IB Psychology
KEY CONTENTS OF IB PSYCHOLOGY
Notification
This document contains all relevant contents, terms, theories and research related to Mr. Markus Lajunen’s IB Psychology courses. The students of IB
Psychology in Jyväskylä Lyseo Uppers Secondary School are not required to know all this information for the Finals, but this information can be a
helpful tool in revising the whole IB Psychology syllabus. However, student of IB Psychology should know most of the contents, terms and
theories and at least two pieces of research in terms of aim, procedure and results per each content area.
The selection of suitable key contents in the Finals is a part of critical thinking in IB Psychology. Candidates can show deep understanding of
psychology through inventive choices of research and applying suitable theories and terminology in the responses.
The tables below are based on the IB Psychology syllabus. All the terms and theories can be found from the Popov, Parker and Sheath’s textbook
and/or from the teacher’s materials in peda.net. If the research is in green, you can’t find that piece of research from the textbook,
but from teacher’s materials in peda.net (PowerPoints, PDFs and links).
IB Psychology
Approaches to researching behaviour (core)
Research methods
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) – The bobo
doll experiments (laboratory experiment)
Sheriff et al. (1961) – The Robber’s Cave
Quantitative research
Laboratory experiments
(field experiment)
Field experiments
Maguire et al. (2000) – Hippocampi of London
Quasi experiments
taxi drivers (quasi-experiment)
Natural experiments
Charlton et al. (2002) – Observation of the
Correlational studies
introduction of television a remote community
Surveys
(St. Helena) (Natural experiment)
Nomothetic approach
Curtis, Aunger and Rabie (2004) – disgust as
an evolutionary mechanism to avoid diseases
(correlational study)
Observation (can be quantitative also)
Festinger, Riecken and Schachter (1956) –
Interview: unstructured, semi-structured and Cult study (covert observation)
structured
IB Psychology
Qualitative research
Focus group
Grigoriou (2004) – Friendships between gay
(Inductive) content analysis
men and heterosexual women (interview study
Case study
with inductive content analysis)
Idiographic approach
The case of H.M. (case study)
Elements of researching behaviour
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Experiments: independent measures design,
matched pairs design and repeated measures
design
Correlational studies: correlation, effect size (r),
Research designs
statistical significance and p-value
All psychological research
(Descriptive studies)
Case studies
Meta-analysis (NOT a research method, but a
method to analyse data)
Hypothesis
Hypotheses
Research hypothesis
Null hypothesis
Any experimental research
IB Psychology
Variable
Construct
Independent and dependant variables
Operationalisation
Any experimental research
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Confounding variable
Quantitative
sampling
techniques:
random
sampling, stratified sampling, convenience
sampling and self-selected sampling
Sampling techniques
Qualitative
sampling,
sampling
purposive
techniques:
sampling,
quota All psychological research
theoretical
sampling, snowball sampling and convenience
sampling
Standardization
Standardization/control
Controlled (conditions)
Confounding variable
Ethical considerations
Protection from physical and mental harm
Privacy
Confidentiality
Withdrawal
Any experimental research
IB Psychology
Consent
All psychological research should fulfil these
Debriefing
requirements
Deception
“Peter Piper Cried When Charles Dickens Died”
Evaluating research
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Reliability
Validity
Reliability and validity
Construct validity
Quantitative psychological research
Internal validity
External validity: population validity and
ecological validity
Triangulation: method, data, researcher and
theory
Rapport
Credibility (trustworthiness)
Iterative questioning
Reflexivity: personal and epistemological
Credibility check
Qualitative psychological research
IB Psychology
Thick description
Bias
Threats to internal validity in experimental
studies: selection, history, maturation, testing
effect, instrumentation, regression to the mean,
experimental mortality, experimenter bias and
demand characteristics
Bias
It can be said that all psychological research
Bias in correlational research: curvilinear contains some bias. Analysis and evaluation of
relationships, the third variable problem and possible bias in psychological research is an
spurious correlations
Researcher
bias
in
integral part of critical thinking in IB
qualitative
research: Psychology.
