IB Psychology KEY CONTENTS OF IB PSYCHOLOGY Notification This document contains all relevant contents, terms, theories and research related to Mr. Markus Lajunen’s IB Psychology courses. The students of IB Psychology in Jyväskylä Lyseo Uppers Secondary School are not required to know all this information for the Finals, but this information can be a helpful tool in revising the whole IB Psychology syllabus. However, student of IB Psychology should know most of the contents, terms and theories and at least two pieces of research in terms of aim, procedure and results per each content area. The selection of suitable key contents in the Finals is a part of critical thinking in IB Psychology. Candidates can show deep understanding of psychology through inventive choices of research and applying suitable theories and terminology in the responses. The tables below are based on the IB Psychology syllabus. All the terms and theories can be found from the Popov, Parker and Sheath’s textbook and/or from the teacher’s materials in peda.net. If the research is in green, you can’t find that piece of research from the textbook, but from teacher’s materials in peda.net (PowerPoints, PDFs and links). IB Psychology Approaches to researching behaviour (core) Research methods Content Key terms and theories Research Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) – The bobo doll experiments (laboratory experiment) Sheriff et al. (1961) – The Robber’s Cave Quantitative research Laboratory experiments (field experiment) Field experiments Maguire et al. (2000) – Hippocampi of London Quasi experiments taxi drivers (quasi-experiment) Natural experiments Charlton et al. (2002) – Observation of the Correlational studies introduction of television a remote community Surveys (St. Helena) (Natural experiment) Nomothetic approach Curtis, Aunger and Rabie (2004) – disgust as an evolutionary mechanism to avoid diseases (correlational study) Observation (can be quantitative also) Festinger, Riecken and Schachter (1956) – Interview: unstructured, semi-structured and Cult study (covert observation) structured IB Psychology Qualitative research Focus group Grigoriou (2004) – Friendships between gay (Inductive) content analysis men and heterosexual women (interview study Case study with inductive content analysis) Idiographic approach The case of H.M. (case study) Elements of researching behaviour Content Key terms and theories Research Experiments: independent measures design, matched pairs design and repeated measures design Correlational studies: correlation, effect size (r), Research designs statistical significance and p-value All psychological research (Descriptive studies) Case studies Meta-analysis (NOT a research method, but a method to analyse data) Hypothesis Hypotheses Research hypothesis Null hypothesis Any experimental research IB Psychology Variable Construct Independent and dependant variables Operationalisation Any experimental research Independent variable Dependent variable Confounding variable Quantitative sampling techniques: random sampling, stratified sampling, convenience sampling and self-selected sampling Sampling techniques Qualitative sampling, sampling purposive techniques: sampling, quota All psychological research theoretical sampling, snowball sampling and convenience sampling Standardization Standardization/control Controlled (conditions) Confounding variable Ethical considerations Protection from physical and mental harm Privacy Confidentiality Withdrawal Any experimental research IB Psychology Consent All psychological research should fulfil these Debriefing requirements Deception “Peter Piper Cried When Charles Dickens Died” Evaluating research Content Key terms and theories Research Reliability Validity Reliability and validity Construct validity Quantitative psychological research Internal validity External validity: population validity and ecological validity Triangulation: method, data, researcher and theory Rapport Credibility (trustworthiness) Iterative questioning Reflexivity: personal and epistemological Credibility check Qualitative psychological research IB Psychology Thick description Bias Threats to internal validity in experimental studies: selection, history, maturation, testing effect, instrumentation, regression to the mean, experimental mortality, experimenter bias and demand characteristics Bias It can be said that all psychological research Bias in correlational research: curvilinear contains some bias. Analysis and evaluation of relationships, the third variable problem and possible bias in psychological research is an spurious correlations Researcher bias in integral part of critical thinking in IB