CHAPTER 3
ASSESSMENT
TOOLS
The assessment tools of teachermade test are divided into two:
•OBJECTIVE TEST
•ESSAY TEST
Objective Tests
There are two main types of objective tests:
•Recall Type
•Recognition Type
The recall type is categorized into:
• Simple Recall
• Completion
The recognition type is categorized into:
• Alternative Response
• Multiple-choice
• Matching type
• Rearrangement
• Analogy
• Identification
RECALL TYPE
A. Simple-recall type
- Easiest to construct among the objective type
tests
- Item appears as a direct question, a sentence,
word or phrase or even a specific direction
- Applicable in mathematics and natural sciences.
Rules and Suggestions for the Construction of
Simple-recall Type
1. Must be so worded requiring a brief response
2. Use a direct question
3. Right column response
4. Answer/s must be included in the answer key
5. Minimize the use of unfamiliar words
Sample Test Items of Simple-Recall
Convert the following:
1. 5 meters to centimeters
2. 7 liters to milliliters
3. 8 grams to milligrams
4. 9 kilowatts to wats
5. If four kilograms of ripe mangoes
Cost P240.00, how much is the total
Cost of 12 kilograms ripe mangoes?
1. 500 cm
2. 7000 ml
3. 8 000 mg
4. 9 000 w
5. P720.00
B. Completion Test
-Examinee is require to supply the missing
word or phrase to complete a statement
-Also called “Fill in the blank”
Rules and Suggestions for the Construction of Completion Test
1. Give the student a reasonable basis for the responses desired. Avoid
indefinite statements
Example: Jose Rizal was born in ______.
* Avoid over mutilated statements.
Example: The _____ is obtained by dividing the _____ by the _____.
Improved form:
The mean is obtained by dividing the _______ by the _______.
2. Avoid giving the examinee unwarranted cues to desired
response.
a. Avoid lifting statements directly from the book.
b. Omit only key words or phrases rather than trivial details.
c. Whenever possible, avoid using “a” or “an” before a blank.
d. Do not vary the length of the blank or use a dot for each
letter of the answer.
e. Avoid suggesting that the latter item is the answer to the
other item.
3. Arrange the test so as to facilitate
scoring.
a. Avoid fractional credits
b.Right column response
c.Numbered blanks
d.Prepare a scoring key
Sample Test Items for Completion Test
Direction: Fill in the blank the correct word or phrase. Write your
answer at the right column blank.
1. The Philippine national hero is ______.
1. Jose Rizal
2. The Philippine national fish is ______.
2. Milkfish
3. The Philippine national flower is ______.
3. Sampaguita
4. The Philippine national fruit is _______.
4. Mango
5. The Philippine national leaf is _______.
5. Anahaw
RECOGNITION TYPE
A. Alternative Response
- Series of items admitting only one correct response for each
item from two to three constant options to be chosen.
i. Two-constant alternative type
- True-False type
- Yes-no type
ii. Three-constant alternative type
-True-false, doubtful
iii. Constant alternative with correction
-Modified true-false type
Rules and Suggestions for construction of True-false test
1. Arrange the test items in the groups of five.
2. Make the response simple where single letter is
enough.
3. Avoid using similar statements from the book.
4. The items must be carefully constructed so that
the language is within the level of the examinees,
hence, flowery statements should be avoided.
5. If possible, the use of determiners should be
avoided.
6. Qualitative terms are vague and indefinite and they
must be avoided.
7. Statements which are partly right and partly wrong
must be avoided.
8. Statements must be strongly considered that they
represent either true or false.
9. Ambiguous and double negative statements must be
avoided.
Sample Test Items of True-False test
Direction: Write X if the statement is true, and 0, if false. Write your answer at the
right column blank. Consider your answer carefully; this is a right minus wrong test.
1. Valid test is always valid.
1. ________
2. Reliable test is always valid.
2.________
3. Validity is veracity of response.
3.________
4. Reliability means the degree to which the test measures
which the test measures what is intended to measure.
4.________
5. Construct validity is commonly used in 5)________ achievement test.
B. Multiple-choice Test
- This test is made up of items which consists of three which
or more plausible options for each item. The choices are
multiple so that the examinees may choose only one correct
or best option for each item.
- One of the best test form in testing outcomes.
- Most valuable and widely used in standardized test due to its
flexibility and objectivity in terms of scoring.
- For teacher-made test it is applicable in testing the vocabulary,
reading, comprehension, relationship, interpretation of graphs,
formulae, tables, and in drawing of inferences from a set of
data.
