Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
META ANALYISIS – REFEREED ARTICLE JOURNAL
IMPACT OF ‘SWIMMING’ ‘AQUATIC THERAPY’ AND ‘HYDROTHERAPY’ FOR ‘CHILDREN WITH ASD’.
Bil
1.
Scope
1.Aquatic
program
2.Physical
fitness
3.Children
with
and
without ASD
Author /
Year
Purpose Of Study
Pan 2010,
Taiwan
The efficacy of an
aquatic program on
physical fitness and
aquatic
skills
in
children with and
without
autism
spectrum disorders
Method
Instrument /
Validity and
reliability
ASD: N = 16 Within-participant
(ages 6–9, all repeated-measures
male; 8 HFA, 8 design
AS)
All
study
procedures were
reviewed
and
approved by the
university human
subjects
review
board.
Study
objectives
and
methods
were
individually
explained to and
written consent and
assent
obtained
from parents and
children,
respectively. Height
and weight were
assessed using an
Intervention
Data Analysis
Finding
Discussion
Swimming
program: 10 weeks,
2 sessions/week,
90-min/session
1.Aquatic skills:
HAAR checklist
2.Social
behaviors:-SSBS
3.Children’s
cardiovascular
fitness : The
Progressive
Aerobic
Cardiovascular
Endurance Run
(PACER)
4.Muscular
strength/endur
ance : the curlup
5.
children’s
flexibility : Sitand-reach test
6.Body
composition of
1.Improved
physical fitness
and aquatic skills
except subtest of
body composition
(BMI and percent
body fat).
Limitations:
1.To increase the clinical
utility and confidence in
conclusions
regarding
the use of aquatic
program for improving
motor skills and physical
fitness components in
children with different
disabilities,
future
research is warranted to
establish the applicability
of the current findings to
other age groups and
other
developmental
disabilities.
2.Physical
activity
intervention
settings
should
focus
on
improving health-related
physical fitness, not just
Sample
2.Decreased
antisocial
behavior
problems
the
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
automatic fitness
measuring system
(The Accuratus ACC810, Taiwan) for the
calculation of body
mass index (BMI;
kg/m2 )
children
bioelectrical
impedance
analysis
:
motor skills, in children
with
ASD.
3.It is important to gain a
better understanding of
the factors that influence
children’s participation in
order to encourage
sustained
physical
activity involvement.
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
2.
1.Water
exercise
swimming
program
(wesp)
2.Aquatic
skills
and
social
behaviors
3.children
with autism
spectrum
disorders
Pan 2010,
Taiwan
To determine the
effectiveness of a 10
week water exercise
swimming program
(WESP)
on
the
aquatic skills and
social behaviors
16 boys with
autism
spectrum
disorders
(ASDs).
A within-participant
repeated-measures
design
was
adopted.
The WESP design
was based on the
Humphries
Assessment
of
Aquatic Readiness
(HAAR: Humphries,
2008) assessment
instruction
developed
according to the
foundations of the
Halliwick Method
(Martin, 1981)
10 week phase
(phase I), eight
children (group A)
received the WESP
while eight children
(group B) did not.
A second 10 week
phase (phase II)
immediately
followed, with the
treatments
reversed.
Aquatic
skills
The
HAAR
checklist
1.Improvements
were seen in
aquatic skills for
both
groups
subsequent to the
WESP.
2.Following phase
I, significant social
improvements
were seen in
group
A.
2.Following phase
II,
social
improvements
were seen for
group B, whereas
group A merely
maintained the
improvements
they
attained
through
the
implementation
of the WESP
during phase I.
Results indicate
that the WESP
improved aquatic
skills .
Future research
1.To
establish
the
applicability
of
the
current
findings
to
individuals
of
both
genders and at different
stages of the life cycle
through
replication
studies.
2.Differences in cognitive
abilities and gross motor
skills were not evaluated
and
might
have
influenced
findings.
Further
research
is
needed to understand
the impact of it.
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
3.
