Effect of Nitrogen and Bio-organics on Growth, Yield and
Quality of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]
fHk.Mh [vcsyeksLdl ,LdqysUVl ¼,y¼,y-½ eksbUp] dh o`f)]
mit ,oa xq.koÙkk ij u=tu ,oa tSo dkjdksa dk izHkko
Thesis
Submitted to the
Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture
University, Jobner
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the degree of
Master of Science
In the Faculty of Agriculture
(Horticulture)
By
Ganpat Lal Yadav
2014
Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner
S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
CERTIFICATE - I
Date: ...........2014
This is to certify that Mr. Ganpat Lal Yadav has
successfully completed the Comprehensive Examination held on
01.05.2014 as required under the regulation for Master’s degree.
(S.K. KHANDELWAL)
Professor & Head
Department of Horticulture
S.K.N. College of Agriculture,
Jobner
Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner
S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
CERTIFICATE - II
Date: ……....2014
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of Nitrogen and
Bio-organics on Growth, Yield and Quality of Okra [Abelmoschus
esculentus (L.) Moench]” submitted for the degree of Master of
Science in the subject of Horticulture embodies bonafide research
work carried out by Mr. Ganpat Lal Yadav under my guidance and
supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any
other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of
investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was
also approved by advisory committee on …………….
(S.K. KHANDELWAL)
Professor & Head
Department of Horticulture
(S.P. SINGH)
Major Advisor
(G.L. KESHWA)
Dean
S.K.N. College of Agriculture,
Jobner
Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner
S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
CERTIFICATE - III
Date : ...........2014
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of Nitrogen and
Bio-organics on Growth, Yield and Quality of Okra [Abelmoschus
esculentus (L.) Moench]” submitted by Mr. Ganpat Lal Yadav to the
Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the subject of
Horticulture after recommendation by the external examiner, was
defended by the candidate before the following members of the
advisory committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral
examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory. We therefore,
recommend that the thesis be approved.
(S.P. SINGH)
Major Advisor
(K.K. SHARMA)
Advisor
(S.K. KHANDELWAL)
Professor & Head
Department of Horticulture
(M.R. CHOUDHARY)
Advisor
(V.K. YADAV)
Dean, PGS, Nominee
(G.L. KESHWA)
Dean
S.K.N. College of Agriculture,
Jobner
Approved
DIRECTOR EDUCATION
Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner
Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner
S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
CERTIFICATE - IV
Date : ..…….2014
This is to certify that Mr. Ganpat Lal Yadav of the Department
of Horticulture, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner has made all
corrections /modifications in the thesis entitled “Effect of Nitrogen
and Bio-organics on Growth, Yield and Quality of
Okra
[Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]” which were suggested by
the external examiner and the advisory committee in the oral
examination held on ………………… The final copies of the thesis duly
bound and corrected were submitted on …………………are forwarded
herewith for approval.
(S.P. SINGH)
Major Advisor
(S.K. KHANDELWAL)
Professor & Head
Department of Horticulture
(G.L. KESHWA)
DEAN
S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
Approved
DIRECTOR EDUCATION
Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I take great pleasure to express my sincere and intense sense of gratitude to my major
advisor, Dr. S.P. Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, S.K.N. College of
Agriculture, Jobner for his engrossing guidance, caring attitude, constant encouragement and
moral support throughout the course of investigation and preparation of this manuscript.
I am highly thankful to members of my advisory committee namely Dr. M.R.
Choudhary, Professor, Department of Horticulture, Dr. K.K. Sharma, Professor, Department of
Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry, and Dr V.K. Yadav, Professor and Head, Department of
Biochemistry, for their guidance during the course of investigation.
Sense of obligation compels me to express my cordial thanks to Dr. S.K. Khandelwal,
Professor & Head Department of Horticulture, Dr. A K Soni, Professor, Dr. R. Paliwal,
Professor, Dr. O.P. Garhwal, Asstt. Professor, Department of Horticulture, S.K.N. College of
Agriculture, Jobner for providing assistance and necessary facilities during the course of
investigation.
I asseverate my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to Dr. G.L. Keshwa, Dean,
S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, Dr. S. Gangopadhyay, Dean PGS, SKRAU, Bikaner and
Dr. N.K. Sharma, Director Education, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner for
providing necessary facilities and administrative help in this venture.
The help rendered by Dr. B.M. Sharma, Dr. S.L. Sharma, Sh. S.B.S. Manohar and other
non-teaching staff members of the Department of Horticulture and Agronomy farm is duly
acknowledged.
I am also thankful to my seniors Dr. Sita Ram Kumawat, Dr. Sita Ram Yadav, Mr.
Shankar Lal Yadav (Uncle Ji), Prakash, T. Vijay, Mukesh, Arun, collegeous Santosh, Sunil,
Santra, Pushpa and dear juniors, Kanaram, Pawan Yadav, R C Yadav,Arjun, Mahendra Yadav
O.P.,Yadav, Sanjay, Birjesh, Vinod, Ganesh, Ashok, , Kanaram, Suresh, and my friends for their
regular support, motivation and inspiration.
Finally, my felicitousness overwhelms to express my deepest sense of reverence and
indebtedness to my parents Sh. Ramnaryan Yadav and Smt. Keshar Devi, whose blessings and
inspiration always encouraged me for higher studies. I also express my deep affection to my
brothers Sh. Bhawar Lal, Jagdish, Bhagwan Sahay, Moti and whole family along with other well
wishers whose incessant love, affection and encouragement brought the present task to
completion.
I am also grateful to Sh. Suresh Yadav, Vimal Computer's, Jobner, for typing the script
neatly and efficiently within a very short period.
Last but not the least, a million thanks to almighty Jawala Mata, who made this task
and every job a success for me.
Place: Jobner
Dated:
/
/2014
(Ganpat Lal Yadav)
Yadav)
CONTENTS
Chapter No.
Particulars
Page No.
1.
INTRODUCTION
........
2.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
.........
3.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
.........
4.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
.........
5.
DISCUSSION
.........
6.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
.........
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.........
ABSTRACT
APPENDICES
ENGLISH
.........
HINDI
.........
……..
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Particulars
No.
3.1
Mean weekly meteorological data for crop season (July
Page
No.
...........
to December, 2013)
3.2
Cropping history of the experimental field
3.3
Physico-chemical
characteristics
of
the
...........
soils
of
...........
experimental field
3.4
Treatment combinations with their symbols
3.5
Schedule of cultural operations carried out in the
...........
...........
experimental field
4.1
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on plant height at
...........
30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest
4.2
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on number of
...........
branches per plant at flowering
4.3
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on leaf area and
...........
total chlorophyll content of leaves at flowering
4.4
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on number of fruits
...........
per plant and fruit length
4.5
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on fruit weight and
...........
yield per plot and per hectare
Conti……
Table
Particulars
No.
4.6
Interactive effect nitrogen and bio-organics on yield
(kg/plot)
4.7
4.11
…........
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on net returns and
B:C ratio of okra
4.10
...........
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on nitrogen, protein
and crude fiber content
4.9
………
Interactive effect nitrogen and bio-organics on yield (q
ha-1)
4.8
Page
No.
…........
Interactive effect nitrogen and bio-organics on net
return Rs ha-1)
……….
Interactive effect nitrogen and bio-organics on B:C ratio
………
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
No.
3.1
Particulars
Mean weekly meteorological data for crop
season (Kharif, 2013)
3.2
Plan of layout
4.1
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on plant
height at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest
4.2
………………..
……..………...
………………..
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on number
of branches per plant at flowering
4.3
Between
Page No.
………………..
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on leaf
area and total chlorophyll content of leaves at
………………..
flowering
4.4
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on number
………………..
of fruits per plant and fruit length
4.5
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on fruit
………………..
weight and yield per plot and per hectare
4.6
Interactive effect nitrogen and bio-organics on
………………..
yield (kg/plot)
4.7
Interactive effect nitrogen and bio-organics on
………………..
yield (q ha-1)
4.8
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on
………………..
nitrogen, protein and crude fiber content
4.9
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on net
………………..
returns and B:C ratio of okra
4.10
Interactive effect nitrogen and bio-organics on
………………..
net return Rs ha-1)
4.11
Interactive effect nitrogen and bio-organics on
B:C ratio
………………..
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Page
Particulars
No.
I
Analysis of variance for plant height 30 DAS, 60
No.
...........
DAS and at harvest of okra
II
Analysis of variance for number of branches per
...........
plant
III
Analysis of variance for leaf area and total
...........
chlorophyll content
IV
Analysis of variance for number of fruits per plant
...........
and fruit length
V
Analysis of variance for fruit weight, yield (kg/plot)
...........
and yield (q/ha)
VI
Analysis of variance for N content, protein content
...........
and crude fiber content
VII
Analysis of variance for net return and B:C ratio
...........
VIII
Economics of different treatments of okra cultivation
...........
with the application of nitrogen and bio-organics
IX
Cost of okra cultivation
...........
ACRONYMS
@
%
CD
CV
B:C ratio
cm
df
dS/m
DAP
Fig.
hrs
i.e.
At the rate of
Per cent
Critical difference
Coefficient of variation
Benefit : cost ratio
Centimetre
Degree of freedom
Desi siemens per metre
Diammonium phosphate
Figure
Hours
That is
mg/g
Mg/m3
DAS
No.
EC
g
SPD
Milligram per gram
Mega gram per cubic metre
Days after sowing
Number
Electrical conductivity
Gram
Spit Plot Design
ha
m
Hectare
Metre
M2
N
Square metre
Nitrogen
SEm+
SMW
kg ha-1
q ha-1
Rs/ha
t ha-1
viz.,
0
C
Standard error of mean
Standard meteorological week
Kilogram per hectare
Quintal per hectare
Rupees per hectare
Tonne per hectare
Which are
Degree Celsius
1. INTRODUCTION
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L) is commonly known as
bhindi or lady’s finger belonging to family Malvaceae. It is one of the
oldest cultivated crops and presently grown in many countries and is
widely distributed from Africa to Asia, Southern Europe and America It
is an important fruit vegetable crop cultivated in various states of India.
Several species of the genus Abelmoschus are grown in many parts of
the world among them Abelmoschus esculentus is most commonly
cultivated in Asia and has a great commercial demand due to its
nutritional values. In Rajasthan, okra is grown on 0.14 million hectares
with the production of 0.88 million tonnes and in India it is grown on
0.231 million hectares with the production of 6.35 million tonnes
(Anonymous, 2013).
Okra is cooked with meat for flavoring and because of high
mucilaginous content, the pods are ideal for both thickening and
flavoring stews and soups. The pods can also be boiled or fried and
eaten as a vegetable. Okra is cultivated for its immature fruits to be
consumed as a fresh and canned food as well as for seed purpose.
Fruits of okra contain a mucilaginous substance that thickens the soup
and stews. Okra has a relatively good nutritional value and is a good
complement in developing countries where there is often a great
alimentary imbalance. It is a good source of vitamin A, B, C and also
rich in protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, iron and iodine. The green
fruits (per 100 g edible portions) of okra contains 89.6 per cent of
moisture, 1.9 g protein, 88 IU of vitamin A, 0.07 mg thiamine, 0.1 mg
riboflavin, 13 mg vitamin C, 0.7 g minerals like 103 mg potassium, 6.9
mg sodium, 56 mg phosphorus, 66 mg calcium, 1.5 mg iron, 30 mg
sulphur and other nutrients (Aykroyed, 1963).
it is well documented that growth and yield of plants are greatly
influenced by a wide range of nutrients. The nutrient requirements of
crops depend upon soil texture, types of previous vegetation cover,
cropping intensity and soil moisture. Fertilizers are generally applied to
improve the crop yield, nutritional quality and aesthetic value of crops.
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are among the common major
nutrients, which are essential for the growth and development of all
plant species. Among macro nutrients, the nitrogen has great
significance in plant growth. It is the important part of plant parts such
as chlorophyll, amino acid, proteins and pigments. Nitrogen makes
leafy vegetables and fodder more succulent. It also increases the
protein content of food and feed. Therefore proper attention must be
given to these nutrients while planning a project on plant nutrition
(Khalil, 2006). As the soils of Rajasthan are light in texture having high
pH and low N content, an application of nitrogen is quite essential for
proper growth and development of plants.
Among the manures, vermicompost is being a stable fine
granular organic matter, when added to soil, it loosens the soil and
improves the passage to the entry of air. The organic carbon in
vermicompost releases the nutrients slowly and steadily into the
system and enables the plant to absorb the nutrients. The soil enriched
with vermicompost provides additional substances that are not found in
chemical fertilizers (Ansari and Sukhraj, 2010).
Besides chemical fertilization of the crops which involves high
cost, bio-fertilizers are cheaper and renewable sources and contribute
to the development strategies which do not lead to rise in consumption
of non renewable forms of energy. The occurrence of nitrogen fixing
micro-organism such as Azotobactor within the plant of economics
importance has been harnessed in Indian agriculture. Several workers
reported that there are several free living bacteria found the roots of
plant, which convert atmosphere nitrogen to the usable ammonical
form. Azotobactor chroococcum, a heterotrophic bacterium fixes
atmospheric nitrogen symbiotically and used as an inoculants for
plants. Besides fixing nitrogen, it produces antifungal metabolizes and
certain vitamin and growth promoting substances which increase seed
germination and initial vigour in inoculated sorghum plants (Subha
Rao, 1974). Azotobactor is free living bacteria. It has been reported to
fix 20 kg N ha-1 in field of non legume crop and also secretes some
growth promoting substances. The most feasible and economically
viable fertilizer package is one which improves the crop yield with
ought deterioration soil health.