confirmation bias, leading question bias,
question order bias, sampling bias and biased
reporting
Participant
bias
in
qualitative
research:
acquiescence bias, social desirability, dominant
respondent bias and sensitivity bias
Sampling bias
Causation
Correlation
IB Psychology
Replication
Drawing conclusions
Generalization in quantitative research
Transferability in qualitative research
Triangulation: method, data, researcher and
theory
Data presentation
Analysing data
(Inductive) content analysis
Statistics
All psychological research
IB Psychology
Biological approach to understanding behaviour (core)
Contribution of research methods and ethical considerations
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Maguire et al. (2000) – Hippocampi of London
Brain imaging techniques
taxi drivers MRI
Freed et al. (2001) – Dopamine and Parkinson’s
Contribution of research methods
Holistic and reductionist approaches
disease PET
Fisher, Aron and Brown (2005) – Dopamine
and romantic love fMRI
Ethical considerations
Animal research
Merzenich et al. (1984) – Amputation of owl
Invasiveness of the brain imaging techniques
monkey fingers and mapping their cortex
Treatment of the animals and participants
Freed et al. (2001) – Dopamine and Parkinson’s
Misuse of ethically sensible data
disease
IB Psychology
The relationship between the brain and behaviour
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Brain research
Brain imaging techniques / neuroimaging
Draganski et al. (2004) – Comparing jugglers
Psychophysiology
and non-jugglers through brain scans MRI
Physiological psychology
Maguire et al. (2000) – Hippocampi of London
Correlative research design in brain research
taxi drivers MRI
Techniques used to study the brain in relation to Clinical neuropsychology
Fisher, Aron and Brown (2005) – Dopamine
behaviour: Study one technique used to Brain imaging techniques: CAT, MRI, fMRI, and romantic love fMRI
understand brain and behaviour
PET, EEG, MEG, TMS, tDCS, DTI, OI and Sharot et al. (2007) – Neural mechanism of
Optogenetics
flashbulb memories fMRI
Temporal resolution
Loh and Kanai (2014) – Neurological
Spatial resolution
correlates of media multi-tasking fMRI
Invasiveness
Broca (1861) – Broca’s area and Broca’s
Localization (of function)
aphasia
Relative localization
Wernicke (1874) – Wernicke’s area and
Lateralization
Wernicke’s aphasia
IB Psychology
Localization: Study one example of localization Most important brain parts and their functions: Gazzaniga (1967) and Sperry (1968) – Studies
of function
cerebrum, cortex, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, on split-brain patients
occipital lobe, temporal lobe, two hemispheres, Lashley (1950s) – Cutting rats brains and
corpus callosum, cerebellum, limbic system, studying how they survive through a maze
thalamus,
hypothalamus,
hippocampus and brain stem
amygdala, The case of H.M.
The case of Clive Wearing
Maguire et al. (2000) – Hippocampi of London
taxi drivers
Sharot et al. (2007) – Neural mechanism of
flashbulb memories
The case of Cameron Mott
Neuroplasticity
Maguire et al. (2000) – Hippocampi of London
Neuron and its most important parts: dendrite, taxi drivers
soma, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier and Merzenich et al. (1984) – Amputation of owl
Neuroplasticity:
neuroplasticity
Study
one
example
of synapse
monkey fingers and mapping their cortex
(Action potential aka nerve impulse)
Draganski et al. (2004) – Comparing jugglers
Synaptic transmission
and non-jugglers through brain scans
Neural network
(Draganski et al. (2006) – Brain scanning
Neural pruning
students studying for an exam in medicine)
IB Psychology
Werker et al. (1981) – Hindi phoneme
discrimination in infants (pruning)
Neuron and its most important parts: dendrite, Fisher, Aron and Brown (2005) – Dopamine
soma, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier and and romantic love (excitatory)
Neurotransmitters
and
their
effects
synapse
Freed et al. (2001) – Dopamine and Parkinson’s
(Action potential aka nerve impulse)
disease
on Synaptic transmission
Berridge and Kringelbach (2009) – Dopamine
behaviour: Study one neurotransmitter and its Neurotransmitter
and pleasure seeking
effect on behaviour
Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters
Crockett et al. (2010) – Serotonin on prosocial
Agonist
behaviour (inhibitory)
Antagonist
Rogers and Kesner (2003) – Acetylcholine in
Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
the formation of memories with scopolamine
Neural network
Hormones and pheromones and their effect on behaviour
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Romero et al. (2014) – The role of oxytocin in