1.Aquatic
intervention
2.Children
with
ASD,
peer
and
sibling
3.Interaction
behaviours
Chu & Pan
2012,
Taiwan
The effect of peerand sibling-assisted
aquatic program on
interaction
behaviours
and
aquatic skills of
children
with
autism spectrum
disor- ders and
their
peers/siblings
21 children
with autism
and
21
children who
were typically
developing
from middle
income
families living
in
urban
communities
16 weeks,
2 sessions per
week, 60 min each
Interaction
behaviours
(both physical
and social) and
aquatic
skills
based on HAAR
checklist,
including:
mental
adjustment,
introduction to
water
environment,
rotations,
balance
and
control
1.Aquatic
skills
increased
significantly in all
children.
2.There were no
statistically
significant
differences
between groups
Limitations
1.This study was limited
in scope because the
number of participants
was relatively small.
2.The
repeated
measurement design of
all groups participated in
all three conditions over
a 16-week period may
confound the results as
there are likely to be
lasting effects that carry
over from one condition
to another condition.
3.The presence of the
researcher in the pool
during each class may
have elicited reactivity by
the
participants.
4. Even though children
with ASD were mild or
high-functioning end of
autism, differences in
social skills, behaviors,
cognitive abilities, and
motor skills were not
evaluated and might
have influenced findings.
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
Future
studies
:
1.Examine the effect of
trained peers/siblings on
other components of the
lesson, such as the fitness
component.
2.Eexamine
the
relationship
between
interaction
behaviors
and fitness levels or
physical
activity
performance
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
4.
1.CTD
Procedure
2.Children
with
ASD
3.Foudation
al swimming
skills
Rogers et
al
2010,
USA
Determine if 4s CTD
(constant
time
delay)procedure
is
effective in teaching
foudational
swimming skills
21
children
with ASD and
21 TD
The
CEPI-PE
categorical
variables have been
validated in two
pilot studies for its
use
with
elementary school
students in general
PE setting (Klavina,
2007).
The
instrument
evidences a high
degree of inter- and
intra-observer
reliability. It also
demonstrates face
validity
and
concurrent validity
12
weeks
Swimming prog, 2
session per week
45 - 60 min per
session
1.The
operational
measurements
in two main
behavior
categories
(physical
and
social)
are
classified
as
interaction
behaviors
according to the
Computerized
Evaluation
Protocol
of
Interactions in
Physical
Education (CEPIPE,
2.Aquatic skills
The
HAAR
checklist
was
used to assess
each
participant’s
aquatic skills. It
is
designed
based on the
Halliwick
CTD
procedure
was effective in
teaching
faoudational
swimming skills
(a) PG and SG of
children with ASD
showed
significantly more
improvement on
physical and social
interactions with
their
TD
peers/siblings
during
peer/siblingassisted condition
as compared to
CG (p < 0.01), (b)
PG and SG of
children with ASD
showed
significantly more
improvement on
physical
interactions with
their
TD
peers/siblings (p <
0.01) and social
Limitation
1.Llimited
in
scope
because the number of
participants
was
relatively small, and
therefore were not
necessarily
representatives of the
larger population of
elementary
school
children with ASD and
their TD peers/siblings.
2.The
repeated
measurement design of
all groups participated in
all three conditions over
a 16-week period may
confound the results as
there are likely to be
lasting effects that carry
over from one condition
to another condition
3.The presence of the
researcher in the pool
during each class may
have elicited reactivity by
the participants. Finally,
even though children
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
Method
(Martin, 1981)
which has been
reported to be
safe for people
of all ages and
with many types
of
disabilities
(MacKinnon,
2003).
The
HAAR
demonstrates
face validity and
a high degree of
inter-rater
reliability
(above
0.90,
Humphries,
2008).
interactions with
their teachers and
other
children
with ASD (p <
0.01)
with ASD were mild or
high-functioning end of
autism, differences in
social skills, behaviors,
cognitive abilities, and
motor skills were not
evaluated and might
have influenced findings.