qualitative research: Psychology. confirmation bias, leading question bias, question order bias, sampling bias and biased reporting Participant bias in qualitative research: acquiescence bias, social desirability, dominant respondent bias and sensitivity bias Sampling bias Causation Correlation IB Psychology Replication Drawing conclusions Generalization in quantitative research Transferability in qualitative research Triangulation: method, data, researcher and theory Data presentation Analysing data (Inductive) content analysis Statistics All psychological research IB Psychology Biological approach to understanding behaviour (core) Contribution of research methods and ethical considerations Content Key terms and theories Research Maguire et al. (2000) – Hippocampi of London Brain imaging techniques taxi drivers MRI Freed et al. (2001) – Dopamine and Parkinson’s Contribution of research methods Holistic and reductionist approaches disease PET Fisher, Aron and Brown (2005) – Dopamine and romantic love fMRI Ethical considerations Animal research Merzenich et al. (1984) – Amputation of owl Invasiveness of the brain imaging techniques monkey fingers and mapping their cortex Treatment of the animals and participants Freed et al. (2001) – Dopamine and Parkinson’s Misuse of ethically sensible data disease IB Psychology The relationship between the brain and behaviour Content Key terms and theories Research Brain research Brain imaging techniques / neuroimaging Draganski et al. (2004) – Comparing jugglers Psychophysiology and non-jugglers through brain scans MRI Physiological psychology Maguire et al. (2000) – Hippocampi of London Correlative research design in brain research taxi drivers MRI Techniques used to study the brain in relation to Clinical neuropsychology Fisher, Aron and Brown (2005) – Dopamine behaviour: Study one technique used to Brain imaging techniques: CAT, MRI, fMRI, and romantic love fMRI understand brain and behaviour PET, EEG, MEG, TMS, tDCS, DTI, OI and Sharot et al. (2007) – Neural mechanism of Optogenetics flashbulb memories fMRI Temporal resolution Loh and Kanai (2014) – Neurological Spatial resolution correlates of media multi-tasking fMRI Invasiveness Broca (1861) – Broca’s area and Broca’s Localization (of function) aphasia Relative localization Wernicke (1874) – Wernicke’s area and Lateralization Wernicke’s aphasia IB Psychology Localization: Study one example of localization Most important brain parts and their functions: Gazzaniga (1967) and Sperry (1968) – Studies of function cerebrum, cortex, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, on split-brain patients occipital lobe, temporal lobe, two hemispheres, Lashley (1950s) – Cutting rats brains and corpus callosum, cerebellum, limbic system, studying how they survive through a maze thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and brain stem amygdala, The case of H.M. The case of Clive Wearing Maguire et al. (2000) – Hippocampi of London taxi drivers Sharot et al. (2007) – Neural mechanism of flashbulb memories The case of Cameron Mott Neuroplasticity Maguire et al. (2000) – Hippocampi of London Neuron and its most important parts: dendrite, taxi drivers soma, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier and Merzenich et al. (1984) – Amputation of owl Neuroplasticity: neuroplasticity Study one example of synapse monkey fingers and mapping their cortex (Action potential aka nerve impulse) Draganski et al. (2004) – Comparing jugglers Synaptic transmission and non-jugglers through brain scans Neural network (Draganski et al. (2006) – Brain scanning Neural pruning students studying for an exam in medicine) IB Psychology Werker et al. (1981) – Hindi phoneme discrimination in infants (pruning) Neuron and its most important parts: dendrite, Fisher, Aron and Brown (2005) – Dopamine soma, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier and and romantic love (excitatory) Neurotransmitters and their effects synapse Freed et al. (2001) – Dopamine and Parkinson’s (Action potential aka nerve impulse) disease on Synaptic transmission Berridge and Kringelbach (2009) – Dopamine behaviour: Study one neurotransmitter and its Neurotransmitter and pleasure seeking effect on behaviour Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters Crockett et al. (2010) – Serotonin on prosocial Agonist behaviour (inhibitory) Antagonist Rogers and Kesner (2003) – Acetylcholine in Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia the formation of memories with scopolamine Neural network Hormones and pheromones and their effect on behaviour Content Key terms and theories Research Romero et al. (2014) – The role of oxytocin in promoting social bonds