promoting social bonds in mammals
IB Psychology
Hormone
Kosfeld et al. (2005) – The role of oxytocin in
Hormones and their effects on behaviour: Study Endocrine system: hypothalamus and pituitary interpersonal trust
one hormone and its effects on behaviour
gland
Scheele et al (2012) – The role of oxytocin in
Oxytocin
fidelity
De Dreu et al. (2012) – The role of oxytocin in
inter-group conflict
De Dreu et al. (2011) – The role of oxytocin in
human ethnocentrism
Lundström and Olsson (2005) – Laboratory
experiment searching for human sex pheromone
Pheromone
Hare et al. (2017) – Follow up study of
Pheromones and their effects on behaviour:
Lundström and Olsson (2005)
Study one pheromone and its effects on Criticism of research into human pheromones
Cutler, Friedman and McCoy (1998) – Field
behaviour
experiment searching for human sex pheromone
McCoy and Pitino (2002) – Follow up study of
Cutler, Friedman and McCoy (1998)
IB Psychology
The relationship between genetics and behaviour
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Caspi et al. (2003) – Longitudinal study on the
Genome
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic
(ribonucleic acid)
possible role of the 5-HTT gene in depression
acid)
and
RNA Chiao and Blizinsky (2010) – Culture gene
coevolution theory and the 5-HTT gene
Genes and their effects on behaviour: Study one Gene and its parts: chromosomes, base, base Kendler et al. (2005) – Follow up study of Caspi
gene and its effects on behaviour
AND
pairs and allele
et al. (2003)
Genotype
Bouchard and McGue (1989) – Correlational
Phenotype
meta-analysis of twin studies on the genetic
Genetic heritability
heritability of intelligence
Genetic similarity: Study genetic similarity Twin and kinship studies
Kendler et al. (2015) – Adoption study on the
(twins, siblings, parents, adopted children) for (Falconer model)
genetic heritability of intelligence
one behaviour
Niche-picking
Scarr and Weinberg (1983) – A report of the
Additive influence
Transracial Adoption Study and the Adolescent
Selective placement
Adoption Study (Minnesota Adoption Studies) on
malleability of intelligence
IB Psychology
Theory of evolution (Darwin, 1856)
Evolution
Recombination
Curtis, Aunger and Rabie (2004) – disgust as
Mutation
Evolutionary explanation for behaviour: Study Natural selection
an evolutionary mechanism to avoid diseases
one example of an evolutionary explanation for Adaptation
Fessler et al. (2005) – Elevated disgust
behaviour
sensitivity in the first trimester of pregnancy
Epigenetics and epigenetic changes
Gene expression, gene regulation and their parts: (Weaver et al. (2004) – The epigenetics of
transcription, translation and methylation
vulnerability to stress in rats)
Evolutionary psychology
Criticism of evolutionary explanations in
psychology
The role of animal research in understanding human behaviour (HL only)
Content
Key terms and theories
Comparative psychology
Research
Premack (2007) – Comparative study of
The value of animal models in research to Animal model
psychological functions and brain structures
provide insight into human behaviour
between animals and humans
Theory of triune brain (MacLean, 1990)
+ All other animal studies
IB Psychology
Lashley (1950s) – Cutting rats brains and
studying how they survive through a maze
Merzenich et al. (1984) – Amputation of owl
Ethical considerations in animal research
Reasons for animal research
monkey fingers and mapping their cortex
Minimalist approach against animal research
Romero et al. (2014) – The role of oxytocin in
Abolitionist approach against animal research
promoting social bonds in mammals
APA guidelines
(Weaver et al. (2004) – The epigenetics of
(BPS guidelines)
vulnerability to stress in rats)
+ 5 group projects: Harlow (1958), Seligman
(1967), Held and Hein (1965), Köhler (1920s)
and Gardner and Gardner (1972)
IB Psychology
Cognitive approach to understanding behaviour (core)
Contributions of research methods and ethical considerations
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Bransford and Johnson (1972) – Schemas and
Contribution of research methods
Experiments
encoding
Correlation of biological and cognitive data
Sharot et al. (2007) – Neural mechanism of
flashbulb memories
Loftus and Palmer (1974) – The eyewitness
Ethical considerations
Deception
study of car crash and leading questions
Protection from physical and mental harm
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) – Gun store robbery
study
IB Psychology
Cognitive processing
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
The multi-store model of memory (Atkinson The case of H.M.