Future
studies
1.Examine the effect of
trained peers/siblings on
other components of the
lesson, such as the fitness
component.
2.Examine
the
relationship
between
interaction
behaviors
and fitness levels or
physical
activity
performance.
3.Should
consider
assessing the costs and
benefits of implementing
peer- or siblingassisted
techniques to increase
interaction
behaviors
and aquatic skills as well
as
other
outcome
measures.
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
4.Examine children with
different types and levels
of disabilities and across
a wider variety of settings
and age groups.
5.Examine systematically
how the characteristics
of the peers/siblings
(e.g., age, gender) are
related to intervention
effectiveness of the
program.
6.Use class wide peer
tutoring so that all
students in the class have
the
opportunity
to
interact with students
with disabilities.
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
5.
1.CTD
Procedure
2.Children
with
ASD
3.Rotation
skills
Yilmaz,
Konukman
,Birkan,
Yanardag,
Camursoy
2010,
Turkey
Effects of a CTD
(constant time delay)
procedure on the
Halliwick’s method of
swimming rotation
skills for children with
autism
Three
boys
with
ASD,
aged 8–9 years
Constant time delay
teaching procedure
Reliability
data
were
collected
during at least 35%
of all experimental
sessions.
Interobserver
reliability
was
calculated by using
point by point
method with a
formula of the
number
of
agreements divided
by the number of
agreements
plus
disagreements
multiplied by 100
10 weeks,
3 times a week,
60 min per session
A constant time
delay procedure
(2 types of trials:
0 s and 4 s time
delay)
1.All
participants
successfully
mastered the
two
target
behaviours.
2.Maintenance
trials
were
successful
for
the first, second
and fourth week
of generalisation
phase
Future
research
:
1. 1 to 1 teaching
arrangement and single
opportunity method to
teach swimming rotation
skills
was
used.
2.Recommended
to
teach
different
swimming
skills
to
children with autism for
future
experimental
research.
3.Children enjoyed these
aquatic drills during
sessions, and children
improved their social and
communication
skills
with peers compared to
their out of pool
behaviors.
4.children
had
less
stereotypical
motor
behaviors (e.g., swinging
their bodies backward
and forward, playing
fingers, moving head in a
circular motion and,
jumping) in the water
during training sessions.
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
6.
1.Exercise
intervention
2.Children
with
ASD
3.Posture,
cardiovascul
ar
fitness,
BMI,
hamstring
flexibility,
coordination
, balance and
agility
in
individuals
with ASD.
Natalia
Neophytou
2016,
Johannes
burg
To determine The
Efficacy of a 12-week
Exercise Intervention
in 11-16 Year Old
Adolescents
with
Autism
Spectrum
Disorder
27
andolescent
with ASD
1.Posture
was
assessed using a
posture grid, and
scores out of 10
were given per
body
area.
2.Body
composition, and
physical
fitness
were assessed using
the
Brockport
3.Physical Fitness
Test (BPFT), and
balance
and
coordination were
assessed using the
MABC-2 test and
checklist.
4.Gait was assessed
using Dartfish twodimensional video
analysis, and agility
was assessed using
a standard agility Ttest.
5.Fisher’s exact test
was
used
for
categorical
variables.
12
weeks
Swimming prog, 2
session per week
60 min per session
1.The Wilcoxon
signed-rank test
-To
compare
variables during
pre-and
postinterventio
n within groups
for continuous
variables,
2. Mc vi Nemar’s
test
for
symmetry
-To
compare
variables during
pre and post
intervention
within groups,
for categorical
variables was
used.
3.Data analysis
was performed
using
Stata
version 13.1.
Significant
increase
in
posture,cardiovas
cuar,
ftness,
strength,flexibity,
coordination and
agibility
Limitation
1. During the pre- and
post-intervention
testing, participants were
asked to take off their
shoes and socks as well
as any bulky clothing, and
some of the participants
refused to do this whilst
others were unable to do
so without assistance,
this often led to a delay in
testing
Future
study
:
purpose
of
standardisation, these
individuals were tested
preand
postintervention in the same
manner
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
7.