in mammals IB Psychology Hormone Kosfeld et al. (2005) – The role of oxytocin in Hormones and their effects on behaviour: Study Endocrine system: hypothalamus and pituitary interpersonal trust one hormone and its effects on behaviour gland Scheele et al (2012) – The role of oxytocin in Oxytocin fidelity De Dreu et al. (2012) – The role of oxytocin in inter-group conflict De Dreu et al. (2011) – The role of oxytocin in human ethnocentrism Lundström and Olsson (2005) – Laboratory experiment searching for human sex pheromone Pheromone Hare et al. (2017) – Follow up study of Pheromones and their effects on behaviour: Lundström and Olsson (2005) Study one pheromone and its effects on Criticism of research into human pheromones Cutler, Friedman and McCoy (1998) – Field behaviour experiment searching for human sex pheromone McCoy and Pitino (2002) – Follow up study of Cutler, Friedman and McCoy (1998) IB Psychology The relationship between genetics and behaviour Content Key terms and theories Research Caspi et al. (2003) – Longitudinal study on the Genome DNA (deoxyribonucleic (ribonucleic acid) possible role of the 5-HTT gene in depression acid) and RNA Chiao and Blizinsky (2010) – Culture gene coevolution theory and the 5-HTT gene Genes and their effects on behaviour: Study one Gene and its parts: chromosomes, base, base Kendler et al. (2005) – Follow up study of Caspi gene and its effects on behaviour AND pairs and allele et al. (2003) Genotype Bouchard and McGue (1989) – Correlational Phenotype meta-analysis of twin studies on the genetic Genetic heritability heritability of intelligence Genetic similarity: Study genetic similarity Twin and kinship studies Kendler et al. (2015) – Adoption study on the (twins, siblings, parents, adopted children) for (Falconer model) genetic heritability of intelligence one behaviour Niche-picking Scarr and Weinberg (1983) – A report of the Additive influence Transracial Adoption Study and the Adolescent Selective placement Adoption Study (Minnesota Adoption Studies) on malleability of intelligence IB Psychology Theory of evolution (Darwin, 1856) Evolution Recombination Curtis, Aunger and Rabie (2004) – disgust as Mutation Evolutionary explanation for behaviour: Study Natural selection an evolutionary mechanism to avoid diseases one example of an evolutionary explanation for Adaptation Fessler et al. (2005) – Elevated disgust behaviour sensitivity in the first trimester of pregnancy Epigenetics and epigenetic changes Gene expression, gene regulation and their parts: (Weaver et al. (2004) – The epigenetics of transcription, translation and methylation vulnerability to stress in rats) Evolutionary psychology Criticism of evolutionary explanations in psychology The role of animal research in understanding human behaviour (HL only) Content Key terms and theories Comparative psychology Research Premack (2007) – Comparative study of The value of animal models in research to Animal model psychological functions and brain structures provide insight into human behaviour between animals and humans Theory of triune brain (MacLean, 1990) + All other animal studies IB Psychology Lashley (1950s) – Cutting rats brains and studying how they survive through a maze Merzenich et al. (1984) – Amputation of owl Ethical considerations in animal research Reasons for animal research monkey fingers and mapping their cortex Minimalist approach against animal research Romero et al. (2014) – The role of oxytocin in Abolitionist approach against animal research promoting social bonds in mammals APA guidelines (Weaver et al. (2004) – The epigenetics of (BPS guidelines) vulnerability to stress in rats) + 5 group projects: Harlow (1958), Seligman (1967), Held and Hein (1965), Köhler (1920s) and Gardner and Gardner (1972) IB Psychology Cognitive approach to understanding behaviour (core) Contributions of research methods and ethical considerations Content Key terms and theories Research Bransford and Johnson (1972) – Schemas and Contribution of research methods Experiments encoding Correlation of biological and cognitive data Sharot et al. (2007) – Neural mechanism of flashbulb memories Loftus and Palmer (1974) – The eyewitness Ethical considerations Deception study of car crash and leading questions Protection from physical and mental harm Yuille and Cutshall (1986) – Gun store robbery study IB Psychology Cognitive processing Content Key terms and theories Research The multi-store model of memory (Atkinson The case of H.M. and Shiffrin, 1968) Sperling (1960) – Iconic memory experiment The working memory model (Baddeley and Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) – Primacy and Models of memory: Study two memory models