Keeping these facts in view, a field experiment entitled "Effect of
Nitrogen and Bio-organics on Growth, Yield and Quality of Okra
[Abelmoschus
esculentus
(L.)
Moench]"
was
conducted
at
Horticulture Farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner during kharif
season 2013 with the following objectives :(i)
To find out the effect of different nitrogen levels on growth,
yield and quality of okra
(ii)
To study the effect of different bio-organics on growth, yield
and quality of okra
(iii)
To find out the suitable combination of nitrogen and bioorganics for okra
(iv)
To work out economics of the treatments
2.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A brief review of literature on important aspects pertaining
to present study entitled ‘‘Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on growth,
yield and quality of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]’’ is
presented in this chapter. An attempt has been made to cite all
available literature on okra but due to paucity of adequate published
information, research work on other crops has also been reviewed.
2.1
Effect of nitrogen
2.1.1 Effect on growth
The highest number of branches per plant (4.85), girth of main
stem (6.10 cm), leaf area (138.90 cm2), number of fruits per plant
(23.97), fruit diameter (6.50 cm), yield per plant (451.77 g), fruit yield
(167.40 q ha-1) were obtained with the application of 120 kg N ha-1
(Paliwal et al., 1999). Sonia Sood (1999) observed that days to 50 per
cent flowering in okra varied from 44.33 to 71 days with the application
of varying nitrogen levels.
The maximum plant height (1.85 m), number of pods per plant
(24.59) and the highest pod yield. (16950.79 kg ha-1) of okra crop were
obtained with the combined application of 120 kg N+ 90 kg P2O5 + 60
kg K2O Jobner but had no significant difference in days to seedling
emergence and first picking (Fayaz et al., 1999).
Meena (2001) carried out a field experiment on fenugreek grown
on loamy sand soils of Jobner and reported that application of 75 per
cent nitrogen through FYM + 25 per cent nitrogen through urea
significantly increased the plant height, branches per plant and dry
matter accumulation per metre row length over rest of combinations of
FYM and Urea.
Sharu and Meerabai (2001) observed the highest fruit yield of
chilli (9.66 t ha-1) with the application of 50 per cent poultry manure +
50 per cent inorganic nitrogen. Similarly, Chadha et al. (1997) reported
the highest crop yield with application of 150 kg N/ha in brinjal.
Sannigrahi and Borah (2001) reported that plant height of okra
increased significantly due to 50 per cent NPK + FYM @ 20 t/ha were
applied.
Selvi et al. (2004) conducted an experiment with five levels of N
(100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 kg ha-1). The results revealed that highest
leaf area index and plant height of brinjal hybrid COBH-1 were
recorded with N and P at the rates of 200 : 100 kg ha-1, followed by N
and P at the rate of 175 : 100 kg ha-1. Singh et al. (2005) conducted on
experiment an tomato grown under polyhouse and revealed that the
application of fertilizer at higher dose i.e., NPK @ 500 : 300 : 350 kg
ha-1, produced significantly higher plant height, number of leaves per
plant, leaf length and stem thickness.
Suthar et al. (2005) reported the highest values for seed vigour
index and standard germination percentage under 10 June planting
and N:P:K:Zn at the rate of 125:62.5:62.5:25 kg/ha, respectively, than
other treatments in brinjal cv BR-112.
The maximum plant height and branches per plant of okra was
recorded with application of 90 kg N /ha through urea, FYM, poultry
manure and vermicompost over control (Yadav et al., 2006). Bharadiya
et al. (2007) recorded maximum plant height, days required for
initiation of flowering, number of fruits per plant, green fruit yield, total
yield, weight of individual fruit and fruit length of okra with application of
50 percent RDF + 50 per cent nitrogen through neem cake over
control.
The plant height, branches per plant and leaf area of okra
significantly enhanced due to application of nitrogen (90 kg ha-1)
through vermicompost and urea as compared to control (Garhwal et al.
2007). The maximum plant height, leaf area, root length, number of
leaves and yield of okra were obtained with the application of 150 kg
NPK /ha (Omotoso and Shittu, 2007).
The plant height and leaf area of okra were increased
significantly with the application of 140 kg nitrogen /ha and 100 kg
phosphorus /ha (Singh et al., 2008). The maximum growth of okra crop
was recorded with application of 100 percent RDF along with 2 per
cent spray of each panchgavya, vermiwash and microorganism
(Vennila and Jayanthi, 2008a).
Firoz, (2009) Khagrachari concluded an experiment to find out
the effect of nitrogen (60, 80, 100 and 120 kg/ha) and phosphorus (80,
100 and 120 kg/ha) on the growth and yield of okra in hill slope
condition during rainy season. The maximum yield (16.73 t/ha) was
obtained from 100 kg N/ha, which was statistically at par to 120 kg per
hectare.
Ekwu, et al. (2010) in field experiment concluded at
the
experimental farm of the faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Management to evaluate effect of different rates of nitrogen (0, 70,
140, 210 kg N/ ha) and mulching (grass mulch) on the vegetative
growth and green pod yield of okra. The results showed that nitrogen
rate of 140kg N/ha produced the highest number of branches and
leaves.
Sharma and Choudhary (2011) observed that application of 100
per cent RDF and FYM @ 20 t ha-1 significantly increased growth
attributes viz. plant height at harvest, number of branches per plant,
leaf area and chlorophyll content in okra.
Singh et al. (2012) at Lucknow observed that growth attributing
traits viz. plant height (cm), no. of leaves/ plant, no. of nodes/ plant
stem diameter (cm), no. of days to flowering, no. of flower/ plant (q/ha).
Treatment (T9) (N120P90K60) showed maximum plant height (106.58
cm), while minimum number of leaves was noted in control (9.56). The
maximum number of nodes/plant was reported in treatment T9 (12.05)
followed by T3 (11.74) and minimum was recorded in control (8.01).
2.1.2 Effect on yield attributes and yield
Fageria et al. (1993) reported that application of 75 kg N ha-1
increased the number of fruits per plant, fruit length and fruit diameter
of okra. Mani Ram et al. (1999) reported that nitrogen fertilization @
120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased N content in plants as well as
fruits of okra. In a study of N and P fertilization and intra row spacing,
the maximum N uptake in fruits and seeds of okra was recorded when
plants were fertilized with 120 kg N + 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 and spaced at 30
cm apart (Pandey and Dubey, 1997).
Chaudhari et al. (1995) found that okra cv. Prabhani Kranti and
Selection 2-2 produced 36.19 q yield ha-1 in unfertilized control plots
which increased to 88.49 q ha-1 with 100 kg N + 50 kg P2O5 + 50 kg
K2O ha-1 application.
Gupta et al. (1999) revealed that application of FYM @ 75 q
ha-1 along with ammonium sulphate @ 565 kg ha-1 were effective to
increase bulb colour, compactness, T.S.S. and highest net return in
onion cv. Agrifound Dark red. Gherbin et al. (2000) studied on growth
pattern of okra pods, biometric and qualitative aspects and found that
crude fibre content was 9.0 per cent on a dry weight basis after one
week of flowering in okra. The maximum plant height, number of pods
per plant and pod yield of okra were obtained with the combined
application of 120 kg N + 90 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O/ha (Fayaz et al.,
1999).
Duraisami and Mani (2002) recorded the highest yield (20.5 t
ha-1) of tomato with 80 kg N + 40 kg P205 + 80 kg K2o ha-1 while TSS
increased with increasing levels of P and K. They found that soil N was
highest with application of 80 kg N and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 while the
available K content in soil increased with increasing levels of K2O.
Similarly, Kadam and Sahane (2002) reported higher fruit and plant
NPK content and uptake by tomato cv. Dhanshree with application of
100 per cent recommended NPK rate.
Anburani et al. (2003) reported that application of 25 t ha-1
FYM + 100 : 50 : 50 kg NPK ha-1 + bio fertilizers resulted in maximum
fruit weight and yield of brinjal cv. Annamalai. Yadav et al. (2006)
reported that the application of 90 kg N
ha-1 through urea, poultry
manure, FYM and vermicompost significantly increased number of
fruits, fruit length, girth of fruit and total yield of okra as compared to
control.
The number of fruits per plant, fruit length and fruit yield
increased significantly due to application of 100 per cent N (90 kg ha-1)
through urea and vermicompost over control (Garhwal et al. 2007).
Vennila and Jayanthi (2008b) carried out a field experiment in okra
crop during kharif season at Coimbatore and reported that application
of 100 per cent RDF along with 2 per cent spray of each panchagavya
and vermiwash significantly increased the fruit yield over control.
Firoz, (2009) conducted an experiment at the Hill Agricultural
Research Station, Khagrachari to find out the effect of nitrogen (60, 80,
100 and 120 kg/ha) and phosphorus (80, 100 and 120 kg/ha) on the
yield of okra in hill slope condition during rainy season. The highest
plant height and number of branches were obtained from 100 kg N/ha,
which was statistically at par to 120 kg per hectare.
Sharma et al. (2009) reported that maximum yield of okra was
recorded in the treatment comprising 100 per cent recommended NPK
+ vermicompost @ 10 t ha-1.
Choudhary and Mukherjee (2010) observed that application of
25 kg N and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 in vegetable pea produced significantly
higher pod length, fresh pod weight, number of pods per plant and
green pod yield over control.
Dar Rukhsara et al. (2010) observed that the application of
(75% recommended dose of fertilizer (NP) along with phosphorus
solubilizing bacteria) as soil application @ 2 kg/ha proved to be most
profitable and remunerative dose for seed production of okra crop. The
treatment combination of F2 x B3 recorded highest seed yield thereby
gave gross income to the tune of Rs. 87040 and net income of Rs.
64188/ha and Cost : benefit cost ratio of 1:2.80.
Sajid et al. (2012) reported that maximum number of pods per
plant and maximum seed yield in okra were reported in plots having
received both 150 kg N/ha and 90 kg P/ha. Babatola (2013) in an
experiment investigate the performance of the okra variety NHAe 47-4
under different (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg/ha) levels of NPK 15:15:15
fertilizer found the 120 kg/ha NKP gave the highest and yield followed
by the 90 kg/ha rate. The NPK fertilizer caused no significant change in
firmness, disease incidence and mineral plus vitamin contents, but the
90 kg/ha had a marked effect on the colour of fruits stored in the
refrigerator. The refrigerator storage was the best for a period of three
weeks followed by ECS and then the open shelf.
2.1.3 Effect on quality
Mani Ram et al. (1999) reported that nitrogen fertilization @ 120
kg N ha-1 significantly increased N content in plants as well as fruits of
okra. In a study of N and P fertilization and intra row spacing, the
maximum N uptake in fruits and seeds of okra was recorded when
plants were fertilized with 120 kg N + 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 (Pandey and
Dubey, 1997).
Gupta et al. (1999) revealed that application of FYM @ 75 q ha-1
along with ammonium sulphate @ 565 kg ha-1 were effective to
increase bulb colour, compactness, T.S.S. and highest net return in
onion cv. Agrifound Dark Red. Gherbin et al. (2000) studied on
biometric and qualitative aspects and found that crude fibre content
was 9.0 per cent on a dry weight basis after one week of flowering in
okra.
Nanthakumar and Veeragavathatham (2001) carried out a field
experiment with brinjal cv. ‘Palur-1’ at Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu and
found that the treatment containing 100 per cent NPK (100 : 50 : 30 kg
NPK ha-1, respectively) + FYM + Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria @
2 kg each ha-1 mixed in 20 kg FYM produced the fruits with maximum
ascorbic acid, carbohydrate and crude protein contents.
Kadam and Sahane (2002) observed higher NPK content and
uptake in both fruit as well as plant in tomato with application of 100
per cent recommended dose of NPK as compared to 50 per cent.
Kaur et al. (2003) reported that increasing levels of N from 100
to 180 kg ha-1 increased significantly the titrable acidity, the effect of K
on acidity was found non-significant. There was also non-significant
effect of N and K on TSS content in tomato. Garhwal et al. (2007)
reported
that
the
application
of
nitrogen
through
urea
and
vermicompost significantly increased the nitrogen and protein content
in okra fruit over control.
Choudhary and Mukherjee (2010) carried out a field experiment
at Durgapura on vegetable pea and reported that application of 25 kg N
and 40 kg P205 ha-1 significantly increased N P and protein content in
grain.
2.2
Effect of Azotobacter
2.2.1 Effect on growth parameters
Barakart and Gabr (1998) observed that seedling growth was
greatly improved by inoculation with the single or mixed biofertilizer
(Azotobacter, Azosprillium and klebsillia of N2 fixing bacteria) and 100
kg feddan.