Suggestions for the Construction of Multiple-Choice Test
1. Statements that are borrowed from the textbook or reference book
must be avoided.
2. All options must be plausible with each other to let the students
attract the distractors or incorrect responses where only those with
high intellectual level can get the correct answer.
3. All options must be grammatically consistent. For instance, if the stem
is singular, the options are also singular.
4. Articles “a” and “an” are avoided as last word in an incomplete
sentence.
5. Four or more options must be included in each item to minimize
guessing.
6.The order of correct answer in all items must be randomly
arranged rather than following a regular pattern.
7. A uniform number of options must be used in all items.
8. The correct option must be of the same length with the
distractors or wrong answers.
9. Homogeneity of the options must be increased in order for
the examinee to choose the correct option by using logical
elimination.
10. The simplest method of indicating a response must be used
to facilitate scoring.
Kinds of Multiple-Choice Tests
Multiple Choice has five varieties.
•STEM-AND-OPTIONS VARIETY
•SETTING-AND-OPTIONS VARIETY
•GROUP-TERM VARIETY
•STRUCTURED-RESPONSE VARIETY
•CONTAINED-OPTIONS VARIETY
1. STEM-AND-OPTIONS VARIETY
- Is most commonly used in classroom testing,
board examination, civil service examination, and
many others.
- The stem serves as the problem and followed by
four more plausible options in which examinees
choose the best option or correct answer.
Sample-Test Item of Stem-and-Option Variety
Direction: Below is a stem which is followed by options a to d. Choose the correct option and write
only the letter of your answer at the right column blank.
1.
Which method of reliability below is the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 applicable?
1. b
a. Split-half
b. Internal consistency
c. Test-retest
d. Parallel-forms
2.
The method of reliability in which the test is administered twice to group of learners as
pilot sample but are not respondents/subjects of the study is:
2. d
a. Internal consistency
b. Parallel-forms
c. Split-half
d. Test-retest
3. The statistical tool used to determine the reliability of spit-half method is:
4.
Method of testing the reliability of test in which the examinees answered both the odd
and even items:
3. a
3. The statistical tool used to determine the reliability of spit-half method is:
3. a
a. Spearman – Brown Formula
b. Spearmen rho Formula
c. Kuder-Richardson Formula 20
d. Pearson-Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient
4.
Method of testing the reliability of test in which the examinees answered
both the odd and even items:
a. Parallel-forms
c. Split-half
b. Test-retest
d. Internal consistency
5. The statistical tools used to determine the reliability of parallel-forms is:
a. Kuder-Richardson Formula 20
b. Spearmen rho
c. Spearman-Brown Formula
d. Pearson-Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient
4. c
5. d
2. Setting-and-Options variety.
- The options responses to this type of multiplechoice test is dependent upon a setting or
foundation of some sort.
- A setting can be a form of sentence, paragraph,
graph, equation, picture or some forms of
representation.
Sample Test Items of Setting-and-Options Variety
Direction: Study the sentence carefully. Choose the correct answer from the
options a,b,c, and d. Write the letter only as your answer at the right column blank.
Melaur drinks milk everyday-before going to school.
1. Melaur in the sentence is:
2.
a.Verb
c. Noun
b. Pronoun
d. Adverb
Drink in the sentence is:
a.Verb
c. Pronoun
b. Noun
d. Adverb
3. Before in the sentence is:
a. Pronoun
c. Conjunction
b. Adverb
d. Adjective
1. c
2. a
3. b
4. Everyday
in the sentence is:
a. Adverb
c.Verb
b. Conjunction d. Adjective
5. Milk in the sentence is:
a. Adverb
c. Pronoun
b. Noun
d.Verb
6. School in the sentence is:
a. Noun
c. Pronoun
b.Verb
d. Adverb
7. To in the sentence is:
a. Conjunction
c. Preposition
b. Pronoun
d. Adverb
4. d
5. b
6. a
7. c
3. Group-term variety
This variety consists of group of words or
terms in which one does not belong to
the group.
Sample Test Items of Group-Term Variety
Directions: Choose the word which does not belong to the group. Write the letter
only as your answer at the right column blank.
1. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
a. Mean
b. Mode
c. Quartile
d. Median
2. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
a. Mean deviation
b. Range
c.Variance
b. Decile
c .Quartile
b. Mode
4. b
c. Range
d.Variance
5. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
a. t-test
b. F-test
c. z-test
3. a
d. Percentile
4. Which does not belong to the group?
a. Standard deviation
2. d
d. Mean
3. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
a. Median
1. c
d. SD-test
5. d
4. Structured-response variety
-Use of structured response which are
commonly used in natural science classroom
testing.
