HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS
Student Manual
NEW JERSEY
HAZMAT
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE
COURSE
LEVEL 1
COURSE NUMBER 06037
FIRST RESPONDER
AWARENESS
REFRESHER TRAINING
PRESENTED THROUGH
NEW JERSEY STATE POLICE
HOMELAND SECURITY BRANCH,SPECIAL OPERATIONS SECTION
TECHNICAL RESPONSE BUREAU, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESPONSE UNIT
5TH Edition 0604
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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS REFRESHER
PREFACE
This course is designed and intended to be a refresher to the Level I, First Responder
Awareness (course number 06007) which you have successfully completed and, as part of
your normal job duties, it is possible or probable that you will come in contact with a
hazardous material release. The purpose of this “Awareness Refresher” course is to
renew your skills in hazardous materials incident response as required under 29 CFR
1910.120 (q) (8) (i & ii).
Every county and municipality in New Jersey is required to have a fully comprehensive
Emergency Operations Plan as per the Emergency Management Act (Public Law 1989,
Chapter 222). You should be familiar with the response roles outlined in your EOP’s basic
plan and functional annexes.
As an awareness trained (level 1) responder, you will respond to hazardous materials in a
defensive mode; identify that a problem exists, isolate the problem, gather basic
information, and report what you have found. It is important to remember that if you are the
“first on the scene” at an incident, your actions are critical in initiating a proper emergency
response. Additionally, you must be aware of the increasing probability of a “Weapons of
Mass Destruction” (WMD) incident and be prepared to deal with mass casualties (500
victims or more) at your level of training.
March1999
Although the information set forth in this program is presented in
good faith and believed to be correct, persons or agencies using
this information must make their own determination as to its
suitability for their purposes. In no event are the participating
organizations
and
the
developing
Technical
committee
responsible for damages of any nature resulting from the use of
this information. This program is intended as refresher training
only for participants who have successfully completed
Awareness Training; Course #06007.
This document may not be reproduced in part or In its entirety except with the
written authorization of the
New Jersey State Police,
Homeland Security Branch,
Special Operation Section,
Technical Response Bureau,
Hazardous Materials Response Unit.
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LEVEL 1
FIRST RESPONDER AWARENESS
This module is separated into seven units of instruction.
COURSE GOAL:
The participants will be able to:
List and/or describe the information required to meet the competencies specified for the
First Responder (Awareness trained) by OSHA, PEOSHA and NFPA 472.
FIRST RESPONDER - AWARENESS LEVEL
Module 1
Introduction
13
Module 2
How hazmat incidents are different from other accidents
15
Module 3
Detecting the presence of hazardous materials
30
Module 4
The North American Emergency Response Guidebook
37
Module 5
Levels of incidents and the Incident Command System
41
Module 6
Roles and Notification;
45
Module 7
Responsibilities of Municipal, County and
State organizations
Module 7
Putting it all together
50
Appendix
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INTRODUCTION
OUTLINE
The NJ HazMat Emergency Response Training Program
• Basis for Training
• First Responder Awareness
Record Keeping and Certification
• Instructors
• Recertification
OBJECTIVES
The Student will be able to:
1. list and describe two sources of required course content.
2. state how often training is required.
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MODULE 2
HOW HAZARDOUS MATERIAL INCIDENTS ARE DIFFERENT FROM OTHER
ACCIDENTS
Outline
• Definitions
• How Hazardous Materials are harmful to people
•
Immediate/delayed effect
•
Routes of entry
•
Chemical hazard classes
•
Chemical; warfare agents
•
Biological warfare agents
•
Nuclear materials
Objectives
The student will be able to :
1.
state the difference between a hazmat incident and other incidents.
2.
state identify the four routes of entry for substances to enter the body.
3.
classify effects to the body from chemical exposure as acute or chronic,
given descriptions of the effects.
4.
describe nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons of mass destruction
5.
describe the effects of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons
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We are surrounded by chemicals in the work environment and at home. Overexposure to
any of them could injure us; all of them, in a low enough dosage is safe. When we work
with chemicals, we must understand where the boundary between safety and danger lies.
When we talk about hazardous materials for emergency responders, we are, generally,
thinking of those substances designated by the U.S. Department of Transportation; “Any
substance or material in a quantity or form which poses an unreasonable risk to health,
safety and property when transported in commerce”. Other agencies have other definitions
and other lists of chemicals. They all have one thing in common; If you find the word
“DANGEROUS” or “HAZARDOUS” associated with a chemical, it will cause a problem if
you are exposed to it.
The danger that chemicals pose to us depends on the nature of our exposure. If the
shipping or storage containers of a hazardous material are intact and secure when we
arrive at the scene of an accident, it is only an accident and we can deal with it
accordingly. If the containers are ruptured or in immanent danger of being breached, we
have a hazardous material incident and must call in people with the proper level of training
to handle the problem.
INCIDENT - The release or potential release of a hazardous material into the
environment. (NFPA 472)
If the hazardous material you must deal with is considered toxic (poisonous), remember
that it must get into your body in order to harm you. There are four pathways for
substances to enter the body; Absorption through contact with the skin and eyes,
Inhalation, Ingestion, or Injection (puncture).
Absorption - The skin acts as a barrier against entry of foreign
materials into the body. The skin is permeable to organic solvents.
Many of these solvents also greatly increase the permeability of the
skin to materials that would otherwise not pass through it. The skin
provides a large surface area for contact with toxic agents. Eyes
are also prone to chemical absorption and pose the added hazard
of a direct pathway, up the optic nerve, for chemicals to reach the
brain.
Inhalation is the most rapid route of exposure, immediately introducing toxic chemicals to
respiratory tissues and the bloodstream. Once admitted to the blood through the lungs,
these chemicals are quickly transported throughout the body to contact all organs. In many
cases, chemicals accumulate in a “target organ”.
Ingestion occurs when materials get into the mouth through hand-to-mouth contact, and
through coughing when inhaled particulate material is removed from the lungs to the throat
and then swallowed. Since there are acids, alkalies and enzymes in the gastrointestinal
tract, the toxic nature of a compound may be enhanced or diminished.
Injection (or puncture) can occur by stepping on or bumping against a
sharp object while working at an incident site. It will happen before you
even realize it has occurred. The best precaution is to wear the proper
protective clothing for your work site and observe safe work habits.
Important factors to consider when determining the toxicity of a material
are the relationships between concentration, exposure time, and the
threshold sensitivity of the person exposed.
Generally an acute exposure refers to a large, single dose received over a short period of
time and an immediately readily observable symptom occurs. (acute)
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A chronic exposure results from a small doses received regularly over a long period of
time; often there is no immediate effect. The classic example of a serious delayed effect
is cancer.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Hazardous materials are divided into nine classes by the US Department of
Transportation:
Class 1: Explosives
Chemicals that cause a sudden, almost instantaneous release of pressure, gas and heat
when
subjected to shock, pressure or high temperature.
Explosives are further classified into six divisions:
1.1: Mass explosion hazard (nitroglycerin, octolite)
1.2: Projection hazards (certain fireworks, flares)
1.3: predominantly fire hazard (quickmatch fuse, certain flash powders)
1.4: No significant blast hazard (safety fuse)
1.5: Very insensitive explosives, blasting agents
1.6: Extremely insensitive explosive articles
Class 2: Gases
Materials in a gaseous state at ambient temperature.
Gases are further classified into three divisions:
2.1: Flammable gases; identified by a red placard with flame
icon
2.2: Nonflammable compressed gases; identified by a green
placard with cylinder icon
2.3: Poison gases; identified by a white placard with skull and
crossed-bone icon
Class 3: Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Flammable liquids have a flash point between 0 and 1400F.
Combustible liquids have a flash point between 140 and 2000F.
Class 4: Flammable Solids, Spontaneously Combustible Materials and Materials that are
Dangerous When Wet
A solid that is liable to cause fire through friction, absorption of moisture, spontaneous
chemical change, or retained heat from manufacturing process or which can be ignited
readily and, when ignited, creates a serious hazard. These are further classified into three
divisions:
4.1: Flammable solids; identified by a red & white striped placard with
flame icon.
4.2: Spontaneously combustible materials; identified by a red & white
divided placard with flame icon.
4.3: Materials that are dangerous when wet; identified by a blue placard
with flame icon.
Class 5: Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides Oxidizers
are chemicals that initiate or promote combustion in other materials
either of itself or through the release of oxygen or other gases.
Organic peroxides are structural derivatives of hydrogen peroxide.
Many are highly unstable and can decompose with explosive force.
These are classified in two divisions:
5.1: Oxidizers; identified by a yellow placard with flame on an “0” icon.
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5.2: Organic peroxides; identified by a yellow placard with flame on an “0” icon.
Class 6: Poisonous and Etiologic Materials
Poisons are materials that can cause acute or chronic injury to the
human body.
Etiologic materials are infectious materials.
These are classified in two divisions:
6.1: Poisonous materials; identified by a white placard with skull and
crossed-bone icon.
6.2: Etiologic agent (infectious materials); identified by a white placard with a red or black
biohazard icon.
Class 7: Radioactive Materials
Materials that emit ionizing radiation; identified by a white placard or yellow and white
divided placard with a three-bladed “radioactive” icon.
Class 8: Corrosives
Liquids and solids that cause visible destruction of human skin tissue, metals,
plastics or other material at the site of contact; identified by a black and white
divided placard with a test-tube pouring liquid on a bar and a hand icon.
Class 9: Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials
Hazardous materials, including hazardous waste, not included in the other
eight categories; identified by a divided placard with the upper half black
and white vertical stripes and the lower half white.
NEVER TRUST YOUR SENSES TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF A
HAZARDOUS ATERIAL. YOU CAN NOT SEE OR SMELL MANY TOXIC GASES OR
VAPORS UNTIL THEY EACH DANGEROUS CONCENTRATIONS.
WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION (WMD)
Everyday HAZMAT Incident (HMI) vs. NBC terrorism Incident (NBCTI):
NBC terrorist incidents involve CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and
explosive) weapons. These weapons are also referred to as Weapons of Mass Destruction
WMD). The two terms are synonymous.
WMD differ from other terrorist weapons in that they employ military chemical and
biological warfare agents or radioactive materials as a primary ingredient.
a. Chemical agents are super toxic chemicals used for the purpose of poisoning victims. They are similar
to hazardous industrial chemicals, but hundreds of times more toxic. Contrast this with bombing an oil
refinery to create a massive fire, which constitutes a terrorist attack, but not an NBC attack.
b. Biological agents are living germs that will cause disease in people. Some of these are deadly to
animals as well, though they are not the primary targets.
Toxins are a special type of poisonous chemicals categorized as biological agents because they were
created by living organisms. They generally behave like chemical agents and serve the same function,
to poison people.
c. Radiological materials can pose both an acute and long term hazard to humans. In may ways, they
behave like some of the chemical agents in that they cause cell damage. A major difference is that the
radiological agents do not necessarily have to be inhaled or come in contact with the skin to do
damage. Some types of radiation, (like x-rays), can penetrate significant layers of protective material.
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How an everyday HAZMAT incident differs from an NBC terrorism incident:
Super toxic Material
The military nerve agent, Sarin, is, measure for measure, about 60 times more toxic than
the methyl isocyanate which was released in an “extraordinary” hazmat incident in Bhopal,
India. The hazmat incident in Bhopal produced 200,000 casualties with 10,000 people
severely affected and 3,300 fatalities. An NBC terrorism incident has the Potential to
create mass casualties or fatalities and will create large numbers of psychological effects
on casualties, thus magnifying the casualties situation. Most WMD agents are heavier than
air and will create a greater downwind hazard than most hazardous materials.
Hazard Identification
Early identification of the NBC agent is crucial to the safety and health of both responders
and victims. Victims’ signs and symptoms must be reported immediately to the incident
commander and/or EMS officer in charge. Only advanced detection and identification
devices (GC/MS, MINICAMS, Real Time Analytical Platform) detect at the lowest threshold
concentrations for chemical agents.
Mass Decontamination
An everyday hazmat incident requires the decontamination of only a few people. An NBC
terrorism incident will require the decontamination of numerous individuals, perhaps
hundreds or even thousands. Mass decontamination will require assigning some of the
first responders to perform this very important task. The hazmat team in turn will be
committed to establishing a separate decontamination area for emergency responders and
hazmat team personnel.