Muthuramalingam et al. (2001) stated that plant height showed
an increasing trend with increasing levels of nutrients and its interaction
effect revealed that application of 60 : 60 : 30 kg NPK ha-1 along with
FYM @ 25 t ha-1, Azosprillium @ 2 kg ha-1 and Phosphobacterium @
2 kg ha-1 with close spacing of 45×5 cm recorded higher plant height
(48.5 cm) at 100 and 135 days of sowing in onion.
Jayathilake et al. (2002) revealed that plant height, number of
leaves per plant, onion were recorded maximum with the application of
biofertilizer (Azotobacter or Azosprillium) in combination with 50 per
cent of
recommended N through organic manures (FYM or
vermicompost) and rest of the NPK through chemical fertilizers.
Abraham and Lal (2003) also reported that seed inoculation with
PSB resulted in significantly higher plant and dry matter accumulation
in soyabean - mustard fodder cowpea cropping system over no
inoculation.
Kadlag, et al. (2010) reported that application of highest dose of
organic fertilizer (FYM 20 t/ha) recorded significantly highest
germination percentage (88.28%), plant height (164.31 cm), number of
leaves per plant (33.03) while, the minimum days required to 50%
flowering in FYM @ 10 t/ha. Recommended dose of fertilizers
(80:50:50 kg/ha) significantly increased the germination percentage
(87.05%), plant height (160.56 cm) and number of leaves per plant
(32.07). The bio-fertilizer treatment Azotobacter @ 3 kg/ha recorded
significantly highest germination percentage (87.07%), plant height
(161.63 cm), number of leaves per plant (32.36) while, the minimum
days (43.67) required for the 50 per cent flowering were recorded in the
treatment without application of Azotobacter. Interaction effect of
organic, inorganic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer on growth parameters of
okra were found non significant.
2.2.2 Effect on yield and yield attributes
Konde et al. (1988) conducted an experiment on ginger and
concluded that inoculating ginger set with Azotobacter chroococcum or
Azosprillium brasilense increased the rhizome yield from plants given
25 or 50 kg ha-1. Gurubatham et al. (1989) reported that onion cv N-53
applied with seed treatment of Azosprillium increased yield from 19.1 t
ha-1 to 20.5 t ha-1.
Subbian (1994) while working at Thadiyankudisai on onion
found significant effect on nutrient uptake with application of
Azosprillium brasilense by seedling dipping and seed treatment.
Wange et al. (1995) reported that cabbage crop inoculated with
Azotobacter along with application of N @ 200 kg ha-1 or with
Azosprillium or Azosprillium + Azotobacter along with application of N
@ 220 kg ha-1 produced yield and higher monetary return by saving
nitrogen fertilizer.
Warade et al. (1996) reported when Azospirillum was applied by
seedling dipping for 15 minutes, the highest bulb yield (27.7 t ha-1 ) was
obtained with 40 t FYM ha-1 with NPK (100, 50 and 50 kg ha-1,
respectively ) with biofertilizer inoculation and increased yield by 64.4
per cent, respectively compared with control which received no
fertilizers.
Bambal et al. (1998) reported that cauliflower cv. Snowball-16
inoculated with Azotobacter + Azospirillium + 100% N resulted in
highest chlorophyll content (1.48 mg-1 g), leaf area (634.58 cm2 plant-1)
and yield (29.64 t ha-1) and earlier maturity of curds.
Thilakavathy and Ramaswamy (1998) reported the highest bulb
yield 18.37 t ha-1 compared with 16.59 t ha-1 control was obtained with
45 kg N + 45 kg p + 30 kg ha-1 Azosprillium and phosphorus bacteria.
Meena et al. (2003) working on cluster bean found that seed
inoculation with PSB significantly increased number of pods per plant,
seeds per pod, pod length and test weight over no inoculation .
Yadav et al. (2005) on the basis of three years data concluded
that 75 per cent recommended dose of nitrogen along with Azosprillium
application gave significantly highest onion bulb yield (328.49 ha-1) and
net return of Rs. 31287 ha-1 with B:C ratio 1:10.
Bhushan et al., (2013) in experiment during the summer season
of 2006 to study the effect of Azotobacter and inorganic fertilizers on
growth, fruit and seed yield of okra cv. Hisar Unnat reported that
treatments, T5 (Azotobacter + ½ N + P+ K) recorded maximum green
fruit yield (183600 kg/ha) as well as seed yield (3490 kg/ha) mainly due
to over all better performance of the treatment in different yield
contributing parameter i.e., plant height (157.2 cm), number of
branches/ plant (2.2), number of nodes/ plant (19.6), number of fruits /
plant (14.3), number of pods/ plant (14.2), pod weight (13.9), number of
seeds/ pod (57.5) and seed weight/ pod (6.1 g).
2.3
Effect of vermicompost
2.3.1 Effect on growth
Lopes et al. (1996) reported that an increase in levels of
vermicompost up to 10 t/ha significantly increased nodulation and dry
matter yield of cowpea over rest of treatments. Atiyeh et al. (1999)
observed that when 20 per cent commercial horticultural medium was
replaced by vermicompost resulted significantly higher the plant height,
root and shoot biomass in tomato crop.
Arancon et al. (2003) reported that when vermicompost applied
@ 5 t ha-1 or 10 t ha-1 the shoot weight and leaf area of pepper plant
increased in comparison with inorganic fertilizers only. Bongkyon
(2004) has reported that effect of vermicompost application was
favourable than the effect of application of chemical fertilizers for potato
crops.
Hashemimajd et al. (2004) revealed that the treatment
vermicompost produced from raw dairy manure (RDM) along with
some other composts (sewage sludge + rice hull) gives greatest shoot
and root dairy matters (DM) of tomatoes than the control (soil + sand).
Rajan and Mahalakshmi (2007) reported that the number of
leaves produced in radish and cowpea seedlings were higher in
treatment containing 75 per cent vermicompost. The leaf area, tuber
length, and wet weight of radish were higher in 100 per cent
vermicompost applied plots.
Vitakar et al. (2007) reported that treatment with 50 per cent N
through vermicompost and 50 per cent N through neem cake produced
the maximum plant height, number of primary branches, number of
fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter and total yield per
hectare compared to recommended dose of fertilizers in chilli crop.
Manivannan et al. (2009) studied that the increased growth and
yield of the bean, (Phaseolus vulgaris) influences the physical
conditions of the soil and supported better aeration to the plant roots,
absorption of water, induction of N, P and K exchange there by
resulting better growth of the plants.
Mishra et al., (2009) studied the effect of source of nutrients
(Organic and inorganic and biofertilizers on growth yield and economic
of okra cv. VRO-6 the present experiment was conducted at Indian
Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi during summer season of
2006-07 and 2007-08. The results revealed significant improvement in
all the growth and yield parameters over recommended dose of N, P,
K. The maximum length of fruit, diameter of fruit, fresh weight of fruit,
dry weight of fruit and yield was recorded with application of
vermicompost @ 2-5 t/ha + NPK (120:60:60 kg/ha) + PSB +
Azotobacter over rest of the treatments.
Surindra Suthar (2009) observed that the maximum range of
some plant parameters i.e. root length, shoot length, leaf length, fresh
weight, number of cloves in garlic were in the treatment using 15 t/ha
vermicompost + 50 per cent NPK and with applied vermicomposted
FYM showed a comparatively better result of plant production than
composted manure. Abduli et al. (2012) found that growth of tomato
plants significantly rise by increasing ration of vermicompost combined
with soil. Vanmathi et al. (2012) reported that the application of
vermicompost increased the vegetative growth and yield of Hibiscus
esculentus.
2.3.2 Effect on yield attributes and yield
Usha Kumari et al. (1999) reported that 12 t/ha vermicompost +
full dose of recommend fertilizer (50 : 80 : 25 kg NPK /ha) produced
highest yield and vermicompost as an organic source significantly
reduced the cost of okra production. Shreeniwas et al. (2000) working
with ridge gourd cv. Pusa Nasdar found that the increased rates of
vermicompost increased fruit yield. The vermicompost @ 10 t/ha +
50:25:50 kg NPK /ha increased the fruit volume, fruit weight, fruit yield
per vine in ridge gourd.
Samawat et al. (2001) reported that vermicompost had a
significant effect on root and fruit weight of tomatoes. In 100 per cent
vermicompost treatment, fruit weight and shoot and root weight were
three, five and nine times more than the control, respectively.
Arancon et al. (2003) reported that when vermicompost applied
at 5 t ha-1 or 10 t ha-1 the marketable tomato yield in all vermicompost
treated plots were considerably greater than yield from the inorganic
fertilizer plots.
Netwal (2003) conducted a field experiment at Jobner during
kharif season of 2001 and reported that application of vermicompost of
5 t ha-1, significantly increased the pods per plant, seeds per pod,
harvest index and seed and straw yield of cowpea over control 5 t FYM
and 2.5 t vermicompost ha-1.
Ramdhan (2004) conducted an experiment on cauliflower and
found that application of 7.5 t ha-1 vermicompost increased the volume
of curd significantly. The highest number of fruits per plant (6.8) in case
of okra was obtained with 4 t per ha of compost, split applied twice at
planting and five weeks after planting (Akanbi et al. 2005). Similarly,
Chander et al. (2005) recorded the highest yield of okra in the
treatment comprising 100 per cent recommended NPK + vermicompost
@ 10, 11.10 and 11.63 t /ha and maximum yield (14.67 t /ha) of onion
was observed in plots receiving 100 per cent recommended NPK + 25 t
vermicompost /ha.
Bairwa et al. (2009) reported that okra produced highest number
of fruits (18.36), fruit yield (182.50 g plant-1 and 135.18 q ha-1), fruit
weight (17.65 g), length of fruits (12.26 cm) and thickness of fruits
(1.898 cm) with the application of neem cake 6 q ha-1 + vermicompost
10 q ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB + 60% recommended dose of NPK
through inorganic fertilizers.
Kondappa et al. (2009) studied the effect of integrated nutrient
management on growth, yield and economics of chilli cv. Byadgi Dabbi
and concluded that use of integrated application of vermicompost with
fertilizers remained beneficial. Sharma et al. (2009) reported that
highest yield of okra was recorded in the treatment comprising 100 per
cent recommended NPK + vermicompost @ 10 t ha-1. Similarly,
maximum yield of onion was observed in plant receiving 100 per cent
recommended NPK + 25 t vermicompost ha-1.
Sharma et al. (2010) recorded that application of 5 t
vermicompost ha-1 recorded significantly higher values of yield
attributes, fruit yield (69.2 ha-1) and protein content (18.0%) as well as
B:C ratio (2.11) with net returns of Rupees 35614 ha-1 in okra crop.
Yadav and Yadav (2010) conducted an experiment on okra and
observed that the integrated application of 75 per cent RDF with
vermicompost @ 6.5 t/ha gave significantly higher marketable fruit yield
(86.40 g/ha), which was at par with the treatments namely 50 per cent
RDF with vermicompost @ 6.5 t/ha and 75 per cent RDF + Neemcake
@ 3.5 t/ha.
Gupta et al. (2011) the Abelmoschus esculentus is a common
vegetable of summer season in India. For assessment of results, root
length, shoot length, dry weight of plant, number of total fruits, fruit
production and percentage of alkaloids, total sugar, reducing sugar and
protein were estimated. The findings indicated that chemical fertilizers
in form of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium had a positive effect on
plant in bringing morphological as well as biochemical changes. The
biofertilizer and vermicompost also showed positive effect in improving
quality and quantity of the crop and the best results were obtained in
the plot with combination of chemical fertilizers, biofertilizer and
vermicompost. the maximum root length, shoot length, dry weight of
plant, number of fruits and total fruits production was found to be 13.20
cm, 37.56 cm, 12.64 and 4864 kg/ha respectively in case of T7
(combination treatment).
Dudhat and Asodaria (2012) an experiment to study the effect of
organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and fruit yield of okra
[Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) moench] during the summer season of
2004-05 at Vegetable Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural
University, Junagadh. The result indicated the most of growth and yield
attributes remained unaffected due to different treatments. However,
significantly the highest no. of branches per plant was produced by the
application of growing @ 625 kg/ha along with 50 per cent
recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100 kg N + 50 kg P2O5 + 50 kg
K2O ha-1). Whereas the highest fruit girth was recorded with the
application of growing @ 375 kg ha-1 + RDF and with the application of
biovita @ 40 kg ha-1 + RDF. In case of fruit yield, the maximum fruit
yield of 166.7 q ha-1 was recorded by the application of growing @ 500
kg ha-1 + 75 per cent RDF. However, statistically, it was at par with
application of growing @ 375 kg ha-1 + RDF, growing @ 375 kg ha-1 +
75 per cent RDF, growing @ 500 kg ha-1 + RDF and growing @ 625 kg
ha-1 + RDF.
2.3.3 Effect on quality
Lopes et al. (1996) reported that an increase in level of
vermicompost upto 10 t/ha significantly increased plant total nitrogen
content in cowpea.
Shreeniwas et al. (2000) working with ridge gourd found that
increased rates vermicompost increased fruit quality like TSS. The
vermicompost 10 t/ha + 50:25:25 kg NPK /ha increased the total
soluble solid in ridge gourd cv. Pusa Nasdar.
