Research Methodology - Research Fundamentals
The purpose of research, eg advance knowledge, increase understanding, educate others, inform practice
Advance Knowledge
Knowledge is one of the most important things in life, as humans, as it is what allows for mankind to move forward, evolve, innovate, survive and so on.
Increase Understanding
Much like to advance knowledge, to increase one’s understanding of something in the world around them allows for ease of living as there will be no
struggle between doing something, and understanding why or how it is done.
Educate Others
While it is all good that one person has knowledge of some areas, to ensure that all of the human race benefits and is able to move forward in life all of
the members of the race must have this same knowledge, and so educating others is rather important and therefore a viable purpose of research.
Inform Practice
Individual’s practices are occasionally uninformed and this can cause uncertainty and worry in all involved in the practice. With further research and
understanding of the individual’s practices they are themselves more sure of themselves and are then able to ensure others of their practice’s legitimacy
or purpose.
The focus of research, eg question/hypothesis
Question
A statement that requires and is seeking an
answer to something.
Difference
One seeks an answer to it and the other
seeks the research to which the statement is
the answer, or it’s contrary.
Hypothesis
A supposition or proposed explanation made
on the basis of limited evidence as a starting
point for further investigation.
Sampling
Methods
Random Sampling
Selecting people so everyone has an equal chance of being selected.
Systematic Random Sampling
Choosing one number at random and then every nth unit after this random start.
Stratified Random Sampling
A process in which a population is divided into strata groups and the researcher can ensure that there is a
more balanced reputation in each of the strata groups and that the groups can be compared with each other
in similar proportions to the whole population.
Cluster Sampling
Dividing a population into clusters and random selection is made within these clusters.
Convenience Sampling
When a researcher selects people because they are easily located. These results have the lowest credibility.
Sample group
A group of individuals used to represent the general population as a whole as an estimate.
Sample size
Sample size is the number of observations used for calculating estimates of a given population.
Types of data
Primary and secondary
Primary
Secondary
Define
Data collected by the researcher first hand
for the use in their own research e.g. an
observation or surveys and their results and
reports.
Advantages
The researcher knows the data is valid and knows where it came from,
the characteristics of any individuals involved etc.
Data collected by another that can be
reapplied to a new person’s work.
It is les time consuming to use someone else’s’ valid data than to go out
and collect your own, and you can ensure validity or bring up interesting
research points by cross referencing.
Difference
Primary is collected directly by the researcher and secondary is collected by another researcher and used by another individual.
Qualitative and quantitative
Qualitative
Define
Research that demonstrates quality, length does not
determine this quality but rather the content of the
research does.
Relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of
something rather than its quality
Advantages
Subjective data can provide words and images to help us
understand more about the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of a situation.
Objective data can provide a good outline of ‘what’ is
happening in a situation. It is more objective and reliable
and subject to less bias.
Quantitative
Difference
Qualitative bases the work on its quality as a research document, rather quantitative bases the work on how much of it is available
Sources of data
Individuals and groups
Individuals
Teacher, family, friends,
neighbours, and experts
Groups
Mission Australia, government
Advantages
Individuals have an advantage as a source of data as they
are able to give up to date information and are able to
provide perspectives and insights based on their position
in society, such as a doctor can give insight into data of a
medical nature and provide extra insight as to the
meaning of it and if anything new has been found in the
meantime.
With a group of individuals, there is therefore a larger
bank of information that can be used as a source of data
and, should the group be made of a mixed number of
Disadvantages
Individuals, contrary to the above, are
disadvantaged as a source of data as, if solely
seeking from the individual, the data is
unmeasurable and so it may be invalid or
false. Additionally, individuals are limited and
not all data can be conveyed accurately.
Although groups are useful in collecting data,
in some circles, the individuals that make up
a group can often conflict with each other
agencies, specialist groups, and
health authorities
people such as specialists from various areas, it is not only
a large bank, but also an immense wealth of data and
knowledge to be used.
and their findings and opinions can easily
contradict one another.
Advantage
As the internet is such a vast source, in conjunction with
other digital mediums, these sources of data are infinitely
valuable and can provide the most recent of information
at the touch of a button.
Disadvantages
Though the internet, TV, radio and such are
such a vast source of data and information, it
is not always accurate or even true at all and
so the reliability and validity of these sources
is often compromised.
Printed information is more reliable than that on the
Internet or on TV, and so it is just as valuable a source,
and there is plenty of it out there should one know where
to find it.
As print is printed, there is limitation as to its
availability, such as if some books are not
published or stocked in a certain country and
so it would have to be bought overseas.
Print and digital
Digital
Internet, computer programs,
television, radio
Print
Books, journals, magazines,
newspapers
Reliability and validity
Reliability
Refers to the consistency of measurement.
Validity
Refers to measurement that accurately reflects what it was intended to measure.
Ethical behaviour
Respect
- Plan questions that are carefully worded to ensure they do not cause neither distress nor offend anyone personally, politically, religiously, and so on.
- Ensure all participation is voluntary and consent is informed, also ensuring that all possible risks are known and are taken with the individuals’
knowledge
Integrity
- Ensure all information within the final results and findings can be supported by research and are therefore not suspected to be falsified information on
the researcher’s behalf.
- Data is presented free of bias or opinion that may compromise the results or make them appear false.
Privacy
- Ask for permission before conducting any research involving any individual or their property.
- Ensure all data and opinions are not revealed to others during the research process.
Bias
- Choose a sampling method that reflects the age, gender and culture of the population with as much accuracy as possible.
- Record data that supports both the hypothesis and its contrary or otherwise, should it be found
Research Methodology - Research Methods
Methodology
Advantages
Disadvantages
Open-ended Questions
A set of formally prepared questions that
seek information on a person’s knowledge,
beliefs, feelings, opinions, likes or dislikes.
- They permit an unlimited number of
possible answers.
- Respondents can answer in detail and can
qualify and clarify responses
- Different respondents give different degrees
of detail in answers
- Responses may be irrelevant or buried in
useless detail
Closed Questions
A set of formally prepared questions that
seek information on a person’s knowledge,
beliefs, feelings, opinions, likes or dislikes.
- It is easier and quicker for respondents to
answer
- The answers of different respondents are
easier to compare
- They can suggest ideas that the respondent
would not otherwise have
- Respondents with no opinion or no
knowledge can answer anyway
Questionnaires
Interviews
Structured Interviews
A conversation between two or more people
in which the interview has been planned with
a set of predetermined questions developed
by the researcher.
- Can reach a large sample.
- A representative sample is possible and
results can be used to make statements.
- Less valid due to distortion of restricted
answers and closed questions.
- Can't guarantee honesty of participants.
Unstructured Interviews
A discussion between two or more people in
which the interview is more informal, with
the researcher planning areas for discussion
without developing the actual questions.
- Respondents may be more likely to discuss
sensitive and painful experiences if they feel
the interviewer is sympathetic and
understanding.
- They give respondents time and
opportunities to develop their answers.
- Unstructured interviews can develop in all
sorts of directions. This makes comparison
between data from different interviews
different.
- Respondents have the opportunity to tell
lies.
- Case studies allow a lot of detail to be
collected that would not normally be easily
obtained by other research designs.
- Within the case study, scientific
experiments can be conducted.
- One of the main criticisms is that the data
collected cannot necessarily be generalised to
the wider population.
- Some case studies are not scientific.
- Direct access to social phenomena under
consideration
- Diverse, flexible and applicable
- Interpretation of observations is not always
reliable
- Some subjects are unwilling for
observations.
- Quickly see the relevant information
gathered from a source
- Time consuming
Case studies
A deep analysis of a situation.
Observations
A process of watching and recording the
behaviours of participants; the researcher
may be a participant or non-participant in the
research activity.
Literature reviews
A logical and methodical way of organising
the already existing body or knowledge about
a topic.
- Explains thoughts on literature and how
they relate to the research question
Research Methodology - Research Process
Planning for research
Formulating a research proposal
What is a Research Proposal?
A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program. It is like an outline of the entire
research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project.
Reflect upon and explain the process that you completed to develop your IRP research question. Consider planning, brainstorming, sample size, key
verb, etc.