Crime scene/evidence preservation
While an everyday hazmat incident may be labeled an environmental crime scene, all acts
or threats of NBC terrorism are considered a federal crime. The site of the incident is a
crime scene designation and evidence must be preserved.
Interaction and coordination with local, state and federal agencies
Interaction and coordination with local, state and federal agencies may occur in an
everyday hazmat incident, but will be required during an NBC terrorism incident due to the
complexity of the situation and the public interest. An NBC terrorism incident will require
the Incident Commander to use the Incident Command System and to assign areas of
responsibility to other responding personnel. The Incident Commander will be faced with
managing and coordinating multiple agencies - some requested, some not. One liaison
officer and several assistants may be needed to serve on the command staff to assist in
the management and coordination of all the responding agencies. The staging area(s)
manager(s) will have to control a much larger number of resources than during an
everyday hazmat incident.
Communication overload will be a significant challenge during/after an NBC terrorism
incident. Communication overload must be dealt with immediately or the IC will become
overwhelmed. Cellular phones may be useful during the early moments of an incident but
cell sites could quickly become jammed by media use and others.
Chaos, mass hysteria
You can expect more chaos and hysteria in an NBC terrorism incident than on an
everyday hazmat incident. The number of victims involved will physically overwhelm an
emergency response team.
Since fire companies and hazmat teams, alone, will be unable to maintain scene safety
and security at an NBC terrorism incident, the importance of the local police department
managing scene control cannot be over emphasized.
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WMD; Weapons of Mass Destruction - Chemical Warfare Agents
Chemical warfare agents are chemical compounds, and, therefore, have characteristics
and behave in ways that are understandable and predictable. The more we know about
these agents and their characteristics, the better equipped we will be to mitigate their
effects.
Each chemical agent is a chemical compound made of specific elements. All have
scientific names and formulas which describe their chemical composition but their
common names and shorthand designations are of greater interest to us. These are
important for three reasons:
a. Military detectors, that will be used in the event of a terrorist attack, refer to these
shorthand designations.
b. HAZMAT technicians and other technical personnel involved in a response will be
using these symbols.
c. They are much easier to remember than the scientific names.
In addition to a common name and symbol, chemical warfare agents have all been
assigned GAS numbers (Chemical Abstract Service). By using the GAS numbers you can
acquire additional reference data on each agent.
The military has classified chemical agents according to how they affect individuals,
initially as either toxic or incapacitating, and then further by their specific actions on the
individual.
The military has defined four categories of toxic agents:
a.
Choking
b.
Blister
c.
Blood
d.
Nerve
Choking Agents
Choking agents were first used during World War I with notable effectiveness. Phosgene
(CG) and Chlorine (Cl) are the agents that are most likely to be encountered. Both of these
agents have various industrial uses and large quantities are shipped as liquids throughout
the U.S. Upon release, they evaporate rapidly becoming non-persistent gases and
inhalation threats.
Both have recognizable odors: phosgene smells like newly mown hay and chlorine smells
like a swimming pool. The rate of action in high concentrations is rapid; but in lower
concentrations, other than the irritating smell, the symptoms might be delayed for several
hours.
Symptoms include coughing, choking or gagging, and tightness in the chest. As the agent
is inhaled, it irritates the respiratory tract, starting with the trachea and continuing down
into the lungs.
Although these agents are gases, both respiratory and skin protection are required as
there may be some skin irritation.
Proper first aid is to mask the victims and then remove them from the area of hazard.
Victims should be carried, because walking will only increase their need for oxygen.
Decontamination is aeration.
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Responders who come into physical contact with phosgene should flush the affected area
with water.
NEVER TRUST YOUR SENSES TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF A CHEMICAL
WARFARE AGENT. YOU CAN NOT SEE OR SMELL MANY TOXIC GASES OR
VAPORS UNTIL THEY REACH DANGEROUS CONCENTRATIONS.
Blood Agents
Blood agents were another type of agent used in World War I. The two most likely to be
employed are Hydrogen Cyanide (AC) and Cyanogen Chloride (CK).
Like the choking agents, CG and Cl, these agents have a variety of commercial uses and
are readily available. Both are very volatile and non-persistent in he environment. As they
are gases their route of entry is the respiratory tract.
Hydrogen Cyanide has a vapor density of 0.93 (lighter than air) and will rise. It also has a
low flash point (64 F) so it may well ignite if released using an explosive device.
Blood agents smell like bitter almonds or peach kernels. Their rate of action is very rapid,
with symptoms appearing very quickly. When exposed to a high concentration, individuals
will gulp for air, have reddish skin, red lips, (purple in dark-complexioned), and vomit, with
unconsciousness, frothing and death occurring within minutes.
The agents are absorbed by the blood stream and carried throughout the body. Under
normal conditions, the blood releases the oxygen it carries from the lungs to the individual
body cells. Blood agents bond to the enzyme cytochrome oxidase, and prevent this
oxygen transfer. An abundance of oxygen in the venous system is why the skin appears
red.
The body has the ability to detoxify hydrogen cyanide more rapidly than the other agents,
so exposure to low concentrations is not as deadly or cumulative. Both agents hydrolyze
fairly rapidly; however, cyanogen chloride hydrolyzes more slowly than hydrogen cyanide.
Because blood agents are inhalation threats, respiratory protection is required. (When
handling liquid cyanides (e.g., sodium cyanide) gloves and protective clothing should be
worn)
First aid involves getting the victim out of the contaminated area and administration of an
antidote (amyl nitrite) by medical personnel. Decontamination is accomplished by aeration.
NEVER TRUST YOUR SENSES TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF A CHEMICAL
WARFARE AGENT. YOU CAN NOT SEE OR SMELL MANY TOXIC GASES OR
VAPORS UNTIL THEY REACH DANGEROUS CONCENTRATIONS.
Blister Agents
Like the choking agents, blister agents were also used in World War I. Blister agents have
two primary routes of entry: inhalation and absorption through the skin.
There are three blister agent types: the Mustard family (H, HD, HN, and HT), Lewisite (L)
and Phosgene Oxime (CX).
The Mustards and Lewisite are liquids, while Phosgene Oxime is a solid (prismatic
crystalline powder) (melting point 400C). They all present a vapor hazard, and Mustard
and Lewisite also present liquid hazards. Mustard freezes (becomes a solid) at 570F, so it
would not be present as a liquid in the colder times of year.
Mustard has the odor of garlic, while Lewisite smells like Geraniums.
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The rate of action for skin contact is fast with all the blister agents. Mustard is a very
insidious agent as it causes no pain nor is there any other indication of its presence for a
period of 4-24 hours. It is also carcinogenic (as is Lewisite). With Lewisite and Phosgene
Oxime there is immediate pain at the site of contact. The vapor effects of all three of these
agents take longer to cause casualties, both on the eyes and through inhalation
Symptoms vary according to concentration. Vapor or liquid in the eyes will cause some
tearing, burning and a gritty feeling. Inhalation effects can cause coughing and perhaps a
raspy or hoarse voice.
Liquid vapor skin contact will cause blistering. The area contaminated will start turning red,
followed by blister formation. The blisters are deep, similar to second-degree burns, and
occur anywhere that contact is made. Moist areas of the body are more susceptible, even
when covered with clothing. As a result, these agents must be removed from the skin (by
blotting) immediately.
Blister Agent Poisoning
The physiological action of blister agent produces extreme irritation, whether the eye,
respiratory tract, or skin. Reports from Iran and Iraq during their war in the 1980’s are of
horrible, painful deaths due to lung damage. Skin blisters break, leaving large open
wounds; however, additional blisters are not created from the fluid of broken blisters.
There is some hydrolysis, but very little detoxification.
Blister agents require both respiratory protection and protective clothing. The mask will
protect not only the. respiratory tract, but also the eyes and face, and protective clothing
the remainder of the body. These agents are absorbed, by most clothing, which will then
“off-gas”.
First aid involves removing all liquid agent from the skin immediately. Decontamination
requires pinching or blotting agent off the skin rather than rubbing or wiping. After agent
removal, flush with water or dilute bleach.
NEVER TRUST YOUR SENSES TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF A CHEMICAL
WARFARE AGENT. YOU CAN NOT SEE OR SMELL MANY TOXIC GASES OR
VAPORS UNTIL THEY REACH DANGEROUS CONCENTRATIONS.
Nerve Agents
Of all the agents, the nerve agents are of the greatest concern because of their toxicity,
rate of action, and ability to enter the body by multiple routes of entry.
Nerve agents were discovered in the mid-I 930’s when German scientists were looking for
better pesticides. Because there were many rat-infested ships docking in German ports,
the scientists needed to find a better way to fumigate the ships. The story goes that the
scientists pumped this new pesticide into the holds of a ship and then went down inside to
see if it had been effective in killing the rats. Not only did all the rats die, but so did the
individuals conducting the test.
Many insecticides are organophosphorus compounds similar to nerve agents. As a result,
nerve agents have been referred to as “insecticides for people.”
While many pesticides are organophosphorus compounds, others, such as Seven are
“carbamates.” Some of the experimental carbamates made at Edgewood Arsenal in the
1960’s were as toxic as VX.
There are four nerve agents that should be considered as likely terrorist weapons: Tabun
(GA), Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), and VX. Of those, GA and GB are our greatest concern
because they are the easiest to produce.
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All nerve agents are extremely fast acting. The G- agents are generally volatile and will
evaporate fairly quickly. They are considered semi-persistent, and are both an inhalation
hazard and a skin contact threat (liquid on skin). VX has a low volatility and is primarily a
liquid hazard unless aerosolized. It evaporates about as quickly as motor oil, so it is
primarily a skin contact hazard, but if in aerosol form will also be an inhalation threat.
When pure, the G- agents are both colorless and odorless, however there may be a slight
fruity odor, if impure. VX is also odorless but may have a slight yellow color, and a sulfur
smell, if impure. As the name implies, these agents affect the nervous system.
Nerve agents attack or interfere with the normal chemistry at the nerve/muscle junction.
Muscles work by contracting and relaxing. To stimulate contraction the nerve endings
activate a chemical called acetylcholine, which acts as an electrical conductor to bridge
the gap between the nerve ending and the muscle or gland. Following the contraction, the
muscle secretes an enzyme called acetyl cholinesterase which neutralizes the
acetylcholine, breaking the electrical contact, and allowing the muscle to relax. Nerve
agents inhibit acetyl cholinesterase production, and, therefore, the neutralization of
acetylcholine. Thus the muscle receives constant stimulation, causing it to twitch, and tire
quickly. As this occurs, fluids build up in the trachea and bronchial constriction occurs
making it more difficult to breath. Death usually results from cardiopulmonary failure.
The symptoms of nerve agent poisoning are fairly recognizable: dimness of vision
(pinpointing of pupils), runny nose, drooling, difficulty breathing/tightness of the chest,
nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, muscle jerking or twitching, involuntary
urination/defecation, coma and death. Depending on where the agent contacts the body,
pinpointing of the pupils is not always seen.
Depending on the concentration and exposure time, effects can all occur in very few
minutes.
NEVER TRUST YOUR SENSES TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF A CHEMICAL
WARFARE AGENT.
Riot Control Agents (Irritants)
Riot control agents produce transient discomfort and eye irritation and are designed to
render someone incapable of fighting or resistance. They are primarily employed by law
enforcement for riot control though some are available to the general public for personal
protection. Symptoms seldom persist more than a few minutes after exposure. These
agents include tear gas (CS), MACETM (CN), chloropicrin, pepper spray and
dibenzoxazepine.
Improvised Chemical Warfare Agents
An enterprising terrorist might make use of industrial chemicals which are available in
large quantities at fixed sites or in transit. In addition to chlorine and phosgene, industrial
chemicals that could be used in a terrorist attack include:
Anhydrous Ammonia whose effects are similar to the choking agents.
Methyl isocyanate (MIC) whose effects can resemble blood, irritant and choking
agents
Dimethyl sulfate whose effects resemble blister agents
The organophosphate insecticides whose effects resemble nerve agents
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Remember symptoms of CW agent exposure with the mnemonic SLUDGE”:
S
Salivation
L
Lacrimation (Tearing)
U
Urination
D
Defecation
G
Gastrointestinal (increase in secretions in tract) effects
E
Emesis (vomiting)
M
Miois (twitching of pupils)
Comparative Toxicities
If we use Chlorine as a baseline:
a.