and Shiffrin, 1968)
Sperling (1960) – Iconic memory experiment
The working memory model (Baddeley and Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) – Primacy and
Models of memory: Study two memory models
Hitch, 1974)
recency effect
Encoding
Conrad and Hull (1964) – The phonological
Retrieval
similarity effect
Capacity
Baddeley, Thompson and Buchanan (1975) –
Duration
The word length effect
(Maguire et al. (2000) – Hippocampi of London
taxi drivers)
Schema theory
Bransford and Johnson (1972) – Schemas and
Cognitive schema
encoding
Mental representation
Anderson and Pichert (1978) – Schemas and
Social schema
retrieval
Schema theory: Study one example of schema Script
Brewer and Treyens (1981) – The office
theory
schema study
Self-schema
Schema processing
IB Psychology
Encoding
(Darley and Gross (1983) – Effects of social
Retrieval
schemas)
Bottom-up processing
(Bower, Black and Turner (1979) – Effects of
Top-down processing
scripts)
Pattern recognition
Theory of planned behaviour aka. TPB Albarracin et al. (2001) – Meta-analysis of TPB
(Ajzen, 1985) (Based on theory of reasoned as a model of condom use
Thinking and decision-making: Study one model action)
Godin and Kok (1996) – Predictive power of
in thinking and decision-making
Normative and descriptive models
the TPB for health-related behaviours
Automatic, intuitive thinking – system 1
Dunn et al. (2012) – TPB and fast-food
Controlled rational thinking – system 2
consumption
IB Psychology
Reliability of cognitive processing
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Theory of reconstructive memory
Bartlett (1932) – Serial reproduction of native
Effort after meaning
American legend “The War of Ghosts”
Misleading question
Loftus and Palmer (1974) – The eyewitness
Reconstructive memory: Study on example of Post-event information
study of car crash and leading questions
reconstructive memory
Recall
Loftus, Miller and Burns (1978) –
Recognition
Reconstructive memory in visual recognition
Schema processing
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) – Gun store robbery
study
Framing effect
Expected utility theory
Prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky,
1979)
Tversky and Kahneman (1981) – Classic
Normative and descriptive models
framing effect study
Biases in thinking and decision-making: Study Automatic, intuitive thinking – system 1
one bias in thinking and decision-making
Controlled rational thinking – system 2
Keyser et al. (2012) – Foreign language and
framing effect
Heuristics: anchoring, representativeness and Strough et al. (2011) – Decision-making
availability
heuristics and biases across the life span
IB Psychology
Cognitive
biases:
confirmation
bias,
asymmetric
dominance,
illusory
correlations,
cognitive dissonance, optimism bias, mere
exposure bias
Emotion and cognition
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
(Schachter and Singer (1962) – The adrenaline
(Theories of emotion: Darwin, 1872; James- experiment related to cognitive appraisal)
Lange,1884; Cannon-Bard, 1927; Schachter Brown and Kulik (1977) – Determinants of
and Singer, 1962; Lazarus, 1982; LeDoux, flashbulb memories
The
influence
of
emotion
on
cognitive 1996)
Sharot et al. (2007) – Neural mechanism of
processes: Study on example of the effect of (Cognitive appraisal)
flashbulb memories
emotion on cognitive a process
Neisser et al. (1996) – Vividness of flashbulb
Theory of flashbulb memory (Brown and memories
Kulik, 1977)
Neisser and Harsh (1992) – Accuracy of
Covert rehearsal
flashbulb memories
Overt rehearsal
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) – Gun store robbery
Personal consequentiality
study
IB Psychology
Cognitive processing in the digital world (HL only)
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Rosser et al. (2007) – Videogames and surgeons
Sanches (2012) – Videogames and science
The influence (positive and negative) of digital
learning
technologies (digital/modern) on cognitive Observation
Rosen, Carrier and Cheever (2013) – Induced
processes
Minute-by-minute assessment of behaviour
multi-tasking and cognitive processes
Experience sampling method
Rosen et al. (2011) – Compensating the negative
Survey/questionnaire
effects of multi-tasking
Longitudinal study
Loh and Kanai (2014) – Neurological
AND
Methods used to study the interaction between Neuroimaging technology
correlates of media multi-tasking
technologies and cognitive processes
Konrath, O’Brien and Hsing (2011) – Decline
of empathy scores over time
Carrier et al. (2015) – Different types of digital
activity and empathy
IB Psychology
Sociocultural approach to understanding behaviour (core)
Contribution of research methods and ethical considerations
Content
Contribution of research methods
Key terms and theories
Research
Field experiments