I brainstormed ideas I was interested in researching for my IRP and for each idea I looked to see if there was substantial research available for it. Once I
found a topic that had enough literature to use then I moved onto wording the question. I started with looking at a large group of people before
deciding to refine it rather dramatically. I then looked at the key verb and decided on two before choosing between them. Once I had this I pieced
together the different parts of the question to form my question
Managing resources, eg time, materials
Time
- Keep to the deadlines set in the task outline
- Set aside time every day or so to work on the task
- Make full use of the time allocated in class
Materials
- Use only what is needed but enough to ensure good results
- Outsource if necessary
- Have extra in case more is needed later on
Conducting research
Accessing sources of data
Collecting and recording data
Documenting actions and issues
Interpreting research
Presenting research findings
Analysing research results
Drawing conclusions from research
Groups in Context - People with Disabilities
Note:
Four types of Disabilities = (PIPS)
Physical
Intellectual
Psychological
Sensory
Exploring the Four Specific Groups within the Community
Prevalence of each group within the community
The proportion of people with disabilities is goring due to the aging population. According to the ABS in 2009 there were four million people with a
disability. This has fallen from 20% in 2003 to 18.5% in 2009. As expected, disability increases with age, with 6.6% of 15-24 year old having a disability
compared with 18% 45-54 year olds and 40% of 65-69 year olds.
Individual diversity within each group
They may suffer from one or multiple disabilities. Disabilities can be temporary or permanent, can range from mild to severe. Many people with disabilities
are able to complete a university education and have productivity working lives. Some have relationships, marry and have children. Others may participate
in a sheltered workshop and require more assistance with the activities of daily living.
Terminology used by the community to describe the group
Positive:
- Person with a Disability
- Brave
- Special
- Courageous
- Strong
Negative:
- Retard
- Spastic
- Imbecile
- Crippled
- Lunatic
Impact This Terminology Might Have On Disabled
While there are ‘positive’ terms to refer to individuals with a disability, these can also be classed as negatives depending on their use, only adding to the
negativity directed towards this group in society. This means that, as an overall attitude, there is a negative vibe towards these people. The need for
‘political correctness’ in referring to these people is further evidence there was a vast amount of negativity that needed correcting and informing of the
proper terminology for referring to disabilities. Using words such as ‘brave, special or courageous’ to describe a person with a disability can be seen as
patronising. Referring to those without disability as normal and healthy can be offensive. Additionally, we need to use the word ‘accessible’ rather than
‘disabled’ when referring to parking spots, accommodation or bathrooms. Derogatory and insensitive terms impact on a person’s sense of security and
wellbeing. Individuals may feel unsafe or unwelcome, and unjustified social taunting further impacts on their ability or desire to participate socially and
economically in their community.
Issues of Concern for the Four Specific Groups within the Community
Satisfaction of Needs
Note:
Specific Needs = (SHESEA)
Safety and Security (S)
Health (H)
Education (E)
Sense of Identity (S)
Employment (E)
Adequate Standard of Living (A)
Specific needs of each group
Safety and security
Why is this need an issue of concern?
An individual needs to feel safe and secure within their environment and
with their standard of living to enable them to do all they can for
themselves to lead as best a life possible
Implications if this need is not met
If they are not safe and secure, individuals with disabilities are more
vulnerable to abuse and exploitation by more insensitive and ignorant
members of the community, leading to a sense of abandonment or
loneliness, affecting their emotional wellbeing
Health
Why is this need an issue of concern?
Despite the various health problems people with disabilities have, they
can still be, aside from their disability, physically and/or mentally
healthy, which can prolong their life if it has been shortened by their
handicap.
Implications if this need is not met
Without looking after whatever areas of health that they can, the
individual’s perhaps already shortened lifespan will be further cut short
and their quality of life will rapidly decline, adversely affecting all areas
of wellbeing
Education
Why is this need an issue of concern?
Education is the primary path through which any individual is able to go
on to gain employment which is particularly vital for individuals living
with a disability as their job range may already be limited by their
handicap
Implications if this need is not met
Education is a means of improving social, emotional and future
economic wellbeing and, without this, an individual whose physical
health may also be poor, will have little happiness in their life and so
their emotional wellbeing in particular will suffer greatly
Sense of identity
Why is this need an issue of concern?
All individuals, including those both with and without a disability, need a
sense of themselves on some level, though this is perhaps not as
significant for those who have disabilities as it is for those without and
Implications if this need is not met
This has particularly adverse effects on an individual’s emotional
wellbeing as it is closely linked to self-esteem and self-worth and so with
may even find it difficult to distinguish themselves as an individual on
their own
no or a poor sense of identity, an individual with a disability is likely to
have very poor emotional wellbeing and a poor view of themselves
Employment
Why is this need an issue of concern?
Employment is not necessarily the most important factor of an
individual’s life when living with a disability as they are able to live
without it, however, this is a contributing factor to individuality,
independence and therefore to the sense of identity as well as to
economic stability
Implications if this need is not met
Employment is not necessarily the most important factor of an
individual’s life when living with a disability as they are able to live
without it, however, this is a contributing factor to individuality,
independence and therefore to the sense of identity as well as to
economic stability
Adequate standard of living (food, clothing, shelter)
Why is this need an issue of concern?
If this need is not satisfied well, the individual’s selection of food and
clothing will be altered to cater for this lack of need satisfaction, and
these may not be of the best quality
Implications if this need is not met
Having food and clothing items that are not of adequate quality due to
the fact the individual is not experiencing an adequate standard of living
leads to physical health problems, and therefore a decline in physical
wellbeing, by not eating enough, not being adequately clothed in the
cold months and so on.
Access to Services
Types of services, eg financial support, transport, accommodation and housing, health care, counselling, education, employment, legal aid
Note:
Types of Services = (FATLEECH)
Financial (F)
Accommodation (A)
Transport (T)
Legal aid (L)
Education (E)
Employment (E)
Counselling (C)
Healthcare (H)
Service
Financial Support
Services
Accommodation
Transport
Importance
Sickness Allowance is for
individuals with short-term
disability in order to cover some
expenses while the individual is
unable to work and therefore
ensures their economic security
Positive Wellbeing
This is a positive impact upon
the individual, and perhaps their
family’s, economic wellbeing
and therefore supports their
physical wellbeing, as they are
still able to purchase food and
pay for other basic needs.
Specialty furniture for modifying
one’s home to be more suited to
an individual’s disability allows
them to be more independent
within their own home and
complete more tasks for
themselves
Not needing constant help and
attention from a carer and being
able to complete tasks for
themselves will improve upon
people with disabilities’ selfesteem and therefore their
emotional wellbeing
Disabled parking spaces can be
found in almost every car park
and enable individuals,
particularly with wheelchairs, to
park closer to their destination
and to have a wider car space to
more easily get in and out of
their vehicle.