-For instance, directly, indirectly, and no way.
This is to test how good the examinees in
determining statements which are related to
each other.
Sample Test items of Structured-Response Variety
Direction: Each item below consists of two right sentences. They are separated by two bars // . Mark
letter d with an X if the first sentence directly causes the second sentence. Mark letter i with an X if
the second sentence indirectly causes the second sentence. Mark letter n with an X if the second
sentence has no way causes the second sentence.
1. The mango is green. / /
1. d
i n
It is sour.
2. The fisherman catches fish. / /
2. d i
n
The fish jumps into water.
3. The birds fly I the sky. / /
3. d I n
They swim into the river.
4. Mother split the fish. / /
4. d i n
The fish was cultured in the fishpond.
5. Milkfish bones were pressure-cooked. / /
They were made into burger.
5. d I n
5. Contained-options variety.
This variety is designed to identify errors I a word,
phrase, or sentence in a paragraph.
Direction: Each sentence below consists of four underlined words or phrases labeled a, b, c, and d.
Choose the word or phrase that makes the sentence incorrect. Choose the letter e if the sentence
has no error. Write the letter only of your answer at the right column blank.
1.
Rice and fish are staple food for Filipinos.
a
2.
b
c
d
b
c
d
Joyce can cope up in studying her lessons.
a
b
c
d
4. For the meantime, you work on your project
a
b
1. b
e
Fifty pesos allowance a day are not enough.
a
3.
No error.
No error
2. c
e
No error
3. b
e
No error
4. a
c
because your teacher is busy.
d
5. Lenny and Lily are identical twins. They are both
a
b
studious and courteous.
d
c
No error
e
5. e
C. Matching Type
- Consists of two columns in which proper pairing relationship of two things is
strictly observed.
- For instance, Column A is to be matched with Column B.
- In balanced matching type, the number of items are equal to the number of
options. For example, there are 15 items of Column A or item column,
Column B or option column should also have 15 items.
- In unbalanced matching type, there is unequal number of items and number
of options. There are less number of items than number of options.
- For instance, if there are 10 items in Column A or item column, there should
be more than 10 items in Column B or option column.
Suggestion for the Construction of Matching Type
1. Using heterogeneous materials must be avoided. Only homogeneous materials
are used. For example in item 1, the answer is date, hence, all the answers must
be dates. If dates are used, use only dates. No combination of dates and events,
persons and dates, terms ad persons and the like.
2. Unbalanced matching type is preferable wherein there are more options than
item to minimize the guessing factor.
3. Each category must be grammatically consistent.
4. All options including distractors or wrong responses are plausible or closely
related with each other.
5. The item column or Column A must be placed at the left and option column of
Column B must be placed at the right.
6. Options column must be arranged in alphabetical order , if dates
in chronological order, to facilitate the selection o correct answer.
To facilitate the examinees not to read all the options. If the
examinee knows the answer starts with letter S and it is located at
letter j, the examinee reads the options at the last portion where S
is located. He does not read all the options from letters a to i. Each
option is assigned a code letter.
7. There must be only one correct response in each item.
8. Be sure each item has a pair in the option column.
9. The ideal number of item is 5 to 10 and maximum of 15.
10. All items and options must appear in one page to avoid waste of
time and energy in turning the pages.
Sample Test of Matching Type
Direction: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter only as your answer at the right column
blank.
Column A
Column B
1.
5+4
a. 2
1. h
2.
3+9
b. 3
2. k
3.
7+3
c. 4
3. I
4.
4+4
d. 5
4. g
5.
2+3
e. 6
5. d
6.
2+2
f. 7
6. c
7.
3+4
g. 8
7. f
8.
1+1
h. 9
8. a
9.
6+5
i. 10
9. j
10. 2+1
j. 11
10. b
k. 12
D. Rearrangement Type
- consists of multiple-option item where it
requires a chronological, logical or rank order.
Sample Test Item of Rearrangement Type
Direction: Below are sentences. Arrange them in order. Choose the
letter only and write your answer at the right column blank.
1. a. dabcef b. dcabfe
c. dabecf
d. dbacfe
a. They hired a bus in going to Boracay.
b. They left at 6:00 o’clock in the morning in Iloilo City.
c. They stayed overnight in Boracay.
d. One day, the teacher education students of Saint Paul University Iloilo
had an educational tour at the Boracay Beach Resort.
e. They arrived in Boracay at 10:00 A.M.
f. The following day, they went home.