Cyanogen chloride (CK) is twice as toxic as Cl
b.
Phosgene (CG) is 6 times more toxic as Cl
c.
Hydrogen cyanide (AC) is 7 times more toxic as Cl
d.
Mustard (H) is 13 times more toxic as Cl
e.
Sarin (GB) is 200 times more toxic as Cl
f.
VX is 600 times more toxic as Cl
For skin toxicity, 10 milligrams of VX equals ito 2 grams of Mustard or Sarin. Less than a
pinhead of Mustard is required to achieve a small blister.
Although these agents were deliberately developed to cause injury or death to individuals
and are extremely toxic, they ~ be detected, protected against, treated, and their victims
decontaminated.
WMD; Weapons of Mass Destruction - Biological Warfare Agents
From a responder’s point of view, the biggest difference between biological and chemical
agents is time. Unlike chemical agents, most of which have an immediate effect, most
biological agents all have a delayed effect ranging from several hours to days, and in
some cases weeks.
When you respond to a biological incident, there may be no casualties and nothing
significant unless someone witnesses the actual release or some type of suspected
dissemination device has been located.
As a responder, you need to understand some of the basic characteristics of potential
biological agents and how to protect yourself.
Biological agents:
a. Are not dermally active: Biological agents cannot penetrate healthy unbroken skin. (An
exception is T-2 Mycotoxin, which causes skin damage). To cause disease, most
biological agents must be inhaled or ingested. Our skin provides a good barrier to most
agents, in contrast to some chemical agents which can cause toxic reactions and
symptoms if placed on the skin.
b. Are non-volatile: Biological agents will be disseminated as either liquid or solid
aerosols, where the biological materials will be subjected to the environment. Many
biological agents are living organisms and adverse temperature and humidity will affect
them. Sunlight, in particular ultraviolet rays, will kill many of them. In this environment,
most will only last a few hours or days. Because of this, use of biological agents is
more likely at night or in enclosed areas.
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c. By weight, biological agents are generally more toxic than chemical agents. For
example, the toxin; Ricin, is 2 to 3 times more toxic than VX and Botulinium, another
toxin, is 5000 to 10,000 times more toxic than VX.
d. Are invisible to our senses. We cannot see, taste or smell them.
e. Range of effects: Biological agents have a variety of effects depending on the
organism and how it affects us, the dose we receive and the route of entry. This range
can run from skin irritation through death.
f. Obtained from nature: Each of the biological agents has a natural host. In some
instances, with little training or equipment, a small amount of culture or material can be
“grown” into larger quantities which are then placed in a dissemination device.
g. Relatively easy to produce: The key term here is relatively. If you can obtain a
culture of one of the organisms and know how to “grow” or culture it, (provide a
suitable environment, provide nutrients, allow it to reproduce etc.) you can increase the
quantity using basic procedures with easily obtainable equipment.
h. Have delayed effects: All living biological agents have a definite time period
between when a victim is subjected to the agent and when the symptoms begin to
appear. This is referred to as the incubation period, the time when the agent is
reproducing in the body and defeating its natural defense systems. This incubation
period can be as short as a few hours to days and in some cases weeks. Even toxins,
which do not grow and reproduce, may take hours to produce symptoms.
Biological agents can be categorized by type of organism or product, i.e., bacteria, viruses,
and toxins.
Bacteria and Viruses
Both bacteria and viruses are living organisms and as such, require a favorable
environment in which to live and reproduce.
When used as a weapon, inhalation is usually the targeted portal of entry.
Once the organisms invade the body, they begin to grow and reproduce. They can also
produce toxins which may poison your body. Your body has built-in defense mechanisms,
but if they are overwhelmed or not effective, then the specific symptoms associated with
the particular organism or disease begin to appear. Fever, vomiting, and diarrhea are
frequently early symptoms. Depending on the particular disease, the effects will continue
to develop and can in many cases completely disrupt normal body functions and cause
death.
Some bacteria and viruses can cause epidemics, by being transmitted from one infected
individual to another. This is true of only a few of the agents such as pneumonic plague
(bacteria), smallpox and viral hemorrhagic fevers (viruses).
Toxins
Toxins are poisonous substances produced as a by-product of pathogens or plants and
even some animals. Snake venom is a good example of a toxin.
They are not living organisms, but in fact chemical compounds, often proteins or proteinlike materials. They can enter the body the same way pathogens can. They are not
contagious. There are numerous naturally occurring toxins. How they affect people varies.
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Examples of Biological Agents
Anthrax (bacteria)
Anthrax is a bacteria that occurs naturally in cattle, sheep and other hoofed animals and is
normally transmitted to man through cuts or abrasions in the arms and hands. Anthrax can
form spores which make the organism more resilient. In spore form, anthrax can be
transmitted to people through the respiratory route, where it is a much greater threat
(mortality can reach 80-90%). The incubation period is 1-7 days and the early symptoms
are, chills, fever, nausea and swelling of lymph nodes. Treatment involves the use of
antibiotics and treating the specific symptoms.
Plague (bacteria)
Plague or “black death” is a bacteria normally transmitted to people from rats through the
bite of infected fleas. It can also be aerosolized and be transmitted to people through the
respiratory tract causing pneumonic plague. Untreated pneumonic plague has a mortality
rate of 90-100%. The incubation period is 2-3 days and early symptoms are high fever,
chills, headache, spitting up of blood and shortness of breath. Treatment involves using
antibiotics treating specific symptoms.
Q-Fever (rickettsia)
Q-Fever is a rickettsia, an organism which has some characteristics of bacteria and some
of viruses. The organism can be found in nature in cows, sheep and goats and is
transmitted to people through the inhalation of dust contaminated with animal tissue or
feces or through contaminated milk from infected cows or other animals. The incubation
period is 2-10 days with symptoms similar to the flu. The mortality is low (under 1%). A
vaccine is currently being evaluated. Recovery occurs in most cases without treatment
after 2 days to 2 weeks. Tetracycline has been proven to shorten the duration of the
illness.
Smallpox (virus)
Smallpox is a virus. There is an effective vaccine, however, without this protection the
aerosolized virus presents a respiratory threat. The incubation period is 10-12 days after
which a victim will begin to feel ill with fever, rigors, vomiting, headache and backaches.
Two to three days later lesions begin to appear. The mortality rate can reach 30%.
Treatment involves supportive therapy.
Ebola (virus)
Ebola is one of the hemorrhagic fevers. This particular virus has received a lot of attention
in the press and recent movies. It is transmitted to people by direct contact. The incubation
period is 3-21 days with a mortality rate as high as 90%. Symptoms include fever,
vomiting, and diarrhea, followed by blotches on the skin from subcutaneous bleeding.
Treatment includes using Ribavirin and treating individual symptoms.
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (virus)
VEE is a virus that occurs in nature in mules, donkeys and horses. Transmission is
normally through mosquito bites but transmission as an aerosol has been proven. The
incubation period is 1-5 days. Symptoms are influenza like and last 3-5 days. Mortality is
low, under 1%, and recovery occurs without intervention. Treatment is supportive.
Staphylococcus Enterotoxin B (Cytotoxin)
SEB toxin is normally ingested, causing food poisoning. The incubation period is short, 4-6
hours, with symptoms including vomiting, abdominal cramps, and explosive watery
diarrhea. Recovery is spontaneous after 6-8 hours. Inhalation of aerosolized toxin is
possible, and in this case the symptoms are entirely different: high fever, cough, chills and
prostration which usually lasts 1-2 weeks. Treatment is supportive and an antitoxin is
available.
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Botulinum (neurotoxin)
Botulinum toxin is normally encountered by ingestion of improperly canned food. The toxin
can be aerosolized and present an inhalation threat. Symptoms begin 24-72 hours after
ingestion or breathing in the toxin: weakness, dizziness, dry mouth and throat, and blurred
vision begin to appear. Mortality can reach 60%. Treatment includes antitoxin and
supportive measures.
Ricin (toxin)
Ricin toxin is extracted from the castor bean. This makes it readily available. Ricin
normally enters the body through ingestion but the toxin can be aerosolized. It can also be
induced through injection. The incubation period is 24-72 hours after which symptoms
appear, including nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps and breathing
difficulty. The untreated mortality rate is high, with death occurring after 36-72 hours. Ricin
is 2-3 times more toxic than. the nerve agent VX. Treatment includes respiratory support,
and other supportive measures.
WMD; Weapons of Mass Destruction - Nuclear Radiation
Of the three WMDs, (chemical, biological or nuclear), nuclear is considered the least likely
of the threats. However, the potential exists and you need to understand the terms, the
types of radiation and how to protect yourself.
The potential for a terrorist to obtain an actual nuclear device and then transport it totally
undetected is unlikely. Despite what you see on the “net”, producing a functional nuclear
device is also highly improbable, therefore we are not going to go into the ramifications of
a true nuclear detonation occurring here in your jurisdiction
Definitions
Radiation: In its simplest definition, radiation can be defined as either electromagnetic or
particulate emissions of energy from the disintegration of the nucleus of an atom. This
energy, when impacting on or passing through material, including us, can cause some
form of reaction. This radiation is also referred to as ionizing radiation.
Radioactive material: Any material which is giving off some form of radiation.
Ionizing Radiation
When ionizing radiation is absorbed by our bodies, it can cause changes to our cells.
Small amounts can be tolerated; larger amounts can be harmful. For our purposes, this
radiation can be classified as:
a. Alpha particles b. Beta particles
c. Gamma Radiation
We’re not so concerned with the mechanism of radiation as we are with the hazard, the
detection of it and protection from it.
There are also non-ionizing types of radiation. Examples are: Flourescent light, lasers and
microwaves. In these examples the radiation can cause burns but they do not cause
molecular change or ionization.
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Units of Radiation
To quantify amounts of radiation, the term rem or millirem is used. It has a specific
definition, but we’re concerned with how many rather than a definition.
rem = roentgen equivalent man
rem = rad X RBE
rad=radiation absorbed dose (deposition of 100 ergs of radiation energy per
gram of absorbed material)
RBE = relative biological effectiveness
The threshold for any real consequences begins around 200 rem. The LD50 is around 450
rem.
Detection
Radiation cannot be detected by our senses, but each type can be detected and identified
with proper instrumentation. Most hazmat teams are already equipped with radiation
detectors. These instruments will measure radiation in dose rates, or how much radiation
is being absorbed per unit of time, i.e., 50 mrem/hr. Because the threat exists, checking for
the presence of radiation as part of any hazmat response is a good idea.
Symptoms of Radiation
In most instances, it takes considerable time before an individual begins to show
symptoms of radiation. Of course, there are always exceptions. If one would pick up a very
active material, he/she could receive radioactive burns on the skin which would show up in
a matter of hours.
Health Hazards
Risk depends upon several factors:
a.
The total amount of radiation received (dose)
b.
The dose rate (how fast the dose is received)
c.
The specific type of radiation
The dose rate can further be defined by the duration of exposure. Radiation effects are
further defined or categorized as acute, where you begin to show symptoms within 24
hours; chronic, where one receives a lesser dose of radiation resulting in less noticeable
symptoms; and delayed, where symptoms such as a tumor or cancer may not show up
until years later.
Health Risks During an Incident
The three concerns at an incident involve whole body exposure, ingestion of radioactive
material (inhalation, ingestion) or contamination by radioactive material. Incidents involving
either an explosion or fire will elevate the potential for the ingestion or contamination by
the spreading of the radioactive material in the form of small fragments (dust) or smoke.
Terrorist Use of Radioactive Material
It is possible that a terrorist could obtain radioactive material from a medical lab or other
facility and place it so as to cause an incident and scare a lot of people rather than actually
create casualties. This scenario occurred in Russia in November 1995. A 30 pound
package containing explosives and Cesium, a radioactive material, was placed in a
Moscow park by Chechan Separatists. In this instance, the device was located and
rendered safe before it detonated. If it had detonated, it would have created a significant
cleanup problem; Cesium137 has a half-life of about 30 years.