This helps to promote social
wellbeing as individuals who
require such parking spaces are
more able to run errands either
on their own or with others,
depending on their
circumstances, enabling them to
experience the community first
hand
Access to legal aid services such
This will improve emotional
Implication
Without this allowance, individuals who have
short-term disabilities will enter into a financial
slump for a time, perhaps requiring loans which
will take years to pay back once they are able to
work again
Without being able to modify their home with
specialty furniture and ramps, the individual will
be unable to move around in their own home
without another physically assisting them, which
can be rather demeaning
Without these parking spaces, individuals with
disabilities that require them will not only be
unable to do many things such as shopping for
themselves, but their emotional wellbeing will
be damaged as it is a sign of non-acceptance
Without this service, these individuals will be
constantly worried about being physically
Legal Aid
Employment
Education
as discounted payment for legal
representation in court cases in
regards to obtaining, for
instance, an AVO against
someone else who has been
abusing an individual with a
disability is important as many
disabled people are unable to
afford this
The services that provide
assistance to individuals with
disabilities in order to gain
employment are one of the only
ways for many of these
individuals to find work they are
both suitable for and the
employer is willing to hire and
work with them
Education services within
mainstream schools to enhance
upon these individuals’ learning
while they are able to socialise
with both the general public and
other children in the same
circumstances while they both
accumulate knowledge and
grow as people is a vital element
of these peoples’ lives
wellbeing for the individual as
they will not have to be as
worried and stressed about this
person abusing or coming after
them and this can then improve
social wellbeing as they will be
more inclined to socialise with
other people now their worries
are sorted out
attacked by another person, which could worsen
their disability given the circumstances, which
would be a negative towards their physical
wellbeing
This is a positive contribution to
the individual’s economic
wellbeing as they are receiving
income, as well as social
wellbeing through experiencing
a new aspect of the community
and emotional wellbeing is
improved as they would feel
more accepted
Without these services, while not impossible, it
would become exponentially more difficult for
such individuals to gain employment and would
therefore either end up on Centrelink and other
government payments, struggling to make ends
meet, or they could end up homeless
The people in these education
programs at the same time as
mainstream schooling will
experience a lift in their social
wellbeing as they experience a
range of social contexts
including children with other
disabilities and children without
any, which can also enhance
spiritual and cultural wellbeing
through the experiences of
Without these services in mainstream schools,
children with disabilities will feel less accepted,
ostracised and will receive a more restricted
standard of education as they do not have these
extra experiences of being among other children
and learning the same content, though some
children with disabilities are not able to do so
anyways
these other children
Counselling
Healthcare
For individuals with aggressive
forms of autism, for instance,
would require access to an
anger management service in
order to learn how to control
their disability and understand
what is happening in their brain
Having access to physical
therapists allows individuals
with disabilities, particularly
those with down syndrome,
assists them in working on fine
motor skills and muscle
movement
This will improve the
individual’s social wellbeing as
they will be better able to
communicate with others
without their anger flaring up
and being able to control it
when it does, therefore also
improving emotional wellbeing
as they can feel more included
This service is beneficial to
these individual’s physical
wellbeing and therefore their
emotional wellbeing is
improved as their worry for
their own health is lessened
Without this service, the individual will be
unable to control their own emotions and will
therefore damage their emotional wellbeing and
further so when they become frustrated with
themselves for their lack of control, hindering
their social wellbeing
Without physical therapy, the individual’s social
wellbeing may suffer as they may feel separated
from others as they may not be able to
participate in some activities
Factors affecting access to services
Characteristics of individuals within the group, eg age, gender, level of education, culture, type of disability, first language spoken, socioeconomic status
Note:
Characteristics = (CALFSTooGood)
Culture (C)
Age (A)
Level of Education (L)
First Language Spoken (F)
Socioeconomic Status (S)
Type of Disability (T)
Gender (G)
Culture
Legal Aid:
For individuals with a disability from an aboriginal background where there are already specialty legal aid services for their
culture group will have further enhanced their access to this service when they need it with the combination of their culture
and disability
Age
Financial Service:
Disabled children rely on their parents to access any financial support they may be entitled to - e.g. funding to help with
learning while at school. A kindergarten wouldn’t be able to fill out the paperwork needed to apply for this extra assistance
Level of education
Employment Service:
People with disabilities need a high level education to cater for their specific needs to effectively manage their disability - e.g.
an intellectually challenged individual may require an electronic device to communicate and express themselves however with
a high education, there is a better chance of the individual communicating in the mainstream sense
First language
spoken
Health Care:
For an individual with a foreign language as their first language, their social wellbeing can be negatively impacted as they may
not get the same treatment as those who speak english first as the language barrier may produce difficulty when having
doctor appointments or expressing themselves.
Socioeconomic
status
Transport Service:
Coming from a higher socioeconomic status would mean having better access to transport whether it be having your own car,
if you can drive, or a family car someone can drive for you or even enough money and knowledge to utilise public transport.
This knowledge of public transport would be perhaps more extensive with those from a lower socioeconomic status.
Type of disability
Financial Support:
For individuals with a disability that has widespread awareness and support, such as many aspects of the autism spectrum as
opposed to spina bifida that is less well known and has little awareness spread, allowing those with well known disabilities to
gain better access to services by way of assistance in finance from petitions to have them jump waiting lists
Health care:
Because colour blindness is a genetic disease many more men are diagnosed with the disease, this can lead to their being
more support and treatment for males instead of equal opportunities for women
Gender
Resources, eg time, money, energy, knowledge
Note:
Resources = (KMET) (Like Kmart)
Knowledge (K)
Money (M)
Energy (E)
Time (T)
Knowledge
Some disabilities mean individuals are unable to communicate. Sadly, some people mistake this lack of communication for a lack of
knowledge. This is not always the case. In face, advancements in technology mean that people with disabilities have even more
opportunities to acquire knowledge. Difficulty accessing technology may also make it difficult for people to find out about services
available in their area (e.g. if a person with a disability has limited knowledge of surrounding services that would be highly suited for
them and their disability, it would negatively impact on their w/b either it being physical or mental depending on their type of
disability
Money
People with disabilities may need expensive equipment, so money can be a significant factor. For example, a beach wheelchair allows
a person to access the surf and sand. However, it is much more expensive than a regular wheelchair, which cannot be used at a
beach. While allowances are given to people with disabilities and their carers, the income may not be comparable to that of full-time
employment (e.g. An individual who gains a disability and requires a wheelchair, therefore needing to modify their home which is
expensive [and time consuming])
Energy
The energy of a person with a disability may vary depending on their age and condition. This may affect a person’s decision to be
involved with employment programs or educational courses (e.g. if an individual has low energy, it would impact negatively on all
aspects of their w/b with them
Time
Individuals and their carers must have the time to be transported to the service. Usually, transporting someone with a disability is
relatively time consuming (e.g. An individual who is rendered unable to drive perhaps from partial blindness or other physical
disability will require either a driver or public transport, a driver will be able to use transport time more effectively, however, public
transport is unreliable and time wasting.)
How does KNOWLEDGE help people with disabilities access services?
More knowledge means people with disabilities will be better able to access services, for instance, knowing about the better support in specialised schools
which leads to a higher chance of gaining employment. Increased knowledge may mean their awareness of services available for their condition is better
therefore improving their overall wellbeing. Being more mature and having a more mature social awareness allows for individuals to utilise common sense
to work through social situations.
What are the implications of not having enough KNOWLEDGE to access services for the disabled?
Limited knowledge based on the geographical location means the individual is less knowledgeable about local services and they can therefore not access
them (e.g. moving from Brisbane to Sydney) this will therefore decrease overall wellbeing. If there is a lack of knowledge education and employment
prospects decrease.
How does MONEY help people with disabilities access services?
Having good finances and access to finance allows individuals with disabilities to access services more easily as a great number of these services cost an
extensive amount of money that many of these individuals do not have, therefore making access easier for those who have money. For instance, an
individual who develops a sensory disability, such as blindness, will need to modify their accommodation, perhaps attend therapy, either a guide dog or
other form of guide, all of which require some form of payment. The circumstances are similar for individuals who begin to develop a psychological
disability where they may also require some kind of therapy or other assistance in order to live with this handicap.
What are the implications of not having enough MONEY to access services for the disabled?
Having too little money or financial access will limit people with disabilities ability to access proper care and services, or, at least they will be unable to
access the best quality of the service. Not having enough money to access services has often lead individuals to create a fundraiser of some sort in order to
not only cover any financial costs the individual may come across in their care, but it is also a way to spread awareness of the individual’s disability and
therefore increase their access to services through this awareness of their caring needs.
How does ENERGY help people with disabilities access services?
People with disabilities who still have energy will be more independent and therefore able to do more on their own without a carer. Having more energy
means they are able to get out of the house and access education or employment and enhance their financial circumstances. People who have gone
through a temporary disability such as one from a car accident, once they have been rehabilitated and regain their energy, they are able to go and spread
awareness of their situation. Having more energy will also increase the amount of time available to them. Having more energy enables individuals to learn
how to work with others through situations such as sporting activities, which will therefore increase their social wellbeing.
What are the implications of not having enough ENERGY to access services for the disabled?
These individuals will become more tired easily, therefore they are unable to gain full time employment or perhaps no employment at all. They will rely
more on their carers to assist them, which can develop feelings of dependency. The lack of energy will also lead to a lack of physical activity, therefore
hindering their physical wellbeing.
How does TIME help people with disabilities access services?
It allows individuals with disabilities to access transport from outside the home such as booking transport for a specific time in order to attend
appointments on time and not be late. These individuals are able to get all of their required medications et cetera from the pharmacy if they have the time
to go out and get them, alternatively their carer would be able to do this to save them time. In order to save more time for individuals who require therapy
they can build an in home therapy room rather than getting transport to and from the service. They are also better able to access the public transport
system if they have more time as they do not have a constraint if the bus/train is late.