Sheriff et al. (1961) – The Robber’s Cave
Interviews
Hofstede (1973) – Multinational survey to
identify underlying cultural dimensions
Tajfel et al. (1971) – Minimal characteristics
Ethical considerations
Deception
groups experiments
Protection from physical and mental harm
Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) – The bobo
doll experiments
IB Psychology
The individual and the group
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1971) Tajfel et al. (1971) – Minimal characteristics
Social groups
groups experiments
In-group and out-group
Maass et al. (2002) – Threat to male identity and
Social identity theory: Study social identity Social comparison
sexual harassment
theory
Social categorization
Cialdini et al. (1976) – Three football field
Positive distinctiveness
studies
In-group favouritism
Zimbardo (1971) – Stanford prison experiment
Intergroup discrimination
Sheriff et al. (1961) – The Robber’s Cave
Social cognitive theory (Bandura): attention, Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) – The bobo
retention, reproduction and motivation
doll experiments
Socialization
(Mihalic and Elliot (1997) – Childhood
Social cognitive theory: Study social cognitive Observational learning
violence and marital violence)
theory
Reciprocal determinism
Perry, Perry and Rasmussen (1986) –
Self-efficacy
Aggression and self-efficacy in children
Social cognition
(Sheridan et al. (2011) – Teaching prosocial
Self-serving bias
skills to children, “skillstream”)
IB Psychology
Hamilton and Gifford (1979) – Illusory
correlation of serially presented stimuli
Stereotype
Johnson, Schaller and Mullen (2000) – Social
Gatekeeper theory
categorization in the formation of stereotypes
Formation of stereotypes and their effects on Grain of truth hypothesis
Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) – Self-
behaviour:
fulfilling prophecy in elementary school
Study
one
example
development and effect of stereotype
of
the Illusory correlations
Social categorization
Steele and Aronson (1995) – Stereotype threat
Social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1971) on the intellectual test performance of AfricanSelf-fulfilling prophecy
American students
Stereotype threat
(Spencer,
Steele
Stereotype
performance)
threat
and
and
Quinn
(1999)
women’s
–
math
IB Psychology
Cultural origins of behaviour and cognition
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Chiu (1972) – Cognitive styles in Chinese and
Culture
US students
Culture and its influence on behaviour and Cultural groups
Briley, Morris and Simonson (2005) –
cognition: Study one example of culture and its Cultural norms
Decision-making in bilingual individuals
influence on behaviour and cognition
Surface culture
Berry and Katz (1967) – The influence of
Deep culture
individualism and collectivism on conformity
Cohen et al. (1996)
– Honor culture,
acculturation and enculturation
Hofstede (1973) – Multinational survey to
Cultural dimensions: (1) individualism versus identify underlying cultural dimensions
collectivism, (2) uncertainty avoidance, (3) Berry and Katz (1967) – The influence of
Cultural
dimension
dimension:
Study
one
cultural power
distance,
(4)
masculinity
versus individualism and collectivism on conformity
femininity, (5) long-term versus short-term time Finkelstein (2010) – The effect of individualism
orientation and (6) indulgence versus restraint
and collectivism on volunteer behaviour
(Conformity)
Wei et al. (2001)
– individualism vs.
collectivism and conflict resolution styles
IB Psychology
Cultural influences on individual, attitudes, identity and behaviours
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Cohen et al. (1996)
– Honor culture,
acculturation and enculturation
Berry and Katz (1967) – The influence of
individualism and collectivism on conformity
Finkelstein (2010) – The effect of individualism
Enculturation
and collectivism on volunteer behaviour
Enculturation: Study one effect enculturation Cultural norms
Trainor et al. (2012) – Active learning as the
has on human cognition and behaviour
mechanism of musical enculturation
Cultural transmission
Odden and Rochat (2004) – Observational
learning as the mechanism of enculturation
Demorest et al. (2008) – The influence of
enculturation on musical memory
Kim and Omizo (2006) – Enculturation,
acculturation and identity
Cohen et al. (1996)
– Honor culture,
acculturation and enculturation
Acculturation
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Two-dimensional model of acculturation Kim and Omizo (2006) – Enculturation,
(Berry, 1997, 2008) with four strategies of acculturation and identity
Acculturation: Study on effect acculturation has cultural
on human behaviour
change:
assimilation,
integration, Shah et al. (2015) – Obesity in South Asian
separation, marginalization
