Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Página 1 Potenciales Normales de Reducción ( E ) relativos al Electrodo Normal de Hidrógeno a 25 C = Solución saturada en presencia de una sustancia sólida o líquida. = Solución saturada con gas a una presión de 1 atm. Símbolo del Grado mas alto de + n eGrado mas bajo de E en Volts Elemento oxidación oxidación Ag2 + + eAg + +2.00 + Ag +e +0.7994 Ag +e +0.071 AgBr Ag + Br +e +0.55 AgBrO3 Ag + BrO3 + e +0.64 AgC2H3O2 Ag + C2H3O2 +e -0.04 AgCN Ag + CN Ag(CN)2 +e -0.29 Ag + 2CN 2Ag(CN)3 +e -0.51 Ag + 3CN +e +0.41 AgCNO Ag + CNO 2 +2 e +0.46 Ag2CO3 2 Ag + CO3 2 +2 e +0.472 Ag2C2O4 2 Ag + C2O4 +e +0.224 AgCl Ag + Cl 2 +2 e +0.447 Ag2CrO4 2 Ag + CrO4 4 +4 e +0.194 Ag4Fe(CN)6 4 Ag + Fe(CN)6 + e -0.152 AgI Ag + I +e +0.35 Ag AgIO3 Ag + IO3 2 +2 e +0.49 Ag2MoO4 2 Ag + MoO4 + Ag(NH3)2 +e +0.373 Ag + 2 NH3 +e +0.59 AgNO2 Ag + NO2 +e +0.293 AgN3 Ag + N3 +2 e +0.6 2 AgO + H2O Ag2O + 2 OH + + 2+ AgO + 2H +e Ag + H2O +2.1 +2 e +0.344 Ag2O + H2O 2 Ag + 2 OH +2 e +0.74 Ag2O3 + H2O 2 AgO + 2 OH 2+2 e -0.71 Ag2S 2 Ag + S +e +0.09 AgSCN Ag + SCN 32 Ag(SO3)2 +e +0.43 Ag + 2 SO3 32 Ag(S2O3)2 +e +0.01 Ag 2 S2O3 2+2 e +0.653 Ag2SO4 Ag SO4 2+2 e +0.53 Ag2WO4 2 Ag WO4 3+ Al +3 e -1.66 Al AlO2 + 2 H2O +3 e -2.35 Al + 4 OH +3 e .-2.31 Al Al (OH)3 Al + 3 OH 3Al F6 +3 e -2.07 Al + 6 F + +3 e -0.50 As + 3 H AsH3 +3 e -1.37 As + 3 H2O AsH3 + 3 OH + HAsO2 + 3 H +3 e +0.247 As As + 2 H2O + H3AsO4 + 2 H +2 e HAsO2 + 2 H2O +0.581 AsO2 + 2 H2O +3 e -0.68 As + 4 OH AsO43- + 2 H2O +2 eAsO2- + 4 OH -0.71 Página 2 Símbolo del Elemento Au B Ba Be Bi Br Grado mas alto de oxidación 3+ Au Au3 + Au+ AuBr2AuBr4AuBr4Au(CN)2AuCl2AuCl4AuCl4H2AuO3- + H2O Au(SCN)2Au(SCN)4Au(SCN)4H3BO3 + 3 H + H2BO3- + H2O BF4Ba2 + Be2 + Be2O32 - + 3 H2O BiO+ + 2 H + Bi + 3 H + NaBiO3 + 4 H+ BiCl4Bi2O4 + 4 H+ Bi2O4 + H2O Bi2O3 + 3 H2O BiOCl + 2H+ Br2 Br32 HBrO + 2 H + 2 BrO - + 2 H2O HBrO + H+ BrO - + H2O BrO3- + 5 H + BrO3- + 2 H2O 2 BrO3- + 12 H + 2 BrO3- + 6H2O BrO3-+ 6 H+ BrO3- + 3 H2O + n e+2 e+3 e+ e+ e+2 e+3 e+ e+ e+2 e+3 e+3 e+ e+2 e+3 e+3 e+3 e+3 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+3 e+3 e+2 e+3 e+2 e+2 e+6 e+3 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+4 e+10 e+10 e+6 e+6 e- Grado mas bajo de oxidación + Au Au Au Au + 2 Br AuBr2- + 2 Br Au + 4 Br Au + 2 CN Au + 2 Cl AuCl2- + 2 Cl Au + 4 Cl Au + 4 OH Au + 2 SCN Au(SCN)2- + 2 SCN Au + 4 SCN B + 3 H2O B + 4 OH B + 4 FBa Be 2Be + 6 OH Bi + H2O BiH3 BiO+ + Na+ + 2 H2O Bi + 4 Cl 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O Bi2O3 + 2 OH 2 Bi + 6 OH Bi + H2O + Cl 2 Br 3 Br Br2 + 2 H2O Br2 + 4 OH Br - + H2O Br - + 2 OH HBrO + 2 H2O BrO - + 4 OH Br2 + 6 H2O Br2 + 12 OH Br - + 3 H2O Br - + 6 OH - E en Volts +1.41 +1.50 +1.68 +0.96 +0.82 +0.87 -0.61 +1.11 +0.93 +0.99 +0.7 +0.69 +0.64 +0.66 -0.87 -1.79 -1.04 -2.90 -1.85 -2.62 +0.32 < -0.8 > +1.8 +0.16 +1.59 +0.56 -0.46 +0.16 +1.087 +1.05 +1.6 +0.45 +1.34 +0.76 +1.45 +0.54 +1.52 +0.50 +1.45 +0.51 Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Símbolo del Elemento C Ca Cd Ce Cl Grado mas alto de oxidación CH3OH + 2 H + C2H6OH + 2 H + C6H4O2 + 2 H+ (CN)2 + 2 H+ 2HCNO + 2 H+ HCNO + 2 H+ CNO - + H2O HCHO + 2 H+ CH3CHO + 2 H+ HCOOH + 2 H+ CH3COOH + 2 H+ HCOO - + 2 H2O CO2 + 2 H+ CO2 + N2 + 6 H+ CO2 + 2 H+ 2CO2 + 2 H+ Ca2+ Ca(OH)2 Cd2+ CdCO3 Cd(CN)42Cd(NH3)42+ Cd(OH)2 CdS Ce 3+ Ce(ClO4)62 Ce(NO3)62 Ce(SO4)32 Cl2 2 HClO + 2 H+ 2 ClO - + 2 H2O HClO + H+ ClO - + H2O HClO2 + 2 H+ 2HClO2 + 6 H+ HClO2 + 3 H+ ClO2- + H2O ClO2- + 2 H2O ClO3- + 3 H+ ClO3- + H2O ClO3- + 2 H+ ClO2 + H+ ClO3- + 6 H+ + n e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+6 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+3 e+ e+ e+ e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+6 e+4 e+2 e+4 e+2 e+2 e+ e+ e+6 e- Grado mas bajo de oxidación CH4 + H2O C2H7 + H2O C6H4(OH)2 2 HCN 2 H2O + (CN)2 HCN + H2O CN - + 2 OH CH3OH C2H5OH HCHO + H2O CH3CHO + H2O HCHO + 3 OH CO + H2O CO(NH2)2 + H2O (urea) HCOOH H2C2O4 Ca Ca + 2 OH Cd Cd + CO32Cd + 4CNCd + 4NH3 Cd + 2OHCd + S2Ce Ce 3+ + 6ClO4Ce 3+ + 6NO3 Ce 3+ + 3SO42 2Cl Cl2 + 2 H2O Cl2 + 4 OH Cl - + H2O Cl - + 2 OH HClO + H2O Cl2 + 4 H2O Cl - + 2 H2O ClO - + 2 OH Cl - + 4 OH HClO2 + H2O ClO2- + 2 OH ClO2 + H2O HClO2 Cl - + 3 H2O Página 3 E en Volts +0.59 +0.46 +0.6994 +0.37 +0.33 +0.35 -0.97 +0.19 +0.19 -0.01 -0.12 -1.07 -0.12 +0.1 -0.20 -0.49 -2.87 -3.03 -0.402 -0.74 -1.09 -0.61 -0.81 -1.17 -2.33 +1.70 +1.60 +1.44 +1.359 +1.63 +0.40 +1.50 +0.88 +1.61 +1.63 +1.56 +0.66 +0.77 +1.21 +0.33 +1.15 +1.27 +1.45 Página 4 Símbolo del Elemento Cl Co Cr Cs Cu Grado mas alto de oxidación 2 ClO3- + 12 H+ ClO3- + 3 H2O ClO2 + 4 H+ ClO2 + 2 H2O ClO4- + 2 H+ ClO4- + H2O 2ClO4- + 