What are the implications of not having enough TIME to access services for the disabled?
They will be unable to attend social events due to limited transport services and change of times in regards to public transport. If unable to attend an
appointment including doctors or specialists, their overall wellbeing will decline as their disability may worsen. Once the disability becomes worse, the
individual will have less time and less access to transport in order to access healthcare services or fill prescriptions.
Aspects of the service, eg opening hours, confidentiality, location, staffing
Note:
Aspects of the Service = (COLS)
Confidentiality (C)
Opening Hours (O)
Location (L)
Staffing (S)
Confidentiality
Opening Hours
Location
Explain
The Disability Discrimination Act 1992
(Cth) states that people with disabilities have
the right to access services without having to
disclose unnecessary personal information
and, if information is provided, they have the
right to confidentiality
Despite many individuals with disabilities are
not working, this does not mean they have any
time to access services they need as they often
rely on others to transport them and assist in
their access to these services and, while some
services have 24 hour helplines, not all these
individuals have access to a phone
People in urban communities have better
access to services than those in rural areas
when they require travel assistance to access
services
Specific Example
Individuals with a disability who
utilise their GP for general health
needs and disclosing any of their
relationship details, particularly
in relation to sexual relations, to
their doctor which, as will all
individuals, is to be in
confidence.
Impact on PwD
If this is not adhered to,
individuals with disabilities may
find it difficult when seeking work
or attempting to access
education, training, finding
friends or utilising support
networks.
Hospital emergency rooms and
the 000 emergency line are open
24-7 but not all individuals are
able to access a phone nor have
someone to transport them to
the hospital
This may have detrimental affects
on the individual’s health and
general wellbeing as they may be
unable to access a service that is
vital in order to survive, which
could therefore result in death in
a worst case scenario
DisabilityCare Australia, the
Newcastle branch was located in
a major shopping centre,
providing ample access through
either personal or public
If an individual lives in a rural
area and requires assistance to
travel, they may be unable to
access the services when they are
available or, in urban areas, the
area may be unequipped to some
transport
Staffing
Staff members not only need to be available to
serve clients but also need to be well trained in
offering care and support as well as trained in
other administrative tasks
Volunteer based services such as
small community health centres
may lack staff as they are not
being paid for their services
individuals’ disabilities i.e. the
removal of one of the lifts at
DisabilityCare Australia
Having a lack of staff means that
individuals may have to wait up
to several hours to be cared for,
which could be adverse for their
health and wellbeing
Groups in Context - Homeless
Exploring the Four Specific Groups within the Community
Prevalence of each group within the community
Data collected on the 2011 census night indicated that approximately 105 000 people were homeless across Australia (an increase of 8% from 2006)
- Over 60% of homeless people were under 35 years
- Between 60% and 70% of homeless people had been homeless for six months or longer
- Increases were blamed on the number of people living in ‘severely crowded’ housing
- More than half of those seeking accommodation from homelessness services are turned away
- A higher number of males are homeless (56%)
- Females who were homeless reported a higher incidence of domestic or family violence
Individual diversity within each group
Age, cultural background, socioeconomic level, health status, gender, sexuality
Terminology used by the community to describe the group
Positive
- Unfortunate
Negative
- Burden
- Dole Bludger
Issues of Concern for the Four Specific Groups within the Community
Satisfaction of Needs
Specific needs of each group
Note:
Specific Needs = (SHESEA)
Safety and Security (S)
Health (H)
Education (E)
Sense of Identity (S)
Employment (E)
Adequate Standard of Living (A)
Adequate standard of living (food, clothing, shelter)
Why is this need an issue of concern?
One of the main aspects of homelessness is that the individual is lacking
a home in which they are adequately cared for, which would include
physiological needs such as food and clothing. This is what is provided
when homeless people access services such as emergency refuges. This
is therefore the first need to be met in order to assist someone who is
homeless.
Implications if this need is not met
If this need is not met, the individual will be rather severely lacking in
terms of physical health and wellbeing from malnourishment and lack of
a clean and safe shelter. This would also damage their social well being
as people would be less inclined to go near someone who is dirty and
sick.
Safety and security
Why is this need an issue of concern?
A lack of safety in security is another main aspect involved in homeless
peoples’ lives, given the accepted definition of homelessness is that
Implications if this need is not met
If an individual is unable to fulfil this need they will not only be able to
feel safe or secure but they will also be unable to maintain their physical
there is no safe lodging in which the individual can stay. This is a
fundamental need that must be met in order to achieve any kind of
contentedness or comfort in life as the individual wont be on edge so
much
wellbeing, as not meeting this need will cause vast amounts of stress
which can have physical consequences, and their emotional wellbeing
will suffer for the same reason
Health
Why is this need an issue of concern?
Health in general is an important need to meet, and is often difficult for
the homeless as they may be in unsanitary lodging, such as on the
streets or squatting in an old building, which leads to illnesses and
disease. The conditions in which they live their lives can also affect
mental health, which is just as important to an individual.
Implications if this need is not met
If this need is not met, all areas of wellbeing in general declines rather
significantly, most specifically physical and emotional wellbeing as the
physical and mental health is affected. This lack of health can lead to
severe illness or disease which can result in death
Education
Why is this need an issue of concern?
Education to those within the homeless cycle is important as it is a
pathway to breaking the cycle, to gain employment and afford to
provide themselves with an adequate standard of living, safety and
security and ensure their health
Implications if this need is not met
Without this need being met, the individuals may be unable to ensure
their economic wellbeing, which would in turn deteriorate their physical
wellbeing as they are unable to provide themselves with food
Employment
Why is this need an issue of concern?
Employment, as mentioned, is a path to escaping the homeless cycle and
being able to fulfil all of their needs and set up a better future for their
children or other family members. This is also a means to provide
themselves with a sense of identity, which would be rather significant to
the homeless
Sense of identity
Implications if this need is not met
See above. Plus, the individuals’ emotional wellbeing will suffer from a
lack of identifying feature, leaving them labelled as ‘homeless’ rather
than something more uplifting such as a job title
Why is this need an issue of concern?
A sense of identity is one of the most effective ways to ensure good
emotional health and wellbeing, which will in turn benefit all areas of
wellbeing
Implications if this need is not met
Emotional wellbeing will suffer most as a lack of sense of identity will
leave the individual experiencing feelings of depression
Access to Services
Types of services, eg financial support, transport, accommodation and housing, health care, counselling, education, employment, legal aid
Note:
Types of Services = (FATLEECH)
Financial (F)
Accommodation (A)
Transport (T)
Legal aid (L)
Education (E)
Employment (E)
Counselling (C)
Healthcare (H)
Factors affecting access to services
Characteristics of individuals within the group, eg age, gender, level of education, culture, type of disability, first language spoken, socioeconomic status
Note:
Characteristics = (CALFSTooGood)
Culture (C)
Age (A)
Level of Education (L)
First Language Spoken (F)
Socioeconomic Status (S)
Type of Disability (T)
Gender (G)
Resources, eg time, money, energy, knowledge
Note:
Resources = (KMET) (Like Kmart)
Knowledge (K)
Money (M)
Energy (E)
Time (T)
How does time help homeless people access services?
- Easier to access services in opening hours due to their bounds of free time
- Usually they don't have multiple role expectations (e.g. no family or work) leaving them more time to find and access support services
What are the implications of not having enough time to access services for the homeless?
- Time management may be poor due to a lack of motivation
- May have an irregular sleep pattern during the night making them tired during the day
- May not have much consideration for deadlines and appointments as there is more on their mind
- Lack of a sense of time because of a lack of structure to the day
How does money help homeless people access services?
- They can access public transport, which is relatively inexpensive in comparison to having your own car or a taxi, in order to travel to access more remote
services
- Move from an overcrowded shelter into a government house
- Having finance improves access to health care as they do not have a Medicare card
- May be able to access a better quality of legal aid rather than basic advice or pro bono services
- Having money to buy nice clothes to attend interviews allows them to access employment services or employment in general
- Having money will allow the individual to not rely so heavily on donated food, such as the Vinnies Van, and can purchase his or her own food, improving
physical wellbeing
What are the implications of not having enough money to access services for the homeless?