workers in United Arab Emirates
Assimilation/assimilate
Delavario et al. (2013) – Obesity among
Emic and etic perspectives
Hispanic migrants in the USA
Universalist and relativist perspectives of Ishikawa and Jones (1996) – Obesity in Asian
psychological processes and mechanisms
migrants in the USA
Da Costa, Dias and Martins (2017) – Obesity
in migrants in Portugal
Kashima and Triandis (1986) – Etic approach
study on differences in attribution between
Japanese and Americans
Bartlett (1932) – Emic approach study on Swazi
herdsmen and their unique abilities
IB Psychology
The influence of globalization on individual behaviour (HL only)
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Buchan et al. (2009) – Identification with global
culture and cooperation
Globalisation
The effect of the interaction of local and global
influences on behaviour
Hsu and Barker (2013) – Television ads and
cultural change in China
Theory of globalisation and acculturation Adams (2003) – Convergence of cultural values
(Berry, 2008)
of the USA and Canada
Arnett (2002) – The influence of globalisation
on adolescent’s identity
Multiple methods and triangulation
Extensive use of correlations
Standardized methods for cross-cultural studies
Research methods used to study the influence of Excessive reliance on self-report data
globalization on behaviour
See the studies above, the HL extension and the
Generalizations from a sample to the level of a whole sociocultural approach
whole culture
Understanding that cultures are fluid and
changeable
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Abnormal psychology (option)
Contribution to research methods and ethical consideration
Content
Key terms and theories
Contribution of research methods
Research
Medical model of abnormality
See studies of normality versus abnormality and
Classification systems
classification systems below
Consequences of incorrect diagnosis
Over diagnosis
Ethical considerations
Rosenhan (1973) – Being sane in insane places
Confidentiality in diagnosis
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Payne (2012) – Cultural bias in diagnostic
Stigmatization
judgements
Labelling theory
The integration of biological, cognitive and
sociocultural
behaviour
approaches
to
understanding See all the contents below
See all the studies below
IB Psychology
Factors influencing diagnosis
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Abnormality
Abnormal psychology
Abnormality as a deviation of social norms
Abnormality
as
inadequate
functioning Rosenhan (1973) – Being sane in insane places
(Rosenhan and Seligman, 1989) – Seven criteria
of abnormality
Normality versus abnormality
Cooper (1972) – Diagnosing patients by
Abnormality as a deviation from ideal mental watching videotaped clinical interviews
health (Jahoda, 1958) – Six characteristics of
mental health
+ Studies related to reliability of classification
Mental disorders as “problems of living” systems and clinical biases in diagnosis (see
(Szasz, 1962)
below)
Abnormality as a statistical infrequency
Medical model of abnormality
Labelling theory
Beck et al. (1962) – Low reliability of DSM-I
Kendall (1974) – Inconsistency of diagnosis
using DSM-I and DSM-II
IB Psychology
Di Nardo et al. (1993) – Inconsistent reliability
of DSM-III
Classification system: DSM (ICD and CCMD)
Classification systems
Williams et al. (1992) – Inconsistent reliability
of DSM-III
(Psychoanalytic tradition)
Chmielewsky et al. (2015) – Improved
reliability of DSM-5
Regier et al. (2013) – Reliability issues with
DSM-5
Cooper (1972) – Diagnosing patients by
watching videotaped clinical interviews using
DSM-II and DSM-III
Langwieler
and
Linden
(1993)
–
The
clinician’s theoretical orientation
The role of clinical biases in diagnosis
Clinical bias in diagnosis
Furnham and Malik (1996) – Reporting bias
Clinical variables
for depression in British Asians
Cultural syndrome
Kleinman (1982) – Somatization in Chinese
Patient variables
patients
Reporting bias
Lin,
Somatization
Somatization in refugees and immigrants
Carter
and
Kleinman
(1985)
–
IB Psychology
Payne (2012) – Cultural bias in diagnostic
judgements
Alarcon (2009) – Cultural dimensions in
diagnosis
Validity and reliability of diagnosis
Diagnosis
Rosenhan (1973) – Being sane in insane places
Comorbidity
Cooper (1972) – Diagnosing patients by
Misdiagnosis
watching videotaped clinical interviews using
Reliability of diagnosis
DSM-II and DSM-III
Validity of diagnosis
+ Studies related to reliability of classification
Inter-rater reliability of diagnosis
systems (see above)
Test-retest reliability
IB Psychology
Etiology of abnormal psychology
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Kendler et al. (2006) – Twin study of major
depression
Silberg et al. (1999) – Genetic heritability of
depression in males and females