Yadav and Vijyakumari (2004) carried out an experiment to
assess the effect of vermicomposted vegetable waste on the
biochemical characters of chilli and found that the protein was higher
on 60 (113.37 mg/g) and 90 days (79.69 mg/g) after sowing. The
carbohydrate content (15.34 mg/g) was higher in vermicompost
treatment on 60 days after sowing. On 60 days after sowing, higher
chlorophyll b (2.61 mg/g) and total chlorophyll (3.62 mg/g) contents
were observed while on 90 days after sowing higher chlorophyll a (1.01
mg/g) and total chlorophyll (1.92 mg/g) content were observed with
vermicompost alone.
Chander et al. (2005) reported that the application of
vermicompost @ 10 t /ha increased the N uptake over 100 per cent
NPK alone by 71 per cent in okra and application of vermicompost @
25 t /ha by 149 per cent in onion.
Pandey et al. (2012) the field experiment was carried out during
rainy season 2007-08. It has been observed that treatment closer
spacing 60 x 25 cm (S1) showed the significant response with respect
to plant higher and number of leaves, whereas characters like number
of branches, stem diameter, days to flower opening, days to mature
pod at harvest, number of pods per plant at harvest.
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field experiment entitled “Effect of Nitrogen and Bioorganics on Growth, Yield and Quality of Okra [Abelmoschus
esculentus (L.) Moench]” was conducted at Horticulture Farm, S.K.N.
College of Agriculture, Jobner during Kharif season 2013. The details
of the procedure adopted for raising the crop and criteria used for
treatment evaluation and method adopted during the course of
investigation are presented in this chapter.
3.1
Experimental site
The experiment was conducted at Horticulture Farm, S.K.N.
College of Agriculture, Jobner, District Jaipur (Rajasthan). Jobner is
situated at 26º 5’ North latitude and 75º 28’ East longitude at an
elevation of 427 metres above mean sea level. This place falls in
agro-climatic zone III-A (Semi-Arid Eastern Plain Zone) of
Rajasthan.
3.2
Climate and weather conditions
The climate of this region is typically semi-arid, characterized
by extremes of temperatures during both summer and winter.
During summer, the temperature may go as high as 480C while in
winters, it may fall as low as -10C. The long term average annual
rainfall of Jobner is 300-400 mm, most of in July and August but the
amount has declined over the recent years. The mean weekly
weather parameters for the crop season recorded at college
meteorological observatory have been presented in Table 3.1 and
illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
02/07/2013
09/07/2013
16/07/2013
23/07/2013
30/07/2013
06/08/2013
13/08/2013
20/08/2013
27/08/2013
03/09/2013
10/09/2013
17/09/2013
24/09/2013
01/10/2013
08/10/2013
15/10/2013
22/10/2013
29/10/2013
05/11/2013
12/11/2013
19/11/2013
26/11/2013
From
To
08/07/2013
15/07/2013
22/07/2013
29/07/2013
05/08/2013
12/08/2013
19/08/2013
26/08/2013
02/09/2013
09/09/2013
16/09/2013
23/09/2013
30/09/2013
07/10/2013
14/10/2013
21/10/2013
28/10/2013
04/11/2013
11/11/2013
18/11/2013
25/11/2013
02/12/2013
Period
* Standard meteorological week
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
SMW* No.
35.3
33.4
33.7
32.3
31.5
30.0
29.7
31.5
32.9
33.9
37.1
35.5
31.3
31.5
32.1
34.2
32.5
31.3
27.2
26.4
28.9
28.8
Maxi.
26.3
24.8
25.4
25.9
25.2
24.4
24.5
23.7
22.8
20.2
22.7
21.7
23.7
22.7
21.8
18.2
14.2
12.0
13.3
09.5
09.8
09.5
Min.
Temperature ( C)
0
72
75
78
81
85
89
90
81
70
61
55
63
79
72
75
55
51
50
61
55
51
53
(%)
Mean R.H.
06.2
05.3
04.9
03.9
03.8
03.1
03.2
03.5
05.8
06.7
08.0
06.8
04.8
04.2
04.3
04.6
04.9
04.6
03.5
03.3
03.7
03.8
Evaporation
(mm/day)
06.9
05.8
05.9
07.4
07.1
05.7
03.8
05.9
08.9
09.6
08.4
08.2
06.4
07.4
05.2
09.4
09.0
08.5
06.3
09.3
09.3
09.2
Bright Sunshine
(hrs)
Table 3.1 Mean weekly meteorological data for crop season (July to December, 2013)
031.8
008.6
038.6
052.0
037.0
062.4
088.0
034.4
000.0
000.0
000.0
001.8
019.0
000.0
008.4
000.0
000.0
000.0
005.2
000.0
000.0
000.0
Rainfall
(mm)
3.3
Cropping history of the experimental field
The previous cropping history of the experimental field is given
in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2 Cropping history of the
experimental field
Years
Crop season
Rabi
Kharif
2008-09
Bajra
Fallow
2009-10
Okra
Fallow
2010-11
Cluster bean
Radish
2011-12
-
Cabbage
2012-13
Okra*
-
* Experimental crop
3.4
Soil of the experimental field
For, the purpose of physical and chemical characteristics of the
soils, the soil samples were collected from different locations of the
experimental field and ultimately a representative composite sample
was prepared by grinding and passing it through 2 mm sieve and
analyzed to determine physico-chemical properties of the soil. The
complete soil sample was subjected to physical as well as chemical
analysis separately. The physico-chemical characteristics of soil of the
experimental field are mentioned in Table 3.3. Water of this area is
saline in nature. The pH and ECe of water were 8.2 and 3.1 dSm-1,
respectively.
Table 3.3 Physico-chemical characteristics of the soils of
experimental field
S.No. Parameters
Content Method adopted
A.
Mechanical analysis
1. Coarse sand (%)
2.
3.
4.
5.
B.
C.
Fine sand (%)
Silt (%)
Clay (%)
Textural class
Physical analysis
1. Field capacity (%)
21.5
60.4
9.4
8.7
Loamy
sand
11.5
2. Bulk density
(Mg m-3)
1.52
3. Paticle density (Mg m-3)
2.51
4. Porosity (%)
40.70
Chemical analysis
1. Organic carbon (%)
0.27
2. Available N (kg ha-1)
133.80
3. Available P2O5 (kg ha-1)
8.14
4. Available K2O (kg ha-1)
148.15
5. ECe of saturation extract
of soil at 25 0C (dSm-1)
0.92
6. pH (1:2 soil water
suspension)
8.2
International pipette
method as described by
Robenson (Piper, 1950)
-do-do-doUSDA Hand Book No. 60
(Richards, 1954)
Method No. 33, USDA
Hand Book No. 60
(Richards, 1954)
Method No. 38, USDA
Hand Book No. 60
(Richards, 1954)
Method No. 39, USDA
Hand Book No. 60
(Richards, 1954)
Method No. 40, USDA
Hand Book No. 60
(Richards, 1954)
Walkley and Black rapid
titration method (Piper,
1950)
Alkaline potassium
permanganate method
(Subhiah and Asija, 1956)
Olsen’s method (Olsen et
al., 1954)
Flame photometer method
(Metson, 1956)
Method No. 4b, USDA
Hand
Book
No.
60
(Richards, 1954)
Method No. 21(b), USDA
Hand
Book
No.
60
(Richards, 1954)
3.5
Treatment details and experimental design
The experiment was comprised of 24 treatment combinations.
These treatments with their symbols are given in the Table 3.4.
Table 3.4 : Treatment combinations with their symbols
S.No.
Treatments
Symbols
A.
Main plot (Nitrogen level)
(kg/ha)
1.
Control
T0
2.
60
T1
3.
80
T2
4.
100
T3
5.
120
T4
6.
140
T5
B.
Sub plot (Bio-organics)
1.
Control
F0
2.
Azotobacter
F1
3.
Vermicompost @ 5 t/ha
F2
4.
Vermicompost(5 t/ha) +
Aztotobacter
F3
3.5.1 Design and layout of experiment
The experiment was laid out in split plot design keeping nitrogen
levels in main plots and biofertilizer inoculation in sub plots. The
treatments were randomly allocated to different plots using random
number table of Fisher and Yates (1963). The layout plan of
experiment with allocation of treatments and other details are shown in
Fig. 3.2.
3.5.2 Experimental details :
(i) Season and year
:
Kharif, 2013
(ii) Name of the crop
:
Okra
(iii) Name of variety
:
Arka Anamika
(iv) Replication
:
3
(v) Treatment combination
:
6 x 4 = 24
(vi) Total number of plots
:
72
(vi) Spacing
:
45 x 60 cm
(vii) Plot size
:
2.40 m x 1.80 = 4.32 m2
(viii) Experimental Design
:
Split Plot Design
3.6
Varietal characteristics
Arka anamika is a yellow vein mosaic virus resistant variety. It is
of inter specific origin between Abelmoschus esculentus and a wild
species Abelmoschus manihot spp. tetraphyllus. Plants are medium tall
of about 100 cm with short internode length and fewer branches.
Purple pigmentations are present on the stem, petiole and lower
surface of the basal leaf. Leaves are green, small and deeply lobed.
Stem, petiole and leaves are sparsely hairy. It is an early maturing and
takes about 50 days for first flowering after sowing and about 55 days
for the first picking. Fruits are medium, green, rough, 5-ridged and start
after 5-6th node onward. It is high yielding and gives 200 q/ha of green
fruit.
Table 3.5 Schedule of cultural operations carried out in the
experimental field
S.No.
Particulars
Date of operation
1.
Ploughing and harrowing
11.06.2013
2.
Disc ploughing
13.06.2013
3.
Pre sowing irrigation
06.07.2013
4.
Harrowing and planking
07.07.2013
5.
Demarcation of layout
08.07.2013
6.
Bed preparation
09.07.2013.
7.
Application of FYM
09.07.2013
8.
Fertilizer application ( ½ N + full dose of P & K)
09.07.2013
9.
Seed treatment with fungicides and
biofertilizers
10.07.2013
10.
Sowing of seeds
10.07.2013
Weeding and hoeing
07.08.2013
02.09.2013
11.
Spray of insecticides
26.08.2013
09.09.2013
25.09.2013
16.10.2013
12.
13.
Top dressing of urea ( ¼ N)
10.08.2013
( ¼ N)
27.08.2013
Irrigation
11.07.2013
20.07.2013
30.07.2013
20.08.2013
02.09.2013
20.09.2013
04.10.2013
20.10.2013
10.11.2013
20.11.2013
14.
Fruit picking
First picking
06.09.2013
Last picking
30.11.2013
3.7
Raising of the experimental crop
Different pre and post sowing operations carried out during the
crop season and details of crop raising are described in following
paragraphs.
3.7.1 Field preparation
The experimental field was prepared by two cross harrowing
with tractor followed by planking to obtain the field of desired tilth for
proper germination and establishment of crop. Experimental plots were
demarked and beds ware prepared as per layout of plan with the
provision of irrigation channels.
3.7.2 Treatment application
3.7.1 Vermicompost and fertilizers application
Vermicompost procured from the college vermicompost unit was
applied in the beds as per treatments and was thoroughly incorporated
in to the soil at the time of sowing. A uniform dose of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1
through single super phosphate, 60 kg K2O ha-1 through murate of
potash and half dose (45 kg N ha-1) of nitrogen through urea as per
treatment was drilled about 3-4 cm deep at the time of sowing. The
remaining dose of nitrogen through urea was applied in two equal splits
at 25 and 45 DAS of crop.
3.7.2 Application of Biofertilizers
Application of biofertilizers was done as per treatment. For this
125 g of Jaggery was mixed in one litre of boiled water. Appropriate
quantity (50 g) of Azotobacter 100 g of culture was poured in Jaggery
solution separately and stirred well. The seeds were allowed to air dry
in shade. The seeds were allowed to air dry in shade. The seeds were
sown on the same day after inoculation.
3.8
Cultural practices
3.8.1 Seed sowing
Two healthy seeds were dibbled 2 cm deep on 10th July, 2013
maintaining uniform distance of 45 x 60 cm in two successive hills. The
soil was compacted over the seeds in order to provide good contact
between the seed and soil particles and to facilitate seed germination.
3.8.2 Irrigation
Okra requires enough soil moisture for seed germination. It was
maintained by pre-sowing heavy irrigation. Further irrigations were
given at an interval of 6-10 days except during the period of intermittent
rains.
3.8.3 Thinning, weeding and hoeing
To maintain the proper plant population thinning was done at 25
days after sowing, leaving single plant per hill. Hoeing and weeding
were done twice i.e. at 30 and 55 days after sowing.
3.8.4 Plant protection measures
To protect the crop from the attack of insect pests viz., jassids
and whitefly, spray of Malathion 50 EC (0.05%) was done after 15 days
of sowing thereafter, sprays of endosulfan 35 EC (0.07%) were done
as and when needed to control fruit borers in okra crop.
3.8.5 Picking of fruits
The fruits were picked manually when they were green tender
and at marketable size. The picked fruits were weighed and subjected
to other observations immediately, after each picking.
3.9
Treatment evaluations
Five plants were randomly selected from each plot and tagged.
All the observations were recorded from these plants. A methodology
of individual aspect is briefly described in the following paragraphs.
