County of Summit, Ohio Emergency Operations Plan 2018 2 1 Preface: The ultimate goal of the Summit County Emergency Operations Plan is to protect our citizens, communities, structures, and safety of all those who call Summit County home. This plan supersedes all other previous plans, only under life threatening events or my own decision is this plan to be altered, changed, or reviewed in anyway. Only high level emergency management officials may alter this plan through specific modifications. Approval: This plan was made together by high ranked officials throughout the fire safety field, public health, and emergency management professionals. President of Public Health of Summit County Mayor of Summit County 3 Record of Changes: 2 Version Date Changes 10.2 10/10/2010 Census updated figures. 11.1 03/12/2017 Chief of Police updated more preparedness plans for school shootings. Record of Distribution: Version 1.6 Date Changes 01/25/2017 Executive members of Summit County Public health via electronic mail. 4 Table of Contents Preface----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 1 Approval--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 1 Record of Changes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 2 Record of Distribution------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 2 Purpose-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 5 Scope-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 5 Situational Overview 1.0--------------------------------------------------------------------Page 6 Situational Overview 2.0--------------------------------------------------------------------Page 6 Situational Overview 3.0--------------------------------------------------------------------Page 7 Situational Overview 4.0a-------------------------------------------------------------------Page 7 Situational Overview 4.0b-------------------------------------------------------------------Page 8 Hazard Vulnerability Assessment----------------------------------------------------------Page 9 Hazard Profile---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 10 Planning Assumption-------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 10 References: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 11 Considerations and Overview:……………………………………………………..Page 11 Key Actions and definitions……………………………………………………….Page 11 Organization and Assignment Responsibilities Line of Succession:………………Page 13 Responsibilities Emergency Operations Center Manager:…………………………Page 15 Responsibilities of Liaison Officer…………………………………………………Page 16 Responsibilities Continuity of Operations:…………………………………………Page 16 5 6 Purpose: Summit County has developed an EOP for incidents that may be beyond our capabilities. This EOP contains a blue print for dealing with major emergencies that Summit County has a strong possibility of facing. The number one goal for this EOP is to prevent, protect, mitigate, respond, and recover from any hazard that poses a serious risk to anyone living in Summit County. Essentially, this EOP is designed to reduce loss of live and property damage in Summit County from Natural, Technological, or Man-Made disasters. Scope: The EOP is constructed to allow unity of effort in reaction to all-hazards. The main goal is for citizen safety and property protection. This EOP also gives instructions for all county departments, local businesses, and non-profit corporations to receive full resources during a hazardous event. 7 Situational Overview 1.0: On March 3rd, 1840 Summit county was formed from portions of Medina, Portage, and Stark Counties. It was named “Summit County because of the high elevation on the Ohio and Erie Canal is located in the county. Summit County is located in the state of Ohio, North of Summit County is Cuyahoga County, North-East of Summit County is Geauga County, South of Summit County is Stark County, and West of Summit County is Medina County. Situational Overview 2.0: Summit County is 419 mi² miles of land and is approx. 7.3 square miles of water. Summit Metro Parks is a Metro park system serving the citizens of Summit County, Ohio by managing 14,100 acres in 16 developed parks, six conservation areas and more than 125 miles of trails, with 22.4 miles of the Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath Trail. Summit County’s highest elevation is 410 meters (1,345 feet) which ranks it 40th in terms of highest elevations compared to the other total 88 counties in Ohio. Summit County, Ohio records 39 inches of rain, on average, per year. The US average is 39 inches of rain per year. 8 Situational Overview 3.0: Summit County received its name due to the highest elevation on the Ohio and Erie Canal are both located in Summit County. Summit County was established on March 3rd, 1840. Based off the 2010 United States Census, there was 541,781 people and 222,781 households. Out of the 222,781 households, 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.98. The median income for a household in the county was $47,926 and the median income for a family was $62,271. About 10.0% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.8% of those under age 18 and 8.0% of those age 65 or over. Since the last previous census, summit county has dropped to 541,436 people living in summit county. Situation Overview 4.0a: Summit County often holds special events such as animals, art, business, club, educational, environmental, festival, and many more types of specific events. These events occur frequently and are held throughout the year. There are an estimated 1,000 people who attend these events every-year. Cultural type events that Summit County holds are meetings at local churches and choir groups that engage in gospel music. Sports events that are held in Summit County are often located at some of the local YMCA’s and fields and parks. 