Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
The Cell
CELL THEORY
• All living things are made of one or more _________
• The cell is the functional __________ of life
• The building block of life; all living things have similar structure and function
• All living cells come from pre-_____________________ cells
TYPES OF CELLS
• ___________________cell: Cell containing complex structure enclosed within ___________________
• ___________________cell: Cell that ______________ cell nucleus and membrane bounded organelle
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
• ___________________– organ-like structures in a cell that carry out specific functions
• Scattered throughout the ___________________
• Each organelle usually (some nuclei don’t) has its own ___________________
PLASMA MEMBRANE/ CELL MEMBRANE
• provides ___________________& ___________________
• controls what enters and leaves cell
(__________________________________________________)
• Is porous
RIBOSOMES
• site of protein ___________________
(___________________)
• Is itself a ___________________
• ___________________: clusters of ribosomes bunched
together, each of which is TRANSLATING the same type of
protein
MITOCHONDRIA
• the “___________________of a cell”
• produce and store ___________________via ATP
Cellular ___________________
(𝐶𝐶6 𝐻𝐻12 𝑂𝑂6 + 02 − −> 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐻2 0 + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
• Synthesis and transports ___________________and
___________________
• Accepts and transports proteins from ____________
• Detoxifies drugs and chemicals
• Found in abundance in ___________________,
___________________ and ___________________
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Name:__________________________________
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
• Protein made in ribosomes moves into ER 
___________________
• ___________________and ___________________of
protein begins
• Lots in ___________________and
___________________cells
GOLGI BODY
• Proteins exported from R- and S-ER
• Functions to:
• ___________________
• ___________________
• ___________________
• ___________________and
___________________substances
NUCLEUS ENVELOPE
• A phospholipid bilayer around ___________________
• Nuclear ___________________: allow selected molecules
into and out of the nucleus
• Controls materials in/out of nucleus
Appearance:
• The envelope is very ___________________and is a
___________________of the membranes of the
___________________ ___________________
NUCLEOLUS
• Contains specialized parts of ___________________
• Site of ___________________ (rRNA) synthesis
Appearance:
• Dark stained area of nucleus
Date:_______________________
VESICLES
• transports substances within the ___________________
• Storage of ___________________,
___________________or ___________________
LYSOSOME
• Produced by the ___________________
• Contains powerful ___________________
___________________
• digestion or disposal of ________________
________________, _________________ _________________
• Breakdown of a ___________________ (aka. suicide sacs)
NUCLEUS
•Monitors internal + external conditions
• determines ___________________, ___________________,
___________________, ___________________, and
___________________of cell.
• Site of ___________________and ___________________
Appearance:
•Large and ___________________located
CHROMOSOMES
• Carries genetic code to make ___________________for
organism
Appearance:
• DNA tightly wound into coils with proteins
CYTOPLASM
Appearance
The primary constituents of the cytoskeleton are:
1) ___________________: hollow, tube-like structures that
give the cell shape
2) ___________________: Serve in anchoring organelles
and moving them within cell
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Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
3
Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
4
Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
5
Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
6
Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
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Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
Plasma Membrane
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
Properties of the cell membrane:
• Fluid-like because of the ____________________________________
• __________________: vesicles can bud off or fuse with cell membrane
• __________________ permeable
PROPERTIES
• __________________– the two ½’s (top & bottom) are not identical
MOSAIC
• the proteins form different __________________according to the particular __________________and also within the same
membrane at different __________________.
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
• Polar molecules (salts, amino acids and sugars) cannot pass easily through the ____________________________________.
B) GLYCOLIPIDS
• __________________with attached __________________ (sugar) chains.
• Function: __________________ __________________ (identify cells to immune system)
C) CHOLESTEROL
• Function: to make bilayer __________________, more __________________but less __________________.
• Since cholesterol is a __________________lipid, it makes the membrane ___________ permeable to water soluble ions and
molecules
D) PROTEINS
• __________________ proteins = proteins embedded within the bilayer
• __________________ protein goes thru the entire bilayer
• __________________ proteins = proteins attached to the surface of the membrane.
• Some proteins are held in place by __________________protein filaments, whereas other are free to drift laterally (creating the
ever changing fluid mosaic).
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Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
I) RECEPTOR PROTEINS
• Are molecular __________________that set off __________________ __________________when specific molecules in the
extracellular fluid such as __________________or __________________bind to them.