Hitch, 1974) recency effect Encoding Conrad and Hull (1964) – The phonological Retrieval similarity effect Capacity Baddeley, Thompson and Buchanan (1975) – Duration The word length effect (Maguire et al. (2000) – Hippocampi of London taxi drivers) Schema theory Bransford and Johnson (1972) – Schemas and Cognitive schema encoding Mental representation Anderson and Pichert (1978) – Schemas and Social schema retrieval Schema theory: Study one example of schema Script Brewer and Treyens (1981) – The office theory schema study Self-schema Schema processing IB Psychology Encoding (Darley and Gross (1983) – Effects of social Retrieval schemas) Bottom-up processing (Bower, Black and Turner (1979) – Effects of Top-down processing scripts) Pattern recognition Theory of planned behaviour aka. TPB Albarracin et al. (2001) – Meta-analysis of TPB (Ajzen, 1985) (Based on theory of reasoned as a model of condom use Thinking and decision-making: Study one model action) Godin and Kok (1996) – Predictive power of in thinking and decision-making Normative and descriptive models the TPB for health-related behaviours Automatic, intuitive thinking – system 1 Dunn et al. (2012) – TPB and fast-food Controlled rational thinking – system 2 consumption IB Psychology Reliability of cognitive processing Content Key terms and theories Research Theory of reconstructive memory Bartlett (1932) – Serial reproduction of native Effort after meaning American legend “The War of Ghosts” Misleading question Loftus and Palmer (1974) – The eyewitness Reconstructive memory: Study on example of Post-event information study of car crash and leading questions reconstructive memory Recall Loftus, Miller and Burns (1978) – Recognition Reconstructive memory in visual recognition Schema processing Yuille and Cutshall (1986) – Gun store robbery study Framing effect Expected utility theory Prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979) Tversky and Kahneman (1981) – Classic Normative and descriptive models framing effect study Biases in thinking and decision-making: Study Automatic, intuitive thinking – system 1 one bias in thinking and decision-making Controlled rational thinking – system 2 Keyser et al. (2012) – Foreign language and framing effect Heuristics: anchoring, representativeness and Strough et al. (2011) – Decision-making availability heuristics and biases across the life span IB Psychology Cognitive biases: confirmation bias, asymmetric dominance, illusory correlations, cognitive dissonance, optimism bias, mere exposure bias Emotion and cognition Content Key terms and theories Research (Schachter and Singer (1962) – The adrenaline (Theories of emotion: Darwin, 1872; James- experiment related to cognitive appraisal) Lange,1884; Cannon-Bard, 1927; Schachter Brown and Kulik (1977) – Determinants of and Singer, 1962; Lazarus, 1982; LeDoux, flashbulb memories The influence of emotion on cognitive 1996) Sharot et al. (2007) – Neural mechanism of processes: Study on example of the effect of (Cognitive appraisal) flashbulb memories emotion on cognitive a process Neisser et al. (1996) – Vividness of flashbulb Theory of flashbulb memory (Brown and memories Kulik, 1977) Neisser and Harsh (1992) – Accuracy of Covert rehearsal flashbulb memories Overt rehearsal Yuille and Cutshall (1986) – Gun store robbery Personal consequentiality study IB Psychology Cognitive processing in the digital world (HL only) Content Key terms and theories Research Rosser et al. (2007) – Videogames and surgeons Sanches (2012) – Videogames and science The influence (positive and negative) of digital learning technologies (digital/modern) on cognitive Observation Rosen, Carrier and Cheever (2013) – Induced processes Minute-by-minute assessment of behaviour multi-tasking and cognitive processes Experience sampling method Rosen et al. (2011) – Compensating the negative Survey/questionnaire effects of multi-tasking Longitudinal study Loh and Kanai (2014) – Neurological AND Methods used to study the interaction between Neuroimaging technology correlates of media multi-tasking technologies and cognitive processes Konrath, O’Brien and Hsing (2011) – Decline of empathy scores over time Carrier et al. (2015) – Different types of digital activity and empathy IB Psychology Sociocultural approach to understanding behaviour (core) Contribution of research methods and ethical considerations Content Contribution of research methods Key terms and theories Research Field experiments Sheriff et al. (1961) – The Robber’s Cave Interviews Hofstede (1973) – Multinational survey to identify underlying cultural dimensions Tajfel et al. (1971) – Minimal characteristics Ethical considerations Deception groups