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Protection
a. Time
b. Distance
Student Manual
c. Shielding
The amount of radiation you receive will depend on the type and strength of the radiation
and the amount of time you are exposed.
Time
You are exposed to a radioactive source and are receiving 100 mrems per hour. If you are
exposed for 15 minutes, you have received 25 mrems. Cutting the time reduces your
exposure.
Distance
Distance is also critical. Referring back to our forms of radiation, Alpha particles only travel
a little over an inch in air. Beta particles will not travel over a few yards in air. However,
gamma will travel extensive distances and this is the radiation we are the most concerned
with. The farther you are from a source the better.
With gamma, the intensity decreases by a factor of the square of the distance.
Shielding
Radiation can also be blocked or partially blocked by various materials: Alpha radiation is
stopped by a sheet of paper, Beta radiation is stopped by aluminum foil or clothing, and
Gamma rays are only reduced by dense materials such as lead or earth.
HEPA Filters
Because of the ease of protecting from alpha and beta radiation, our main concern from
these is inhalation or ingestion of actual radioactive material in the form of dust or
contaminated food or water. Gamma is more difficult to protect against and where time,
distance and shielding are more important.
Any good dust respirator or mask will protect you from the inhalation risk.
To acquire a sufficient amount of material and place it in a situation where people are
going to be exposed long enough to receive a dose resulting in some type of immediate
measurable response is, to say the least, very unlikely.
From a responder’s point of view, unless you survey a scene with one of the available
detectors, it will be difficult for you to know the source is present, without some type of
warning by the terrorist.
The key point to remember is, once you are aware of the presence of radioactive material,
back away, protect yourself against inhalation by using a respirator and use time, distance
and shielding to work to your advantage.
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HAZMAT
INCIDENT
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DELIBERATE ATTACK
SUPER TOXIC MATERIALS
EARLY HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
MASS CASUALTIES
MANY FATALITIES
MASS DECONTAMINATION
UNUSAL RISK TO RESPONDERS
CRIME SCENE & EVIDENCE
PRESERVATION
MAJOR INTERACTION WITH LOCAL
STATE AND FEDERAL AGENCIES
SCENE COMMUNICATION OVERLOAD
CHAOS, MASS HYSTERIA
RESOURCES IMMEDIATELY
OVERWHELMED
SECONDARY DEVICES DESIGNED TO
KILL RESPONDERS
PRE-INCIDENT INDICATORS
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NBC
INCIDENT
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Module 3
DETECTING THE PRESENCE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL
OUTLINE
The six Clue
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
•
•
•
•
Occupancy & Location
Container Shapes
Marking & Colors ( including identification numbers)
Placards & Labels
Shipping Papers and other Documents
Senses
Indicators of NBC attacks
Confined space recognition
Limitations of ordinary clothing
Victim care precautions
Objectives
The student will be able to :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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list and describe the six clues for recognizing the presence of HM
identify the probable contents of several storage containers or
transportation containers based on their respective shapes.
describe the NJ RTK labeling requirement
describe the information found in the NJ RTK inventory sheet
describe the indicators of a NBC terrorist attack
define a confined space and describe several hazards it poses to
worker safety.
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SIX CLUES
FOR DETECTING THE PRESENCE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
1. Occupancy and/or Location
You should be familiar with various occupancies and locations in your jurisdiction where
hazardous materials are used, stored, or produced. Determine which of them might
become a terrorist target because of chemicals used on site, business engaged in, or
number of people at the site. Each of them should have filed a New Jersey Right to
Know form or survey with the state DOH, their LEPC and local emergency organizations.
The survey and appropriate hazardous substance fact sheets and Material Safety Data
Sheets will also be found in a central file in the facility office. Even without this specific
information, you would expect to find certain chemicals at different types of facilities:
FACILITY:
• Compressed Gas Suppliers
• Construction Firms and Site
• Dry Cleaners
• Electronic Circuit Makers
• Embalmers
• Farm/Garden Supply
• Food Storage/Warehouse
•
•
•
•
•
Furniture Stripping
Hardware Stores
Hospitals
Plating Shops
Pool Supply Public Pools
TYPICAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS:
• Medical and industrial gases
• Explosives, Compressed Gas,
Fuels
• Solvents, Perchloroethylene
• Acids
• Formaldehyde
• Pesticides, Herbicides,
Fertilizer
• Ammonia (Refrigeration),
Combustible
• Dusts
• Solvents
• Resins, Solvents, Oxidizers
• Compressed Gas,
Radioactives,
• Cryogenics, Etiologic Agents
• Acid, Cyanide
• Chlorine, Oxidizers,
Hydrochloric Acid,
• Algaecides
2.Container Shapes
The general classifications of containers for hazardous materials are:
Individual Containers
Bulk Transport Containers
Bulk Storage Containers
Some hazardous materials require specialized containment that has a specific shape,
which can give a clue to the identity of the contents. Some samples of characteristic
shapes are:
1. Cylindrical or elliptical containers with fiat ends contain liquid at near atmospheric
pressure (for example, gasoline)
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2.
Cylindrical or elliptical containers with rounded ends contain gases under very high
pressure (for example, liquefied petroleum gas)
3.
Rail tank cars with dome fittings totally enclosed with a large cap contain liquid under
very high pressure (again, for example, liquefied petroleum gas)
3. Markings and Colors
I
There are many unique markings that are associated with hazardous materials. Three
examples of marking clues:
1. Approximately 100 commodities must be stenciled by name on the side of rail
cars in 4-inch-high letters.
2. Markings on the sides of trailers Such as the name of compressed gas and
shipment of medical waste.
3. The name of the owner, such as a chemical company, may also give clues to the
contents.
Identification Numbers
1. Identification numbers are required on portable tanks, cargo tanks, and tank cars.
2. Identification numbers may be displayed on other conveyances.
3. Methods of display of identification number.
a.
Orange panel adjacent to the placards. Panel is 5-7/8 by 15-3/4 inches with
4-inch-high numbers.
b.
Center of appropriate placard. Combustible placards which display the
identification number will have white area under the identification number display
to differentiate them frotn flammable liquids.
The NFPA 704 System (used at industrial facilities)
This system uses a diamond shaped diagram divided into four quadrants to identify the
“health’, “flammability” and “reactivity” of a chemical. Severity is indicated by numbers 0 to
4, with 4 being the
most severe. The bottom space is used to identify special characteristics of the material. A
“W” with a line through it alerts personnel to the possible hazard in use of water. This
space may also be used to identify radiation hazard by displaying the propeller symbol or
oxidizing material by displaying
OXY.
Pipeline Transportation
Pipeline markers or warning signs, should be located:
1. At public road crossings, railroad crossings, and along the length of the buried line.
Postings are usually found at fence lines, property lines, and right-of-way
boundaries.
2. Where the pipeline is above ground and is accessible to the public.
3. On each side of crossings of navigable waterways.
Markings for gas pipelines have not been standardized. It is not uncommon for a marker to
be buried in the ground or to be shown as painted circles on asphalt.
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4. Placards and Labels
I
Placards are diamond shaped, 10 3/4” square on point. The placard provides recognition
information in a number of ways:
a. the colored background
b. the symbol on top
c. the United Nations class or division number at the bottom
d. the identification number in the center
Labels are mostly small versions of placards. Labels may be found not only on metal
containers, but also those made of wood, plastic, cardboard, and even paper bags.
Remember, containers have been found that were intentionally mislabeled to prevent
identification of illegally shipped material.
NJ Worker and Community Right To Know Labeling:
Every container at a work site must bear a label with the identity of the five predominant
substances and all hazardous substances in the container plus their Chemical Abstract
Service (CAS) numbers. This is referred to as “universal labeling” under the New Jersey
Worker and Community Right To Know Act (NJSA 34:5A-1 and NJAC 8:59). Any container
with more than 1% of its contents unknown bears the legend “contents partly unknown”,
on its label. In addition, RTK requires employers to complete the “Right to Know Survey”; a
chemical inventory that must be filed with the Department of Health (for public sector
locations), the Department of Environmental Protection (for private sector locations), the
County RTK agent, the LEPC, local police and fire departments and updated periodically.
Employers must maintain a central file with copies of MSDSs and Hazardous Substance
Fact Sheets for all the hazardous chemicals listed on their RTK surveys and make this
information available to their employees on request.
5.
Shipping Papers and Other Documents
All shipping papers will have the following information (see NAERG):
1. Proper shipping name
2. Hazard classification
3. Identification number
4. Packing group number
5. Emergency response information
Additionally, you may find:
6. number of packages
7. Type of packages
8. Correct weight
6. Senses
“Senses” includes any personal physiological reactions to incident proximity, such as
noting odd smells, hearing odd noise, dizziness, sneezing, etc. Intentional use of the
senses that require contact with a material is NOT recommended for detection.
(Examples; smell, taste, feel.)
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Senses can be valuable in giving immediate clues to the presence of hazardous materials.
Unfortunately, they may also prove the most difficult clues to teach because of the
multiplicity of products, variations in discharge and impact, and differing individual
physiological reactions. For example, a smell can be “mild” to one person and extremely
“offensive” to another. A given “safe” material might have certain characteristics that it
shares with a “hazardous” maferial.
Many of the sense clues mentioned should be detected mechanically or chemically. If you
smell something, you are being exposed to it. However, if the victims leaving a
contaminated area have similar symptoms or if they report unusual odors or physiologic
responses, use the information you are receiving to identify the source of their exposure.
Indicators of a Nuclear, Biological, or Chemical Attack on the Public
SYMPTOMS OF VICTIMS
MASS CASUALTIES
CASUALTY PATTERN
PRIMARY
DISSEMINATION DEVICE
WARNING GIVEN
CREDIT TAKEN
SECONDARY
DEAD ANIMALS OR BIRDS
STATEMENTS OF VICTIMS
THINGS OUT OF PLACE
UNEXPLAINED LIQUIDS
STRANGE SMELLS
Nuclear, Biological, or Chemical Agent Sources:
HOME PRODUCTION
FOREIGN MILITARY SOURCES
INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
MEDICAL I UNIVERSITY
RESEARCH FACILITIES
LABORATORY / COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION
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Confined Space Recognition
Examples of Confined spaces include but are not limited to pits, pumping stations,
pipelines, boilers, Cupolas, degreasers, furnaces, septic tanks, reaction and pressures
vessels, sewage digesters, sewers, silos, storage tanks, ship holds, utility vaults, vats,
trenches and excavations
OSHA (29 CFR 1910.146) ,which regulates workers in the private sector, defines a
confined space as an enclosed space which:
1)ls large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform
assigned work.
2) Has limited or restricted routes of entry or exit.
3) ls not designed for continuous employee occupancy.
4) Has, or has the potential, for one or more of the following characteristics:
a) A hazardous atmosphere.
b) An engulfment hazard
c).An internal configuration that could trap or asphyxiate an entrant (such as inwardly
converging walls, a downward sloping floor that tapers to a smaller cross-section.
d) Any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.
PEOSHA, which regulates workers (and volunteers) in the public sector, goes on to define
“entry” into a confined space as any action on your part that will expose your respiratory
system to the hazards of that space. Basically this refers to any action that results in any
part of your body, especially your face, crossing the plane of the opening into the confined
space. Even standing near the opening of a confined space may expose you to vapors
and gases that are venting from the space.
You are likely to be exposed to hazards from the physical environment, hazardous
atmosphere, and energy sources when you work in a confined space.
NEVER TRUST YOUR SENSES TO DETERMINE IF THE AIR IN A CONFINED SPACE
IS SAFE. YOU CAN NOT SEE OR SMELL MANY TOXIC GASES OR VAPORS NOR
CAN YOU DETERMINE THE LEVEL OF OXYGEN PRESENT.
Recognize and avoid entry into confined spaces until you have had the specific training
required and your organization has a written SOP for such entries. Even with training, you
will not enter a confined space for any purpose without proper backup, a harness and a
safety or retrieval line.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING VS. ORDINARY CLOTHING
DO NOT, under any circumstances, enter any situation where you must use
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) without having the proper Knowledge and
Training.
The materials in current use for chemical protection equipment have limited
resistance to a broad range of commonly spilled chemical solvents. No one suit
material resists attack by all chemicals. Consequently chemical response teams
rely on an inventory of suits constructed of different materials to provide personnel
protection. Level B
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SELF CARE PRECAUTIONS FOR VICTIM ASSISTANCE
SELF CARE precautions mean exactly that. The rescuers must protect themselves to
keep from becoming the next victim.