3.9.1 Growth parameters
3.9.1.1 Plant height
Five plants were randomly selected from each plot and tagged
permanently. Height of each tagged plant was measured 30, 60 day
and at harvest from base of the plant to tip of the main shoot by meter
scale and average height of five plants was recorded as mean plant
height (cm).
3.9.1.2 Number of branches per plant at flowering
Branches arising from main stem were recorded from five
randomly selected plants at 45 days after sowing and average
branches were calculated.
3.9.1.3 Leaf area (cm2) at flowering
The five tagged plants were also used for leaf area
measurement at flowering (45 days). The leaf area was measured with
the help of leaf area meter. The average leaf area (cm) was recorded
as mean value to calculate total leaf area (cm2) per plant.
3.9.1.4 Chlorophyll content in leaves
The chlorophyll content of leaves was determined at 40 days
after sowing. The representative fresh leaf samples were taken. These
were washed with distilled water and dried with blotting paper. Out of
this, 100 mg fresh leaves were taken in mortar and ground well by
pestle with 5 ml 80 per cent acetone and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for
10 minutes and filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1. Volume of
supernatant was made to 10 ml with 80 per cent acetone. The resultant
intensity of colour was measured on Spectronbic-20 at Absorance (A)
of 652 nm. Total chlorophyll content was calculated with the help of
following formula and expressed in mg g-1 fresh weight of leaves
(Arnon, 1949).
A(652) x 29 X Total volume (ml)
Total chlorophyll (mg g-1 leaf weight) = ------------------------------------------α x 1000 x Weight of sample (g)
Where, α is the path length = 1 cm.
3.9.2 Yield attributes
3.9.2.2 Number of fruits per plant
Total number of okra fruits harvested in all the pickings from
randomly selected five plants were recorded and average number of
fruits per plant were counted.
3.9.2.3 Fruit length
The length of randomly selected five okra fruits were measured
from the base of the fruit to the tip of the fruit in centimetres.
3.9.2.4 Fruit weight
The same fruits after recording length were weighed with the
help of electronic balance and average fruit weight in g was drawn. The
fruit weight per plant was also calculated.
3.9.2.5 Yield per plot (kg)
The fruits harvested from all plants of the whole plot were
weighed after each picking and their totals were summed up at the end
for this purpose.
3.9.2.6 Fruit yield (q ha-1)
The harvested fruits from all the plants were weighed after each
picking and their totals were summed up at the end to calculate the
yield q ha-1.
3.9.3 Quality attributes
3.9.3.1 Nitrogen content in fruit (%)
Nitrogen was estimated by digesting fruit samples with H2SO4,
using hydrogen peroxide for removing black colour. Sodium hydroxide
was added to neutralize the excess of acid and sodium silicate to
prevent turbidity. Estimation of nitrogen was done by colorimetric
method, using Nesselar reagent to develop colour (Snell and Snell,
1949).
3.9.3.4 Protein content in fruit (%)
It was calculated by multiplying nitrogen per cent in fruit by the
factor 6.25 as suggested by Gupta et al. (1972).
3.9.3.5 Crude fibre content in fruit (%)
Crude fibre content was determined by the method suggested
by A.O.A.C., 1960. Representative ground fruit sample of 2 g was
refluxed with 1.25 per cent H2SO4, washed and again refluxed with
1.25 per cent NaOH for 30 minutes, respectively. The sample was
dried out, weighed and ignited in muffle furnace. Loss in weight was
considered as crude fibre content and expressed on the basis of using
following relationship :
W2 – W 3
Crude fibre (%) = --------------- x 100
W1
Where,
W1 = Initial weight of sample
W2 = Weight of refluxed sample
W3 = Weight of ignited sample
3.10 Economics of treatments
The economics of the treatments is the most important
consideration for making any recommendation to the farmer for its wide
adoption. To calculate economics, the average treatment yield along
with prevailing market rates of the produce and cost of inputs were
used. The net return was calculated by subtracting cost of cultivation
for each treatment from gross return gained from the economic yield.
B:C ratio was computed by dividing net return by cost of cultivation for
each treatment. The computation details of economics for each
treatment are given in Appendices VIII-IX at the end.
3.11 Statistical Analysis
The experimental data were statistically analysed for analysis of
variance and test of significance through the appropriate procedure to
the split plot design as described by Gomez and Gomez (1984).
Significance of difference in the treatment effect was tested through ‘F’
test at 5 per cent level of significances and CD (critical difference) was
calculated wherever the results were found significant. The analysis of
variance for all the data discussed, given in the Appendices (I-VII).
4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Results of the experiment entitled “Effect of nitrogen and bioorganics on growth, yield and quality of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus
(L.) Moench]” conducted at Horticulture farm, S.K.N. College of
Agriculture, Jobner during kharif season 2013 are presented in this
chapter. The data related to the growth, yield and quality characters
were analyzed statistically using standard methods. The results for all
the main effects and interactions were found significant and data
presented in this chapter. The analysis of variance for these data has
been presented in the appendices I to IX at the end.
The data
recorded for important character have also been presented graphically
for elucidation of the important trends, wherever felt, necessary.
4.1
Growth parameters
The data related to the effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on
different growth parameters have been summarized in Table 4.1 and
Fig. 4.1.
4.1.1 Plant height (cm) at 30 DAS
Effect of nitrogen
The data presented in Table 4.1 and depicted in Fig. 4.1
revealed that application of 100 kg N ha-1 (T3) significantly increased
the plant height at 30 DAS over its preceding levels. Significant higher
height (31.25 cm) was recorded under treatment T3, while] it was
recorded minimum (26.70 cm) under control. Treatment (T3) was
statistically at par with treatment T4 and T5. The magnitude in per cent
increase of plant height with the application of 100 kg N ha-1 was 17.0,
10.4 and 4.9 over control, T1 and T2 treatments, respectively.
Table : 4.1
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on plant height at
30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest
Treatments
30 DAS
Plant height (cm)
60 DAS
At harvest
Nitrogen level (kg/ha)
Control (T0)
26.70
77.20
90.60
60 (T1)
28.30
84.10
100.30
80 (T2)
29.80
90.50
106.70
100 (T3)
31.25
95.20
113.00
120 (T4)
31.80
98.10
115.20
140 (T5)
32.10
99.80
116.80
SEm+
0.44
1.33
1.83
CD (P = 0.05)
1.37
4.16
5.75
Control (F0)
27.24
80.54
95.43
Azotobacter (F1)
29.14
87.94
104.82
Vermicompost @5t/ha (F2)
30.94
94.44
111.32
Vermicompost (5 t/ha) +
32.64
100.34
116.82
SEm+
0.53
1.69
1.78
CD (P = 0.05)
1.52
4.83
5.09
Bio-organics
Azotobacter (F3)
Effect of bio-organics
A perusal of data (Table 4.1 and Fig. 4.1) indicated that
application of vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 +Azotobacter alone or in
combination had influenced the plant height significantly at 30 DAS
over control. The maximum plant height (32.64 cm) was observed
under treatment F3, while, minimum plant height (27.24 cm) recorded
under control. The combined application of vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 +
Azotobacter increased the plant height of okra at 30 DAS by 19.8, 12.0
and 5.5 per cent, respectively over control, Azotobacter and
vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 alone.
4.1.2 Plant height at 60 DAS
Effect of nitrogen
The data presented in Table 4.1 and depicted in Fig. 4.2
revealed that application of 100 kg N ha-1 (T3) significantly increased
the plant height at 60 DAS over its preceding levels. Significantly
higher plant height (95.20 cm) was recorded under treatment T3. Which
was statistically at par with treatment T4 and T5. The magnitude of per
cent increase in plant height with the application of 100 kg N ha-1 was
23.3, 13.2 and 5.2 over control, 60 and 80 kg N ha-1, respectively.
Effect of bio-organics
A perusal of data (Table 4.1 and Fig. 4.2) indicated that
application of bio-organics vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter
alone or incombination had influenced the plant height significantly at
60 DAS over control. The maximum plant height (100.34 cm) was
observed in treatment F3, while, minimum plant height (80.54 cm) was
recorded under control. The combined application of vermicompost @
5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter also increased the plant height of okra at 60 DAS
by 24.6, 14.1 and 6.2 per cent, respectively over control, F1 and F2
treatments.
4.1.3 Plant height at harvest
Effect of nitrogen
The data presented in Table 4.1 and depicted in Fig. 4.3
revealed that application of 100 kg N ha-1 also (T3) significantly
increased the plant height at harvest over its preceding levels i.e.
control, 60 kg and 80 kg N ha-1. Significant higher height (113.00 cm)
was recorded under treatment T3, while minimum plant height (90.60
cm) recorded under control. Treatment T3 remained statistically at par
with treatment T4 and T5. The magnitude in per cent increase of plant
height with the application of 100 kg N ha-1 was 24.7, 12.66 and 5.90
over control, 60 and 80 kg N ha-1, respectively.
Effect of bio-organics
A perusal of data (Table 4.1 and Fig. 4.3) indicated that
application of bio-organics vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter
alone or in combination had also influenced the plant height
significantly at harvest. The maximum plant height (116.82 cm) was
observed under treatment F3, while, minimum (95.43 cm) was recorded
under control. The per cent plant height observed with combined
application of vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter at harvest of
22.4, 11.4 and 4.9, over control, Azotobacter and vermicompost alone,
respectively.
4.1.4 Number of branches per plant
Effect of nitrogen
A critical examination of the data (Table 4.2 and Fig.4.2) showed
that the application of different nitrogen levels significantly increased
the number of branches per plant. Significant higher number of
branches per plant (2.64) were recorded under treatment T3 i.e. 100 kg
N ha-1 as compared to control, 60 and 80 kg N ha-1. Treatment T3
remained statistically at par with treatments T4 and T5.The increase in
number of branches per plant with the application of 100 kg N ha-1 was
29.5, 15.8 and 6.5 per cent higher over control, 60 and 80 kg N ha-1,
respectively.
Table : 4.2
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on number of
branches per plant at flowering
Treatments
Number of braches per plant
Nitrogen level (kg/ha)
Control (T0)
2.04
60 (T1)
2.28
80 (T2)
2.48
100 (T3)
2.64
120 (T4)
2.70
140 (T5)
2.74
SEm+
0.03
CD (P = 0.05)
0.11
Bio-organics
Control (F0)
2.10
Azotobacter (F1)
2.39
Vermicompost @5t/ha (F2)
2.63
Vermicompost (5 t/ha) + Azotobacter (F3)
2.81
SEm+
0.05
CD (P = 0.05)
0.14
Effect of bio-organics
Data indicated in Table 4.2 and depicted in Fig.4.2 revealed that
application of bio-organics had influenced the number of branches per
plant significantly. The maximum (2.81) branches per plant were
recorded under treatment F3. Application by bio-organics i.e.
vermicompost @ 5t ha-1 + Azotobacter incombination also resulted in
the highest number of branches as compared to rest of the treatments.
The increase in the number of branches by the combined application of
bio-organics (vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter) was 33.8, 17.6
and 6.9 per cent over control, Azotobacter and vermicompost,
respectively.
4.1.5 Leaf area
Effect of nitrogen
A perusal of data (Table 4.3 and Fig. 4.3) revealed that leaf area
had significantly increased with the application of different levels of
nitrogen. Application of 100 kg N ha-1 resulted in significantly higher of
leaf area (1205 cm2) as compared to control, 60 and 80 kg N ha-1. But
it was remained statistically at par with treatment T4 and T5. The
increase in leaf area by the application of 100 kg N ha-1 was 22.9, 13.1
and 5.2 per cent over control, T1 and T2, respectively.
Effect of bio-organics
Data given in Table 4.3 and depicted in Fig.4.3 also revealed
that leaf area significantly increased in bio-organics application over
control. Although combined application of vermicompost @ 5t ha-1 +
Azotobacter were found significantly superior over sole application of
vermicompost @ 5t ha-1 + Azotobacter. The maximum leaf area (1265
cm2) was recorded due to application of vermicompost @ 5t ha-1 +
Azotobacter which proved also significantly superior and enhanced it
by 34.2, 19.6 and 8.6 per cent, over control, Azotobacter and
vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 alone, respectively.
4.1.6 Chlorophyll content in leaves
Effect of nitrogen
The data mentioned in Table 4.3 and depicted in Fig. 4.3
exhibited that application of 100 kg N ha-1 significantly increased
chlorophyll content in leaves over its preceding levels. Significant
higher chlorophyll content (1.65 mg 100g-1) was observed under
treatment T3, while, it was found minimum under control. Treatment T3
remained statistically at par with treatment T4 and T5. The increase in
chlorophyll content was registered 34.2, 19.6 and 8.6 per cent higher in
the treatment over T0, T1 and T2, respectively.
Effect of bio-organics
The application of bio-organics, viz., vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 +
Azotobacter alone and in combination significantly increased the
chlorophyll content of leaves over control. The bio-organics in
combination F3 registered significantly superior increase in chlorophyll
(1.75 mg 100 g-1) content than sole application and control (1.26 mg
100 g-1). The chlorophyll content of leaves was increased due to
combined application by 25.2, 8.5 and 4.8 per cent over control,
Azotobacter and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 alone, respectively.