16 H+ ClO4- + 8H+ ClO4- + 4H2O Co 3+ Co 3+ Co 2+ CoCO3 Co(NH3)63+ Co(NH3)62+ Co(OH)2 Co(OH)3 CoS CoS Cr 3+ Cr 3+ Cr 2+ Cr(OH)3 Cr(OH)2 CrO2- + 2H2O Cr2O72 - + 14 H+ CrO42 - + 4 H2O Cs + Cu 2+ Cu + Cu 2+ Cu 2+ + Br Cu 2+ + Cl Cu 2+ + I CuBr Cu(CN)2 CuCl CuI Cu(NH3)4 2+ Cu(NH3)2 + Cu(NH3)4 2+ 2 Cu(OH)2 + n e+10 e+6 e+5 e+5 e+2 e+2 e+14 e+8 e+8 e+ e+3 e+2 e+2 e+ e+2 e+2 e+ e+2 e+2 e+ e+3 e+2 e+3 e+2 e+3 e+6 e+3 e+ e+2 e+ e+ e+2 e+ e+ e+ e+ e+ e+ e+ e+ e+2 e+2 e- Grado mas bajo de oxidación Cl2 + 6 H2O Cl - + 6 OH Cl - + 2 H2O Cl - + 4 OH ClO3- + H2O ClO3- + 2 OH Cl2 + 8 H2O Cl - + 4H2O Cl - + 8OHCo 2+ Co Co Co + CO32Co(NH3)62+ Co + 6NH3 Co + 2OH Co(OH)2 + OH Co + S 2Co + S 2Cr 2+ Cr Cr Cr + 3 OH Cr + 2 OH Cr + 4 OH 2 Cr 3 + + 7 H2O Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH Cs Cu Cu Cu + CuBr CuCl CuI Cu + Br Cu + 2CN Cu + Cl Cu + I Cu(NH3)2 + + 2 NH3 Cu + 2 NH3 Cu + 4NH3 Cu2O + 2OH- + H2O E en Volts +1.47 +0.63 +1.50 +0.85 +1.19 +0.36 +1.39 +1.38 +0.56 +1.84 +0.33 -0.28 -0.64 +0.1 -0.42 -0.73 +0.17 -0.88 -1.01 -0.41 -0.74 -0.91 -1.3 -1.4 -1.2 +1.33 -0.13 -2.914 +0.337 +0.521 +0.153 +0.64 +0.54 +0.86 +0.033 -0.43 +0.137 -0.185 -0.01 -0.12 -0.07 -0.08 Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Símbolo del Elemento Cu F Fe Ga Ge H Hf Hg Grado mas alto de oxidación Cu2O + H2O Cu(OH)2 CuS Cu2S CuSCN F2 Fe 3 + Fe 3 + Fe 2 + Fe(CN)6 3 FeCO3 Fe(C12H8N2)3 3 + Fe(OH)3 Fe(OH)2 FeO42 - + 8 H+ Fe3O4 + 8 H+ FeS Ga 3 + H2GaO3- + H2O Ge + 4H + Ge 2 + GeO + 2H + GeO2 + 4H + H2GeO3 + 4H + GeO2 + 2H + H2GeO3 - + 2H2O 2H + 2H2O ([H+] =10-7M) H2 2H2O H2O2 + 2H + HO2- + H2O HfO2 + + 2H + HfO2 + 4H + HfO(OH)2 + H2O 2 Hg +2 Hg +2 Hg2+2 Hg2Br2 Hg(CN)42 Hg2(CH3COO)2 Hg2C2O4 + n e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+ e+ 2 e+ e+3 e+2 e+ e+2 e+ e+ e+2 e+3 e+8 e+2 e+3 e+3 e+4 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+4 e+2 e+4 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+4 e+4 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e- Grado mas bajo de oxidación 2Cu + 2OH Cu + 2OH Cu + S 2 2Cu + S 2 Cu + SCN 2F Fe 2 + Fe Fe Fe(CN)6 4 Fe + CO32 Fe(C12H8N2)3 2 + Fe(OH)2 + OH Fe + 2OH Fe 3 + + 4 H2O 3Fe + 4 H2O Fe + S 2 Ga Ga + 4OH GeH4 Ge Ge + H2O Ge + 2H2O Ge + 3H2O GeO (marrón) + H2O Ge + 5OH H2 H2 + 2OH2H H2 + 2OH 2H2O 3OH Hf + H2O Hf + 2H2O Hf + 4OH Hg2+2 Hg 2 Hg 2 Hg + 2 Br