E. Analogy
-a type of test is made of terms consisting of a pair
of words to each other. It is designed to measure the
ability of the examinee to observe the relationship of the
words to the second word.
There are 15 kinds of relationship of analogy test.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Purpose
Cause and Effect
Part-Whole
Part-Part
Action to Object
Object to Action
Synonym
Antonym
9. Place
10. Degree
11. Characteristics
12. Sequence
13. Grammatical
14. Numerical
15. Association
1.Purpose
shoe is to Shoelace as door is to ____ Hinge
Taste is to Tongue as Touch is to ____ Finger
2. Cause and Effect Relationship
Noise is to Distracting as Harmony is to ___ Pleasing
Smoke is to Fire as Water is to ____ Rain
3. Part Whole Relationship
SLICE is to LOAF as ISLAND is to ___
4.Part-Part Relationship
Archipelago
HAND is to ELBOW as FEET is to ___Knee
5.Action to Object Relationship
OBEY is to CHILDREN as COMMAND is to ___ Parents
6. Object to Action Relationship
EGG is to BOIL as POTATO is to ____ Mash
7. Synonym Relationship
DIG; ESCAVATE
8. Antonym Relationship
FLY; SPIDER
: KILL; _____
Slay
Cat
: MOUSE; ___
9. Place Relationship
WATER; AQUEDUCT
10. Degree Relationship
POSSIBLE; PROBABLE
: BLOOD; ___
Vein
: HOPE; ____ Expect
11. Characteristic Relationship
RICH; WEALTH
: WISE;____Knowledge
12. Sequence Relationship
SUNDAY; TEUSDAY
: THURSDAY; ____ Saturday
ABC: GIJ
TWY
SEPTEMBER
: JUNE; _____
: QRS:___
JAUNUARY: APRIL
13. Grammatical Relationship
ANGRY:ANGRILY
BEAUTIFULLY
: BEAUTY:_____
14. Numerical Relationship
024: 135
:
345: 71014 :
6810: _____ 111315
161718: _____ 202427
15.Association Relationship
BULLET: LEAD
:
ROMANCE: HEART
INFORMATION
MESSAGE: _____
:
GIFT
RIBBON:_____
Suggestions for Construction of Analogy Type of Test.
• The relationship of the first pair of words is equal to the relationship of
the second.
• Incorrect responses must be plausible or closely related to the correct
answer to attract the examinees to the correct response. Logical
Elimination.
• All options must be constructed in parallel language.
• All options must be grammatically consistent.
• Four or more options in each item must be include to minimize
guessing. If using three options, corrections formula is applied.
• Only homogeneous relationship must be included in each.
F. Identification Type
-requires the examinee to identify what is behind
the statement or sentence and there are no options to
chose from.
Direction: Below are sentences or statements. Identify carefully what is
being defined or referred to. Write your answer at the right column
blank.
1. The polygon with four sides.
1. quadrilateral
2. The seven sides polygon.
2. heptagon
3. The three sides polygon.
3. triangle
4. Polygon with ten sides.
4. decagon
5. The eight sides polygon.
5. octagon
Advantages of Objective Type Test
1. Easy to correct or score.
2. Eliminates subjectivity.
3. Adequate sampling.
4. Objectivity in scoring.
5. Eliminates bluffing
6. Norms can be established.
7. Save time and energy in answering questions.
Disadvantages of Objective Type of Test
1.Difficult to construct.
2.Encourages cheating and guessing.
3.Expensive.
4.Encourages rote memorization.
5.Time consuming.
Essay Tests
- Are assessment tools which consists of specific
question or problem wherein the examinees
responds in one or more sentence.
- IT is widely considered to measure students’
ability to think and express their ideas critically
within a certain period of time.
Suggestions in Constructing Essay Test
1. Essay test must be planned in advanced by the teacher to have
effective results.
2. Major aspects of the lesson must be farmed in preparing the
questions of essay test, hence, careful and even distribution of the
lessons must be observed.
3. After the test has been planned and questions have been written
tentatively, precautions on the causes of unreliability must be taken.
4. In assembling the questions into its final form, the teacher must be
careful that questions are phrased clearly so that the scope of the
question is clear to the students.
5. Time limit on the coverage of each question must be considered to
give students adequate time to answer.
Methods in Constructing Essay Test
1. Selection Recall
Illustration: Name five countries of the word who have been members of the United
Nation.