Explanations for disorder(s)
Etiology
Caspi et al. (2003) – Longitudinal study on the
Gene-environment interaction
possible role of the 5-HTT gene in depression
Gene-environment correlation
Alloy et al. (1999) – Negative cognitive styles
Serotonin hypothesis of depression
Caseras et al. (2007) – Attention bias in
Aaron Beck’s (1967) cognitive theory of depression
depression: three elements of depression
Hammen and Krantz (1976) – Logical errors
Automatic thoughts
with depression
Brown and Harris (1978) – Vulnerability
factors in developing depression
Kivelä et al. (1996) – Social predictors of
depression in elderly people
Rosenquist, Fowler and Christakis (2011) –
Symptoms of depression in the social network
IB Psychology
Brown and Harris (1978) – Vulnerability
factors in developing depression
Amenson and Lewinshon (1981) – Prevalence
Prevalence rates and disorder(s)
Prevalence rate
of MDD between females and males
Onset age
Kessler and Bromet (2013) – Cross-national
study of prevalence rates of depression
Kivelä et al. (1996) – Social predictors of
depression in elderly people in Finland
Treatment of disorders
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Cipriani et al. (2018) – Meta-study on the
effectiveness of antidepressants
Treatment of adolescents with depression
Antidepressants:
Tricyclic
antidepressants study (TADS) (2004–2007) – Longitudinal
(TCA), Monoanime oxidase (MAO) inhibitors study on the effects of antidepressants and
Biological treatment
and Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors psychotherapy
(SSRIs)
Kirsch (2014) – Study against the effectiveness
Chemical imbalance theory
of antidepressants
IB Psychology
Kirsch et al. (2002) – Meta-study against the
effectiveness of antidepressants
Elkin et al. (1989) – Study for the effectiveness
of antidepressants
DeRubeis et al. (2005) – Response and
remission rates of depression
Psychological treatment
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
Hollon et al. (2005) – Relapse rates of
Relapse rate
depression
Remission rate
Fourner et al. (2013) – Clusters of depressive
Response rate
symptoms
Goldapple et al. (2004) – PET scans to examine
brain changes in CBT patients
The role of culture in treatment
Compliance with treatment
Kinzie et al. (1987) – Compliance with
Internal model of illness
antidepressant treatment
Culturally
adaptations,
sensitive
treatment:
bottom-up
top-down Naeem et al. (2012) – Internal model of illness
adaptations
ecological validity framework
and and culturally sensitive CBT programme
Griner and Smith (2006) – Effectiveness of
culturally sensitive treatment
Eysenck (1952) – Spontaneous remission is the
reason for recovery, not psychotherapy
IB Psychology
Challenges in assessing the effectiveness of Smith and Glass (1977) – Meta-analysis:
Assessing the effectiveness of treatment(s)
treatment
psychotherapy is effective
Randomized control trials
Wampold
Specific
and
psychotherapy
non-specific
factors
(2007)
–
Meta-analysis:
of psychotherapy is as effective as medicine
Jacobson et al. (1996) – The effectiveness of
CBT for depression
IB Psychology
Psychology of human relationships (option)
Contribution to research methods and ethical consideration
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Buss (1989) – Cross-cultural study of mate
Contribution of research methods
Questionnaires
preferences
Correlational study
Savelkoul et al. (2011) – Out-group size and
intergroup prejudice
Sheriff et al. (1961) – The Robber’s Cave
Ethical considerations
Protection from physical and mental harm
studies
Misuse of ethically sensible data
Clark and Clark (1947) – Category awareness
in children playing with dolls
The integration of biological, cognitive and
sociocultural
behaviour
approaches
to
understanding See all the contents below
See all the studies below
IB Psychology
Personal relationships
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Buss (1989) – Cross-cultural study of mate
preferences
(Fisher, Aron and Brown (2005) – Dopamine
and romantic love)
Wedekind et al. (1995) – “The smelly T-shirt
Biological,
Formation of personal relationships
cognitive
and
social/cultural study”
explanations in the formation or relationships
Byrne (1961) – Study on attraction-similarity
Mere exposure effect
model/hypothesis
Attraction-similarity model/hypothesis
Walster et al. (1966) – Study on matching
Matching hypothesis
hypothesis
Proximity
Berscheid et al. (1971) – Replication of Walster
Social proof
et al. (1966) with modifications
Triangular theory of love (Sternberg, 1988)
Dion and Dion (1993) – Cultural factors in
interpersonal relationships
Festinger, Schachter and Back (1995) –
Proximity and friendship
IB Psychology
Jones et al. (2007) – Social proof in the
formation of personal relationships