Table : 4.3
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on leaf area and
total chlorophyll content of leaves at flowering
Leaf area
(cm2)
Chlorophyll content
in leaves (mg g-1)
Control (T0)
980.00
1.23
60 (T1)
1065.00
1.38
80 (T2)
1145.00
1.52
100 (T3)
1205.00
1.65
120 (T4)
1225.00
1.70
140 (T5)
1235.00
1.73
SEm+
11.15
0.04
CD (P = 0.05)
35.01
0.12
Control (F0)
985.00
1.26
Azotobacter (F1)
1110.00
1.49
Vermicompost @5t/ha (F2)
1210.00
1.64
Vermicompost (5 t/ha) +
Azotobacter (F3)
SEm+
1265.00
1.75
23.98
0.03
68.59
0.09
Treatments
Nitrogen level (kg/ha)
Bio-organics
CD (P = 0.05)
4.2
Yield and yield attributes
The data relating to the effect of nitrogen and bio-organics and
their interaction on different yield attributes and fruit yield have been
summarized in Tables 4.4 to 4.6 and Fig. 4.4 to 4.7.
4.2.1 Number of fruits per plant
Effect of nitrogen
It is clear from Table 4.4 and depicted in Fig. 4.4 that application
of nitrogen significantly increased the number of fruits per plant as
compared to control. Significantly higher number of fruits per plant
(24.70) exhibited under treatment T3. Treatment T3 remained
statistically at par with treatment T4 and T5. The increase in number of
fruits per plant by the application of 100 kg N ha-1 was 30.8, 18.2 and
8.2 per cent higher over control, 60 and 80 kg N ha-1, respectively.
Effect of bio-organics
The data mentioned in (Table 4.4 and Fig. 4.4) indicated that
application of bio-organics significantly influenced the number of fruits
per plant. Application of vermicompost @ 5t ha-1 + Azotobacter F3
resulted in the highest and significantly more number of fruits (25.98)
as compared to control (19.55). The per cent increase in number of
fruits per plant in this treatment was registered 24.93, 15.15 and 6.82
over control F1 and F2, respectively.
Table : 4.4
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on number of
fruits per plant and fruit length
Number of fruits
per plant
Fruit length
(cm)
Control (T0)
19.77
13.60
60 (T1)
21.45
15.72
80 (T2)
23.10
17.60
100 (T3)
24.70
19.52
120 (T4)
24.75
19.87
140 (T5)
24.76
20.23
SEm+
0.46
0.44
CD (P = 0.05)
1.44
1.37
Control (F0)
19.55
14.31
Azotobacter (F1)
22.51
16.85
Vermicompost @5t/ha (F2)
24.32
19.10
Azotobacter (F3)
25.98
20.76
SEm+
0.55
0.36
CD (P = 0.05)
1.58
1.03
Treatments
Nitrogen level (kg/ha)
Bio-organics
Vermicompost (5 t/ha) +
4.2.2 Fruit length
Effect of nitrogen
A closer review of data (Table 4.4 and Fig. 4.4) revealed that
application of 100 kg N ha-1 significantly influenced significant higher
fruit length (19.52 cm) over its preceding levels. Treatment T3 remained
statistically at par with treatment T4 and T5. The increase in fruit length
by the application of 100 kg N ha-1 was 43.52, 24.17 and 10.90 per
cent higher over control, 60 and 80 kg N ha-1, respectively.
Effect of bio-organics
Data (Table 4.4 and Fig. 4.4) showed that application of bioorganics in combination (vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter ) and
alone increased the fruit length significantly over control. The maximum
fruit length (20.76 cm) was recorded due to application of
vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter whereas minimum (14.31cm)
was noted under control. Per cent increase in fruit length was also
found
significantly
superior
over
control,
Azotobacter
and
vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 alone, respectively.
4.2.3 Fruit weight
Effect of nitrogen
A critical examination of data (Table 4.5 and Fig. 4.5) indicated
significantly higher fruit weight (14.42 g) under application of 100 kg N
ha-1 over its preceding levels but it was remained statistically at par
with treatment T4 and T5. The per cent increase in fruit weight due to
application of 100 kg N ha-1 was to the tune of 8.99, 5.56 and 2.63 over
control, 60 and 80 kg N ha-1, respectively.
Effect of bio-organics
A perusal of data (Table 4.5 and Fig. 4.5) revealed that
combined and sole application of bio-organics significantly increased
fruit weight than no application. Application of bio-organics in
combination was found maximum fruit weight (15.13 g) superior than
control (12.93 g). The increase in fruit weight was 17.01, 10.68 and
4.63 per cent over control, Azoctobacter and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1
alone, respectively.
4.2.4 Fruit yield per plot
Effect of nitrogen
A critical examination of data in Table 4.5 and depicted in Fig.
4.5 revealed that application of 100 kg N ha-1 recorded significantly
higher fruit yield per plot over rest of the treatments however it was
remained at par with T4 and T5. The increase in fruit yield by the
application of 100 kg N ha-1 was 36.07, 21.46 and 9.69 per cent higher
over control, 60 and 80 kg N ha-1, respectively.
Effect of bio-organics
Data mentioned in Table 4.5 and depicted in Fig. 4.5 revealed
that application of various bio-organics significantly increased the fruit
yield of okra. Application of vermicompost @ 5t ha-1 + Azotobacter
resulted in significantly higher fruit yield (7.09 kg) over control (4.56
kg). The increase in fruit yield by the application of vermicompost@ 5 t
ha-1 + Azotobacter was 55.48, 27.74 and 11.65 per cent over control,
Azotobacter and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 , respectively.
Table : 4.5
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on fruit weight,
yield per plot and per hectare
Fruit weight
Yield
Yield
(g)
(kg/plot)
(q/ha)
Control (T0)
13.23
4.74
109.67
60 (T1)
13.66
5.31
122.85
80 (T2)
14.05
5.88
136.08
100 (T3)
14.42
6.45
149.34
120 (T4)
14.45
6.48
149.95
140 (T5)
14.46
6.49
150.11
SEm+
0.11
0.02
1.64
CD (P = 0.05)
0.35
0.07
5.17
Control (F0)
12.93
4.56
105.61
Azotobacter (F1)
13.67
5.55
128.56
Vermicompost @5t/ha (F2)
14.46
6.35
146.93
Vermicompost (5 t/ha) +
15.13
7.09
164.23
SEm+
0.21
0.03
1.12
CD (P = 0.05)
0.61
0.08
3.19
Treatments
Nitrogen level (kg/ha)
Bio-organics
Azotobacter (F3)
Interactive effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on fruit yield per
plot
Interaction between nitrogen and bio-organics were found to be
significant with respect to fruit yield (Table 4.6 and Fig. 4.6). The
treatment combination, 100 kg n ha-1 + vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 +
Azotobacter (T3F3) recorded significantly higher fruit yield (7.77 kg/plot)
of okra under. Treatment combination T3F3 was found statistically at par
with treatment combination T4F3 and T5F3. Thus, this treatment
combination 100 kg N ha-1 and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter
proved as good as 120 and 140 kg N ha-1 applied along with
vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azoctobacter.
4.2.5 Fruit yield ha-1
Effect of nitrogen
Data (Table 4.5 and Fig. 4.5) indicated that application of 100 kg
N ha-1 significantly recorded the higher (149.34 q ha-1) fruit yield as
compared to control, T1 and T2, however it was remained statistically at
par with treatment T4 and T5 .The increase in fruit yield by the
application of 100 kg N ha-1 was 36.17, 21.56 and 9.74 per cent over
control, 60 and 80 kg N ha-1, respectively.
Effect of bio-organics
Further examination of data (Table 4.5 and Fig. 4.5) revealed
that application of various bio-organics significantly increased the fruit
yield of okra. Application of vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter F3
resulted maximum (164.23 q ha-1) fruit yield, while, minimum under
control (105.61 q ha-1). The increase in fruit yield by the application of
vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter was 55.50, 28.40 and 11.77
per cent over control, Azotobacter and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1,
respectively.
Table 4.6 Interactive effect nitrogen and bio-organics on yield
(kg/plot)
Treatments
T0
F0
3.67
F1
4.47
F2
5.11
F3
5.71
T1
4.11
5.00
5.72
6.39
T2
4.55
5.54
6.34
7.08
T3
5.00
6.08
6.95
7.77
T4
5.02
6.11
6.98
7.80
T5
5.02
6.12
6.99
7.81
S.Em. +
CD (P= 0.05)
For F at same level of T
0.053
0.152
For T at same or
different level of F
0.085
0.244
Interactive effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on fruit yield
Interaction between nitrogen and bio-organics were found to be
significant with respect to fruit yield (Table 4.7 and Fig. 4.7). The
treatment combination, 100 kg n ha-1 + vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 +
Azotobacter (T3F3) recorded significantly higher fruit yield (179.89 q
ha-1) of okra under. Treatment combination T3F3 was found statistically
at par with treatment combination T4F3 and T5F3. Thus, this treatment
combination 100 kg N ha-1 and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter
proved as good as 120 and 140 kg N ha-1 applied along with
vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azoctobacter.
Table 4.7
Interactive effect nitrogen and bio-organics on yield
(q ha-1)
Treatments
T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
F0
F1
F2
84.95
103.42
118.19
132.10
95.17
115.85
132.40
147.99
105.42
128.32
146.65
163.92
115.69
140.83
160.94
179.89
116.16
141.40
161.60
180.63
116.29
141.56
S.Em. +
161.78
180.83
CD (P= 0.05)
F3
For F at same level of T
2.23
6.38
For T at same or different level of F
2.39
6.82
4.3
Quality attributes
The data related to the effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on
quality parameters have been summarized in Table 4.8 to 4.9 and Fig.
4.8 to 4.9.
4.3.1 Nitrogen content in fruit
Effect of nitrogen
It is evident from data (Table 4.8 and Fig. 4.8) that nitrogen
content in fruits were found significantly higher (0.279%) under
treatment T3 (100 kg N ha-1). Treatment T3 remained statistically at par
with treatment T4 and T5. This treatment led to an increase of 50.81,
24.0 and 8.56 per cent nitrogen content in fruits over control, 60 and 80
kg N ha-1, respectively. This treatment registered superior over rest of
the treatments.
Table : 4.8
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on nitrogen,
protein and crude fiber content
Nitrogen
content (%)
Protein
content (%)
Crude fiber
content (%)
Control (T0)
0.185
1.16
1.40
60 (T1)
0.225
1.41
1.35
80 (T2)
0.257
1.61
1.31
100 (T3)
0.279
1.75
1.29
120 (T4)
0.284
1.78
1.27
140 (T5)
0.286
1.79
1.25
SEm+
0.002
0.01
0.03
CD (P = 0.05)
0.007
0.04
NS
Control (F0)
0.191
1.19
1.36
Azotobacter (F1)
0.233
1.46
1.33
Vermicompost @5t/ha (F2)
0.274
1.71
1.30
Vermicompost (5 t/ha) +
0.314
1.96
1.27
SEm+
0.004
0.03
0.03
CD (P = 0.05)
0.011
0.08
NS
Treatments
Nitrogen level (kg/ha)
Bio-organics
Azotobacter (F3)
Effect of bio-organics
A perusal of data (Table 4.8 and Fig. 4.8) showed that effect of
bio-organics sole and in combination on nitrogen content of fruits was
found to be significant by superior in treatment T3 over control. The
maximum (0.314%) nitrogen content and minimum (0.191%) under
control was recorded. The combined application of bio-organics also
increased the nitrogen content in fruits by 64.39, 34.76 and 14.59 per
cent, respectively over rest of the treatments like F0, F1 and F2,
respectively.
4.3.2 Protein content in fruit
Effect of nitrogen
A perusal of data in Table 4.8 and depicted in Fig. 4.8 exhibited
that protein content in okra fruits was significantly higher
(1.75%)
under 100 kg N ha-1 than rest of treatments. This treatment led to an
increase of 50.86, 24.11 and 8.69 per cent protein content in okra fruits
over control, 60 and 80, kg N ha-1, respectively. Treatment T3 also
registered superior over rest of the treatments.
Effect of bio-organics
Data (Table 4.8 and Fig. 4.8) further indicated that application of
bio-organics sole and in combination significantly increased the protein
content in fruits over control. The maximum (1.96%) were recorded
under treatment T3, while, minimum (1.19%) under control. However,
bio-organics in combination registered significantly superior in protein
content over sole application and control. Protein content in fruits was
increased by 64.70, 34.24 and 14.61 per cent over control,
Azotobacter and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 , respectively.
4.3.3 Crude fibre content in fruit
Effect of nitrogen
A perusal of data (Table 4.8 and Fig. 4.8) showed that the
application of different levels of nitrogen was not influenced the crude
fibre content in fruits. The application of nitrogen levels was non
significant in the case of crude fibre. Thus, the crude fibre content was
almost uniform in all the plots.
Effect of bio-organics
A perusal of data revealed that the application of bio-organics
viz., vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter alone or combination did
not show significant increase in crude fibre content in fruits over
control.
4.4
Economics
4.4.1 Net return and B: C ratio
A perusal of data mentioned in Table 4.9 and depicted in Fig.