- Unable to pay for paid services in general (can lead to mental health issues)
- Rely on donations (decrease emotional wellbeing)
- Condition may worsen and the likelihood of breaking the cycle will decrease
How does energy help homeless people access services?
- Energy levels and physical stamina from not having work or other commitments allows homeless people to access services (walking around, etc)
What are the implications of not having enough energy to access services for the homeless?
- Teenagers who are homeless may be unable to access education or other services because they are unmotivated once the energy used just to survive is
used up
- Inadequate sleep resulting in a lack of energy will prevent them from accessing services
- Less energy levels and lack of stamina may prevent them from walking and so they must resort to other modes of transport
How does knowledge help homeless people access services?
- Having knowledge and being educated results in awareness of services available to them
- Higher levels of education allows homeless people to qualify for more employment opportunities
- Being younger when an individual becomes homeless would have less like experience and are therefore less likely to be aware of the services available,
while someone older may have met or come across people in this situation and will therefore know what services are available
- Many organisations offer training programs to the homeless in order for them to have the knowledge to then access services they previously couldn’t
What are the implications of not having enough knowledge to access services for the homeless?
- Being younger and unknowledgeable may lead to being taken advantage of in terms of getting a job to try and earn some money and they may be
underpaid and not know about it
- Someone who is illiterate they would not be able to fill out forms in order to apply for services such as a job or school
Aspects of the service, eg opening hours, confidentiality, location, staffing
Note:
Aspects of the Service = (COLS)
Confidentiality (C)
Opening Hours (O)
Location (L)
Staffing (S)
Confidentiality
Opening Hours
Location
Explain
Homeless people often have a
lowered sense of self. This
means they feel that they are a
burden on society or maybe
embarrassed by their situation.
Many organisations carefully
select their stuff to prevent the
feat and irrational thought
patterns and mental illnesses of
the homeless person.
Specific Example
Services such as Salvation Army is run by
volunteers who give up their free time to try
and help individuals who are unable to need all
aspect of well being by theirselve. With over
334 officers in victoria and 105 salvos stores.
The means that for homeless people in victoria
they are able to go into a store and ask for
help.
Homeless people use daytime
and sunlight hours to sleep as
they may feel threatened in
large crowds or anxious, which
could prevent having the energy
or time to access services.
If a homeless person does feel vulnerable or
anxious in crowds they may choose to sleep
during the day and miss services’ opening
hours that are in a regular time frame (9-5)
Limited transport options
available to the homeless,
particularly women with young
children, make it difficult to
access many services. Small
offices or buildings may also be
difficult as many homeless
people carry their ‘home’ with
them.
Services in major centres, such as Anglicare
located on High Street in central Penrith, only
have small spaced available to them and so are
difficult for some homeless people carrying a
lot with them to access. It is, however, in close
proximity to the station, making it easier to
travel to the service for some people.
Impact on Homeless
Homeless people who are using
this services are able to gain trust
with selected stores who are
willing to show empathy, patience
and professionalism which are
essential if the homeless are to
feel safe to share their details and
access resources in the future.
If a homeless person cannot
access community services such as
salvation army or free counselors
they can miss out. Negatively
impacting their emotional and
physical wellbeing as they are not
receiving the mental and physical
support they need to better
themselves.
These services being available in
major areas make it easier for the
homeless to access in many ways
or at the very least know about
these services, therefore
improving physical and mental
wellbeing as they are able to
access these services to support
them and improve wellbeing.
Staffing
If a homeless individual can
physically access a suitable
service, they may come across
various barriers once inside with
staff being unsympathetic in
regards to their (financial)
situation or poorly trained,
especially if there are cultural
barriers in place. One bad
experience at a particular
agency can change a homeless
person’s perception on all
providers and may demotivate
them from accessing the
services in the future
In services such as Medicare, where there are
various outlets with different employees and
some staff members may not have the most
advanced training in regards to how to
approach different individuals and their
circumstances, while portraying no sense of
sympathy or positive attitude towards them in
regards to helping homeless individuals
financially and medically due to the
stereotypical perspective of homeless people
in relation to drugs, alcohol and gambling
addictions
Staff members being friendly,
sympathetic to individuals and
their situations and providing
guidance and support can increase
the possibility of homeless
individuals seeking further
assistance and guidance in other
services that can benefit their
other various wellbeing aspects to
improve their quality of life and
increase the opportunity to break
the cycle of homelessness
Groups in Context - Youth
Exploring the Four Specific Groups within the Community
Prevalence of each group within the community
Today, youth account for almost 20 per cent of Australia’s total population, with males comprising 51.3 per cent and females 48.7 per cent of the total
group. This equates to over 4.2 million persons. With trends in fertility and lowered birth rates, it is anticipated that youth will account for less than 18 per
cent of the population in 2020 (Mccrindle Research, 2013). (Note that, in Australia, government and non-government organisations (NGOs) sometimes
expand the definition to include 12–25 year-olds).
Individual diversity within each group
- 92% female youth - 64% male youth in tertiary education
- Similar percentage of both genders unemployed (male - 12%, female - 11%)
- Similar percentage of both genders activity engaged in the labour force (male - 70%, female - 67%)
- Cohabitating (de-facto/same-sex) relationship currently an increasing trend (male - 91%, female - 88%)
- 1-5 Australians were born overseas and speak a language other than English
- Indigenous youth have further needs and can impact on their wellbeing
- 1-100 young people are homeless.
- Per 1000 youth, 12 are becoming young mothers.
- Many individuals within this group are attending school or university, undertaking other training, or beginning a career through an entry level job.
- Youth have high workforce participation rates, with part-time being the predominant work pattern. Ninety-two per cent of female youth, and 64 per cent
of male youth are enrolled in tertiary education;
- 11 per cent of females and 12 per cent of males are unemployed; and 67 per cent of females and 70 percent of males are actively engaged in the labour
force (Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2013).
- Some youth have had their own children and are involved in family life. In 2013, the adolescent fertility rate (or births per 1000 women aged 15–19) was
cited as 12 per 1000 women (PRB, 2013). In 2011, 87.7 per cent of partnered women aged 15–19, and 91 per cent of partnered men aged 15–19 were in a
cohabitating relationship. This appears to be an increasing trend (Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2011).
Terminology used by the community to describe the group
Positive youth terminology
- Kid
- Youngster
- Young lady
- Honey
- Sweetie
Negative youth terminology
- Thugs
- Twelvie
- Kid
- Druggies
- Hobo
- Homo
- Gay
- Loser
- Idiot
- Grommets
Discuss the impact you think terminology has on the youth.
Positive - Positive terminology (such as ‘young lady’) can allow youth individuals to be raise their self-esteem or level of recognition, as they are receiving positive
encouragement in regards to either their behaviour and appearance.
- Utilising positive terminology when referring to young people as a whole allows the individuals included in this group to feel more accepted, not forced to
be a part of a group that does not reflect on their own personality or behaviour, for instance, referring to young people as ‘young people’ with positive
connotations makes these individuals feel included in a group that makes them proud, as opposed to referring to young people as ‘delinquents’, which
would have the opposite effect
- Positive terminology allows young people to feel like they have something to live up to, such as if a young girl is referred to as ‘young lady’ they may feel
as though they need to live up to the term and encourage themselves to behave well
Negative - Terminology can be used to raise self esteem or lower it. If an individual calls a youth a derogatory term such as ‘loser’ or ‘kid’ it can negatively affect a
young person as it is being used in a derogatory form.
- Using terms like those can make young people act worse by ‘living down’ to the terms given to them, though they could be capable of doing much better
with their life
Issues of Concern for the Four Specific Groups within the Community
Satisfaction of Needs
Specific needs of each group
Note:
Specific Needs = (SHESEA)
Safety and Security (S)
Health (H)
Education (E)
Sense of Identity (S)
Employment (E)
Adequate Standard of Living (A)
Education
Education is critically important for employment. Experiences in education can greatly contribute to a young individual’s self-esteem and sense of identity,
however, some may have problems at school and develop a negative outlook of themselves. If individuals do not have a satisfactory level of education, it
will limit possible employment or tertiary opportunities in the future
Sense of identity
A young person’s sense of identity can be affected by their involvement in school activities, any employment involved in and their academic/sporting ability.