experiments Protection from physical and mental harm Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) – The bobo doll experiments IB Psychology The individual and the group Content Key terms and theories Research Social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1971) Tajfel et al. (1971) – Minimal characteristics Social groups groups experiments In-group and out-group Maass et al. (2002) – Threat to male identity and Social identity theory: Study social identity Social comparison sexual harassment theory Social categorization Cialdini et al. (1976) – Three football field Positive distinctiveness studies In-group favouritism Zimbardo (1971) – Stanford prison experiment Intergroup discrimination Sheriff et al. (1961) – The Robber’s Cave Social cognitive theory (Bandura): attention, Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) – The bobo retention, reproduction and motivation doll experiments Socialization (Mihalic and Elliot (1997) – Childhood Social cognitive theory: Study social cognitive Observational learning violence and marital violence) theory Reciprocal determinism Perry, Perry and Rasmussen (1986) – Self-efficacy Aggression and self-efficacy in children Social cognition (Sheridan et al. (2011) – Teaching prosocial Self-serving bias skills to children, “skillstream”) IB Psychology Hamilton and Gifford (1979) – Illusory correlation of serially presented stimuli Stereotype Johnson, Schaller and Mullen (2000) – Social Gatekeeper theory categorization in the formation of stereotypes Formation of stereotypes and their effects on Grain of truth hypothesis Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) – Self- behaviour: fulfilling prophecy in elementary school Study one example development and effect of stereotype of the Illusory correlations Social categorization Steele and Aronson (1995) – Stereotype threat Social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1971) on the intellectual test performance of AfricanSelf-fulfilling prophecy American students Stereotype threat (Spencer, Steele Stereotype performance) threat and and Quinn (1999) women’s – math IB Psychology Cultural origins of behaviour and cognition Content Key terms and theories Research Chiu (1972) – Cognitive styles in Chinese and Culture US students Culture and its influence on behaviour and Cultural groups Briley, Morris and Simonson (2005) – cognition: Study one example of culture and its Cultural norms Decision-making in bilingual individuals influence on behaviour and cognition Surface culture Berry and Katz (1967) – The influence of Deep culture individualism and collectivism on conformity Cohen et al. (1996) – Honor culture, acculturation and enculturation Hofstede (1973) – Multinational survey to Cultural dimensions: (1) individualism versus identify underlying cultural dimensions collectivism, (2) uncertainty avoidance, (3) Berry and Katz (1967) – The influence of Cultural dimension dimension: Study one cultural power distance, (4) masculinity versus individualism and collectivism on conformity femininity, (5) long-term versus short-term time Finkelstein (2010) – The effect of individualism orientation and (6) indulgence versus restraint and collectivism on volunteer behaviour (Conformity) Wei et al. (2001) – individualism vs. collectivism and conflict resolution styles IB Psychology Cultural influences on individual, attitudes, identity and behaviours Content Key terms and theories Research Cohen et al. (1996) – Honor culture, acculturation and enculturation Berry and Katz (1967) – The influence of individualism and collectivism on conformity Finkelstein (2010) – The effect of individualism Enculturation and collectivism on volunteer behaviour Enculturation: Study one effect enculturation Cultural norms Trainor et al. (2012) – Active learning as the has on human cognition and behaviour mechanism of musical enculturation Cultural transmission Odden and Rochat (2004) – Observational learning as the mechanism of enculturation Demorest et al. (2008) – The influence of enculturation on musical memory Kim and Omizo (2006) – Enculturation, acculturation and identity Cohen et al. (1996) – Honor culture, acculturation and enculturation Acculturation IB Psychology Two-dimensional model of acculturation Kim and Omizo (2006) – Enculturation, (Berry, 1997, 2008) with four strategies of acculturation and identity Acculturation: Study on effect acculturation has cultural on human behaviour change: assimilation, integration, Shah et al. (2015) – Obesity in South Asian separation, marginalization workers in United Arab Emirates Assimilation/assimilate Delavario et al. (2013) – Obesity among Emic and etic perspectives Hispanic migrants in