9 One of the annual charity events held in Summit County is the Achieving Dreams Celebration, which is holding its 12th Annual event on Saturday, October 13th, 2018. The charity will support organizations’ programs, services, and scholarship fund to benefit students in the Akron Public Schools. Another outstanding special event is Dancing for the Kids. This event feature nine local “celebrities” who put on the dancing shoes to raise money for Akron Children’s Hospital’s Showers Family Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders. Their first event was held in 2012. Situation Overview 4.0b: A diverse group of healthcare, banking, manufactures, distribution companies, represent Summit County’s major employers. Some of the major corporate headquarters located in Summit County are Goodyear Tires, Cleveland-Clinic and Akron General, and First Energy Corporation. There are 13 Hospitals in Summit County. Some listed are Akron’s Children Hospital, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, John D Morely Health Center, Summa Barberton Hospital, and Western Reserve Hospital. In Summit County, there are two main airports. The Akron-Canton Airport and the Akron Fulton Airport. There are only two main waterways, which would Portage Lake and the Erie Canal. The main type of freight transportation in Summit County is Trucking. There are a couple of public transportation systems in Summit County such as the METRO RTA, SCAT, Greyhound 10 Bus, and Dash. Major types of public transportations are either by bus, car, air, shuttle services, and trains. Summit County has 6 major interstates. I-76, I-77, I-80, I-271, and I-480. Water is supplied to Summit County through the Akron Water Distribution System. It is comprised of the underground network of water force mains, transmission mains, feeder mains, local mains and their associated valves, fire hydrants, service connections, reservoirs, pump stations and water tanks. The water distribution system contains approximately 1,225 miles of water mains, ranging in sizes of 4 to 54 inches in diameter, approximately 94,000 active water services, 30,576 valves and 12,649 fire hydrants. Storm water is controlled by Summit County Engineers through their Storm-water Management. Their Storm Water Initiative program promotes a cooperative and coordinated continued watershed management system for Summit County. Sewer water is managed through the Department of Sanitary Sewer Services in Akron, Ohio. Hazard Vulnerability Assessment Summit County has administered an assessment for all potential hazards in Summit County. This Hazard Vulnerability Assessment provides regularity, vulnerability, subjection, and risk of all hazards. These records are maintained by the Summit County Office of Emergency Management. Hazard Profile 11 Throughout the Hazard Vulnerability, we have been able to identify hazards that pose potential to cause moderate to severe damage to people and property in Summit County. Below are hazards that have the highest possibility of occurring in Summit County. Flooding Information Systems Failure IT Active Shooter/Hostage Situation Extreme Weather Conditions (Blizzards, Storms, and Thunderstorms Electrical Failure Planning Assumptions: Disasters vary from strength, duration, and frequency. Some disasters have a low probability of occurring while others have a great possibility of occurring. Aid from other communities and groups should be available due to the distances between them and no significant geographical features that would make it difficult to allow convergence to happen. No major disaster should occur within the next couple years, however, it is imperative to be well prepared for when that day arrives 12 Considerations and Overview: There was a plethora of considerations that were taken in place when creating the Summit County EOP. Communications must be always on the roll updating anyone who needs information on an event. All four sections (Logistics, Planning, Operations, and Finance) must all share equal power to one another but stay in their respected lines of work. Plan development will change periodically whenever there is a urge to update or run an experiment with the plan. Key Actions and definitions: NIMS is a comprehensive, national approach to incident management that is applicable at all jurisdiction levels across other disciplines. By exercising NIMS, this ensures that we are prepared for any emergency event. The National Framework response is a part of the National Strategy for Homeland Security that sows the guiding principles enabling all levels of domestic response partners to prepare for and provide a unified national response to disasters and emergencies. The Incident Command System (known as ICS) is a regulated approach to the command, control, and coordination of emergency response providing a common hierarchy within which responders from multiple agencies can be effective. Plan activation will be engaged whenever we receive news or communication of an emergency occurring. Ideally, we want to mitigate the event happening and be able to control it as soon as we possibly can. Exercises and tests will happen to increase our response time. Emergency Declaration is vital to alert citizens to know when an emergency is occurring. This could help to get less people affected by the emergency and clear out the area of the incident. 