Workers at a hazmat incident or the site of a terrorist attack must take several factors into
consideration before attempting rescue of victims. The most important is, will anything be
gained by the rescue attempt? If conditions point to a high probability of death from injury
or exposure already suffered, rescue operations should not be undertaken. If there is a
likelihood of severe injury to rescuers, given the protective clothing they have available,
from exposure to the toxic substance, a rescue should not be attempted. If the victim is in
a confined space or has been felled by a chemical warfare agent, no rescue should be
attempted unless you have the specialized training and equipment to work in that
environment.
During the rescue, care must be taken to prevent further injury to the victim. Failure to do
so could result in catastrophic complications to the victim.
Once the victim has been removed to a safe area and exposure to rescuers has been
addressed, appropriate treatment should be initiated immediately. Life Saving measures
should not be delayed to permit decontamination, but should be done simultaneously or
immediately after decontamination.
Be aware of the possibility of exposure to communicable diseases while handling a victim
during a rescue. Transmission routes include blood, bodily fluids and droplet
contamination via breathing. Use of barriers such as impermeable gloves, masks and
body coverings and frequent hand washing and removal of any bodily fluids on the skin
will minimize exposure.
If a rescue is made of a contaminated, or possibly contaminated person, prevent the
spread of the contaminant. The victim must be decontaminated to the best of your ability
at the scene. After the decontamination, the victim, and the rescuers, may still be
considered to be contaminated. The victim should be transported by personnel who
have not entered the contaminated area.
To prevent contamination of emergency department vehicles, facilities and personnel, the
receiving hospital must be advised immediately of the situation so preparations can be
made. Medical personnel must be prepared properly to receive and transport the victim
and all personnel involved in transporting and treating the victim will wear appropriate
protective clothing. Have all available information on the contaminant ready for the
hospital.
All personnel involved in the rescue and subsequent transport must be checked for
contamination and should be medically monitored. Any transport vehicle must be checked
to assure that it is not contaminated before it is returned to service.
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MODULE 4
The 2000 Emergency response Guidebook
Outline
* How to use the 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook
* Shipping papers and placards
*4 digit ID No. and material name
* Explosives
* United Nations Classification System
* Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distance tables
* 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook - (Handout)
OBJECTIVES
The students will be able to:
1.
identify five pertinent items of hazmat information, given a property filled
out shipping paper
2. state or demonstrate, utilizing a 2000, knowledge of:
a. the location of instructions for the use of the book.
b.
how to access information on a chemical, given only its four digit
l.D. number or its shipping name.
c.
where CHEMTREC information is listed.
d.
the use of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action
Distance, given a specific chemical.
3. describe the responsibilities of a first responder at a motor vehicle accident.
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How do you know what chemical is involved in an incident
The 2000 EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK will identify chemicals based on
placards, labels, UN I.D. numbers and shipping papers and help determine your first
emergency actions at an accident scene. Bear in mind that the NAERG was developed
as an aid to emergency responders who deal with transportation incidents. It is of
limited value to workers in fixed facilities where the facility’s emergency response plan
assumes the critical role.
A sample of shipping papers appears on the inside cover of the NAERG. Shipping
papers must accompany all hazardous material shipments and are in the truck’s cab,
with the conductor of a train, the pilot of the plane, or on the bridge of a ship.
ID OF HAZARDS AND REMEDIAL ACTIONS FROM FOUR-DIGIT NUMBERS;
NAERG page 1, item one and two. When a 4 digit ID number can be obtained, refer to
the yellow pages part of the guidebook for the three digit guide number and then turn to
that guide in the orange-edged pages.
LOOK UP UN # 2480 In the yellow pages of the NAERG. This is Methyl Isocyanate
(Guide #155) and you will notice that it is highlighted. Highlighted materials can act like
a poisonous gas when inhaled and information in addition to the (orange) guide section
will be found in the green section (initial isolation and protective action distance table) of
the NAERG. Note that the initial isolation and protective action distance table divides
spills into “small” (one drum -55 gal. or less) or large (more than one drum).
ID OF HAZARDS AND REMEDIAL ACTIONS FROM NAME; When a shipping name
can be
obtained but no four digit ID number, refer to the blue pages of the guidebook for the
appropriate guide number.
LOOK UP Phosgene” in the blue pages of the NAERG. What is its ID Number? Its Guide
Number? Notice that it is highlighted; this refers you to the green pages in the back of
the NAERG.
Go to the green pages and locate phosgene by its UN number. The initial isolation
radius for
phosgene is; 300 feet for small spills and 2500 feet for large spills.
The Guide pages provide the most vital information in a brief, practical form. They
identify the most significant potential hazard first. Read the number guide page carefully
before taking action.
If you can only see a placard at an incident and make no identification beyond the
UN hazard
class, refer to the table of placards in the NAERG (page 16-17) for appropriate guide
numbers to plan your initial response.
LOOK UP Red and White Striped Placard; What Guide Number does the chart
refer you to? What is the most significant hazard of the product based on this
Guide Page?
Remember that “CHEMTREC” (the Chemical Transportation Emergency Center) can
provide immediate advice by telephone for the on scene incident commander at a
chemical emergency 24 hours a day 1-800-424-9300.
NJSP-HMRU
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If you deal with an incident involving military shipments, you can call the US Army
Operations Center (703-697-0218/0219 collect) for explosives and ammunition incidents
or the Defense Logistics Agency (800-851-8091) for other hazardous materials. Use these
numbers in EMERGENCY SITUATIONS. Do not call them as part of a drill or just to see if
anyone is there.
Look up “Chlorine” (#1017) in the blue or yellow pages. Notice that it is highlighted;
this refers you to the green pages in the back of the NAERG. Go to the green pages and
locate chlorine by its UN number. The initial isolation radius is 100 feet for small spills and
900 feet for large spills.
Look up “Ammonia” (UN #1005) in the green pages and compare initial isolation distances
for small and Spill large leaks. “Ammonia” is the first chemical in the table. Initial isolation
radius is 100 feet for a small spill and 200 feet for a large spill. Isolation procedures will be
determined by the Incident Commander.
NOW look up “Sodium cyanide” in the blue pages. What is its ID Number? Its Guide
Number?
Again, it is highlighted; so refer to the green pages. Instead of an initial isolation radius, the
book tells you that this material is water reactive. The table of “Dangerous Water-Reactive
in
the back of the green pages tells that this material will produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
when it comes in contact with water. Look this up in the blue pages and you will discover
that it is a highlighted material, so it’s back to the green pages to find initial isolation and
protective action distances for this new material. The hazard you have to handle may not
come from the chemical initially spilled but from the compounds it produces when mixed
with water or some other material.
Note as you look through the blue and yellow sections of the book that some materials
have a “P” after their listed guide numbers (eg. #1060,1081,1143,1251, etc.). This
designates a material that could polymerize.
After an initial isolation of a spill has been carried out, you may need to consider
evacuation or sheltering in place to protect additional people downwind of the incident.
Evacuation is a process with significant risk for those being moved; people will often be
required to shelter in place as an alternative.
To determine the area where people must be told to shelter in place (pg. 298 NAERG):
1. Find the material by number and name in the NAERG.
2. Look up the ID number (and name) in the green section of the NAERG.
3. Determine if the spill is “small” (less than one drum -55 gal.) or large (more than
one drum; a cargo tanker, rail car, or more).
4. Note the wind direction.
5. Check the INITIAL ISOLATION DISTANCE. Direct all persons to move that
distance away from the spill in a crosswind direction.
6. Next, check the initial PROTECTIVE ACTION DISTANCE. For each hazardous
material and spill size, the table gives the distance downwind in which protective
actions should be considered. For practical purposes, the Protective Action Zone is
a square whose length and width are the same as the downwind distance shown in
the table.
7. Initiate Protective Actions to the extent that you are trained (according to directions
from the IC), beginning with those closest to the site.
NJSP-HMRU
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During sheltering in place, the people in any building in the Protective Action Zone should
follow these procedures:
1. Shut down air handling equipment; buildings should be closed up tight and airconditioning or incoming air can be shut down.
2. Maintain communications between emergency responders and competent persons
inside the building so that they may be advised about changing conditions.
3. Stay away from windows in direct line-of-sight of the scene because of the danger
from glass and projected metal fragments in the event of an explosion and/or fire.
Police agencies can access the NLETS system on their station computer terminals to get
response information similar to that found in the 2000 EMERGENCY RESPONSE
GUIDEBOOK. Look ups can only be done using the four digit UN ID NUMBER.
1)
2)
3)
4)
Go to the NLETS “MENU”.
Then go to NLETS “REQUEST”.
Find (MQ) “Hazardous Materials”.
Then enter the four digit number for the material involved in the spill.
CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS
CHEMICAL
Nerve Agents:
Tabun
Sarin
Soman
V Agent
BIister Agents:
Mustard
Lewisite
Phosgene Oxime
Blood Agents:
Hydrogen
Cyanide
Cyanogen
Chloride
NJSP-HMRU
SYMBOL DOT
NAERG UNID#
CLASS GUIDE#
GA
GB
GD
VX
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
153
153
153
153
2810
2810
2810
2810
H
L
CX
6.1
6.1
6.1
153
153
153
2810
2810
2810
AC
6.1
117
1051
CK
2.3
125
1589
Choking Agents:
Chlorine
CL
Phosgene
2.3
2.3
124
125
1017
1076
Irritant Agents:
Tear Gas
Mace
Pepper Spray
-
159
153
159
1693
CS
CN
OC
Page 32 of 58
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Module 5
LEVELS of Incidents and the Incident command system
Outline
The level of incident I thru III
The Incident command system
• Command
•
Operation
•
Logistics
•
Planning
•
Finance
Objectives
The students will be able to:
1. list the zones used to establish site control
2. list primary features of the ICS
3. list and describe the five functions of the ICS
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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS
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The Hazmat Scene
The first responder with Awareness (level 1) training will help secure the scene,
avoid exposure to the released material, protect the public from exposure and
alert the appropriate authorities.
Scene Control for first responders:
- Hot Zone
- Warm Zone
- Cold Zone (support area)
ESTIMATE OF INCIDENT LEVEL
Levels of Incidents I thru Ill
Response to a hazardous materials spill or release will involve many participants:
police, firefighters, health personnel, emergency medical and others.
Levels influence decisions. The severity of an incident influences decisions about
the resources that may be committed. The incident level classification system
aids decision makers who may be in a rear echelon position when required to
make decisions.
Responders who are advised of the level of the incident when departing for the
response have a general idea of the nature of the hazmat incident that will
confront them.
FEMA criteria for the Levels of Incident:
Level I
Level II
•
•
•
•
•
Small Duration and/or Quantity
Low Impact
No Evacuation
Command Post
Hub of Management
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Larger Quantity, More Dangerous
Longer Duration Potential
Limited Evacuation
Moderate Impact
Fixed Command Post Established (C.P.)
Hub of Management
Limited activation of EOC Staff
Possible Outside Agencies
Level Ill
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Large Quantity or High-Impact Product
Long Duration, High Complexity
Will Tend to Tax Local Resources to Limit
Large-Scale, Possible Long-Term Evacuation
EOC Activated
Becomes Hub of Overall Management
C.P. Hub of Field Management
Definite Involvement of Multiple Levels of Government and Agencies
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INCIDNET COMMAND SYSTMS (ICS)
The Incident Command System (ICS) is recognized as a system that is
documented and has been successfully used in managing available resources
at emergency operations. It consists of procedures for controlling personnel,
facilities, equipment, and communications.
It is designed to begin developing from the time an incident occurs until the
requirement for management and operations no longer exists. The “Incident
Commander’ is a title which can apply equally to an engine company captain,
or the chief of a police department, depending upon the situation. The
structure of the ICS can be established and expanded depending upon the
changing conditions of the incident. It is intended to be staffed and operated
by qualified personnel from any emergency services agency and may involve
personnel from a variety of agencies.
ICS can be utilized for any type or size of emergency, ranging from a minor
incident involving a single unit, to major emergency involving several
agencies. The ICS allows agencies to communicate using common
terminology and operating procedures. It also allows for the timely combining
of resources during any form of emergency response.