the USA Universalist and relativist perspectives of Ishikawa and Jones (1996) – Obesity in Asian psychological processes and mechanisms migrants in the USA Da Costa, Dias and Martins (2017) – Obesity in migrants in Portugal Kashima and Triandis (1986) – Etic approach study on differences in attribution between Japanese and Americans Bartlett (1932) – Emic approach study on Swazi herdsmen and their unique abilities IB Psychology The influence of globalization on individual behaviour (HL only) Content Key terms and theories Research Buchan et al. (2009) – Identification with global culture and cooperation Globalisation The effect of the interaction of local and global influences on behaviour Hsu and Barker (2013) – Television ads and cultural change in China Theory of globalisation and acculturation Adams (2003) – Convergence of cultural values (Berry, 2008) of the USA and Canada Arnett (2002) – The influence of globalisation on adolescent’s identity Multiple methods and triangulation Extensive use of correlations Standardized methods for cross-cultural studies Research methods used to study the influence of Excessive reliance on self-report data globalization on behaviour See the studies above, the HL extension and the Generalizations from a sample to the level of a whole sociocultural approach whole culture Understanding that cultures are fluid and changeable IB Psychology Abnormal psychology (option) Contribution to research methods and ethical consideration Content Key terms and theories Contribution of research methods Research Medical model of abnormality See studies of normality versus abnormality and Classification systems classification systems below Consequences of incorrect diagnosis Over diagnosis Ethical considerations Rosenhan (1973) – Being sane in insane places Confidentiality in diagnosis Self-fulfilling prophecies Payne (2012) – Cultural bias in diagnostic Stigmatization judgements Labelling theory The integration of biological, cognitive and sociocultural behaviour approaches to understanding See all the contents below See all the studies below IB Psychology Factors influencing diagnosis Content Key terms and theories Research Abnormality Abnormal psychology Abnormality as a deviation of social norms Abnormality as inadequate functioning Rosenhan (1973) – Being sane in insane places (Rosenhan and Seligman, 1989) – Seven criteria of abnormality Normality versus abnormality Cooper (1972) – Diagnosing patients by Abnormality as a deviation from ideal mental watching videotaped clinical interviews health (Jahoda, 1958) – Six characteristics of mental health + Studies related to reliability of classification Mental disorders as “problems of living” systems and clinical biases in diagnosis (see (Szasz, 1962) below) Abnormality as a statistical infrequency Medical model of abnormality Labelling theory Beck et al. (1962) – Low reliability of DSM-I Kendall (1974) – Inconsistency of diagnosis using DSM-I and DSM-II IB Psychology Di Nardo et al. (1993) – Inconsistent reliability of DSM-III Classification system: DSM (ICD and CCMD) Classification systems Williams et al. (1992) – Inconsistent reliability of DSM-III (Psychoanalytic tradition) Chmielewsky et al. (2015) – Improved reliability of DSM-5 Regier et al. (2013) – Reliability issues with DSM-5 Cooper (1972) – Diagnosing patients by watching videotaped clinical interviews using DSM-II and DSM-III Langwieler and Linden (1993) – The clinician’s theoretical orientation The role of clinical biases in diagnosis Clinical bias in diagnosis Furnham and Malik (1996) – Reporting bias Clinical variables for depression in British Asians Cultural syndrome Kleinman (1982) – Somatization in Chinese Patient variables patients Reporting bias Lin, Somatization Somatization in refugees and immigrants Carter and Kleinman (1985) – IB Psychology Payne (2012) – Cultural bias in diagnostic judgements Alarcon (2009) – Cultural dimensions in diagnosis Validity and reliability of diagnosis Diagnosis Rosenhan (1973) – Being sane in insane places Comorbidity Cooper (1972) – Diagnosing patients by Misdiagnosis watching videotaped clinical interviews using Reliability of diagnosis DSM-II and DSM-III Validity of diagnosis + Studies related to reliability of classification Inter-rater reliability of diagnosis systems (see above) Test-retest reliability IB Psychology Etiology of abnormal psychology Content Key terms and theories Research Kendler et al. (2006) – Twin study of major depression Silberg et al. (1999) – Genetic heritability of depression in males and females Explanations for disorder(s) Etiology Caspi et al. (2003) – Longitudinal study on the Gene-environment interaction possible role of the 