13 There are three types of levels that we would respond to. Level one is a routine response. No significant impact on local response resources. Normally involves only one response agency, but may require minimum cooperation or support from other response agencies or departments. Examples: Accidental death of one student, minor water pipe leak within in a building/Minor chemical spill/Student-related incident. The EOC and Executive Groups are normally not activated. Level two is a non-routine response (Full or Partial Activation may occur). Exceeds the capability of initial on-scene or on-duty emergency response personnel and equipment. Requires resources from multiple response agencies and departments. Examples: Structure fire, Isolated power failure greater than 4 hrs, impending severe winter storm, IT issues or incident involving a sports team while traveling on school related event. A full or partial EOC and/or Executive Group activation may occur depending on the situation. Level 3 is a critical incident (Full or Partial Activation may occur). Exceeds the capability of available emergency response personnel and resources, even from mutual aid agencies. Requires full mobilization of University resources and substantial mobilization of city, county, state or federal resources. Example: Tornado, Long term power failure, Significant number of University critical functions are disrupted, or Significant IT breach. A full or partial EOC and/or Executive Group activation may occur depending on the situation. An Emergency Operations Center (EOC) is a central location from which local governments can provide interagency coordination and executive decision making in support of incident response and recovery operations. The purpose of the EOC is to provide a centralized location where 14 public safety, emergency response, and support agencies coordinate planning, preparedness, and response activities. The EOC does not command or control on-scene response efforts, but does carry out the coordination functions through: 1. Collecting, evaluating and disseminating incident information; 2. Analyzing jurisdictional impacts and setting priority actions; and 3. Managing requests, procurement and utilization of resources. Organization and Assignment Responsibilities Line of Succession: Overall responsibility for this plan falls in the hands of the Emergency Management Manager of Summit County. Second in command would be the Incident Commander. Other Senior Leadership positions that have shared responsibility for this plan would be the Liaison Officer, Safety Officer, and Public Media Informant. Organization and Assignment of Responsibilities Senior Official Responsibilities: The Incident Management Team has the decision making authority throughout all stages of an emergency event. The Incident Management team will make up of multiple members allowing them to work harder and break up the job to ensure faster results. Some examples of the members joined in on the Incident Management Team would be Safety Officer- Environmental Health and Safety Public Information Officer- Dealing with the Media 15 Finance/Administration Chief- Dealing with the finance of the emergency event Responsibilities Emergency Operations Center Manager: The Emergency Management County Manager of Summit County has been assigned the Emergency Operations Center Manager. Responsibilities include to route all mission assignments, coordinate missions that may require the help of other branches, resolve any conflicts among other agencies, and identify and support resource requests. Responsibilities of Liaison Officer The Liaison Officer must be a Contact point for Emergency Managers. Must also maintain a list of supporting agencies. Monitor Check in sheets daily as well. Keep agencies supporting the incident awareness of incident status, and participate in all meetings. Responsibilities Continuity of Operations: Summit County has developed an annex for COOP. COOP plan is a collection of resources, actions, procedures, and information that is developed, tested, and held in readiness for use in the event of a major disruption of operations. 16 Direction, Control, and Coordination: Overview: In this section, Summit County breaks down on how they control incidents to our best capabilities and describe the process on how they are handled and treated by everyone that is a part of their organization. Multiple agencies work with one another through unified command. By using Unified Command, it enables everyone to work together precisely sharing all the same knowledge gained through others. It unifies agencies all to work together, to share critical information adequately and effectively, and speeds up the process on how fast Summit County is able to return the incident back to normal after it occurred. Area Command is another strategy that can also help improve our effectiveness. By overseeing the management of multiple incidents that are each managed by the ICS organization and overseeing the management of large incidents that cross jurisdictional boundaries. Regardless of size of the incident of where it occurred at, knowing how we can manage such incidents are crucial in understanding the differences between large incidents and small incidents. For responding units to be notified when an incident occurs, citizens should dial 911 and explain what happened, when it happened, and where it happened. From that point, the operator will have to make decisions based off the size of the incident and report to others what agencies would be best suited for