However when a young individual leaves school, it provides them with the opportunity to reshape their identity as some schools have structures that
previously restricted them to express their own individuality such as school rules or the needs of the parents permission
Adequate standard of living (food, clothing, shelter)
Young individuals who are not time-efficient may make poor food choices as a result of convenience; even though there are dietary guidelines that have
been developed for adolescents and youth some may develop eating disorders, which can negatively impact on their own ability to meet this particular
need. Clothing choices are affected by the need to fit within a group and conform by wearing certain brands and styles
Safety and security
While the individual may be in adequate housing, safety and security, particularly mental safety and security, is essential if the individual is going to be able
to sustain peak health conditions as, without feeling safe and/or secure, the individual’s anxiety prevents them from being entirely physically and mentally
healthy
Health
As mentioned, full health cannot be achieved without first feeling safe and secure. Once this is achieved, employment is unattainable if the individual is not
at full health to complete the tasks set to them, and so it cannot be fulfilled prior to fulfilling health requirements
Employment
While for many young people, employment is an essential part of ensuring an adequate standard of living for themselves as their family is unable to fully
provide for them, this can be remedied through familial informal or government formal assistance, e.g. Centrelink supplements, rather than the youth of
the family needing employment. Though many young people are employed, this is more to satisfy wants rather than needs, which are covered by their
parent/s/guardian/s
Access to Services
Types of services, eg financial support, transport, accommodation and housing, health care, counselling, education, employment, legal aid
Note:
Types of Services = (FATLEECH)
Financial (F)
Accommodation (A)
Transport (T)
Legal aid (L)
Education (E)
Employment (E)
Counselling (C)
Healthcare (H)
Service
Positive Wellbeing
Implication
Financial Support
Services
Centrelink
By Centrelink providing youth allowance for individuals
that are eligible and who study or train it has a positive
impact on the individual's economic wellbeing.
If a young person is not eligible for youth allowance, they
may have to study and work at the same time and their
studies may suffer.
Accommodation
Nepean Youth
Accommodation
Service
This service provides semi-supported living, particularly for
young males and young families or pregnant families as
these are the people who are less likely to seek assistance
for themselves and are in the most need of assistance. This
will therefore improve these individuals’ physical and
emotional wellbeing as they have safe housing that is
sanitary, and they have less to worry about in terms of
where they will be sleeping each night
If these young people cannot access these services they may
end up living in an abusive or unsafe household with their
families or they could be kicked out of the house for some
reason, leaving them on the streets. Other implications may
be that they are living in accommodation they can barely
afford and is sub-par in terms of adequacy and safety for
these youth
Transport
Public Transport
By public transportation providing free or concession
discounts for youth, it has a positive impact on the
individual's economic wellbeing to transport easily and fast
to various other services to satisfy their needs
If a young person is not able to access this service, they may
not have the ability to receive any further services to satisfy
their needs and their entire wellbeing can depreciate over
time if they have no transport available to get there
Legal Aid
Youth Hotline
The Youth Hotline provides legal advice and information to
young people under 18, and operates 9am to midnight
weekdays, with a 24-hour service from Friday 9am to
Sunday midnight and also on public holidays.
If this service is not accessible, it can impact negatively on an
individual's wellbeing as stress may increase due to no
access available and finances increase
Employment
Mission Australia
By Young Mission Australia providing guidances and advice
in regards to employment as they have the potential to
change youth lives and can make the difference to an
individual’s health and wellbeing, financial situation and
even impact their social and family life.
If this service is not accessible to youth individuals, it can
lead to low employment opportunities during or after school
as these individuals may have not taken up the options of
receiving crucial information and knowledge from their
careers advisors
Education
Public School
System
The public schooling system is a service provided by the
Australian Government that ensures all children receive an
education, allowing them to comply to the law, which can
positively impact upon their future economic wellbeing as
they will be better able to gain employment with the
qualifications they receive from attending education.
If this need is not met, many youth would be unable to find
employment, which not only decreases economic wellbeing
but also physical, as they cannot afford to meet needs later
in life and emotional, as they will be constantly on edge
about their financial situation. This will leave them with a
poor quality of life and perhaps premature passing.
Counselling
Youth Focus
This service offers counselling, particularly for depressed
youth, which positively impacts upon the youth’s
emotional wellbeing as they are able to overcome and
fight their depression, but it also can improve physical
wellbeing as many depressed individuals neglect their
health and can become anorexic, bulimic, obese, or may
cause themselves physical harm such as cutting themselves
Without access to this service, youth, particularly depressed
youth, may have no access to counselling and can result in
death from physically harming themselves or from any other
physical implications of their depression such as anorexia,
bulimia or obesity.
Healthcare
Medicare
By Medicare providing financial help for people age 16-24
who are currently studying full-time , apprenticeship,
traineeship, looking for work or sick, this can have a
positive impact on the individual’s physical/economic
wellbeing as they have a higher chance of receiving
If a young person is unable to access these services, they
may have their health decrease dramatically if not receiving
the certain health care needed whilst also financially
unstable if looking for employment after fired/redundant
allowances to help financially but also receive physical help
in regards to their health with the Medicare Card
Factors affecting access to services
Characteristics of individuals within the group, eg age, gender, level of education, culture, type of disability, first language spoken, socioeconomic status
Note:
Characteristics = (CALFSTooGood)
Culture (C)
Age (A)
Level of Education (L)
First Language Spoken (F)
Socioeconomic Status (S)
Type of Disability (T)
Gender (G)
Age
- For many youth, age may prevent them from having knowledge of the services available to them.
- While discrimination laws clearly state that individuals shall not be discriminated against on the basis of age (along with other factors), many youth may
find that their age prevents them from securing a role of greater responsibility, obtaining adequate accommodation or even having their opinion
respected.
- Their age may mean that they do not possess the skills required for a job but, at the same time, they are not given the opportunities to acquire the skills
because of their age.
Q: From the information above name the services that age can affect the access to. Employment services, accommodation services, legal aid services.
Gender
- Males are less likely to seek help when confronted with physical or mental health issues. While this situation is changing slightly, it is still one of the
greatest reasons for youth not accessing services.
- The inclusion of male staff in service agencies works to create an environment where males feel more comfortable seeking assistance. Nevertheless,
often-stereotypical beliefs about males being ‘stronger’ people heighten males’ sense of inadequacy and uselessness when asking for help.
- Young women may also feel uncomfortable if they are confronted by behaviour that they perceive to be aggressive or humiliating. This may reduce the
likelihood that they will seek help from the services offered.
Q. From the information above name the services that gender can affect the access to.
Accommodation services, Health services, employment services.
Level of education
- In many cases, level of education is directly correlated with a youth’s ability to obtain employment. If a job provides only a low level of pay, this again
limits the youth’s opportunity to better their situation through further education.
- A low level of education may also present in lowered self-esteem and lack of self worth.
- If a youth believes they are not worthy, or ‘too dumb’,this may further discourage them from accessing services. And so the cycle continues, unless the
youth is able to access educational opportunities through community services, such as training programs run through Youth off the Streets.
Q. From the information above name the services that level of education can affect the access to.
Employment services, Counselling services
Culture and first language spoken
- Cultural background may also be an issue in relation to accessing services, especially if language is a barrier to effective communication.
- Language proficiency may prevent youth from obtaining employment, either because of discrimination or low self-esteem.
- Cultural belief systems that say women do not need to be educated, and a related lack of motivation to be educated, may each be factors that stop female
youth from accessing services.
- An absence of culturally appropriate assistance may also be a factor in youth not accessing services.
Q. From the information above name the services that culture and first language spoken can affect the access to.
Financial services, employment services, education services, accommodation services.
Type of disability
- Disability, be it physical, intellectual, psychological or sensory, may cause youth to feel uncomfortable accessing services.
- Again, while human rights clearly advocate anti-discrimination, sadly discrimination does still happen.
- Taunting language and negative body language, coupled with a lack of appropriate disabled services and facilities, may make access even more difficult.
Thus, a youth with a disability may choose to not use the services available.
Q. From the information above name the services that a type of disability can affect the access to.
Accommodation services, employment services, education services, financial services.
Socioeconomic status
- Some services may be unaffordable for some youth; for example, driving lessons, golf or skiing.
- While there are a significant number of ‘free’ services available to youth, many struggle economically and are unable to leave their employment to access
these services.
- A lower socioeconomic status may also lower a youth’s self-esteem to the point that they are too embarrassed to seek help, and they sink further
into depression.