5-HTT gene in depression Gene-environment correlation Alloy et al. (1999) – Negative cognitive styles Serotonin hypothesis of depression Caseras et al. (2007) – Attention bias in Aaron Beck’s (1967) cognitive theory of depression depression: three elements of depression Hammen and Krantz (1976) – Logical errors Automatic thoughts with depression Brown and Harris (1978) – Vulnerability factors in developing depression Kivelä et al. (1996) – Social predictors of depression in elderly people Rosenquist, Fowler and Christakis (2011) – Symptoms of depression in the social network IB Psychology Brown and Harris (1978) – Vulnerability factors in developing depression Amenson and Lewinshon (1981) – Prevalence Prevalence rates and disorder(s) Prevalence rate of MDD between females and males Onset age Kessler and Bromet (2013) – Cross-national study of prevalence rates of depression Kivelä et al. (1996) – Social predictors of depression in elderly people in Finland Treatment of disorders Content Key terms and theories Research Cipriani et al. (2018) – Meta-study on the effectiveness of antidepressants Treatment of adolescents with depression Antidepressants: Tricyclic antidepressants study (TADS) (2004–2007) – Longitudinal (TCA), Monoanime oxidase (MAO) inhibitors study on the effects of antidepressants and Biological treatment and Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors psychotherapy (SSRIs) Kirsch (2014) – Study against the effectiveness Chemical imbalance theory of antidepressants IB Psychology Kirsch et al. (2002) – Meta-study against the effectiveness of antidepressants Elkin et al. (1989) – Study for the effectiveness of antidepressants DeRubeis et al. (2005) – Response and remission rates of depression Psychological treatment Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) Hollon et al. (2005) – Relapse rates of Relapse rate depression Remission rate Fourner et al. (2013) – Clusters of depressive Response rate symptoms Goldapple et al. (2004) – PET scans to examine brain changes in CBT patients The role of culture in treatment Compliance with treatment Kinzie et al. (1987) – Compliance with Internal model of illness antidepressant treatment Culturally adaptations, sensitive treatment: bottom-up top-down Naeem et al. (2012) – Internal model of illness adaptations ecological validity framework and and culturally sensitive CBT programme Griner and Smith (2006) – Effectiveness of culturally sensitive treatment Eysenck (1952) – Spontaneous remission is the reason for recovery, not psychotherapy IB Psychology Challenges in assessing the effectiveness of Smith and Glass (1977) – Meta-analysis: Assessing the effectiveness of treatment(s) treatment psychotherapy is effective Randomized control trials Wampold Specific and psychotherapy non-specific factors (2007) – Meta-analysis: of psychotherapy is as effective as medicine Jacobson et al. (1996) – The effectiveness of CBT for depression IB Psychology Psychology of human relationships (option) Contribution to research methods and ethical consideration Content Key terms and theories Research Buss (1989) – Cross-cultural study of mate Contribution of research methods Questionnaires preferences Correlational study Savelkoul et al. (2011) – Out-group size and intergroup prejudice Sheriff et al. (1961) – The Robber’s Cave Ethical considerations Protection from physical and mental harm studies Misuse of ethically sensible data Clark and Clark (1947) – Category awareness in children playing with dolls The integration of biological, cognitive and sociocultural behaviour approaches to understanding See all the contents below See all the studies below IB Psychology Personal relationships Content Key terms and theories Research Buss (1989) – Cross-cultural study of mate preferences (Fisher, Aron and Brown (2005) – Dopamine and romantic love) Wedekind et al. (1995) – “The smelly T-shirt Biological, Formation of personal relationships cognitive and social/cultural study” explanations in the formation or relationships Byrne (1961) – Study on attraction-similarity Mere exposure effect model/hypothesis Attraction-similarity model/hypothesis Walster et al. (1966) – Study on matching Matching hypothesis hypothesis Proximity Berscheid et al. (1971) – Replication of Walster Social proof et al. (1966) with modifications Triangular theory of love (Sternberg, 1988) Dion and Dion (1993) – Cultural factors in interpersonal relationships Festinger, Schachter and Back (1995) – Proximity and friendship IB Psychology Jones et al. (2007) – Social proof in the formation of personal relationships Sheldon (2009) – Self-disclosure on Facebook Karney and Bradbury (2000) – Attribution Role of communication