4.9 indicated that application of 100 kg N ha-1 fetched significantly more
net return (Rs 134749 ha-1) and B: C ratio (3.02:1) over rest of the
treatments. Treatment T3 registered superior in case of net return and
B: C ratio as compared to other treatments like T0, T1, T2, T4 and T5.
Application of 100 kg N ha-1 registered an increase of 51.60, 30.05 and
13.05 per cent higher net return over control, 60 and 80 kg N ha-1,
respectively.
A critical examination of data (Table 4.9 and Fig. 4.9) revealed
that application of vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter alone and in
combination significantly increased the net return and B: C ratio over
control. Bio-organics in combination gave significantly maximum net
return (Rs 147867 ha-1) and B: C ratio (3.00:1). Application of
vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter in combination registered an
increase of 68.80, 28.48 and 16.28 per cent more over control,
Azotobacte and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1, respectively.
Table : 4.9
Effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on net return and
B:C ratio of okra
Treatments
Net return
(Rs ha-1)
B:C ratio
Control (T0)
88880
2.07
60 (T1)
103611
2.35
80 (T2)
119187
2.69
100 (T3)
134749
3.02
120 (T4)
135138
3.00
140 (T5)
134988
2.98
SEm+
628
0.05
CD (P = 0.05)
1972
0.15
Control (F0)
87595
2.23
Azotobacter (F1)
115085
2.93
Vermicompost @5t/ha (F2)
127156
2.58
Vermicompost (5 t/ha) +
147867
3.00
SEm+
520
0.01
CD (P = 0.05)
1486
0.04
Nitrogen level (kg/ha)
Bio-organics
Azotobacter (F3)
Interactive effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on net return
Data in Table 4.10 and depicted in Fig. 4.10 indicated that the
combined effect of nitrogen and bio-organics was found significant.
Significantly higher net return (Rs 166392 ha-1) was found under the
treatment combination T3F3 which was remained statistically at par with
the treatment combination T4F3 and T4F5. The treatment combination
T3F3 remained superior over rest of the treatment combinations.
Interactive effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on B: C ratio
Table :4.10 Interactive
effect
nitrogen
and
bio-
-1
organics on net return Rs ha )
Treatments
F0
F1
F2
F3
T0
64251
86354
94131
110782
T1
75468
100234
110043
128701
T2
87417
114855
126902
147575
T3
99393
129510
143700
166392
T4
99617
129857
144146
166931
T5
99422
129696
144012
166822
S.Em. +
CD (P=0.05)
1039
2972
2365
6763
For F at same level of T
For T at same or different level of F
Data in Table 4.11 indicated that the combined effect of nitrogen
application of bio-organics was found significant. Significantly higher
B:C ratio (3.36) was noted under the treatment combination T3F3. The
treatment combination T3F3 remained statistically at par with the
treatment combination T4F3 and T4F5. The combination of treatment
T3F3 found to be superior over rest of the treatment combinations.
Table 4.11
Interactive effect nitrogen and bio-organics on B:C
ratio
Treatments
F0
F1
F2
F3
1.70
2.29
1.97
2.32
1.95
2.58
2.25
2.63
2.24
2.93
2.59
3.00
2.52
3.28
2.91
3.36
2.50
3.26
2.90
3.35
2.48
3.23
2.87
S.Em.+
3.32
CD (P=0.05)
For F at same level of T
0.03
0.08
For T at same or different level of F
0.05
0.14
T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
5
DISCUSSION
The results of field experiment entitled “Effect of Nitrogen and
Bio-organics on Growth, Yield and Quality of Okra [Abelmoschus
esculentus (L.) Moench]” brought out several significant findings or
definite pattern in respect of various parameters studied so as to
establish cause and effect relationship in the light of existing evidences
and available literature.
5.1
Effect of nitrogen levels
5.1.1 Growth attributes
The result of present investigation have (Table 4.1 ,4.2 and 4.3)
shown that application of 100 kg N ha-1 significantly increased the plant
height at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest, number of branches per plant,
leaf area and chlorophyll content in leaves, whereas, plant height
remained at par with 120, and 140 kg N ha-1 . This might be due to
better nutritional environment in the root zone for growth and
development of plant by the application of nitrogen. The nitrogen is
considered as one of the major nutrients required for proper growth
and development of the plant. Nitrogen is the most indispensable of all
mineral nutrients for growth and development of the plant as it is the
basis of fundamental constituents of all living matter. It is also a main
constituent of protoplasm, cell nucleus, amino acids, proteins,
chlorophyll and many other metabolic products. The biological role of
nitrogen as an essential constitute of chlorophyll in harvesting solar
energy, phosphorylated compound in energy transformation, nucleic
acids in the transfer of genetic information and the regulation of cellular
metabolism and of protein as structural units and biological catalysts is
well known. Hence, the growth and growth attributes attained the
highest values for the plants fertilized with 100 kg N ha-1. These results
of present investigation are in agreement with those of Singh et al.
(2008), Vennila and Jayanthi (2008b) and Sharma and Choudhary
(2011) in okra.
5.1.2 Yield and yield attributes
The application of 100 kg N ha-1 resulted in the maximum and
significantly more values of yield and yield attributes viz., number of
fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit yield per plot and fruit yield
ha-1 as compared to control, 60 and 80 kg N ha-1, whereas, all the
above mentioned parameters remained at par with 120 and 140 kg N
ha-1 (Table 4.4 to 4.7). It is relevant to mention here that adequate
supply of nitrogen to plants not only promotes the synthesis of food but
also its subsequent partitioning in sink.
The application of nitrogen favoured the metabolic and auxin
activities in plant and ultimately resulted in increased fruit size, number
to fruits per plant, fruit weight and yield ha-1. These findings are similar
of those reported by Garhwal et al. (2007), Vennila and Jayanthi
(2008a), Sharma et al. (2009), Dar Rukhsara et al. (2010) and Sajid et
al. (2012) in okra crop.
5.1.3 Quality attributes
Increasing levels of nitrogen upto 100 kg N ha-1 significantly
increased the nitrogen and protein content in okra fruits (Table 4.8).
The significant influence of nitrogen fertilization on nitrogen and protein
content in fruits appeared to be due to improved nutrient both in the
root zone and the plants system since available nutrients in the plant
are directly related to their availability in the feeding zone and the
growth of the plant. The higher content of fruits seems to be due to
higher functional activity of roots for longer duration under this
treatment. The increase in nitrogen content in fruits might be due to
adequate fertilization have also been observed by Nanthakumar &
Veeragavathatham (2003) and Selvi et al. (2004). The accumulation of
higher protein content in the fruits might be correlated with the
increased activity of nitrate reductase enzyme which helps in synthesis
of certain amino acids and proteins. These results are also
corroborated by the findings of Yadav et al. (2006) and Garhwal et al.
(2007) in okra crop.
5.2
Effect of bio-organics
5.2.1 Growth attributes
The significant increase in plant height at 30, 60 DAS and at
harvest, number of branches per plant, leaf area and chlorophyll
content were observed due to application of vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1
+ Azotobacter as compared to control (Table 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3). These
findings clearly indicated that vermicompost and Azotobacter played a
significant role in enhancing the growth of okra. The beneficial effect of
vermicompost on plant growth might be attributed to the fact that the
earthworms mineralize macro and micronutrients during vermicompost
and made available to crop plants for longer period. Vermicompost has
solublizing effect on some mineral compounds present in the soil and
brings about the conversion of a number of chemical elements into
available form to plants. In addition, they also improve the structure,
aeration and water holding capacity of soil. The result are in close
conformity with the findings of Peyvast et al. (2007), Abduli et al. (2012)
and Vanmathi et al. (2012).
5.2.2 Yield and Yield attributes
Application
of
different
bio-organics
increased
the
yield
attributes viz., number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit
yield per plot and fruit yield per hectare. Data in Table 4.4 and 4.5
showed that the application of vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter
enhanced all the above parameters significantly over control.
The beneficial effect of vermicompost on yield and yield
attributes might be attributed to its ability of sustain availability of
nutrients throughout the growing season. The vermicompost binds the
soil particles into aggregates and has a profound effect on the
environment of soil and its structure and increased C: N ratio. The
increased balanced C:N ratio might have increased the synthesis of
carbohydrates with ultimate improvement in yield and yield attributes
as reported by Chander et al. (2005), Kondappa et al. (2009), Sharma
et al. (2009), Sharma et al. (2010) and Yadav and Yadav (2010).
5.2.3 Quality parameters
Application of vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter
significantly enhanced the nitrogen and protein content in fruits over
control, vermicompost seems to have ability to increase the availability
of other nutrients like nitrogen, probably due to higher rate of
mineralization and favourable condition for microbial and chemical
activity, which in turn increased the nitrogen and protein content in okra
fruits. Another reason might be the increased activity of nitrate
reductive enzymes which helped in synthesis of certain amino acids
and protein as reported by Chander et al. (2005) and Ramesh et al.
(2006).
Interactive effect of different nitrogen and bio-organics on yield
The yield obtained in plot receiving120 and 140 kg N ha-1 was
statistically at par with yield obtained under plot receiving, 100 kg N
ha-1 and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter . Thus, it is interesting
to note that 40 kg N ha-1 can be saved by application of vermicompost
@ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter, along with 100 kg N ha-1.
Interactive effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on economics
Data presented in table 4.9, 4.10 and 4.11 show that treatment
combination 100 kg N ha-1 and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 +
Azotobacter, proved most effective and remained statistically at par to
120 and 140 kg N ha-1 in enhancing the net return and B:C ratio.
5.3
Economics
Among different treatments application of 100 kg N ha-1 along
with
vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter recorded significantly
higher net return (Rs. 166392 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.36) as compared to
preceding treatments but remained at par with application of 120 and
140 kg N ha-1.
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Results of the field experiment entitled “Effect of Nitrogen and
Bio-organics on Growth, Yield and Quality of Okra [Abelmoschus
esculentus (L.) Moench]” presented and discussed in the preceding
chapters are being summarized in this chapter.
6.1
Effect of nitrogen levels
6.1.1 Application of 100 kg N ha-1 resulted in the production of
significantly highest plant height at 30,60 DAS and at harvest,
number of branches per plant, leaf area and chlorophyll content
in leaves over control, 60 and 80 kg N ha-1 and remained at par
with 120 and 140 kg N ha-1.
6.1.2 Application of nitrogen significantly increased the number of
fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit yield per plot and
fruit yield ha-1 upto 100 kg N ha-1 thereafter increased nonsignificantly.
6.1.3 Nitrogen and protein content in fruits were also increased
significantly with application of 100 kg N ha-1 as compared to
control, 60 and 80 and remained at par with 120 and 140 kg N
ha-1.
6.1.4 Being at par with 120 and 140 kg N ha-1, significantly highest net
returns (Rs.134749 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.02) were obtained with
application of 100 kg N ha-1.
6.2
Effect of bio-organics
6.2.1 Application of
vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + inoculation with
Azotobacter resulted in significantly highest plant height at 30,
60 DAS and at harvest, number of branches per plant, leaf area
and chlorophyll content in leaves over control, Azotobacter and
vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 alone.
6.2.2 Application of vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1+ Azotobacter resulted in
production significantly more values for number of fruits per
plant, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit yield per plot and fruit yield
ha-1over control, Azotobacter and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1.
6.2.3
Application of vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter had
remarkable effect on the nitrogen and protein content in fruits
over control, Azotobacter and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1.
6.2.4
Significantly higher net returns (Rs 147867 ha-1) and B:C ratio
(3.00) were recorded with the application of vermicompost @ 5 t
ha-1 + Azotobacter as compared to control, Azotobacter +
vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1.
6.2
Interactive effect of nitrogen and bio-organics on yield
Combined application of 100 kg N ha-1 and vermicompost@ 5 t
ha-1 + Azotobacter (T3F3) recorded significantly higher yield per
plot, yield ha-1, net returns and B:C ratio which was at par with
T4F3 and T5F3 combinations.
CONCLUSION
•
Based on results of one year experimentation, it may be
concluded that application of 100 kg N ha-1 along with
vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter (T3F3) proved to be the
most superior treatments in respect of fruit yield (179.89 q ha-1)
net return (Rs. 166392 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.36) of okra.
However, the results are indicative and required further
experimentation to arrive of more consistent results.
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Indian
Journal
of
Effect of Nitrogen and Bio-organics on Growth, Yield
and Quality of Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)
Moench]
Ganpat Lal Yadav*
(Researcher)
Dr. S.P. Singh**
(Major Advisor)
Abstract
A field experiment entitled “Effect of Nitrogen and Bio-organics
on Growth, Yield and Quality of Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)
Moench] under loamy sand soils was conducted at Horticulture farm,
S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner during kharif season 2013.
The experiment comprising of 24 treatment combinations
replicated three times, was laid out in split plot design with six levels of
nitrogen viz., control (T0), 60 kg (T1), 80 kg (T2), 100 kg (T3), 120 kg
(T4) and 140 kg (T5) in main plots and four levels of bio-organics,
control (F0), Azotobacter (F1), vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 (F2),
vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1+ Azotobacter (F3) in sub plots.
The results showed that the application of 100 kg N ha-1
produced highest and significantly both growth attributes viz. plant
height at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest, number of branches per plant,
leaf area, chlorophyll content and yield and quality attributes like
(Number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit yield plot-1, fruit
yield ha-1, Nitrogen and protein content in fruits as compared to control,
60 kg and 80 kg but remained at par with 120 kg and 140 kg N ha-1.