PRIMARY FEATURES OF THE INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Adaptability - an incident management system that readily adapted to any
incident of any size.
Flexibility - expands or contracts as the incident changes by adding or
subtracting ICS elements.
Span of Control - 5 subordinates (ideally) for one supervisor
Unity of Command
• established chain of command
• everyone knows who’s in charge
• everyone knows who to report to
ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION - The ICS has five major functional
areas:
Incident
Command
Operations
Planning
Logistics
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Administration
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS
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Command:
The command function manages the incident including the
establishment of strategic goals and ordering or releasing
resources. Command has responsibility for the other four
functions until they are delegated.
Operations:
The operations function directs all incident tactical resources to
accomplish the goals and objectives developed by command.
Operations assures that the personnel and equipment at the
scene are used to perform effective mitigation.
Planning:
The planning function is responsible for the collection and
evaluation of information pertinent to the incident. This leads to
the development of action plans. Planning is ongoing.
Logistics:
The logistics function provides the services and supplies
needed to support tactical operations. It may be as simple as
arranging for refueling of vehicles or as complicated as feeding
hundreds of people.
Finance/Admin: The finance function procures equipment and supplies deemed
necessary to the incident. Finance also keeps records of
overtime on longer, more complex operations.
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MODULE 6
ROLES AND NOTIFICATION RESPONSIBILITIES OF MUNICIPAL, COUNTY
AND STATE ORGANIZATIONS
Outline
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
NJDEP Community Safety Program
NJ Worker and Community Right-to-Know Act
Notification Requirements
NJ Emergency Response Network
Role of the NJDEP & NJSP Responders
PEOHSA
County Environmental Health Act
Motor Vehicle Accidents (MVA)
NJDEP Incident Transfer & Follow-up
Decontamination
Objectives
The students will be able to:
1.
identify what state agency must be contacted when a spill/release occurs
and list its 24 hour phone number.
2.
identify what single action could activate the New Jersey Response
Network.
3.
describe the role of the NJDEP responder (the three “A”s).
4.
describe the NJDEP response policies on a Motor Vehicle Accident (MVA).
5.
list two reasons why the first responder should be concerned about
decontamination when an incident is terminated.
7. identify and describe the law which gives public employees information
about hazardous materials in the workplace.
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NEW JERSEY’S HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
The most important features of all New Jersey Environmental Protection laws
relating to hazardous materials and their emergencies are:
Immediate notification of the State NJDEP and complete and immediate cleanup
of the released material. By law, the only official notification telephone number to
the State is the NJDEP 24-Hour Hotline -1 -877-WARNDEP. This facility is
staffed and managed by the NJDEP as a 24 hour a day operation with radio and
electronic media communications. All requests for information and assistance and
notification can be attained through this 24-hour number.
The NJDEP does not take charge of emergency responses. Home Rule prevails!
They are there to:
1.
Assess the scene.
2.
Advise the local and state emergency leadership.
3.
Assist local responders.
The NJDEP might appear to be in charge but they are not -- they are there as
your guest!! They are there to assist local authorities. Remember that, once the
fires have died down and the smoke has cleared, and everyone has gone home,
the mess is still in your municipality. Municipal emergency forces are encouraged
to create a better communications and protocol with the NJDEP, so that when
hazardous materials incidents do happen, there is no hesitation to call for help
because of a fear of being taken over by a state bureaucracy.
MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS
The three responsibilities of the first responder are to see that there is:
1) no washdown of hazardous materials into water sources.
2) spread absorbents downhill to keep the material from spreading. Avoid all
personal exposure.
3) notify appropriate higher authority and the NJDEP Hotllne.
The NJDEP generally does not respond to MVAs involving only motor vehicle
fuels or other fluids unless they threaten a water body or potable waters. MVAs
involving hazardous waste or hazardous materials generally will warrant a
NJDEP response. Even if the NJDEP does not physically respond to the
emergency, the Bureau of Emergency Response (BER) Duty Officer can still act
as a resource on the phone via the Communications Center.
Disposal of waste generated by a MVA should proceed in an environmentally
sound manner consistent with 1984 RCRA provisions. NJDOT will remove up to
100 gallons of MVA generated hydrocarbons (gas and oil). NJDEP/BER regional
offices can assist with information on disposal criteria for larger amounts.
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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS
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YOU MUST NOT PERFORM ACTIONS BEYOND THE SCOPE OF YOUR
TRAINING AT ANY INCIDENT.
The following list summarizes the major features of some of New
Jersey’s environmental laws:
Discharge of Petrochemical, and other Hazardous Substances (N.J.A.C.
7:1 E)
This Law requires:
a. Immediate notification to the NJDEP Hotline by the spiller.
b. Immediate cleanup of the discharge by the spiller or responsible parties.
c. Written follow-up report of discharge to the NJDEP.
d. State supervision of cleanup if inappropriate or improper or not
expeditious.
e. State assessment of cleanup costs at the rate of three times cost to spiller
(if State cleans up).
f. Funding for appropriate emergency response equipment to recoup costs of
replacement or decontamination of equipment for expended or lost gear by
Emergency Response personnel in the assisting or mitigation of the
hazardous materials emergency.
Notification of Air Releases of Hazardous Materials (Public Law 1985,
Chapter 12) This Law is a modification of the New Jersey Air Pollution Codes
(N.J.A.C. 7:27). It requires the facility or releaser of a hazardous materials into
the atmosphere (gas/vapor release) to:
1. Notify the NJDEP Hotline immediately.
2. Stop and contain the release.
3. Provide a follow-up report to the NJDEP.
Fines are imposed for such releases and failures to report.
Both of these above Laws have no minimum reporting quantities (as opposed
to Federal Standards). Any amount of a solvent spilled on the roadway or a
hazardous gas released into the atmosphere are considered eligible for
reporting to the NJDEP Hotline.
Inter-Agency Notification (Public Law 1984, Chapter 310) requires
immediate notification
between state and municipal organizations to inform each other of a
release/spill of hazardous materials into the environment. It requires:
a. Notification by the municipality to the NJDEP Hotline.
b. Notification by the NJDEP to the Municipal Health Officer and Court Clerk.
Generally, the most appropriate personnel to notify in a municipality are the
Police Department and Fire Department. The NJDEP Hotline, after complying
with the requirements of the Law, will make these notifications wherever
possible. Remember, State agencies do not write the laws, they only enforce
them.
Toxic Catastrophe Prevention Act (NJSA 13:IK-19) is directed to facilities
in New Jersey that store, use, etc. certain quantities of a specific group of
identified hazardous materials that are considered “Extraordinarily Hazardous
Substances.”
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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS
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The Law specifically requires that the eligible facility:
a. Register with the NJDEP.
b. Submit to the NJDEP a Risk Management Plan.
c. If the Plan is deficient or not descriptive, then the facility must:
1.
Correct deficiencies and report to the NJDEP. If the facility does not have
a Risk Management Plan, it must prepare a work plan and have an
independent consultant execute it.
2.
If NJDEP is still unsatisfied with Plan, it will use Enforcement and
Administrative Orders to see that the facility amends its Plan as
necessary
Do you have these facilities in your town? Probably, yes (Water Company or
Sewage Treatment Authority; Chlorine). You are encouraged to make contact
with these facilities and describe the role of your emergency service agency
with their management. Discuss events and plans of attack if there were to be
a release, fire or explosion involving these hazardous materials in you town.
Both the New Jersey State Police, Office of Emergency Management and the
NJDEP are asking and encouraging you to work with them in assuring the
safety of your municipality and, your life.
The Spill Compensation and Control Act (N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11 et sea.)
requires that all spills or other discharges of hazardous substances be reported
to the Department. The Act provides for a fund for prompt containment and
removal of a discharge and for compensation to persons damaged by a
discharge.
The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act (NJAC 8:59
and N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1
et sea.) requires employers to report information about hazardous chemicals
used, produced or stored at their facilities. The law provides workers and
residents with information they need in order to become aware of chemical
hazards they may be exposed to at their workplace or in their community. The
Act also establishes a statewide database of hazardous substances used in
New Jersey.
The Water Pollution Control Act (N.J.S.A. 58:IOA-1 et sea.) authorizes the
Department to adopt and enforce rules and regulations to prevent, control or
abate water pollution.
The Pesticide Control Act (N.J.S.A. 13:IF-1 et sea.) authorizes the
Department to adopt and enforce regulations governing the sale, use and
application of all pesticides.
Fish and Game, Wild Birds and Animals Statutes (N.J.S.A. 23:23:5-28)
makes it a civil crime to
place, drain, or otherwise store, wash or empty hazardous, deleterious,
destructive, poisonous or residual materials in such a manner as to cause or
likely to cause pollution of waters of the State.
NJ Code of Criminal Justice (2C:17-2) “Causing or risking widespread
injury or damage”, makes
it a crime of the second degree to knowingly cause a hazardous discharge or
abandon a toxic pollutant.
55
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS
Student Manual
NJ DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TRENTON DISPATCH HOTLINE - (877) 927-8337
INFORMATION TO BE GATHERED:
o TIME OF OCCURRENCE
o LOCATION
o RESPONSIBLE PARTY & CONTACT NUMBER
o MATERIAL INVOLVED
o ID OR CAS NUMBER
o AMOUNT INVOLVED
o GAS/LIQUID/SOLID?
o IS MATERIAL CONTAINED?
o INJURED/DEAD/EVACUATED?
o ROAD CLOSED?
o AGENCIES EN ROUTE/AT SCENE
55
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS
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MODULE 7
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
Outline
•
•
Discussion – Question and Answer
Quiz
OBJCTIVES
The students will be able to:
list or identify the four rules of safety for first responders
55
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS
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SCENE MANAGEMENT
Remember, at any incident, small or large, involving emergency response, one
person must be in command; assess the situation and available resources,
determine an appropriate incident action plan, monitor the plan’s effectiveness,
and continually modify the plan to meet the realities of the situation.
When responding to an incident remember the following guide:
1. Immediately notify your agency dispatcher that you are involved in a
possible hazardous materials incident. Establish command at a safe
location (upwind, uphill) and provide dispatcher with the following
information:
• location of command, i.e. Main St. command
• exact location of incident
• type or types of vehicles involved
• type or types of structures involved
• type of substance released or involved (6 CLUES)
• amount of material released
• presence of fire, spilled liquids, vapor leaks
• physical state of property (gas, liquid, solid)
• incident description
• known injuries
• public evacuations, public exposure?
• assistance needed (i.e., haz mat teams, DEP)
• route to approach scene safely (i.e., wind direction)
• have dispatcher notify the DEP hotline.
2. Be alert to signs of escaping hazardous materials. Note sounds of
escaping gas, odd smells, vapor clouds, etc.
3. Do not remain in the path of a vapor cloud or leaking materials. Vehicles
can be an ignition source for flammable materials.
4. Do not use flares in the vicinity of flammable materials. For example,
escaping clouds of propane could travel along the ground for hundreds of
feet looking for an ignition source.
5. Establish an isolation distance and prohibit traffic from passing through the
incident. This distance will depend on the type of material, amount of
release, and the location of the incident.
6. Avoid contact with the material.
7. Many hazardous materials incidents need to be handled by personnel who
are better trained and have the personal protective clothing to handle the
situation.
55
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS
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THE FOUR SAFETY RULES:
1. Protect yourself: make a safe
approach.
2. Identify hazards.
3. Secure the area.
4. Obtain further aid and
assistance.