dealing with a specific incident. The highest ranking official with the most experience should take over the position of Incident Commander. The position requires someone to have a deep understanding of a plethora of 17 incidents, quick to make critical decisions in time of need, and lastly someone who can communicate very well with others. The most common situations that Summit County faces are small scale incidents whether it’s burglary, assault, or fire. Such agencies that will be responding units to the initial IC are the police, fire department, emergency medical services, and infrastructure. Incident Assessment Responsibilities for Incident Commander: The Incident Commander is the person responsible for all aspects of an emergency response; including quickly developing incident objectives, managing all incident operations, application of resource as well as responsibility for all persons involved. The Incident Commander must also be able to assess the incident priorities to determine the strategy and tactics that will be used. The priorities are life safety, incident stabilization, and property conservation. Incident Action Plan: An Incident Action Plan (IAP) is organized course of events that addresses all phases of incident control within a specified time. An Incident Action Plan is necessary to effect successful outcomes in any situation, especially emergency operations, in a timely manner. The IAP establishes the overall incident priority objectives, and strategies in the contexts of both operational and support activities. Every incident must have an action plan not all incidents require written plans. Most initial response operations are not captured with a formal IAP. 18 “Planning P” Phases: Phase 1: Understand the situation Phase 2: Establish Incident Objectives Phase 3: Develop the Plan Phase 4: Prepare and Disseminate the Plan Phase 5: Execute, evaluate, and revise the Plan Understanding the situation: Incident Objectives: 1.) Provide for publics’ safety, health, welfare, and security by treating the sick and injured, managing fatalities, and providing for the orderly evacuation and care of the displaced. 2.) Provide for the responders’ safety, health, welfare, and security. 3.) Maintain Civil Order and provide for security and investigation. 19 4.) Provide for search and rescue of the trapped and missing, contain, control, mitigate all hazardous materials. 5.) Restore control and normality back to the origin of incident as soon as possible. Developing the Incident Action Plan (IAP) When developing the IAP, there is a list of things that must be covered. Operations tactics meetings must be held frequently to understand how it operates as a whole. It is to also ensure that the tactics are in line with objectives. Each section chief should participate in these meetings. Prepare and Disseminate the IAP Planning meetings should take place after every three months to ensure the IAP to its full potential. It is also vital to develop the plan with all positions for deep analysis for any areas that may be unclear or not-useful. Execute, Evaluate, Revise the IAP Operations briefings should be conducted every month. Revisions are needed when checked upon again in these meetings. 20 Assistance from other Supporting Agencies: Capabilities and Responsibilities Being able to properly communicate information with one another. Lessen the effects of the incident as much as possible. Being on time with anything that may occur Gather as much vital information as possible to help with the incident. Be able to communicate in time of need with one another agencies. Multiagency Coordination: ICS enables responders from different jurisdictions and disciplines to work together specifically for Summit County. It provides a flexible framework and has a unified approach to incident management; a standard command and management structure; an emphasis on preparedness, mutual aid, and resource support Multiagency Coordination System (MAC): Multiagency Coordination System (MAC) are a part of the United States standardized Incident Command System. MAC provides basic architecture for facilitating the allocation of resources, incident prioritization, coordination and integration of multiple agencies for large-scale incidents and emergencies. 21 Information Collection, Analysis, and Dissemination: Overview: Throughout this section, Summit County will provide its citizens with helpful information to access in the time of an incident. Summit County will also inform about how it collects data and analyzes it. This section will inform citizens how we handle public safety communications (such as AMBER ALERTS and Emergency Alert Systems) to them effectively. Public Safety Communications: Public Safety Communications are implemented 24/7 throughout Summit County. Coordinated Communications with the Summit County Police Department, Summit County Fire Department, and local health agencies. Summit County will have its own contact point for its own AMBER ALERTS and Emergency Alerts for all of the surrounding counties in North Eastern Ohio. The following information will include additional notifications as well. Weather Notifications: Weather Notifications are implemented as frequently as all the other communications. The NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) uses weather radio transmissions to relay potential dangerous weather advisories to Summit County when reported. Cellular device notifications will be used when needed to inform citizens on severe weather that may put them at risk to injury or loss of property. 