II) RECOGNITION PROTEIN/GLYCOPROTEIN
• __________________with a __________________chain attached externally.
• Function = ___________________________________
III) TRANSPORT PROTEINS
• Regulate the movement of __________________________ molecules through the __________________.
TO DO'S
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Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
Plasma Membrane
SELECTIVE PERMEABLE MEMBRANE
• Only some materials move easily in and out of the cell
WHAT MOVES & WHY
• __________________
• Meet energy demands
• Growth & repair
• ________________________________
• Chemical reactions!
• __________________
• Maintain normal functioning
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
• Some molecules can enter the cell, some can’t
• Can discriminate between different molecules of the same size
3 GENERAL WAYS IN WHICH SUBSTANCES CAN ENTER/EXIT THE CELL
1. __________________
2. Transport by __________________
3. __________________/__________________
DIFFUSION
• __________________concentration to low concentration
•__________________= particles moving from ____________concentration to ____________concentration until equilibrium is
reached.
•Is __________________ (requires no energy input)
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF DIFFUSION
1. __________________ __________________: a greater difference in concentration increases the rate of diffusion
2. __________________& __________________of molecules: smaller molecules diffuse more quickly
3. __________________: heating speeds up diffusion
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Name:__________________________________
HOW DOES THIS PROCESS OCCUR WITHIN THE CELL?
Date:_______________________
• The cell membrane has __________________tail regions, which allow lipid soluble molecules (steroids, alcohol) to diffuse
__________________the membrane.
• __________________ diffuses across the membrane through protein lined pores that extend through the membrane.
WHAT’S MOVING - WATER
• __________________= Special type of diffusion
• Movement of water from area of High CONCENTRATION to low concentration until equilibrium is reached
• __________________– particles that are dissolved in water
• __________________– liquid that dissolve the solute
• __________________– combination of solute and solvent
• __________________ _________________– the pressure due to osmotic movement of water. The greater the
__________________in concentration gradient across a membrane, the greater the osmotic __________________
HOW DOES THIS PROCESS WORK WITHIN THE CELL?
• In cellular system, water can move easily across cell membranes, but other molecules can’t.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A CELL IS PLACED IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
•__________________– same [ ] of solute as the cell
- no net movement of water
- cell remains the same size
•__________________– greater [] of solute in the solution Hyper = more, lots, high
- cell shrinks in size “crenation” if in this solution
•__________________– lower concentration of solute in the solution
- cell can swell and burst “lysis” if in this solution
B9 – Cell Membrane and Transport
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Name:__________________________________
1. Label the diagram below.
Date:_______________________
2. Where are the HYDROPHOBIC regions of the membrane? The HYDROPHILIC regions? Label
these regions on the diagram.
3. On the diagram, label the two types of molecules that make up the structure that is labeled “E”.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F. (same things)
4. Permeability of Our Membranes
a. Our membranes are said to be selectively permeable.
What does this mean?
b. What types of molecules find it easy to move through
our membranes? Why?
c. What types of molecules find it difficult to move
through our membranes? Why?
6. Describe the differences
Processes
Differences
Endocytosis vs
Exocyosis.
pinocytosis vs.
phagocytosis
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Name:__________________________________
diffusion vs
osmosis
Date:_______________________
9. For each of the next three examples, identify whether the solution is isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic compared to the “cell”,
DESCRIBE what will happen to the cell and explain WHY.
10. Complete the following table:
Transporter
Do the molecules
process
follow their
concentration
gradients with this
process?
Diffusion
Is the use of
energy required
for this process?
Is a channel or
carrier protein
used in this
process?
What types and/or sizes of molecules are
transported using this process?
Osmosis
Facilitated
Transport
Active
Transport
Endocytosis
exocytosis
11. Describe how the RATE of diffusion across a cell membrane is affected by each of the following factors:
Factor
How it affects the rate of diffusion.
a. temperature
b.
size of molecule
c.
charge of molecule
d.
concentration gradient
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Name:__________________________________
e.
Date:_______________________
pressure gradient.
12. Identify the type of membrane transport in the diagrams below, and classify them as either passive or active transport.
a.
c.
b.
e.