- For other youth, travelling to service facilities is limited by their inability to pay for transport.
- For rural youth who are more often than not at the mercy of Australia’s erratic weather patterns and ever-present floods, fire and famine, the impact of
socioeconomic status is a very significant limiting factor.
Q. From the information above name the services that socioeconomic status can affect the access to.
Education services, Health care services, Accomodation services, Counselling services.
Resources, eg time, money, energy, knowledge
Note:
Resources = (KMET) (Like Kmart)
Knowledge (K)
Money (M)
Energy (E)
Time (T)
Time
Youth are often on both ends of the spectrum with more than enough time to twiddle away with games and TV or not enough time to complete the mound
of work and chores they have set, which often leaves them with either no time to access services due to school or family commitments or enough time to
access services, but not during the service’s own opening hours. Such an example of how this time constraint affects youth is healthcare services, such as
the local general practice, which are often not open long past school hours and if they are, appointments are scarce. A service that manages to overcome
this is services such as the Kids Helpline, which is a 24/7 online or phone service that allows youth to access counselling services outside of typical 9 – 5
office hours. Therefore, the time that youth must spend on their school work, house work and other commitments such as sport or employment will often
restrict their access to services as they cannot always access the typical 9 – 5 office hours most services hold, however there are some exceptions to the
rule, such as 24/7 phone lines.
Money
As young people with multiple commitments, including study there is not an excess of time with which to earn money and therefore most youth are often
lacking in finds which can diminish their access to services such as public transport services as they are unable to afford it. While public transport is
relatively inexpensive, some youth are not in employment at all and many parents restrict their children from looking for employment in order to focus on
studies, leaving them with very limited money to access transport such as a bus to travel to other services, such as the local GP. While many youth are able
to borrow money from their parents, they must start to learn how to not rely on their parents to cover all of their financial needs, which is difficult in these
situations. Having a lack of money therefore can affect access to all kinds of services, as the inability to transport themself from one place to another to
attend services is restricted due to being unable to afford the cost of public or other transport.
Energy
Knowledge
Aspects of the service, eg opening hours, confidentiality, location, staffing
Note:
Aspects of the Service = (COLS)
Confidentiality (C)
Opening Hours (O)
Location (L)
Staffing (S)
Confidentiality
Confidentiality and security of information is also an important factor. Youth may share their problems with youth workers or school psychologists.
Websites such as Youthbeyondblue, provide information on a variety of support services and aspects of confidentiality. Kids helpline offers confidentiality
to its clients, with the exception of some ‘duty of care’ situations. It is critical that youth feel safe and secure when they access services; service personnel
are often selected for their compassion and ability to deal with situations with sensitivity and compassion
Opening Hours
Youth are generally involved in full-time study and some pattern or work. As a result, their access to services open during business hours (Monday to Friday
9 – 5) may be limited. Some examples of services that strive to overcome this factor are 24 – hour fitness centres
Location
For the often time-poor youth, the distance of a service facility may prevent their access. It may be the physical distance, it may be the cost of getting to the
facility – either way, location is the factor. Therefore, the steady increase of online service facilities, which are readily accessible by a greater majority of
youth, is understandable. Kids Helpline and Legal Aid both exist to serve youth who, because of geographic location, are unable to access services in a town
or suburb.
Staffing
The staff at venues where young people socialise need to be supportive of youth. They should be attentive without being patronising, Youth enjoy being
recognised and valued by significant others. Given that males are less likely to access service facilities, many shopfronts are seeking the employ of younger
males in the hope of providing a safe environment conductive to males who need assistance. Equally, the employment of staff from culturally diverse
backgrounds provides another dimension of accessibility, as staff are able to address the needs of youth from different cultural backgrounds.
Creating positive social environments
Addressing the groups’ issues of concern
Government policy and legislation
Education Amendment Bill 2009→ legal compulsory requirement to be at school until 17 years, unless young person involved in training or apprenticeship
more than 25 hours per week.
Impact: improved chance of employment, increase economic well being for all youth which allowed equity among this group.
Marriage Act 1961 NSW→ minimum age of marriage without parental permission is 18. In some circumstances a judge and youths parents may support
marriage at 16 years.
Impact: It creates equity for some cultural groups which encourages marriage at a young age such as muslim cultures. However, it can be perceived as
creating inequity as if a young person sees marriage as acceptable at 18 they may feel ready to get married rather than being personally ready for this
commitment. This could potentially lead divorce, sole parent families, educational and employment disadvantages.
Concession cards→ allow cheaper travel on public transport and provide discount rates for movies and other attractions. Introduction of family funday,
Sunday transport pass in NSW for $2.50 per person.
Impact: creates equity among all because the rate of pay remains the same for everyone in this age group regardless of differences such as culture,
educational, gender, geographical location.
Centrelink→ payments include Abstudy and youth allowance.
Impact: alleviates socioeconomic and educational inequity by providing a student with economic support while they are completing studies.
Federal government funding→ increases students access to computers in schools through the digital education revolution. Policy was designed to provide
laptops for all students in years 9-12.however, more money needed to be spent on teacher training, resource development and ongoing maintenance
issues.
Impact: It aimed to ensure technological and educational equity for all though was inequitable as only state schools received this which implies that those
attending private schools have the finances to pay for these devices. Additionally, it may appear inequitable as student post 2013 did not receive this
benefit and a lack of teacher education in state schools in using technology meant that students learning may have been affected.
Distance education → an alternative for students who cannot continue their education in their local school e.g. medical or life issues. Is used by
geographically remote students and creates a more equitable situation in which the students can access subjects regardless of their location.
Impact: creates equity for youth living in rural and remote areas as they can still participate in education levels at the same rate as urban school students.
They are not disadvantaged as the same subjects are offered regardless of geographic location. This could lead to equity in gaining employment
opportunities. .
Organisations within the community that support the group
Critically analyse the extent to which organisations (discuss at least 2 organisations) within the community assist in satisfying the needs of youth. (Be sure to
specifically name the syllabus needs that are being satisfied, eg; adequate standard of living (food, clothing, shelter), health, education, employment, safety
and security, sense of identity)
Centrelink:
Centrelink can assist youth to achieve many needs through a range of payments. Payments that youth are eligible for may include youth allowance and
Abstudy (for Indigenous youth). Youth allowance is a parental-means and personal- income tested payment that allows youth to study full-time, complete
an apprenticeship or move away from home if there are difficult circumstances. Abstudy is assistance that is provided to indigenous youth that are studying
secondary or tertiary education. There is also assistance available for isolated children, which supports youth who cannot be enrolled into their local state
school due to geographical isolation, disability or special needs.
- Education - Need may satisfied as payments can be put towards equipment such as buying a laptop. However, if the money is not being used for its
purpose and is being spent on things such as a car, the whole purpose of the payments is then defeated
- Adequate standard of living - May also be satisfied as the payments can go towards food, clothing and shelter if the individual is not living at home.
However, if the payments received is not enough to cover the costs, the individual may be put under a lot of pressure which may cause stress to find
another source of income.
- Safety and security - May be satisfied as having this money may allow the individual to feel that the money is a means of safety and security when extra
money is required. However, if this money is not used appropriately, the money then becomes useless to help the youth for its purpose.
Kids Helpline
Kids helpline is a well known online service that is publicised and can help you accomplish numerous needs. This is accessible 24 hours a day, which makes it
easier for you to access in your free time. The Kids helpline is used all over the world, and is also known as a valid helpful website which has answered over
280 000 contacts in 2012. The information that has been said/written as been and will always be kept confidential and is not shared with any person or
organisation outside of the kids helpline, unless something was a “duty of care” situation then the confidentiality is broken. This online service covers all
topics such as, bullying, suicide prevention, parental separation and sexuality, all records/sessions are securely stored on kids helpline premises at all times.
All clients are able to contact this service through email, telephone and via web counselling.
- Health - less stress, makes them feel better about their self
- Safety and security - advice, making them feeling safer in the environment
- Sense of identity - helps them find out who they are and more things about themselves, they could feel like they still don't know who they are.
Equity issues
Equality refers to fairness and justice. The Universal Declaration on Human Rights, adopted in 1948, clearly advocates that the rights of youth are
no different to the rights given to all other individuals in our community. Human rights are universal and are to be enjoyed by all people, regardless
of who they are or where they live.