22 Licensed amateur radio operators/ NWS Skywarn Weather Spotters will give us daily reports for Summit County weather where it will be documented and kept for records. Emergency Alert System: The Emergency Alert System is a national public warning system that requires TV and radio broadcasters, cable television systems, satellite digital audio service providers, direct broadcast satellite service providers and wireline video services to offer the president of communications capability to address the American public during a national emergency. Communications that first responders shall use are phones equipped with either LTE or 4G to guarantee coverage from anywhere they report it. This allows us to work at a fast pace to be able to assess the situation that is unfolding or may start to unfold. AMBER Alert System: An AMBER Alert or Child Abduction Emergency is a child abduction report system. AMBER is officially a contrived acronym for America’s Missing Broadcast Emergency Response. For an AMBER alert to be set in place the law enforcement agency of Summit County must believe that the child is in imminent danger of serious bodily injury or death. There is enough descriptive information about the victim and the abduction for law enforcement to issue an AMBER Alert to assist in the recovery of the abducted child. 23 The surrounding eight counties fall in the EOP’s guidelines for using an AMBER Alert. Only law enforcement can request an AMBER alert when a child is abducted. Members of the public cannot request an AMBER Alert. Instead, they can contact law enforcement and report that the child is missing. Once law enforcement has determined that a child has been abducted and the abduction meets AMBER Alert criteria, law enforcement notifies broadcasters and state transportation officials. AMBER Alerts interrupt regular programming and are broadcast on radio and television and DOT highway signs. AMBER Alerts can also be re-disseminated through lottery, digital billboards, Internet Ad exchanges, Internet Service Providers, Internet search engines, as well as wireless devices such as mobile phones. Critical Facility Notification Certain facilities, due to their standards, locations and/or functions, are considered critical and have specific notification regulations. Such plans that various facilities operate are SARA Title III, The Emergency Planning, and Community Right-To-Know-Act. Law requires all facilities meeting threshold chemical quantities to notify the Office of Emergency Management. Proper notification includes contact information for facility representatives and information related to chemical type, quantity, storage, and usage. The Emergency Management Administrator annually maintains this information and updates it when needed to be. 24 All of the operating facilities are needed to meet the criteria as often as needed to be. It is the responsibility of all facilities to keep up with new information as often as possible. The meet the criteria by analyzing certain events and keeping documentation of all basic information of these events. Public Information and Notification The Joint Information Center (JIS): Provides the mechanism to organize, integrate, and coordinate information to ensure timely, accurate, accessible, and consistent messaging across multiple jurisdictions and/or disciplines with nongovernmental organizations and the private sector. Joint information center means a facility established to arrange all incident-related public information activities. It serves as the physical location where public information officials can locate to perform critical emergency information, crisis communications, and public affairs functions. Social media will be involved such as making accounts for all forms of mass media services to keep our citizens up to date on certain things. We will update our pages as often as we feel needed to. The Media will be able to gather in specific designated locations around Summit County. Media is not allowed in the EOC or in the same building/complex of other facilities. 25 Communications: The Summit County – Akron 800MHz Regional Radio System (SCA8RRS) is a Motorola Solutions 800MHz Mixed Mode Trunked Radio System. The system supports more than 6,000 analog and digital radios with the capacity to carry twenty-four simultaneous calls. There is a plethora of forms of communication in Summit County. Whether it may be through telephones, cell phones, fax, social media pages, or even emails. Making sure our citizen have proper communications is ideal to us here in Summit County. Administration, Finance, Logistics, and Plan Maintenance: Overview: In this section, Summit County will cover over agencies that are heavily involved when an incident occurs. Rules and assignments will be implemented in various positions. Other things that will be discussed are staffing considerations, mutual aid, documentation, and reimbursement. Employees of the Emergency Management Team in Summit County will be given various positions based of their school and experience. These positions will be reassigned if someone was to or if someone was released from their duties. Volunteer plans may be implemented if felt the need to, such as CERT’s and LEPC’s. 26 The Ohio Intrastate Mutual Aid Compact (IMAC), Ohio Revised Code Section 5502.41, was updated on July 3, 2012. IMAC is mutual aid agreement through which all political subdivisions can request and receive assistance from any other political subdivisions in the state; many of the administrative and legal issues are resolved in advance of an incident. All political subdivisions