Similarly, results also showed that application of vermicompost
@ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter significantly increased the above growth yield
and quality parameters as compared to rest of treatments.
The highest net return (Rs. 134749 and 147867 ha-1) and B:C
ratio (1:3.2, 1:3.0)were recorded in treatment T3 (100 kg N ha-1) and F3
(vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter.
Application of 100 kg N ha-1 with vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 +
Azoctobacter proved the best treatment combination in terms of fruit
yield per plot, fruits yield ha-1, net return (Rs 166392) and B:C ratio
(1:3.36) in comparison to other treatment combinations.
* Post graduate student, Department of Horticulture, S.K.N. College of Agriculture
(Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner), campus- Jobner.
** M.Sc. (Ag.) thesis submitted to Sri Karan Narendra Agricultural University, Jobner
for partial fulfillment of requirement for degree under the supervision of Dr. S.P.
Singh, Asstt. Professor, Department of Horticulture, S.K.N. College of Agriculture,
Jobner.
fHk.Mh [vcs
vcsyeksLdl ,LdqysUVl ¼,y¼,y-½ eksbUp½ dh o`f)]
mit ,oa xq.koÙkk ij u=tu ,oa tSo dkjdksa dk izHkko
x.kir yky ;kno*
MkW- ,l,l-ihih- flag**
¼’kks/kdùkkz½
¼eq[; lykgdkj½
lykgdkj½
vuq{ksi.k
Jh d.kZ ujsUnz d`f"k egkfo|ky;] tkscusj ¼jktLFkku½ ds m|ku]
foKku iz{ks= dh cyqbZ nqeV e`nk ij fHk.Mh dh o`f)] mit ,oa xq.koÙkk
ij u=tu ,oa tSo dkjdksa dk izHkko ds v/;;u djus gsrq [kjhQ 2013
esa ,d iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
;g iz;ksx [kf.Mr Hkw[k.M vfHkdYiuk esa u=tu ds N% Lrjksa]
fu;=a.k ¼Vh0½ 60 fdyksxzke ¼Vh1½] 80 fdyksxzke ¼Vh2½] 100 fdyksaxzke
¼Vh3½] 120 fdyksxzke ¼Vh4½ vkSj 140 fdyksxzke ¼Vh5½ u=tu izfr gSDVj
dks eq[; Hkw[k.Mksa esa rFkk tSo dkjdksa ds pkj Lrj] fu;a=.k ¼,Q0½]
,tksVkscSDVj ¼,Q1½] dspq,sa dh [kkn 5 Vu ¼,Q2½ rFkk dspq,s dh [kkn 5
Vu izfr gSDVj $ ,tksVkscSDVj dks miHkq[k.m esa ysdj dqy 24 mipkj
lewgksa dh rhu iqujko`fRr;ksa ds lkFk lEiUu fd;k x;kA
ifj.kkeksa us n’kkZ;k fd u=tu dh laLrqfr ek=k ¼100 fdyksxzke
izfr gSDVj½ ds iz;ksx }kjk o`f) ifjekiksa tSls ikS/kksa dh cqokbZ ds 30] 60
fnu ckn ,oa dVkbZ ds le; dh ÅapkbZ izfr ikS/kk] 'kk[kkvksa dh la[;k]
dqy Qyksa o i.kksZ esa gfjryod dh ek=k ,oa mit o xq.koRrk ?kVdksa
;Fkk izfr ikS/kk Qyksa dh la[;k] Qy yEckbZ] Qy dk Hkkj] izfr D;kjh
Qy mit] Qy mit izfr gSDVj] Qy esa u=tu ,oa izksVhu dh ek=k ,oa
'kq} ykHk esa ;g iz;ksx fu;a=.k] 60 fdyksxzke ,oa 80 fdyksxzke u=tu ds
*
**
LukrdksÙkj Nk=] m|ku foKku foHkkx] Jh d.kZ ujsUnz —f"k egkfo|ky;] Jh d.kZ ujsUnz d`f"k fo’ofo|ky;] tkscusj
LukrdksÙkj ¼—f"k½ ds m|ku foKku fo"k; esa mikf/k izkfIr dh vkaf’kd iwfrZ gsrq orZeku 'kks/k dk;Z MkW- ,l-ih- flag] lgk;d
vkpk;Z] m|ku foKku foHkkx] Jh d.kZ ujsUnz d`f"k egkfo|ky;] tkscusj ds funsZ’ku esa iw.kZ fd;k x;kA
vuqiz;ksx dh rqyuk esa lkFkZd :i ls vf/kd ijUrq 120 fdyksxzke ,oa
140 fdyksxzke u=tu izfr gSDVj ds led{k ik;k x;kA
blh izdkj ifj.kkeksa us n’kkZ;k fd dspq,s dh [kkn 5 Vu izfr
gSDVj $ ,tksDVkscSDVj ds iz;ksx ls fHk.Mh esa o`f}] mit ,oa xq.koRrk ds
mDr ?kVdksa esa 'ks"k mipkjksa dh rqyuk esa lkFkZd c<ksrjh ntZ dh xbZA
ifj.kkeksa ls 'kq} ykHk ¼:- 134749 o 147867½ ,oa ykHk % ykxr
vuqikr ¼1%3-02 o 1%3-00½] Øe’k% u=tu ds 100 fdyksaxzke izfr gSDVj
,oa dspq,s dh [kkn 5 Vu izfr gSDVj $ ,tksVkscSDVj ds mipkjksa esa
lokZf/kd ik;k x;kA
100 fdyksxzke u=tu izfr gSDVs;j ds lkFk dspq,sa dh [kkn 5 Vu
izfr gSDVs;j $ ,tksVksCkSDVj dh ek=k dk la;kstu izfr D;kjh] Qy mit]
Qy mit izfr gSDVs;j] 'kq} ykHk ¼:- 166392½ ,oa ykHk % ykxr vuqikr
¼1%3-36½ dh n`f"V ls 'ks"k mipkj la;kstuksa dh rqyuk esa Js"B ik;k x;kA
APPENDIX –I
Analysis of variance for plant height 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at
harvest of okra
Mean sum of squares
Treatments
Plant height
d.f.
30 DAS
60 DAS
At harvest
R
2
8.7650
95.4257
94.3339
T
5
55.2709**
920.6188**
1231.5265**
ERR. A
10
3.4374
31.6185
60.3906
F
3
97.2600**
1306.2450**
1522.0445**
TF
15
0.0830
2.0251
2.2698
ERR. B
36
3.4027
34.2122
37.9750
** Significant at 5% level of significance
APPENDIX –II
Analysis of variance for number of branches per plant
Treatments
d.f.
R
2
Mean sum of squares
Branches per plant
0.0241
T
5
ERR. A
10
F
3
0.9030*
0.0206
1.6850*
TF
15
ERR. B
36
0.0034
0.0304
** Significant at 5% level of significance
APPENDIX –III
Analysis of variance for leaf area and total chlorophyll content
Mean sum of squares
Leaf area (cm2)
Chlorophyll
Treatments
d.f.
content in leaves
(mg g-1)
R
2
19361.531
0.1016
T
5
124050.000**
0.4698**
ERR. A
10
2235.834
0.0275
F
3
272550.000**
0.8094**
TF
15
359.748
0.0022
ERR. B
36
6903.105
0.0121
** Significant at 5% level of significance
APPENDIX –IV
Analysis of variance for number of fruits per plant and fruit length
Treatments
d.f.
Mean sum of squares
Number of fruits
Fruit length (cm)
per plant
R
2
0.9187
12.9087
T
5
52.4444**
84.3282**
ERR. A
10
3.7652
3.4357
F
3
136.3980**
141.1566**
TF
15
0.1863
0.5244
ERR. B
36
3.6752
1.5681
** Significant at 5% level of significance
APPENDIX –V
Analysis of variance for fruit weight, yield (kg/plot) and yield (q/ha)
Treatments
d.f.
R
2
T
5
ERR. A
10
F
Mean sum of squares
Fruit
Yield
Yield
weight
(kg/plot)
(q/ha)
(g)
0.4913
0.2674
140.5265
3.0955**
6.4381**
3449.7764**
0.2262
0.0102
48.6544
3
16.3996**
TF
15
0.0036
ERR. B
21.2139** 11367.1778**
0.0547**
29.3028**
36
0.5497
0.0084
** Significant at 5% level of significance
14.9307
APPENDIX –VI
Analysis of variance for N content, protein content and crude fiber
content
Treatments
d.f.
R
2
T
5
ERR. A
10
Mean sum of squares
Nitrogen
Protein
Crude
content
content
fiber
(%)
(%)
content
(%)
0.00019
0.00519
0.05113
0.01961** 0.76602** 0.03670**
0.00008
F
0.00335
0.01709
3
0.05044** 1.97016** 0.02700**
TF
15
0.00021
ERR. B
0.00838
0.00001
0.00850
0.00988
36
0.00018
** Significant at 5% level of significance
APPENDIX –VII
Analysis of variance for net return and B:C ratio
Treatments
d.f.
R
2
T
5
ERR. A
10
F
3
TF
15
ERR. B
36
Mean sum of squares
Net return
B:C ratio
(Rs ha-1)
7057007
0.0264
4576948007**
1.8763**
7093480
0.0427
11404407318**
2.2455**
42380341**
0.0052
3239765
** Significant at 5% level of significance
0.0021
APPENDIX-VIII
Economics of different treatments of okra cultivation with the
application of nitrogen and bio-organics
Common
cost
-1
(Rs ha )
Treatment
cost
-1
(Rs ha )
Yield
(q ha
1
)
Gross
returns
-1
(Rs ha )
0
Total
cost
(Rs
-1
ha )
37694
B:C
ratio
101945.4
Net
returns
(Rs ha
1
)
64251
T0F0
37694.25
84.95
T0F1
37694.25
50
37744
103.42
124098.4
86354
2.29
T0F2
37694.25
10000
47694
118.19
141825.4
94131
1.97
T0F3
37694.25
10050
47744
132.10
158525.9
110782
2.32
T1F0
37694.25
1041.6
38736
95.17
114203.4
75468
1.95
T1F1
37694.25
1091.6
38786
115.85
139020.1
100234
2.58
T1F2
37694.25
11141.6
48836
132.40
158878.6
110043
2.25
T1F3
37694.25
11191.6
48886
147.99
177587.2
128701
2.63
T2F0
37694.25
1388.8
39083
105.42
126499.6
87417
2.24
T2F1
37694.25
1438.8
39133
128.32
153988.4
114855
2.93
T2F2
37694.25
11388.8
49083
146.65
175985.1
126902
2.59
T2F3
37694.25
11438.8
49133
163.92
196708
147575
3.00
T3F0
37694.25
1736
39430
115.69
138823.6
99393
2.52
T3F1
37694.25
1786
39480
140.83
168990.3
129510
3.28
T3F2
37694.25
11736
49430
160.94
193130
143700
2.91
T3F3
37694.25
11786
49480
179.89
215871.8
166392
3.36
T4F0
37694.25
2083.2
39777
116.16
139394
99617
2.50
T4F1
37694.25
2133.2
39827
141.40
169684.7
129857
3.26
T4F2
37694.25
12083.2
49777
161.60
193923.6
144146
2.90
T4F3
37694.25
12133.2
49827
180.63
216758.8
166931
3.35
T5F0
37694.25
2430.4
40125
116.29
139546.8
99422
2.48
T5F1
37694.25
2480.4
40175
141.56
169870.8
129696
3.23
T5F2
37694.25
12430.4
50125
161.78
194136.2
144012
2.87
T5F3
37694.25
12480.4
50175
180.83
216996.5
166822
3.32
Tr
eatments
-1
Sale price of okra fruit = Rs 1200 q
1.70
APPENDIX – IX
S.No.
Particulars
I.
A.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Cost of okra cultivation
Unit
(man
days)
Variables
Labour charges
Sowing and seed treatment
Hoeing and weeding
Application of fertilizers
Application of manures
Layout of experimental field
Making tilth of each plot and
Cost/unit Costs ha-1
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
5
20
8
10
5
8
180/180/180/180/180/180/-
900
3600
1440
1800
900
1440
mixing basal dose of fertilizers
(vii) Gap filling
4
180/-
720
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
10
4
60
24
-
180/180/180/180/-
1800
720
10800
4320
580
29020
9 irrigation
3 litre
600/178.75/-
5400
98
536.25
10
50 kg-1
500
6534.25
-
-
1000
500
600
2100
B.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
C.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Irrigation labour
Spraying of insecticides
Picking of fruits
Transport and selling
Miscellaneous
Total
Material inputs
Irrigation cost
Fungicide for seed treatment
Endosulfan (35 EC) / malathion
(50 EC)
Seed
Total
Over head costs
Rental value of land
Interest on working capital
Depression cost
Total
General cost of cultivation
(A + B + C)
37654.25
Rs
Cost of urea = Rs. 8.0 /kg
Cost of Azoctobacter = Rs. 50 / ha
Cost of vermicompost = Rs. 200 /q
Sales price of okra fruits = Rs. 12/kg