Hg + 4 CN 2 Hg + 2 CH3COO 2 Hg + C2O42 - Página 5 E en Volts -0.36 -0.22 -0.70 -0.88 -0.27 +2.87 +0.771 -0.036 -0.440 +0.356 -0.756 +1.06 -0.56 -0.877 > +1.9 -0.085 -0.95 -0.56 -1.22 < -0.3 0.0 -0.29 -0.15 -0.13 -0.12 -1.0 0.0000 -0.414 -2.25 -0.828 +1.77 +0.88 -1.70 -1.57 -2.5 +0.907 +0.850 +0.792 +0.1392 -0.37 +0.540 +0.415 Página 6 Hg2Cl2 Símbolo del Elemento Hg I In Ir K Grado mas alto de oxidación Hg2I2 Hg2(IO3)2 HgO (rojo) + H2O HgS (negro) HgS (rojo) Hg2SO4 I2 I2 I32 IBr 2 IBr2ICN 2 ICN + 2H+ 2 ICl 2 ICl22ICl3 2 HIO + 2H+ 2 IO - + 2 H2O HIO + H+ IO - + H2O IO3 - + 5 H+ IO3 - + 2 H2O 2 IO3 - + 12 H+ 2 IO3 - + 6 H2O IO3 - + 6 H+ IO3 - + 3 H2O H5IO6 + H+ H3IO62 H5IO6 + 7 H+ H3IO62 - + 3 H2O In3+ In3+ In(OH)3 Ir3+ IrCl63 IrCl62 IrCl62 IrO2 + 4 H + IrO2 + 2 H2O Ir2O3 + 3 H2O K+ +2 e+ n e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+6 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+4 e+10 e+10 e+6 e+6 e+2 e+2 e+8 e+8 e+3 e+2 e+3 e+3 e+3 e+ e+4 e+4 e+4 e+6 e+ e- 2 Hg + 2 Cl Grado mas bajo de oxidación 2 Hg + 2 I 2 Hg + 2 IO3 Hg + 2 OH Hg + S 2 Hg + S 2 2 Hg + SO42 2I2I3II2 + 2 Br I2 + 4 Br I - + CN I2 + 2 HCN I2 + 2 Cl I2 + 4 Cl I2 + 6 Cl I2 + 2 H2O I2 + 4 OH I - + H2O I - + 2 OH HIO + 2 H2O IO - + 4 OH I2 + 6 H2O I2 + 12 OH I - + 3 H2O I - + 6 OH IO3 - + 3 H2O IO3 - + 3 OH I - + 6 H2O I - + 9 OH In In+ In + 3 OH Ir Ir + 6 Cl IrCl63 Ir + 6 Cl Ir + 2 H2O Ir + 4 OH 2 Ir + 6 OH K +0.2680 E en Volts -0.040 +0.394 +0.098 -0.67 -0.70 +0.614 +0.536 +0.621 +0.545 +1.02 +0.87 +0.30 +0.63 +1.19 +1.06 +1.28 +1.45 +0.45 +0.99 +0.49 +1.14 +0.14 +1.19 +0.21 +1.08 +0.26 ~ +1.6 ~ +0.7 ~ +1.24 ~ +0.37 -0.33 -0.40 -1.0 ~ +1.15 +0.77 +1.02 +0.83 +0.93 +0.1 +0.1 -2.925 Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Símbolo del Elemento La Li Mg Mn Mo N Grado mas alto de oxidación 3+ La La(OH)3 Li+ Mg2+ Mg(OH)2 Mn3+ Mn2+ Mn(CN)63 MnCO3 Mn(OH)2 Mn(OH)3 MnO2 + 4 H + MnO42 - + 4 H + MnO42 - + 2 H2O MnO4 MnO4 - + 4 H + MnO4 - + 2 H2O MnO4 - + 8 H + Mo3+ Mo(CN)83 MoO2+ + 4 H + MoO22+ H2MoO4 + 6 H + MoO42 - + 4 H2O HN3 + 11 H+ N3 - + 7 H2O 3 N2 + 2 H + 3 N2 N2 + 2 H2O + 4 H + N2 + 4 H2O N2 + 5 H + N2 + 4 H2O N2 + 8 H + N2 + 8 H2O (N2H4)H+ + 3 H+ N2H4 + 4 H2O (NH2OH)H+ + 2 H+ NH2OH + 2 H2O H2N2O2 + 2 H+ H2N2O2 + 6 H+ 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ HNO2 + H+ + n e+3 e+3 e+ e+2 e+2 e+ e+2 e+ e+2 e+2 e+ e+2 e+2 e+2 e+ e+3 e+3 e+5 e+3 e+ e+2 e+ e+6 e+6 e+8 e+6 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+4 e+6 e+6 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+4 e+ e- Grado mas bajo de oxidación La La + 3 OH Li Mg Mg + 2 OH Mn2+ Mn Mn(CN)64 Mn + CO32 Mn + 2 OH Mn(OH)2 + OH Mn 2+ + 2 H2O MnO2 + 2 H2O MnO2 + 4 OH MnO42 MnO2 + 2 H2O MnO2 + 4 OH Mn 2+ + 4 H2O Mo Mo(CN)84 Mo3+ + 2 H2O MoO2+ Mo + 4 H2O Mo + 8 OH 3 NH4+ N2H4 + NH3 + 7 OH 2HN3 2 N3 2 (NH2OH )H+ 2 NH2OH + 2 OH (N2H4)H+ N2H4 + 4 OH 2 NH4+ 2 NH4OH + 6 OH 2 NH4+ 2 NH4OH + 2 OH NH4+ + H2O NH4OH + 2 OH N2 + 2 H2O 2 (NH2OH )H+ H2N2O2 + 2 H2O NO + H2O Página 7 E en Volts -2.52 - 2.90 -3.03 -2.37 - 2.69 +1.51 -1.19 -0.244 -1.48 - 1.18 +0.1 +1.23 +2.26 +0.6 +0.56 +1.69 +0.60 +1.51 -0.2 +0.73 ~ 0.0 +0.48 0.0 -1.05 +0.69 -0.6 -3.1 -3.4 -1.87 -3.04 -0.23 -1.16 +0.26 -0.74 +1.27 +0.1 +1.35 +0.42 +2.65 +0.50 +0.83 +0.99 Página 8 NO2 - + H2O Símbolo del Elemento N Na Nb Ni Grado mas alto de oxidación 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ 2 HNO2 + 6 H+ 2 NO2 - + 4 H2O HNO2 + 7 H+ NO2 - + 6 H2O N2O + 2 H+ N2O + H2O 2 NO + 4 H+ 2 NO + 2 H2O N2O4 + 2 H+ N2O4 N2O4 + 8 H+ N2O4 + 4 H2O NO3 - + 3 H+ NO3 - + H2O NO3 - + 2 H+ NO3 - + H2O NO3 - + 4 H+ NO3 - + 2 H2O 2 NO3 - + 12 H+ NO3 - + 8 H+ 2 NO3 - + 17 H+ NO3 - + 10 H+ NO3 - + 7 H2O Na+ Nb3+ Nb2O5 + 10 H+ NbO3+ + 2 H+ NbO(SO4)2 - + 2 H+ NbO(SO4)2 - + 2 H+ Ni2+ Ni(CN)42 NiCO3 Ni(OH)2 Ni(NH3)62 + NiO2 + 4 H+ NiO2 + 2 H2O NiO42 - + 8 H+ NiS NiS + e- + n e+4 e+6 e+6 e+6 e+6 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+4 e+2 e+2 e+8 e+8 e+2 e+2 e+ e+ e+3 e+3 e+10 e+6 e+14 e+8 e+8 e+ e+3 e+10 e+2 e+2 e+5 e+2 e+ e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+2 e+2 e- NO + 2 OH - Grado mas bajo de oxidación N2O + 3 H2O N2 + 4 H2O N2 + 8 OH NH4+ + 2 H2O NH4OH + 7 OH N2 + H2O N2 + 2 OH N2 + 2 H2O N2 + 4 OH 2 HNO2 2 NO2N2 + 4 H2O N2 + 8 OH HNO2 + H2O NO2 - + 2 OH NO2 + H2O NO2 + 2 OH NO + 2 H2O NO + 4 OH N2 + 6 H2O ( NH2OH )H+ + 2 H2O (N2H4)H+ + 6 H2O NH4+ + 3 H2O NH4OH + 9 OH Na Nb 2 Nb + 5 H2O Nb3+ + H2O Nb3+ + H2O + 2 SO42 Nb + H2O + 2 SO42 Ni Ni(CN)32 - + CN Ni + CO32 Ni + 2 OH Ni + 6 NH3 Ni2+ + 2 H2O Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH Ni2+ + 4 H2O Ni + S2 Ni + S2 - -0.45 E en Volts +1.29 +1.44 +0.41 +0.86 -0.15 +1.77 +0.94 +1.68 +0.85 +1.07 +0.88 +1.35 +0.53 +0.94 +0.04 +0.80 -0.86 +0.96 -0.14 +1.24 +0.73 +0.84 +0.87 -0.12 -2.713 -1.1 -0.65 -0.34 -0.1 -0.63 -0.23 < -0.4 -0.45 -0.72 -0.49 +1.68 +0.49 > +1.8 +0.76 -0.99 Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Símbolo del Elemento O Os P Pb Grado mas alto de oxidación O2 + 4 H+ O2 + 4 H+ (10-7 M) O2 + 2 H2O O2 + 2 H+ O2 + H2O H2O2 + 2 H+ HO2 - + H2O O3 + 2 H+ O3 + H2O Os2 + OsCl62 OsCl63 OsCl63 OsO4 + 6 Cl - + 8 H+ OsO4 + 8 H+ HOsO5 - + 4 H2O P + 3 H+ P + 3 H2O H3PO2 + H+ H2PO2H3PO3 + 3 H+ H3PO3 + 2 H+ HPO3 2 - + 2 H2O H4P2O6 + 2 H+ H3PO4 + 5 H+ H3PO4 + 4 H+ 2 H3PO4 + 2 H+ H3PO4 + 2 H+ PO43 - + 2 H2O Pb2 + Pb4 + Pb4 + PbBr2 PbCO3 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2 PbO + H2O HPbO2 - + H2O PbO2 + H2O PbO2 + 4 H+ + n e+4 e+4 e+4 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+ e+3 e+ e+4 e+8 e+8 e+3 e+3 e+ e+ e+3 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+5 e+4 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e- Grado mas bajo de oxidación 2 H2O 2 H2O 4 OH H2O2 HO2 - + OH 2 H2O 3 OH O2 + H2O O2 + 2 OH Os OsCl63 Os + 6 Cl Os2 + + 6 Cl OsCl62 - + 4 H2O Os + 4 H2O Os + 9 OH PH3 PH3 + 3 OH P + 2 H2O P + 2 OH P + 3 H2O H3PO2 + H2O H2PO2- + 3 OH 2 H3PO3 P + 4 H2O H3PO2 + 2 H2O H4P2O6 + 2 H2O H3PO3 + H2O HPO3 2 - + 3 OH Pb Pb2 + Pb Pb + 2 Br Pb + CO3 2 Pb + 2 Cl Pb + 2 F Pb + 2 I Pb + 2 OH Pb + 3 OH PbO + 2 OH Pb2 + + 2 H2O Página 9 E en Volts +1.229 +0.815 +0.404 +0.682 -0.076 +1.77 +0.88 +2.07 +1.24 +0.85 +0.85 +0.71 +0.4 +1.0 +0.85 +0.02 +0.06 -0.89 -0.51 -2.05 -0.50 -0.50 -1.57 +0.38 -0.41 -0.39 -0.94 -0.276 -1.12 -0.126 +1.8 +0.84 -0.274 -0.506 -0.266 -0.350 -0.364 -0.58 -0.54 +0.28 +1.455 Página 10 PbO2 + 4 H++SO4 2 +2 e- PbSO4 + 2 H2O +1.68 PbO22 - + 2 OH - +0.2 - PbO32 - + H2O Símbolo del Elemento Pb Pd Pt Po Ra Rb Re Rh Grado mas alto de oxidación PbS PbSO4 Pd 2+ PdCl42 PdCl62 PdCl62 Pd(OH)2 Pd(OH)4 Pt 2 + PtCl42 PtCl62 Pt(OH)2 Pt(OH)2 + 2 H+ Po 3+ Po4 + PoO22 + PoO22 + + 4 H+ Po(OH)3 Po(OH)4 Ra 2 + Rb + Re Re + Re3 + ReO2 + 4 H+ ReO3 + 2 H+ ReO4 - + 8 H+ ReO4 - + 4 H+ ReO4 - + 2 H+ ReO4 - + 4 H2O ReO4 - + 2 H2O Rh3 + RhCl63 Rh2O3 + 6 H+ RhO2 + 4 H+ + 6 Cl RhO2 + + 2 H+ RhO4 2 - + 6 H+ Ru2 + RuCl3 +2 e- + n e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+3 e+ e+ e+2 e+3 e+ e+2 e+ e+ e+2 e+3 e+4 e+2 e+7 e+3 e+ e+7 e+3 e+3 e+3 e+6 e+ e+ e+2 