55
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS
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APPENDIX
COMMON HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
SPILLS IN NEW JERSEY
SAMPLE NJ DOH HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE FACT SHEET
HANDLING A SUSPECT ANTHRAX LETTER INCIDENT
CHEM/BIO THREATS SCREENING QUESTIONNAIRE
55
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS
Student Manual
NFPA HAZARD CLASSIFICATION
OF COMMON HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Substances
DOT #
Acetone
Ammonia
Asphalt
Benzene
Chlorine
Ethylene Glycol
Fuel Oil
Gasoline
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrogen Chloride
Hydrogen Chloride
Hydrogen Chloride
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrogen Fluoride
Hydrogen Fluoride
Hydrogen Sulfide
Kerosene
Mercury
Naphtha
Naphtha
Naphtha
Nitric acid
Nitric acid
Nitric acid
Oil
Oxygen
Oxygen
PCB
Pesticides
Pesticides
Pesticides
Pesticides
Pesticides
Propane
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Hypochlorite
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Toluene
Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Turpentine
Xylene
1090
1005
1999
1114
1017
1153
1993
1203
1789
1050
2186
1789
1613
1052
1790
1053
1223
2809
1255
1256
2553
1760
2031
2032
1270
1072
1073
2315
2210
2588
2902
2903
3021
1978
1823
1824
1791
1079
1830
1831
1832
1294
2831
1710
1299
1307
Health
Hazards
1
3
0
2
3
-
3
1
1
3
0
-
—
—
1
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
3
0
—
0
0
0
3
3
3
0-2
3
3
-
Flammables
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
2
—
2
2
2
0
0
0
1-3
0
0
—
Reactivity
0
0
0
0
0
—
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
—
—
—
1
3
3
4
0
0
0
1
1
—
—
—
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
3
1
1
3
3
0
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
55
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS
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HAZARDOUS MATERIAL RELEASES IN NEW JERSEY (1995)
There were approximately 20,000 reported hazardous material releases in New
Jersey in 1995. This is a 64% increase in reported releases since 1991. The
largest number of reported releases still involve petroleum fuels and oils. Oil now
makes up 40% of the total releases as opposed to 60% in 1991.
There were about 8400 petroleum products releases Including:
Oil
Fuel Oil
Motor Oil
Hydraulic Oil
Transformer Oil
Transformer
Oil Asphalt
(with PCB)
Transmission Oil
Mineral Spirits
(Naptha)
Diesel Fuel
Kerosene
Jet Fuel
Tar
Gasoline
Odors
Frequently released products (20 or more reported releases):
Product:
UNKNOWN
Sewage
Natural Gas
Antifreeze (& Ethylene
Smoke
Carbon Monoxide
Contaminated Soil
Paint (Oil or Water Base)
NOX
Sulfur Dioxide
Chlorine
Medical Waste
Release
s
3200
1020
790
Glycol)
840
610
225
165
120
95
90
85
85
Product
Solvents
Ash & Fly Ash
Asbestos
Ammonia
55
55
70
70
Freon
Propane
Sulfuric Acid
Pesticides
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydrochloric Acid
Lead
50
45
40
30
30
20
20
Infrequently released products ( 10 to 20 reported releases):
Acetone
Nitrogen
Benzene
Radioactives
Dye
Soap
Herbicide
Sodium hydroxide
Nitrates
Sodium hypochlorite
Nitric Acid
Tetrachloroethylene
55
Releases
Toluene
VOC
Wastewater
Xylene
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS
New Jersey
Student Manual
Department of Health and Senior Services
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE FACT SHEET
Common Name:
8006-61-9
CAS Number:
DOT Number:
RTK Substance number: 0957
Date: July 1986
Revision: December 1996
UN 1203
GASOLINE
HAZARD SUMMARY
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Hazard Communication Standard, 1910.1200, requires private
employers to provide similar training and information to their
employees.
Gasoline can affect you when breathed in and by passing
through your skin.
High exposures during pregnancy may damage the
developing fetus.
Contact can cause eye and skin irritation with possible
permanent eye damage.
Breathing Gasoline can irritate the nose and throat.
Repeated high exposure may cause lung damage and
brain damage.
High levels can cause headache, nausea, dizziness,
irregular heartbeat, seizures, and even death.
Gasoline may damage the kidneys.
Gasoline is a HIGHLY FLAMMABLE LIQUID and a
DANGEROUS FIRE HAZARD.
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WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS
ACGIH:
IDENTIFICATION
Gasoline is a clear liquid with a characteristic odor. It is used
as a fuel for internal combustion engines and as a solvent.
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REASON FOR CITATION
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Exposure to hazardous substances should be routinely
evaluated. This may include collecting air samples. Under
OSHA 1910.20, you have a legal right to obtain copies of
sampling results from your employer.
If you think you are experiencing any work-related health
problems, see a doctor trained to recognize occupational
diseases. Take this Fact Sheet with you.
Gasoline is on the Hazardous Substance List because it is
cited by ACGIH, NFPA, NIOSH and DOT.
This chemical is on the Special Health Hazard Substance
List because it is FLAMMABLE.
Definitions are provided on page 5.
The recommended airborne exposure limit is 300
ppm averaged over an 8-hour workshift and
500 ppm as a STEL (short term exposure limit).
The above exposure limit is for ~ levels ~nIy. When skin
contact also occurs, you may be overexposed, even though
air levels are less than the limits listed above.
WAYS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE
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HOW TO DETERMINE IF YOU ARE BEING
EXPOSED
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The New Jersey Right to Know Act requires most employers to
label chemicals in the workplace and requires public employers
to provide their employees with information and training
concerning chemical hazards and controls. The federal OSHA
55
Where possible, enclose operations and use local exhaust
ventilation at the site of chemical release. If local
exhaust ventilation or enclosure is not used, respirators
should be worn.
Wear protective work clothing.
Post hazard and warning information in the work area. In
addition, as part of an ongoing education and training
effort, communicate all information on the health and
safety hazards of Gasoline to potentially exposed workers.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS
Student Manual
GASOLINE
This Fact Sheet is a summary source of information of ~ll
potential and most severe health hazards that may result from
exposure. Duration of exposure, concentration of the substance
and other factors will affect your susceptibility to any of the
potential effects described below.
MEDICAL
Any evaluation should include a careful history of past and present
symptoms with an exam. Medical tests that look for damage already
done are n~ a substitute for controlling exposure.
Request copies of your medical testing. You have a legal right to this
information under OSHA 1910.20.
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
WORKPLACE CONTROLS AND PRACTICES
Acute Health Effects
The following acute (short-term) health effects may occur
immediately or shortly after exposure to Gasoline:
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Contact can cause eye and skin irritation.
Breathing Gasoline can cause irritation of the nose and
throat causing cough and wheezing.
High levels can cause headache, nausea, dizziness,
irregular heartbeat; poor coordination, seizures, coma, and
even death.
Unless a less toxic chemical can be substituted for a hazardous
substance, ENGINEERING CONTROLS are the most effective way
of reducing exposure. The best protection is to enclose operations
and/or provide local exhaust ventilation at the site of chemical
release. Isolating operations can also reduce exposure. Using
respirators or protective equipment is less effective than the controls
mentioned above, but is sometimes necessary.
The following chronic (long-term) health effects can occur at
some time after exposure to Gasoline and can last for months
or years:
In evaluating the controls present in your workplace, consider: (I)
how hazardous the substance is, (2) how much of the substance is
released into the workplace and (3) whether harmful skin or eye
contact could occur. Special controls should be in place for highly
toxic chemicals or when significant skin, eye, or breathing exposures
are possible.
Cancer Hazard
In addition, the following control is recommended:
Chronic Health Effects
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There is limited evidence that Gasoline causes cancer in
animals. It may cause cancer of the kidney.
Many scientists believe there is no safe level of exposure
to a carcinogen.
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Where possible, automatically pump liquid Gasoline from
drums, barrels, or other storage containers to process containers.
Good WORK PRACTICES can help to reduce hazardous
Reproductive Hazard
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exposures. The following work practices are recommended:
High exposures during pregnancy may damage the
developing fetus.
Other Long-Term Effects
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Repeated exposure can cause permanent eye damage.
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Prolonged contact can cause a rash with drying and
cracking pf the skin.
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Repeated high exposure may damage the lungs.
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Repeated exposure may cause poor appetite, muscle
weakness, cramps, and possible brain damage.
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Gasoline may damage the kidneys.
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Since Gasoline often contains Lead and Benzene, these
can also cause toxic effects. CONSULT THE HAZARDOUS
SUBSTANCE FACT SHEETS ON
TETRAETHYL LEAD. BENZENE and ETHYLENE DIBROMiDE.
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Workers whose clothing has been contaminated by
Gasoline should change into clean clothing promptly.
Do not take contaminated work clothes home. Family
members could be exposed.
Contaminated work clothes should be laundered by
individuals who have been informed of the hazards of exposure
to Gasoline.
Wash a~y areas of the body that may have contacted Gasoline at
the end of each work day, whether or not known skin contact has
occurred.
Do not eat, smoke, or ‘drink where Gasoline is handled,
processed, or stored, since the chemical can be swallowed. Wash
hands carefully before eating or smoking.
Medical Testing
If symptoms develop or overexposure has occurred, the following
may be useful:
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page 2 of 6
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
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WORKPLACE CONTROLS ARE BETTER THAN
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. However, for
some jobs (such as outside work, confined space entry, jobs
done only once in a while, or jobs done while workplace
controls are being installed), personal protective equipment
may be appropriate.
or against a mixture of chemicals.
Where the potential for high exposures exists, use a
MSHA/NIOSH approved supplied-air respirator with a full
facepiece operated in the positive pressure mode or with a
full facepiece, hood, or helmet in the continuous
flow mode, or use a MSHA/NIOSH approved selfcontained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece
operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure
mode.
The following recommendations are only guidelines and may
not apply to every situation.
Clothing
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Avoid skin contact with Gasoline. Protective “barrier”
creams are available to help lower skin absorption. Wear
protective gloves and clothing. Safety equipment
suppliers/manufacturers can provide recommendations on
the most protective glove/clothing material for your
operation.
All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear)
should be clean, available each day, and put on before
HANDLING AND STORAGE
Prior to working with Gasoline you should be trained
on
its proper handling and storage.
Sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames
are
*
*
prohibited where Gasoline is handled, used, or stored.
Metal containers involving the transfer of Gasoline
should be grounded and bonded.
Use only non-sparking tools and equipment,
especially
when opening and closing containers of Gasoline.
Wherever Gasoline is used, handled, manufactured,
or
stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and
fittings.
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work.
Eye Protection
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Wear splash-proof chemical goggles when working with
liquid, unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn.
Respiratory Protection
IMPROPER
USE
OF
RESPIRATORS
IS
DANGEROUS.
Such equipment should only be used if the employer has
a written program that takes into account workplace
conditions, requirements for worker training, respirator fit
testing and medical exams, as described in OSHA
1910.134.
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Where the potential exists for exposures over 300
ppm, use a MSHAINIOSH approved full facepiece
respirator with an organic vapor cartridge/canister.
Even greater protection is provided by a powered-air
purifying respirator with a full facepiece.
If while wearing a filter, cartridge or canister respirator,
you can smell, taste, or otherwise detect Gasoline, or in
the case of a full facepiece respirator you experience
eye irritation, leave the area immediately. Check to
make sure the respirator-to-face seal is still good. If it
is, replace the filter, cartridge, or canister. If the seal
is no longer good, you may need a new respirator.
Be sure to consider all potential exposures in your
workplace. You may need a combination of filters,
prefilters, cartridges, or canisters, to protect against
different forms of a chemical (such as vapor and mist)
Urinary Lead level.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Q:
If I have acute health effects, will I later get chronic
health effects?
A: Not always. Most chronic (long-term) effects result
from repeated exposures to a chemical.
Q: Can I get long-term effects without ever having
short-term effects?
A: Yes, because long-term effects can occur from
repeated exposures to a chemical at levels not high
enough to make you immediately sick.
Q: What are my chances of getting sick when I have
been exposed to chemicals?
A: The likelihood of becoming sick from chemicals is
increased as the amount of exposure increases. This
is determined by the length of time and the amount
of material to which someone is exposed.
Q: When are higher exposures more likely?
A: Conditions which increase risk of exposure include
physical and mechanical processes (heating, pouring,
spraying, spills and evaporation from large surface areas
such as open containers), and “confined space” ~~jjg~
GASOLINE
page 3 of 6
(working inside vats, reactors, boilers, small
rooms, etc.).
Q: Is the risk of getting sick higher for workers
than for community residents?
A: Yes. Exposures in the community, except
possibly in cases of fires or spills, are usually
58
much lower than those found in the workplace.
However, people in the community may be exposed
to contaminated water as well as to chemicals in the
air over long periods. Because of this, and because of
exposure of children or
people who are already ill, community exposures
may cause health problems.
GASOLINE
Q: Don’t all chemicals cause cancer?