1.Aquatic
exercise
2.Children
with
ASD
3.Fitness and
swimming
skills
FragalaPinkham
et.al. 2011,
USA
Examine
effectiveness of a
group
aquatic
exercise program
on fitness and
swimming skills
ASD: N = 12
(ages 6–12, 11
male; 6AS, 6
PDD-NOS, 1
HFASD
Randomized control
trial; pre- and posttesting
Swimming:
2x/week for 14
weeks, 40- min
sessions
1.Swimming
skills: Swimming
Classification
Scale,
YMCA
Water
Skills
Checklist
2.Muscle
endurance: curlup and isometric
push-ups
3.Mobility skills:
Multidimention
al
Pediatric
Evaluation
of
Disability
Inventory
Mobility Scale
1.Significant
improvement in
swimming skills
2.No statistically
significant results
for
muscular
endurance†,
cardiorespiratory
endurance†,
or
†
mobility
limitation
1.
Physical
Activity
Questionnaire that used
was not validated.
Future
study
:
1.Develop guidelines on
how to progress children
from
a
specialized
program to an inclusive
program.
2.Develop an aquatic
exercise program manual
with
program
development guidelines
and aquatic activities.
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
8.
1.Aquatic
Katrhryn
N.
Oriel
program
2014,
USA
2.Children
with
ASD
3.Sleep
To determine if
participation in an
aquatic
program
improves sleep in
children with ASD
8
Children
with ASD
An
A-B-A
withdrawal design
4 week, 2X / week
60 min aquatic
exercise
One
repeated
measure
analysis
variance
(ANOVA)
way
of
1.Significant
different
existed
for
sleep lantency
(p<.001)
and
sleep duration
(p<.001)
1.Suggested
that
participation in aquatic
exercise may improve
the sleep habits of
children
with
ASD
Limitations
1.included extraneous
variables
such
as
bedroom setup, season,
and participants’ activity
level
2.Number of participants
Future
studies
:
1.should consider usage
of
an
actigraphy
wristband to monitor
sleep and movement
throughout the night
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
9.
1.Systematic
aquatic
therapy
2.Children
with
ASD
3.Gross
motor and
social skills
Giuseppe
Battaglia ,
Gianna
Agrò
,
Pietro
Cataldo ,
Antonio
Palma and
Marianna
Alesi
2019, Italy
To investigate the
afficacy of a specific
multi-systematic
aquatic therapy on
gross motor and
social skills
3 adolescents
with ASD
CI-MAT
program
and Post-Test.
Approved
by
institution’s
research
council
(Consiglio
di
Dipartimento
di
Scienze
Psicologiche,
Pedagogiche e della
Formazione Prot.
12 week program
Battery of tests
incorporating
anthropometric
measurement,
gross
motor
development
test
1.Subject
improved social
skills and object
control
skills
following the
program
in
different way
1.The results of this study
showed that the CI-MAT
program was effective
for the development of
gross-motor skills and
social
behaviors
in
subjects
with
ASD.
2.There is an urge to
carry out a whole
psychological
assessment
targeting
both motor and adaptive
development suitable to
provide educational and
vocational
plans
of
exercises for people with
ASD.
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
10.
1.Hydrotherapy
2.Children
with
ASD
3.Mental
health
and
well being
Whitney
Mills,
Nicholas
Kondakis ,
Robin Orr
, Michael
Warburto
n and Nikki
Milne
,
2020
Australia
Determine
whether
hydrotherapy
influences
behaviours which
impact
mental
health and well
being in children
with ASD
8
children
aged
6-12
years
old
diagnosed
with
ASD
allocated to
group 1 and
group 2
The child behaviour
Checklist
(CBCL)measured
behaviour
Anxious/Depressed
subdomain (p =
0.02)
and
the
Internalising
Problems Domain
Summary (p =
0.026), with large
effect size (d = 1.03
and d = 1.06
respectively).