are automatically part of IMAC. The definition of political subdivision is broad and includes not only counties, municipal corporations, villages and townships, but also port authorities, local health districts, joint fire districts, and state institutions of higher education. EMAC, the Emergency Management Assistance Compact is an all hazards - all disciplines mutual aid compact that serves as the cornerstone of the nation's mutual aid system. EMAC is the first national disaster–relief compact since the Civil Defense and Disaster Compact of 1950 to be ratified by the U.S. Congress. Since ratification and signing into law in 1996 (Public Law 104-321), 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands have enacted legislation to become EMAC members. Finance/Administration Section The Finance/Administration Section: Is established when incident management activities require finance and other administrative support services. Handles claims related to property damage, injuries, or fatalities at the incident. 27 Finance/Administration responsibilities include the following: The Time Unit is responsible for equipment and personnel time recording. The Procurement Unit is responsible for administering all financial matters pertaining to vendor contracts, leases, and fiscal agreements. The Compensation/Claims Unit is responsible for financial concerns resulting from property damage, injuries, or fatalities at the incident. The Cost Unit is responsible for tracking costs, analyzing cost data, making cost estimates, and recommending cost-saving measures. Federal Reimbursement Process: The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) will reimburse for services provided through mutual aid agreements, like EMAC. FEMA will reimburse mutual aid costs if the aid was requested (i.e., no spontaneous responders), the assistance requested directly related to a disaster eligible for FEMA assistance, and the assistance occurred under a signed, written mutual aid agreement.4 Only the entity requesting mutual aid (the requesting state) is eligible to apply for grant assistance directly from FEMA; entities providing aid (assisting states) must seek reimbursement from the requesting state. Plan Development and Maintenance: 28 In this section, Summit County will be describing topics such as training, public education, exercise approach, development of their plan and other key factors that make the plan as effective as it is. The responsibility for development and maintenance of the EOP falls on everyone who is involved in writing and planning the EOP. “All changed and revisions to this plan are prepared, coordinated, published, and distributed in accordance with applicable federal, state, and local guidelines. The command team certifies the completeness, accuracy, and currency of the EOP. Comprehensive Preparedness Guide (CPG) 101 provides guidance for developing emergency operations plans. It promotes a common understanding of the fundamentals of risk-informed planning and decision making to help planners examine a hazard or threat and produce integrated, coordinated, and synchronized plans. Training occurs when Summit County was to test certain protocol whether it be communications with agencies or participating in a fake disaster scenario to test operations. Public Education is a pivotal idea that we keep close to our hearts. With all the surrounding schools in Summit County we feel like it our duties to keep them in a safe condition. Exercise approach is when we engage in exercises to figure out things that we could maybe do faster/better. Plan development comes into play with the help of the citizens of Summit County. We believe that Citizens know best about all the potential hazards and incidents that may take place in Summit County. Plan development Is a long process that we seek to perfectly execute to ensure 29 our safety and knowledge of potential threats. The planning structure is broken into parts by different sections of our Emergency Management Team. Meetings occur every month to help with plan improvement. We gather around and discuss and debate our plan to find any gray areas that may need extra work on. Authorities and References: Overview: Throughout this section, we will be informing the list of laws, statues, ordinances, executive orders, regulations, and formal agreements in Summit County. This section lets the citizens of Summit County aware of the rules that they must abide by. There is a long list of ordinance codes that pertain to the safety of people, animals, buildings, and cars in Summit County. Such regulations are keeping up with car insurance, taxes, and installing fire alarms in every home in Summit County. The Summit County Courthouse Lions are two seated lions created out of limestone slab in front of the courthouse in Akron, Ohio. 30 References: Remaining October 2018 Events. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.summitcountycalendar.com/event/month/10/2018 Transit Options. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.downtownakron.com/gettingaround/transit-options Summit County Engineer's Office. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.summitengineer.net/projects-and-initiatives/stormwater-management Summit County Ohio Hospitals. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ohio.hometownlocator.com/features/cultural,class,hospital,scfips,39153.cfm Summit County. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Summit_County Water Distribution Division. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.akronohio.gov/cms/Water/Distribution/index.html