Sheldon (2009) – Self-disclosure on Facebook
Karney and Bradbury (2000) – Attribution
Role of communication
Social penetration theory (Altman and Taylor, patterns and relationships
1976): self-disclosure and onion metaphor
Stratton (2003) – Attributional style in family
Attribution and attribution styles
therapy
Patterns of accommodation
Rusbult and Zembrodt (1983) – Series of
studies related patterns of accommodation
Social exchange theory (Kelley and Thibaut,
1956)
Equity theory (Adams, 1960s)
Fatal attraction theory (Felmlee, 1995)
LeFebvre, Blackburn and Brody (2014) –
Explanations for why relationships change or Gottman’s theory of Four Horsemen of Relationship dissolution on Facebook
end
relationship apocalypse: criticism, contempt,
defensiveness and stonewalling
Flora and Segrin (2003) – Relational history
Five-stage model of relationship breakdown and satisfaction
(Rollie and Duck, 2006): intrapsychic stage,
dyadic stage, social stage, grave dressing and
resurrection
IB Psychology
Group dynamics
Content
Key terms and theories
Research
Cooperation
Cooperation and competition
Competition
(Zimbardo (1969) – Deindividuation study)
Conflict
Sheriff et al. (1961) – The Robber’s Cave
Prosocial behaviour
studies
Altruism
Burton-Chellew, Ross-Gillespie and West
Group mind (Le Bon, 1896)
(2010) – Competition causes cooperation
(Deindividuation theory)
De Dreu et al. (2012) – The role of oxytocin in
Social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1971) inter-group conflict
(Social exchange theory (Homans, 1950))
(Decety et al. (2004) – Competition and brain
Realistic conflict theory (Campbell, 1965)
regions)
(Behavioural game theory)
Clark and Clark (1947) – Category awareness
in children playing with dolls
Prejudice and discrimination
Social bias
Levinson (2007) – Implicit bias and memory
Prejudice
recall
Discrimination
Levinson, Cai and Young (2010) – “Guilty by
Stereotype
implicit racial bias”
IB Psychology
Meta-stereotype
Columb and Plant (2011) – Implicit prejudice
Racism
and the Obama effect
Category awareness
Unkelbach, Forgas and Denson (2008) –
Implicit association tests (IATs)
Stereotypes and their influence on behaviour
Kamans et al. (2009) – Influence of metastereotypes in Moroccan teenagers
Savelkoul et al. (2011) – Out-group size and
intergroup prejudice
Competition
Nisbett and Cohen (1996) – Honour culture and
Conflict
violent behaviour
Conflict resolution
Cikara, Botwinick and Fiske (2011) – Social
The male warrior hypothesis (McDonald, identity and aggression
Origins of conflict and conflict resolution
Navarette and van Vugt, 2012)
De Dreu et al. (2011) – The role of oxytocin in
Realistic conflict theory (Campbell, 1965)
human ethnocentrism
Frustration aggression hypothesis (Dollard et Cook (1978) – Alleviating prejudice with
al., 1939)
contact hypothesis
Contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954): social and Pettigrew and Tropp (2006) – Meta-analysis of
institutional
support,
high
acquaintance studies related to contact hypothesis
potential, equal status between groups and Bruneau and Saxe (2012) – Perspective-taking
cooperation
and perspective giving
IB Psychology
Social responsibility
Content
Bystanderism
Key terms and theories
Research
Bystander effect
Latané, Darley and Mcguire (1968) – The
Diffusion of responsibility
intercom study
Evaluation apprehension
Latané, Darley and Macguire (1968) – The
Pluralistic ignorance
smoke-filled room study
Arousal: cost-reward model (Piliavin et al., Piliavin et al. (1981) – The good Samaritan
1981)
study in New York subway
Essock-Vitale
and
Maguire
(1985)
–
Questionnaire study to support kin selection
Prosocial behaviour
Prosocial behaviour
theory
Altruism
Madsen et al. (2007) – Experimental study to
Reciprocal altruism theory (Trivers, 1971)
support kin selection theory
Kin selection theory (Hamilton, 1964)
Toi, Batson and Steiner (1982) – Experimental
Nurture kinship
study to support empathy-altruism model
Empathy-altruism model (Batson, 1981)
Batson et al. (1981) – The Elaine study to
Empathy escape paradigm
support empathy-altruism model
Negative state relief model (Cialdini et al., Cialdini et al. (1987) – Experimental study to
1987)
support negative state relief model
IB Psychology
Social desirability effect
Batson et al. (1989) – Counter-study to Cialdini
et al. (1987) to further support empathy-altruism
model
Nguyen and Parker (2018) – Effectiveness of
Good Samaritan law
Promoting prosocial behaviour
Good Samaritan law
Flook et al. (2015) – Effectiveness of
Socialization and early education
mindfulness-based kindness curriculum
Mindfullness-based kindness curriculum
Hutcherson, Seppala and Gross (2008) –
Compassion training
Effectiveness of loving-kindness meditation
Leiberg, Klimecki and Singer (2011) –
Effectiveness of compassion training