A:
No. Most chemicals tested by scientists are not
cancer-causing.
Q: Should I be concerned if a chemical causes cancer in
A:
animals?
Yes. Most scientists agree that a chemical that
causes cancer in animals should be treated as a
suspected human carcinogen unless proven
otherwise.
Q: But don’t they test animals using much higher levels
A:
of a chemical than people usually are exposed to?
Yes. That’s so effects can be seen more clearly
using fewer animals. But high doses alone do not
cause cancer unless it is a cancer agent. In fact, a
chemical that causes cancer in animals at high doses
could cause cancer in humans exposed to low doses.
Q: Can men as well as women be affected by chemicals
A:
that cause reproductive system damage?
Yes. Some chemicals reduce potency or fertility in
both men and women. Some damage sperm and
eggs, possibly leading to birth defects.
Q: Who is at the greatest risk from reproductive
A:
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hazards?
Pregnant women are at greatest risk from chemicals
which harm the developing fetus. However,
chemicals may affect the ability to have children, so
both men and women of childbearing age are at high
risk.
Urinary Lead level.
The following information is available from:
New Jersey Department of Health and
Senior Services
Occupational Disease and Injury Services
Trenton, NJ 08625-0360
(609) 984-1863
Industrial Hygiene Information
Industrial hygienists are available to answer your questions
regarding the control of chemical exposures using exhaust
ventilation, special work practices, good housekeeping,
good hygiene practices. and personal protective equipment
including respirators. In addition, they can help to
interpret the results of industrial hygiene survey data.
Medical Evaluation
If you think you are becoming sick because of exposure
to chemicals at your workplace, you may call a
Department of Health and Senior Services physician who
can help you find the services you need.
Public Presentations
Presentations and educational programs on occupational health
or the Right to Know Act can be organized for labor
unions, trade associations and other groups.
Right to Know Information Resources
The Right to Know Infoline (609) 984-2202 can answer
questions about the identity and potential health effects of
chemicals, list of educational materials in occupational
health, references used to prepare the Fact Sheets,
preparation of the Right to Know survey, education and
training programs, labeling requirements, and general
information regarding the Right to Know Act. Violations
of the law should be reported to (609) 984-2202.
page 4 of 6
GASOLINE
DEFINITIONS
ACGIH is the American Conference of Governmental
lead to birth defects, miscarriages, or cancer.
Industrial Hygienists. It recommends upper limits (called
TLVs) for exposure to workplace chemicals.
NAERG is the North American Emergency Response
Guidebook. It was jointly developed by Transport Canada, the
United States Department of Transportation and the Secretariat
of Communications and Transportation of Mexico. It is a guide
for first responders to quickly identify the specific or generic
hazards of material involved in a transportation incident, and
to protect themselves and the general public during the
initial response phase of the incident.
A carcinogen is a substance that causes cancer.
The CAS number is assigned by the Chemical Abstracts
Service to identify a specific chemical.
A combustible substance is a solid, liquid or gas that will
burn.
NCI is the National Cancer Institute, a federal agency that
determines the cancer-causing potential of chemicals.
A corrosive substance is a gas, liquid or solid that causes
irreversible damage to human tissue or containers.
NFPA is the National Fire Protection Association. It classifies
substances according to their fire and explosion hazard.
DEP is the New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection.
NIOSH is the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health. It tests equipment, evaluates and approves
DOT is the Department of Transportation, the federal agency
that regulates the transportation of chemicals.
respirators, conducts studies of workplace hazards, and
proposes standards to OSHA.
EPA is the Environmental Protection Agency, the federal
agency responsible for regulating environmental hazards.
NTP is the National Toxicology Program which tests chemicals
and reviews evidence for cancer.
A fetus is an unborn human or animal.
OSHA is the Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
which adopts and enforces health and safety standards.
A flammable substance is a solid, liquid, vapor or gas
that will ignite easily and burn rapidly.
PEOSHA is the Public Employees Occupational Safety and
The flash point is the temperature at which a liquid or solid
gives off vapor that can form a flammable mixture with
air. HHAG is the Human Health Assessment Group of the
federal EPA.
Health Act, a state law which sets PELs for New Jersey
IARC is the International Agency for Research on
Cancer, a scientific group that classifies chemicals
according to their cancer-causing potential.
A reactive substance is a solid, liquid or gas that releases
energy under certain conditions.
public employees.
ppm means parts of a substance per million parts of air. It is a
measure of concentration by volume in air.
A teratogen is a substance •that causes birth defects by
damaging the fetus.
A miscible substance is a liquid or gas that will evenly
dissolve in another.
TLV is the Threshold Limit Value, the workplace exposure
limit recommended by ACGIH.
mg/rn3 means milligrams of a chemical in a cubic meter
of air. It is a measure of concentration (weight/volume).
The vapor pressure is a measure of how readily a liquid or a
solid mixes with air at its surface. A higher vapor pressure
indicates a higher concentration of the substance in air and
therefore increases the likelihood of breathing it in.
MSHA is the Mine Safety and Health Administration, the
federal agency that regulates mining. It also evaluates
and approves respirators.
A mutagen is a substance that causes mutations. A mutation is
a change in the genetic material in a body cell. Mutations can
59
6
>E
MERGENCY
INF0RMATI0N<
page 6 of 6
Hazard rating
NJ DOH
FLAMMABILITY
REACTIVITY
-
CAS Number:
NFPA
GASOLINE
3
0
UN 1203
128
CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE
POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE
Common Name:
DOT Number:
8006-61.9
FOR LARGE SPILLS AND FIRES immediately call your fire
department. You can request emergency information from the
following:
NAERG
Code:
CHEMTREC: (800)424-9300
NJDEP HOTLINE: (609) 292-7172
Hazard Rating Key: O=minimal; 1 =slight; 2=moderate;
3=serious; 4=severe
FIRE HAZARDS
HANDLING AND STORAGE ( See page 3)
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Gasoline is a FLAMMABLE LIQUID.
CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE.
POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE.
Use dry chemical, CO2. or foam extinguishers.
If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained
and equipped as stated in OSHA 1910.156.
FIRST AID
In NJ. POISON INFORMATION 1-800-962-1253
Eye Contact
SPILLS AND EMERGENCIES
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15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids.
If Gasoline is spilled or leaked, take the following steps:
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Immediately flush with large amounts of water for at least
Skin Contact
Quickly remove contaminated clothing. Immediately
wash contaminated skin with large amounts of soap and
Restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from
area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete.
Remove all ignition sources.
Ventilate area of spill or leak.
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Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a
similar material and deposit in sealed containers.
Keep Gasoline out of a confined space, such as a sewer,
because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the
sewer is designed to prevent the build-up of explosive
concentrations.
Breathing
It may be necessary to contain and dispose of Gasoline as a
PHYSICAL DATA
water.
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Remove the person from exposure.
Begin rescue breathing if breathing has stopped and CPR if
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heart action has stopped.
Transfer promptly to a medical facility.
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HAZARDOUS WASTE. Contact your Department of
Flash Point: -500F (-45.60C)
Water Solubility: Insoluble
OTHER COMMONLY USED NAMES
Environmental Protection (DEP) or your regional office of
the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for
specific recommendations.
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If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be
properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be
applicable.
Chemical Name:
Gasoline
Other Names:
Petrol
Not intended to be copied and sold for commercial
purposes.
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NEW JERSEY DEPARThIENT OF HEALTH AND
SENIOR SERVICES
Right to Know Program
CN 368, Trenton, NJ 08625-0368
(609) 984-2202
6
6
Bibliography:
1996 North America Emergency Response Guidebook, 1996 by Transport Canada (TC),
U.S.
Department of Transportation (DOT), and Secretariat of Communications and
Transportation of Mexico (SCT)
Cargo Tank Hazardous Material Regulations, July 1995 by National Tank Truck Carriers,
Inc. Alexandria, VA 22314-4677
DEP Hotline Database
Domestic Preparedness Training Program. 1998 by Booz-AIlen & Hamilton Inc., EAI
Corporation, Science Applications International Corporation Inc., and DPI Inc.
6
HANDLING A SUSPECT ANTHRAX INCIDENT
Note: This guidelines apply to suspect Anthrax only. Responding to other materials /
chemicals may pose other risks and the handling of such items will differ. Remember, in
any case respond as you would a hazardous materials incident based on your level of
training and equipment.
What Constitutes A Suspicious Letter or Parcel?
1. Does the letter or parcel have any powdery substance on the outside?
2. Is this an unexpected letter or parcel or is it from someone unfamiliar?
3. Is there excessive postage, handwritten or poorly typed address, incorrect titles with no
name or misspellings of common words?
4. Is it addressed to someone no longer with your organization or are otherwise
outdated?
5. Does the letter or parcel lack a return address or does it have one that can’t be verified
legitimate?
6. It is of unusual weight for its size, or is it lopsided or oddly shaped?
7. Does it have an unusual amount of tape?
8. Is the letter or parcel marked with restrictive endorsements, such as “Personal”” or
“Confidential?” Does it have strange odors or stains?
What Should You Do If An Anthrax Threat Is Received by Mail?
1. Do not handle, shake or empty the contents of the mail piece or package suspected of
contamination.
2. Make sure that damaged or suspicious packages are isolated and the immediate area
cordoned off. Cover the envelope or package with anything (clothing, paper, trash can,
etc.) and do not remove the cover.
3. Ensure that all persons who have touched the mail piece wash their hands with soap
and water.
4. Notify your local law enforcement authorities. Remember, this is a crime scene.
5. List all persons who have touched the letter and/or envelope, include contact
information and have this information available for the authorities.
6. Place all items worn when in contact with the suspected mail piece in plastic bags and
have them available for law enforcement authorities.
7. As soon as practical, shower with soap and water.
INITIAL RESPONSE
The responding law enforcement officer should obtain as much information as possible
prior to arrival and consider proper precautionary measures in dealing with hazardous
materials emergencies. Care must be taken not to over-react, under-react, or to operate
outside of the police officer’s level of training and personal protective equipment.
Be mindful that the real problem facing the responding agency and the surrounding public
may be the panic, misinformation and paranoia associated with the incident. Remember
police vehicle lights and sirens may create public panic and disorder.
Upon arrival, police officer should secure and cordon off the area. Identity should be made
of any potentially contaminated individuals. These individuals should be advised to
decontaminate by using a soap and water wash.
6
Since the most harmful method of dissemination is by spores in the air, therefore, limit the
chances of the material from becoming airborne. If it is a work place setting, it is
recommended that the facility shut down, or at a minimum, control the ventilation system
for the secured area surrounding the letter.
Do not have other personnel go near the area and advise those involved individuals that
the scene has the potential to be an active crime scene.
INITIAL INVESTIGATION
Information should be obtained and investigation conducted to identify, legitimize or
confirm the authenticity of the letter. DO NOT contact, handle, remove or package the
letter if it contains a suspicious material (i.e., powder).
CREDIBLE VERSUS NON-CREDIBLE SUSPECT LETTER
In the event that the suspect letter is deemed to be a CREDIBLE THREAT by trained
hazardous material personnel or it meets all three of the following N.J. Department of
Health and Senior Services (DHSS) established criteria:
1. the item was recently introduced from an external source or was / is discovered in a
public area of a business or other public place,
and
2. the letter was addressed to a government agency, public figure, public utility, high
profile businesses, etc.,
and
3. the suspect item or its contents are visibly contaminated with a powdery substance;
then the material(s) should be collected by qualified hazardous materials personnel and
delivered by a uniformed police officer to the designated DHSS intake facility. A confirmed
case number must be coordinated with DHSS prior to the delivery of the materials.
In the event that the suspect letter is deemed to be a NON-CREDIBLE THREAT, the
following procedures should be adhered to:
1. Non-credible suspect Anthrax letters not to be routinely collected as evidence.
2. Individuals / owners who report incidents involving a non-credible Anthrax threat shall
be advised that the item believed to be suspicious has been deemed non-credible. If
the individuals / owners insist that the police officer remove the item from their location
for destruction, the police officer should comply by triple plastic bagging the item(s) and
sealing all three bags individually with the outside bag labeled in large block lettering
DESTROY. The law enforcement agency with jurisdiction should follow their protocols
and established guidelines for destruction of property.