e+2 e+3 e- Grado mas bajo de oxidación Pb + S2 Pb + SO42 Pd Pd + 4 Cl PdCl42 - + 2 Cl Pd + 6 Cl Pd + 2 OH Pd(OH)2 + 2 OH Pt Pt + 4 Cl PtCl42 - + 2 Cl Pt + 2 OH Pt + 2 H2O Po Po 3+ PoO2 + Po4 + + 2 H2O Po + 3 OH Po(OH)3 + OH Ra Rb Re Re Re Re + 2 H2O ReO2 + H2O Re + 4 H2O ReO2 + 2 H2O ReO3 + H2O Re + 8 OH ReO2 + 4 OH Rh Rh + 6 Cl 2 Rh + 3 H2O RhCl63 - + 2 H2O Rh3 + + H2O RhO2 + + 3 H2O Ru Ru + 3 Cl - E en Volts -0.91 -0.356 +0.987 +0.623 +1.29 +0.96 +0.07 ~ +0.73 ~ +1.2 +0.73 +0.720 +0.15 +0.98 -2.03 +0.970 +0.916 +1.04 -2.42 -0.95 -2.92 -2.93 -0.4 -0.23 ~ +0.3 +0.26 +0.4 +0.37 +0.51 +0.77 -0.584 -0.595 ~ +0.8 +0.44 +0.87 > +1.4 +1.40 +1.46 +0.45 +0.68 Página 11 Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Ru Símbolo del Elemento S Sb Sc Se Si RuCl5 RuCl5OH 2 - + H+ RuO4 RuO4 Grado mas alto de oxidación S S + 2 H+ 5 S (SCN)2 S4O62 S2O32 - + 6 H+ 2 H2SO3 + 2 H+ 2 SO32 - + 3 H2O 2 H2SO3 + H+ 2 SO32 - + 2 H2O SO42 - + 4 H+ SO42 - + H2O 2 SO42 - + 10 H+ 2 SO42 - + 5 H2O SO42 - + 8 H+ SO42 - + 4 H2O H2SO3 + 4H+ SO42 - + 10 H+ SO42 - + 4 H2O S2O82 Sb + 3 H+ SbO + + 2 H+ Sb2O3 + 6 H+ SbO2 - + 2 H2O Sb2O4 + 4 H+ Sb2O5 + 4 H+ Sb2O5 + 6 H+ SbO3 - + H2O Sc 3 + Se + 2 H+ H2SeO3 + 4 H+ SeO32 - + 3 H2O SeO42 - + 4 H+ SeO42 - + H2O Si + 4 H+ Si + 4 H2O SiF62 SiO2 + 4 H+ H2SiO3 + 4 H+ +2 e+ e+ e+ e+ n e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+4 e+4 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+8 e+8 e+6 e+6 e+4 e+8 e+8 e+2 e+3 e+3 e+6 e+3 e+2 e+4 e+4 e+2 e+3 e+2 e+4 e+4 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+4 e+4 e+4 e+4 e- Ru2 + + 5 Cl RuCl52 - + H2O RuO4 2 RuO4 Grado mas bajo de oxidación S2H2S S52 2 SCN 2 S2O32 2 S + 3 H2 O S2O32 - + 3 H2O S2O32 - + 6 OH H S2O4 - + 2 H2O S2O42 - + 4 OH H2SO3 + H2O SO32 - + 2 OH S2O32 - + 5 H2O S2O32 - + 10 OH S + 4 H2O S + 8 OH S + 3H2O H2S + 4 H2O S2 - + 8 OH 2 SO42 SbH3 Sb + H2O 2 Sb + 3 H2O Sb + 4 OH 2 SbO + + 2 H2O Sb2O3 + 2 H2O 2 SbO + + 3 H2O SbO2 - + 2 OH Sc H2Se Se + 3 H2O Se + 6 OH H2SeO3 + H2O SeO32 - + 2 OH SiH4 SiH4 + 4 OH Si + 6 F Si + 2 H2O Si + 3 H2O +0.3 +1.3 +0.59 +1.00 E en Volts -0.48 +0.14 -0.34 +0.77 +0.09 +0.5 +0.40 -0.58 -0.08 -1.12 +0.17 -0.93 +0.29 -0.76 +0.36 -0.75 0.46 +0.31 -0.68 +2.0 -0.51 +0.212 +0.152 -0.675 +0.68 +0.69 +0.58 -0.43 -2.08 +0.40 +0.74 -0.366 +1.15 +0.05 +0.10 -0.73 -1.2 -0.86 -0.79 Página 12 