of urine produced by each person is recorded each hour for six hours after
eating the food
(i) State the independent variable in this investigation.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why this investigation is unlikely to produce valid results.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) State one change to the method that would make the results more valid.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 10 marks)
Q30.
Answer the question with a cross in the box you think is correct . If you change your
mind about an answer, put a line through the box
and then mark your new answer
with a cross .
(a) The diagram shows models of four biological molecules.
Draw a straight line from each model to its correct description.
One has been done for you.
(3)
(b) Which body organ produces enzymes that break down protein?
(1)
A
gall bladder
B
large intestine
C
mouth
D
stomach
(c) A student uses this method to test different substances for protein.
grind solid substances into small pieces
place substances into separate test tubes
add a few drops of Biuret reagent to each substance
record the colour change for each substance
The table shows the student's results.
(i) In the student's test, how many of the substances give a positive result for protein?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The result for distilled water is incorrect.
Suggest one mistake the student could have made to get this incorrect result.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(d) The table shows an incomplete risk assessment for the Biuret test.
Complete the table by describing how to reduce the risk of each hazard.
(2)
(Total for question = 8 marks)
Q31.
Answer the question with a cross in the box you think is correct . If you change your
mind about an answer, put a line through the box
and then mark your new answer
with a cross .
(a) The diagram shows structures in part of a human leg.
(i) The box lists structures in the human leg.
Use words from the box to name structures X, Y, and Z.
(3)
X ..........................................................................................................................................
Y ...........................................................................................................................................
Z ..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) What is the function of ligaments in the knee joint?
(1)
A
ligaments attach muscles to the leg bones
B
ligaments hold the leg bones together
C
ligaments move the leg bones
D
ligaments stop the leg bones rubbing together
(iii) The type of joint found in the knee and the elbow is the same.
Give the name of this type of joint.
(1)
(b) Aerobic respiration releases energy for muscles to contract.
Complete the word equation for aerobic respiration.
(2)
(c) Diagram 1 shows a model of the human arm, with the lower arm extended.
Complete diagram 2 to show how the muscles change when the lower arm is raised.
(2)
(Total for question = 9 marks)
Q32.
Answer the question with a cross in the box you think is correct . If you change your
mind about an answer, put a line through the box
and then mark your new answer
with a cross .
(a) The diagram shows a section through one type of tooth.
(i) State the name of this type of tooth.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Which substance forms the outer layer of the tooth?
(1)
A
bone
B
dentine
C
enamel
D
pulp
(iii) Explain why this type of tooth is more likely to decay than other types of teeth.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The bar chart shows the percentage of children with tooth decay.
It gives this information for 12 and 15 year old children over a period of 30 years.
(i) Give two conclusions that can be made from the data in the bar chart.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest a reason for the change in the percentage of children with tooth decay over the 30
year period.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 8 marks)
Q33.
(a) Give two differences between whole blood and plasma.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Ebola is an infectious disease. One symptom of Ebola is blood loss.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has a procedure for treating Ebola.
This is the WHO's procedure.
find a person who has recovered from Ebola
observe this person to make sure that they are disease free for 28 days
take blood from this person and test the blood for other diseases
separate the plasma from the blood
transfer this plasma to another person who has Ebola
Explain how the WHO procedure helps to treat a person who has Ebola.
(6)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 8 marks)
Q34.
The diagram shows a new approach to treating severe burns.
(a) The stem cells used in this treatment are extracted from the patient's skin.
Name the type of stem cells that are used to treat the burn.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Give one reason why it is important that stem cells are taken from the patient's own skin
and not the skin of a donor.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) The diagram shows a stem cell taken from the skin of the patient.
Name parts W, X and Y.
(3)
W ..........................................................................................................................................
X ..........................................................................................................................................
Y ..........................................................................................................................................
(d) The stem cells used to treat the burn eventually form new skin tissue that heals the wound.
Describe how these stem cells form new skin tissue.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(e) Describe advantages of using this method of treating severe burns instead of growing the
patient's skin cells in a petri dish in a laboratory.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(f) Give reasons why some people might object to the use of certain types of stem cell in
medical research.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 13 marks)
Q35.
P. vivax is one of several parasites that can cause malaria.
(a) Explain how P. vivax is transmitted from one person to another.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The table shows the total number of deaths from malaria and the number of deaths caused
by P. vivax.
It shows the data for five different regions of the world in 2015.
(i) Compare the number of deaths caused by P. vivax with the total number of deaths from
malaria in regions Q and R.
Include calculations to support your answer.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest one reason why the number of deaths from malaria varies across the different
regions.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) Scientists are developing a vaccine to protect against malaria.
Explain how vaccinating individual people will help to protect a whole population from malaria.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(d) P. vivax reproduces by asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
Explain why it is an advantage for a species to reproduce by both methods.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 13 marks)
Q36.
(a) The diagram shows how immobilised enzymes can be used to convert sucrose into glucose
and fructose.
(i) Name the immobilised enzyme used in this process.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) One advantage of using immobilised enzymes is that they do not contaminate the products,
glucose and fructose.
Explain how the products could be tested to show that they had not been contaminated by the
enzyme.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) State two other advantages of using immobilised enzymes.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Biosensors that contain immobilised enzymes can be used to measure the levels of glucose
in blood.
The diagram shows this type of biosensor.
(i) Explain the function of the partially permeable membrane.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain the function of the immobilised enzyme in the biosensor.
Use information from the diagram to help your answer.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 12 marks)
Mark Scheme
Q1.
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
Q5.
Q6.
Q7.
Q8.
Q9.
Q10.
Q11.
Q12.
Q13.
Q14.
Q15.
Q16.
Q17.
Q18.
Q19.
Q20.
Q21.
Q22.
Q23.
Q24.
Q25.
Q26.
Q27.
Q28.
Q29.
Q30.
Q31.
Q32.
Q33.
Q34.
Q35.
Q36.
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