Social penetration theory (Altman and Taylor, patterns and relationships 1976): self-disclosure and onion metaphor Stratton (2003) – Attributional style in family Attribution and attribution styles therapy Patterns of accommodation Rusbult and Zembrodt (1983) – Series of studies related patterns of accommodation Social exchange theory (Kelley and Thibaut, 1956) Equity theory (Adams, 1960s) Fatal attraction theory (Felmlee, 1995) LeFebvre, Blackburn and Brody (2014) – Explanations for why relationships change or Gottman’s theory of Four Horsemen of Relationship dissolution on Facebook end relationship apocalypse: criticism, contempt, defensiveness and stonewalling Flora and Segrin (2003) – Relational history Five-stage model of relationship breakdown and satisfaction (Rollie and Duck, 2006): intrapsychic stage, dyadic stage, social stage, grave dressing and resurrection IB Psychology Group dynamics Content Key terms and theories Research Cooperation Cooperation and competition Competition (Zimbardo (1969) – Deindividuation study) Conflict Sheriff et al. (1961) – The Robber’s Cave Prosocial behaviour studies Altruism Burton-Chellew, Ross-Gillespie and West Group mind (Le Bon, 1896) (2010) – Competition causes cooperation (Deindividuation theory) De Dreu et al. (2012) – The role of oxytocin in Social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1971) inter-group conflict (Social exchange theory (Homans, 1950)) (Decety et al. (2004) – Competition and brain Realistic conflict theory (Campbell, 1965) regions) (Behavioural game theory) Clark and Clark (1947) – Category awareness in children playing with dolls Prejudice and discrimination Social bias Levinson (2007) – Implicit bias and memory Prejudice recall Discrimination Levinson, Cai and Young (2010) – “Guilty by Stereotype implicit racial bias” IB Psychology Meta-stereotype Columb and Plant (2011) – Implicit prejudice Racism and the Obama effect Category awareness Unkelbach, Forgas and Denson (2008) – Implicit association tests (IATs) Stereotypes and their influence on behaviour Kamans et al. (2009) – Influence of metastereotypes in Moroccan teenagers Savelkoul et al. (2011) – Out-group size and intergroup prejudice Competition Nisbett and Cohen (1996) – Honour culture and Conflict violent behaviour Conflict resolution Cikara, Botwinick and Fiske (2011) – Social The male warrior hypothesis (McDonald, identity and aggression Origins of conflict and conflict resolution Navarette and van Vugt, 2012) De Dreu et al. (2011) – The role of oxytocin in Realistic conflict theory (Campbell, 1965) human ethnocentrism Frustration aggression hypothesis (Dollard et Cook (1978) – Alleviating prejudice with al., 1939) contact hypothesis Contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954): social and Pettigrew and Tropp (2006) – Meta-analysis of institutional support, high acquaintance studies related to contact hypothesis potential, equal status between groups and Bruneau and Saxe (2012) – Perspective-taking cooperation and perspective giving IB Psychology Social responsibility Content Bystanderism Key terms and theories Research Bystander effect Latané, Darley and Mcguire (1968) – The Diffusion of responsibility intercom study Evaluation apprehension Latané, Darley and Macguire (1968) – The Pluralistic ignorance smoke-filled room study Arousal: cost-reward model (Piliavin et al., Piliavin et al. (1981) – The good Samaritan 1981) study in New York subway Essock-Vitale and Maguire (1985) – Questionnaire study to support kin selection Prosocial behaviour Prosocial behaviour theory Altruism Madsen et al. (2007) – Experimental study to Reciprocal altruism theory (Trivers, 1971) support kin selection theory Kin selection theory (Hamilton, 1964) Toi, Batson and Steiner (1982) – Experimental Nurture kinship study to support empathy-altruism model Empathy-altruism model (Batson, 1981) Batson et al. (1981) – The Elaine study to Empathy escape paradigm support empathy-altruism model Negative state relief model (Cialdini et al., Cialdini et al. (1987) – Experimental study to 1987) support negative state relief model IB Psychology Social desirability effect Batson et al. (1989) – Counter-study to Cialdini et al. (1987) to further support empathy-altruism model Nguyen and Parker (2018) – Effectiveness of Good Samaritan law Promoting prosocial behaviour Good Samaritan law Flook et al. (2015) – Effectiveness of Socialization and early education mindfulness-based kindness curriculum Mindfullness-based kindness curriculum Hutcherson, Seppala and Gross (2008) – Compassion training Effectiveness of loving-kindness meditation Leiberg, Klimecki and Singer (2011) – Effectiveness of compassion training