Thought Problems
(p = 0.03) and
Attention Problems
(p = 0.01) both
significantly
improved
postintervention.
8 week
Observe
different
between group
1 and group 2
(Paired samples
test)
The
Total
Problems score
significantly
improved postintervention (p
= 0.018) with a
large effect size
(d = 1.04).
4.Hydrotherapy
may
enhance
behaviours
impacting mental health
and well being of children
with
ASD
Limitations
1.Included extraneous
variables
such
as
bedroom setup, season,
and participants’ activity
level.
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
11
Multisystem
aquatic
Children with
ASD
Behavioural,
social
and
swimming
skills
Giovanni
Caputo ·
Giovanni
Ippolito ·
Marina M
azzotta ·
Luigi Sente
nza ·
Mara Rosa
ria Muzio
Sara Salza·
Massimilia
no Conson
2018, Italy
Effectiveness of a
multisystem
aquatic therapy
on behavioural,
social
and
swimming skills
sample size
was 26 (17
males
and
nine
females): 13
participants
in the CI-MAT
group (two
females) and
13
participants
in the control
group (seven
females).
1.Standardized
tests
assessing
behavioural,
2.Socialcommunicative and
emotional abilities,
3.Autism
symptomatology,
4.Functional
adaptation
and
5.Swimming skills.
10 month program
1.Vineland
adaptive
behavior scales,
2.Childhood
Autism Rating
Scale
The
aquatic
therapy group
show significant
improvements
relative
to
control
on
functional
adaptation
Limitation
:
The study does not allow
solving the issue of
whether aquatic therapy
is fully effective in
treating
social
impairments in autism it
suggests that the CIMAT
programme is a viable
approach for enhancing
relevant skills in children
with
ASD.
Future
study:
1.Further investigation is
needed
to
verify
effectiveness of CI-MAT
with respect to other
aquatic
training
programmes,
2.To evaluate whether
CI-MAT can represent a
stand-alone intervention.
3.Suggest that the CIMAT, as a multisystem
treatment embedded in
social contexts, could be
included.
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
12
1.Benefit of
swimming
2.Children
with ASD
James G.
Hall, 2013
Canada
identify learn-toswim
program
strategies
and
techniques that will
benefit
children
with ASD.
6
subject
with ASD
a qualitative study
was conducted to
explore strategies
and techniques that
may
prove
beneficial
to
children with ASD
Multiple method to
gain an in-depth
perspective on the
implementation of
strategies
an
techniques
NO
INTERVENTION
Thematic
analysis
from
interviews the
parent
with
observational
data collected
1.There are key
strategies and
techniques that
can
be
implemented to
swimming
lesson program
2.This
study
was based on
previous
literature,
grounded
in
readily
available
teaching tools,
and was easily
implemented.
Indications
from
the
parents,
instructors and
the
observer
believed
the
strategies and
techniques
were beneficial
for the children.
Limitation
1.The sample size of six
(6) participants, which
could be construed as
small.
2.Lack
of
female
participants.
Future
study:
1.Even though ASD is
more
prominent
in
males, having female
participants would have
allowed for a broader
analysis for this research.
2.Having
a
more
expansive age range
could have resulted in
varying results to the
data.
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
13
1.Video
prompting
2.Children
with
ASD
3.Aquatic play
therapy
4.Motor
performance
Yanardag
2013
Turkey
Examine
effectiveness
of
video prompting on
teaching aquatic
play skills and the
effect on motor
performance
3
chidren
with ASD
1.A multiple probe
design
across
behaviours
was
used
and
replicated across
subjects for the
instructional part
of this study.
2.Pretest–posttest
design was applied
for the exercise
training part of this
study
12
weeks
Swimming prog, 3
session per week
60
min
per
session
Aquatic
play
skill
observation,
Motor skill :
MABC-2
1.Increase
in
correct
target
skills
and
maintenance
observe
2.Aquatic training
improved motor
performance skills
Limitation
1.The
number
of
participants.