SiO32 - + 3 H2O Símbolo del Elemento Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U Grado mas alto de oxidación 2+ Sn Sn4 + Sn4 + HSnO2 - + H2O Sn(OH)62 Sr2 + Ta2O5 + 10 H+ Te + 2 H+ Te TeO2 + 4 H+ TeO2H + + 3 H+ TeO32 - + 3 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ TeO42 - + H2O Th4 + Th(OH)4 Ti2 + TiO2 + 4 H+ TiO2 + + 2 H+ TiO2 + + 2 H+ Ti3 + TiF62 Tl+ TlBr TlCl TlOH Tl 3 + Tl2O3 + 3 H2O U 3+ U 4+ U(OH)3 UO2 + 2 H2O UO2+ + 4 H + UO22 + UO22 + + 4 H + V 2+ V 3+ +4 e- + n e+2 e+2 e+4 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+10 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+4 e+4 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+4 e+2 e+4 e+4 e+ e+ e+4 e+ e+ e+ e+e+2 e+4 e+3 e+ e+3 e+4 e+ e+2 e+2 e+2 e+ e- Si + 6 OH - -1.7 Grado mas bajo de E en Volts oxidación -0.140 Sn 2+ Sn +0.15 +0.01 Sn -0.91 Sn + 3 OH HSnO2 + 3 OH + H2O -0.93 -2.89 Sr -0.81 2 Ta + 5 H2O -0.72 H2Te 2Te -1.14 +0.53 Te + 2 H2O +0.56 Te + 2 H2O -0.57 Te + 6 OH +1.02 TeO2 + 4 H2O 2TeO3 + 2 OH > +0.4 -1.90 Th -2.48 Th + 4 OH -1.63 Ti -0.86 Ti + 2 H2O ~ -0.88 Ti + H2O 3+ Ti + H2O ~ +0.1 2+ Ti -0.37 -1.19 Ti + 6 F -0.336 Tl -0.656 Tl + Br -0.557 Tl + Cl -0.344 Tl + OH + Tl +1.28 + 2 Tl + 6 OH +0.02 -1.8 U 3+ U -0.64 -2.17 U + 3 OH -2.39 U + 4 OH 4+ U + 2 H2 O +0.55 +0.45 UO2 4+ U + 2 H2 O +0.33 +1.18 V V 2+ +0.255 Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires V Símbolo del Elemento W Y Zn Zr VO 2 + + 2 H+ VO 2 + VO2+ + 2 H+ VO2+ + 4 H+ VO2+ + 4 H+ Grado mas alto de oxidación + VO2 + 4 H+ VO43 - + 6 H+ H2VO4 - + 4 H+ WO2 + 4 H+ W(CN)83 W2O5 + 2 H+ WO3 + 6 H+ 2 WO3 + 2 H+ WO42 - + 8 H+ WO42 - + 4 H2O Y 3+ Zn2+ Zn(CN)42 Zn(NH3)42 + Zn(OH)2 ZnO22 - + 2 H2O ZnS ZrO2 + + 2 H+ ZrO2 + 4 H+ H2ZrO3 + H2O + e+ e+ e+2 e+3 e- + n e+5 e+2 e+ e+4 e+ e+2 e+6 e+2 e+6 e+6 e+3 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+2 e+4 e+4 e+4 e- V 3 + + H2O VO + VO 2 + + H2O V 3 + + 2 H2 O V 2 + + 2 H2 O Grado mas bajo de oxidación V + 2 H2 O VO + + 3 H2O VO 2 + + 3 H2O W + 2 H2 O W(CN)84 2 WO2 + H2O W + 3 H2 O W2O5 + H2O W + 4 H2 O W + 8 OH Y Zn Zn + 4 CN Zn + 4 NH3 Zn + 2 OH Zn + 4 OH Zn + S 2 Zr + H2O Zr + 2 H2O Zr + 4 OH - Página 13 +0.337 +0.044 +0.9994 +0.668 +0.360 E en Volts +0.25 +1.26 +1.31 -0.12 +0.457 -0.04 -0.09 -0.03 +0.05 -1.05 -2.37 -0.7628 -1.26 -1.04 -1.245 -1.216 -1.40 -1.57 -1.43 -2.36