Transport
Type
Active
Or
Passive?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Active and Passive
Transport
Passive Transport
•
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
1) Diffusion _______________________________________________________________
2) Facilitated Transport ______________________________________________________
3) Osmosis ________________________________________________________________
Active Transport
•
_________________________________________________________________________________________
•
Active transport requires the use of 3 things:
a) ____________________________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________________________
c) _____________________________________________________________________
Endocytosis
• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a) phagocytosis _______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
b) pinocytosis _________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Exocytosis
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cell Membrane Questions
Answer the following questions in complete sentences, using APPROPRIATE TERMINOLOGY.
1. A red blood cell is placed in a 0.6% NaCl solution. Describe the effects on the cell, using the
appropriate terminology.
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Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
2. An animal cell is placed in a hypertonic glucose solution. Describe the effects on the cell.
3. If you were a veterinarian flushing embryos out of cows for embryo transfer, what kind of
solution would you want to use for flushing and storing the embryos? Why?
4. Explain the following observations:
a) Red blood cells burst in distilled water.
b) Both living and dead yeast cells absorb congo red dye, but the dye stays only in the dead
cells. (Hint: consider various ways that materials enter and leave cells)
5. The apparatus below shows the two solutions containing solutes
water. The two solutions are separated by a
membrane.
and
dissolved in
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Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
a) If the membrane is permeable to water, but not permeable to
immediately after the experiment begins? Explain?
b) What will happen to the concentration of solute
c) If the membrane is permeable to
i) In what direction will
and
, what will happen
on side B? Explain?
, but not permeable to
:
move immediately after the experiment begins?
ii) What will happen to the water level on side A?
6. Three experiments were set up according to the data table below. The membranes of the
blood cells are impermeable to the solute. In each experiment the cells from column A, which
were resting in isotonic solutions, were then placed in the solutions in column B.
Side A
Side B
Solute concentration inside
Solute concentration in
blood cell
extra-cellular fluid
1%
1%
Experiment
1
0.5%
1%
Experiment
2
1%
0.5%
Experiment
3
a) Describe what will happen to the cells in each experiment when they are placed in the
solutions in column B. Give reasons for your answer.
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Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
b) Which experiment could be considered the control? Why?
7. Four thistle tubes are partially filled with salt solutions of various concentrations and sealed with
membranes that are permeable to water but impermeable to salt. Each thistle tube is then placed
in a beaker containing a 2% salt solution. The experiment is left for two hours. The diagrams show
the appearance of each thistle tube at the start of the experiment and at the end of two hours.
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Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
For each tube, explain what caused the difference in levels observed after two hours. Give reasons to
support your answer.
a) Tube I
b) Tube II
c) Tube II
d) Tube IV
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Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
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Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
21
Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
Enzyme
Vocab
• Metabolism: ______________________________________________________________________________________
• Substrate: ________________________________________________________________________________________
• Active site: _______________________________________________________________________________________
• Specificity: _______________________________________________________________________________________
• Enzyme: _________________________________________________________________________________________
E+S  ES  E+P
Active Site Model
Lock and Key
the shape of the substrate _______________________
Induced Fit
the shape of the active site ___________________ to
the shape of the _______________________
___________ to the substrate (still specific)
Cofactors/Coenzymes
•
Sometimes substrate don’t fit into active sites on their own and need help
Cofactor
Coenzyme
Activation Energy
•
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
Enzyme and Metabolism
Metabolism
• _________________________________________________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________________________________________________
Metabolic Pathway
________________________________________________________________________________________________
•
Example: Thyroid Gland
Produces ________________________( hormone) that functions to:
•
•
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
•
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
•
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
•
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
•
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
•
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Homeostasis and Inhibitors
Inhibitors
Competitive Inhibitor
• _________________________________________
• _____________________ of normal substrate,
reaction rate slows down
Noncompetitive inhibitor
• Binds to enzyme ___________ of active site
• _________________________________________
• Aka. Allosteric inhibitors
• Allosteric means _______________________
Homeostasis and Inhibitors
Competitive inhibitor homeostasis
•
When __________________ is in abundance – binds to ______________________ of enzyme… _______________________
for _________________________ to bind
•
______________________________
•
When [product] lowered  product _____________ active site  [product] remains somewhat ____________
Name:__________________________________
Non – competitive inhibitors homeostasis
•
Date:_______________________
End product can bind to __________________________________________________________________________________
•
Change in shape  ____________________________________________________________________________________
•
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Enzyme Graphs
Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________
Name:__________________________________
Date:_______________________