2. Evaluating Recall
Illustration: Name five government agencies in the Philippines which have great
influence on research and development of the country.
3. Comparison of Two things (Specific) There is single designated basis.
Illustrations: 3.1 Compare Conventional Assessment from Authentic Assessment.
3.2 Compare Norm-Referenced Measure from Criterion-Referenced
Measure.
3.3 Compare formative Assessment from Summative Assessment.
4. Comparison of Two things (General)
Illustrations: 4.1 Compare computer education in the Philippines with that in Korea.
4.2 Compare nursing education in the Philippines with that in United States.
5. Decision (For or Against)
Illustrations: 5.1 In your own, which is better, essay or objective examination? Why?
5.2 Which can you do better, oral or written examination? Why?
6. Cause or Effects
Illustrations: 6.1 Why is research given more emphasis than Instruction and Extension functions?
6.2 Why is Special Education given more stress than any other subjects in the curriculum?
7. Explanation of the Use of Exact Meaning
Illustrations: 7.1 What does the passage “ Time is gold” mean?
7.2 What do you mean by this passage: “Strike while the iron is still hot.”?
7.3 What is the meaning of this passage: “He died without seeing the dawn.”?
8. Summary of a Test or Article Read
Illustrations: In a Paragraph or two, summarize the advantages and disadvantages of
objective examination.
9. Analysis
Illustration: What are the qualities of Gerald Anderson which make you understand why
Filipinos admire him?
10. Statement of Relationship
Illustrations: 10.1 Why is Knowledge in Computer helpful in studying Statistics?
10.2 Why is knowledge in Fish Processing helpful in studying Hotel and
Restaurant Management?
11. Illustrations and Examinees of Principles in Science
Illustrations: From your own experience, give five examples that Science is
used in your daily life?
12. Classification
Illustrations:
12.1 To what class does Kappaphycus belong in the plant kingdom?
12.2 To what class does Sargassum belong in the plant kingdom?
12.3 To what class does Rastrelliger brachyosomus (hasahasa) belong in the animal kingdom?
13. Application of Rules or Principles to New Situations
Illustration: Why is objective type commonly used in PRC ( Professional Regulation Commission)
14. Discussion
Illustration: Discuss the rules in constructing matching type of examination.
15. Statement of Aim
Illustration: State the rules in constructing analogy test.
16. Criticism
Illustration: What is wrong on the statement “Constant practice makes perfect”?
17. Outline
Illustration: Outline the rules in constructing multiple-choice test.
18. Reorganization of Facts
Illustration: Describe the experimental approach based on the book, class discussion and actual
practice.
19. Formulation of New Questions and Problem Raised
Illustration: What else must be known in order to understand the matter in consideration?
20. New Method or Procedure
Illustration: Suggest a plan for improving the method of teaching of English and Mathematics?
Advantages of Essay Test
1.Easy to construct.
2.Economical.
3.Saves time and energy.
4.Trains the core of organizing ideas.
5.Minimize guessing.
6.Develops critical thinking.
7. Minimize cheating.
8. Minimize rote memorization.
9. Develops good study habits.
10. Develops students’ ability of to
express their own ideas.
Disadvantages of Essay Test
1. Low Validity.
2. Low Reliability.
3. Low practicability.
4. Encourage bluffing.
5. Difficult to correct or score.
6. Disadvantage to students with poor penmanship.
Steps in Constructing Teacher-Made Assessment Tools
Objective and essay tests as assessment tools are both teacher-made. The
steps in constructing teacher-made assessment tools are as follows:
1. Planning the test.
In planning the test, five principles must be considered. These are as
follows:
a. A careful statement of the philosophy of the school
and objective of the particular subject must be
available.
b. Adequate provisions for review must be made taking
into consideration the adequacy of facilities and
equipment.
c. The purpose of the test must be defined. If the purpose
of the test is for diagnosis, it must be reveal the specific
weaknesses of the students as basis for remedial
instruction. However, if the purpose is to appraise the
critical thinking and reasoning power, the scores are to be
used for classification and grouping.
d. The nature of the test must take into consideration the
conditions under which it is to be administered. In planning
the test, such factors as age, experience of the examinees,
testing environment, ventilation, cost of materials and
duplicating facilities must be considered.
e. Length of the test must be determined. The time element
by the purpose it is to serve.
2. Preparing the test.
The rules and suggestions in preparing the test are as
follows:
a. The first draft of the test must be prepared as early as
possible.
b. The test must include more than one type of item. Two
or three types of objective test may be used to minimize
monotony on the part of the examinee.