Three
children with autism
were included in the
study.
2.The aquatic play skills.
Additional
research
should investigate the
effects
of
video
prompting on more
complex chained aquatic
skills such as the basic
phases of swimming
administered by parents,
physical
education
teachers and preservice
educators.
Future
study
:
1.Other forms of videobased instruction should
be conducted to teach
simple play skills on land
such as bowling, boccia,
darts,
frisbee
and
compared in terms of
effectiveness
and
efficiency using handheld
devices.
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
14
1.Aquatic
2.Children
with
ASD
3.Water safety
and
social
skills
Michele L.
Alaniz,
Sheila S. R
osenberg,
Nicole R. B
eard,
Emily R. R
osario
2017, USA
Examine
the
feasibility
and
effectiveness of an
aquatic
therapy
program on water
safety and social
skills in children
with mild to severe
ASD
7 children with
ASD
Swim skills were
assessed using the
Aquatic
Skills
Checklist (ASC), a
tool developed by
the
researchers
(Table 3) and based
on the American
Red Cross Water
Safety
Instructor
Manual
(2009).
Testing
was
videotaped and the
ASC was completed
by video review.
Video review was
completed by an
occupational
therapist and a
research assistant,
independent of one
another
8, 16, or 24 h of
group
intervention
provided in 1-h
increments, once
a week
1.The aquatic
skills data was
analyzed using
a
repeated
measure
ANOVA
2.Wilcoxon
signed rank to
compare
differences
between pre
and
post
intervention
variables.
3.The GAS data
was assessed
using
the
Wilcoxon
signed rank for
the difference
pre and post
the
intervention.
4.JMP was used
for all data
analysis (JMP
Statistical
Discovery from
SAS, Cary, NC).
1.Provide
preliminary
evidence
that
children with ASD
can
improve
water safety skills
(p=0.0002),
2.Social skills did
not respond to
intervention
(p=0.6409)
Limitations
1.Small sample size
2.Lack of socioeconomic
data on participants
makes generalization of
these findings limited.
3.The lack of control
group or a treatment as
usual
group.
Future
study
:
1.Should conduct follow
up after cessation of
intervention
to
determine
skill
maintenance.
Nama Pelajar : Zakiah Binti Md Yusof / No Matrik : M20201000642 /
Kursus GRU 60104 Kaedah Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan (Tugasan 1)/
Semester : M201 / Tarikh : 30 Disember 2020
15
1.Hydrotherapy
2.Children
with
ASD
3.Social
interaction
and behaviors
treatment
Rachel
Mortimer
Melinda
Privopoulo
s Saravana
Kumar,
2014
Australia
To examine the
effectiveness
of
hydrotherapy on
social interactions
and behaviors in
the treatment of
children with ASDs
3-18
years
with ASD high
functioning
level
A systematic search
of
Cochrane.
McMaster Critical
Review Form for
Quantitative
Studies,
was
performed to assess
methodological
quality
Systematic Review
NO
INTERVENTION
The data was
extracted
by
the
two
reviewers and
collated
into
excel
spread
sheets,
including
information
related
to:
study design;
participants’
information
(age, sex, and
diagnosis);
intervention
components;
intervention
duration; dose
and frequency
of
the
intervention;
experimental
design
and
method
randomization;
outcome
measures;
statistical
analyses; and
the results of
preand
postanalysis
Showed
some
improvements in
social interactions
or
behaviors
following
a
Halliwick-based
hydrotherapy
intervention.
Few
studies
have
investigated the effect of
hydrotherapy on the
social interactions and
behaviors of children
with ASDs. While there is
an increasing body of
evidence
for
hydrotherapy
for
children with ASDs, this is
constrained by small
sample size, lack of
comparator,
crude
sampling methods, and
the lack of standardized
outcome
measures.
Hydrotherapy
shows
potential as a treatment
method
for
social
interactions
and
behaviors in children
with ASDs.