It can argued that youth are at a disadvantage and face inequalities with respect to the following:
- Socioeconomic (financial) inequality- many youth are dependant or in entry-level positions
- Social inequality- social stigma and negative stereotypes
- Political inequality- many youth are not old enough to vote
- Geographical (remote location) inequality- rural youth
- Educational inequality- socioeconomically disadvantaged and rural youth
- Discrimination- racial, age, sexual and gender issues
- Unequal access to resources and services such as employment, accommodation, transport and health
- A management strategy is a plan or action to achieve a goal. It could refer to what is already in place, or it could be developed. This could be done using
an existing law (or proposing a change in that law), or it could involve a new policy or additional government funding to meet the need.
- To improve socioeconomic inequities faced by youth, the government could increase the youth allowance payments and allow more students to access
this benefit by increasing the parental income threshold. A management strategy to decrease health inequities could be to increase the number of
school psychologists available to young people so that mental health issues may be detected and addressed before they become a major problem.
- Sadly, movement towards equity comes with conflict. Conflict occurs when individuals or groups have differing values, beliefs or standards. Thus, those
addressing issues of inequity may be faced with difficulty when devising strategies to bring about positive change.
Positive Influences on Community Attitudes
Contributions the group makes within the community
State Emergency Services
The New South Wales State Emergency Services is an emergency and rescue service, where volunteers dedicate their time in assisting the community.
Major responsibilities are assisting during flooding and storms but other rescue efforts include:
- Road accident rescue
- Vertical rescue
- Bush search and rescue
- Evidence searches
State Emergency Services (SES) also works in conjunction with NSW Police Force, NSW Rural Fire Service, Fire and Rescue Services and the Ambulance
Service of NSW.
Positive
- Involved with local community organisations by showing support and dedicating their time to assist those in danger.
- Viewed as volunteers and/or role models
- Emotional wellbeing (self-esteem) → able to participate regardless of age, gender or ability
- Skills are gained through regular training with other volunteers → social wellbeing
- Physical wellbeing → health is maintained through regular physical activity and movement.
- A variety of roles are available both in the administrative sector and amongst the action for the youth to volunteer their time and energy
- Emotional wellbeing (self-worth) → youth are able to receive nationally accredited competencies as NSW SES is a registered Training Organisation.
- A Cadet Program is introduced within secondary schools to provide students with knowledge and attitudes required to achieve an understanding of the
community and the service’s aims
- Must be sixteen years of age to become a qualified volunteer therefore the age is deemed appropriate for youth beginning to learn about responsibility.
- The SES encourages the development of positive personal and team characteristics among the volunteer.
Negative
- Their lives and wellbeing are in danger when volunteering for the service
- Dedicated time to other commitments may reduce significantly, particularly studies
- Physical wellbeing may decline due to the constant exposure to danger
- The youth cadet program is aimed at children in years 9 onwards (15+), by allowing children at such a young age to experience high risk situations, their
perception of risk and danger may be drastically changed or out of proportion - emotional wellbeing
- If a youth feels doubtful in their environment or of their teachers, they may put themselves or their peers in danger by misjudging or acting impulsively, as
a result this can negatively impact their social wellbeing as those around them will feel unsafe.
Advocacy (speaking up for the group’s needs and concerns)
Note:
Advocacy = (REP)
Raising awareness within the community (R)
Educating the community (E)
Promoting the rights of the group (P)
Raising awareness within the community
Describe the positive influence this community organisation can have on community attitudes.
There are many groups and organisations with the mission to advocate for youth and their needs, increasing knowledge and raising awareness on the issues
that face contemporary societies youth. For example, The 2014 young Australian of the Year - Jacqualine Freney, a paralympic swimmer -further raises
awareness of the indomitable spirit of youth and shows that with hard work and determination, anything is possible.
By organising events through organisations such as Headspace, which positively benefit the youth community, such as advertising through local newspapers
or through local media such as television ads, community members can then have increased economic well being of the issues that youth individuals face.
These events raise awareness of the multiple societal issues that may restrict youth from accessing services as well as providing information on how to
effectively satisfying their personal needs to their full potential.
Outline how a community organisation advocate for youth by raising awareness within the community:
There are many groups and organisations with the mission to advocate for youth and their needs. For example, government organisations such as
Headspace organise community awareness programs and activities for young people, their friends, their families and the broader community. These
programs advocate for the promotion of satisfying the needs of the youth as well as promoting positive wellbeing. Headspace, in particular seek to educate
the wider community on the issues which face youth and raise awareness of these issues throughout social media including television, newspaper, radio
advertisements and websites online. This can have a positive impact on the emotional well being of the youth, having a greater self-esteem and self-worth
due to the increase in community knowledge on the issues that face youth and how to increase their wellbeing.
Information:
- Advocacy: Public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy
- Organisations such as Headspace organise community awareness programs and activities for young people, their friends, their families and the broader
community. (National Youth Mental Health Foundation)
- Schools also work towards promoting initiatives for and by youth.
- Example of Individual advocacy: The 2014 young Australian of the Year - Jacqueline Freney, a paralympic swimmer -further raises awareness of the
indomitable spirit of youth and shows that with hard work and determination, anything is possible.
- Youth achievements must be recognised so that spirit and well being are positively enhanced.
Educating the community
Youth Action
Youth Action is 'the peak organisation representing young people and youth services in NSW' that are, in a way, an advocacy organisation that speaks out
on behalf of the youth of NSW and assist these youth in getting their own voices out and heard by the public in a way that most accurately represents them
as they truly are, primarily through an online magazine they publish entitled 'Unleash'. Young people can submit opinions and articles to the magazine
online and they can be published in the next issue, representing their opinions, feelings and ideas.
Not only does Youth Action provide an element of advocacy for the youth of NSW by spreading the opinion of these youth to the public, but the
organisation site also has articles written by young interns talking about issues such as Searching For A Solution to Alcohol-fuelled Violence. These articles
allow young people to express their genuine concern, interest and care through these articles, indicating the best of this group that are concerned with the
state of the world and it's affairs, particularly those that affect them and issues caused by a portion of this group that affect others.
The organisation's aims, found from their website linked above, are:
Aims
Youth Action is the peak organisation representing young people and youth services in NSW. Youth Action works towards a society where all young people
are supported, engaged and valued. To achieve this, it is the role of Youth Action to:
1. Respond to social and political agendas relating to young people and the youth services sector
2. Provide proactive leadership and advocacy and shape the agenda on issues affecting young people and youth services
3. Collaborate on issues that affect young people and youth workers
4. Promote a positive profile in the media and the community of young people and youth services
5. Build capacity for young people to speak out and take action on issues that affect them
6. Enhance the capacity of the youth services sector to provide high quality services
7. Ensure Youth Action's organisational development, efficiency, effectiveness and good governance.
A specific project the organisation is running that aims to serve as an advocacy for youth and assist the youth of NSW is the Western Sydney Project.
For further information visit http://advocacy-educating.weebly.com
Promoting the rights of the group
Outline how a community organisation advocate for youth by promoting the rights of the youth.
The Australian Youth Forum is run by the Federal Government. They engage with young people in order to share their opinions to help to influence
government policy and decisions that affect them and those in future generations. They encourage youth to get involved through the use of social media
such as their website to encourage people to present their views on issues regarding curriculum issues, disability care and marriage equality.
Describe the positive influence this organisation can have on community attitudes.
The Australian Youth Forum can have a positive influence on community attitudes as it allows young people to voice their opinions and potentially have an
impact on change through the use of their website and their Steering Committee who meet with the Minister for Youth. These services allow the individuals
to make a contribution regarding issues that affect themselves as well as
Core Study 3: Parenting and Caring
Becoming a Parent or Carer
Types of Parents and Carers
Biological parents
One who contributes genetic material as a result of a sexual intercourse of assisted reproduction technologies.
IVF
In vitro Fertilisation is the process of fertilising eggs with sperm outside of the human body in a laboratory. If the eggs are fertilised, the resulting embryos
are placed in the woman's uterus in the hope that a successful pregnancy will follow.
ICSI
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is an in vitro fertilization procedure in which a single sperm is injected directly into an egg inside the woman’s fallopian
tubes.
Ovulation Induction
Ovulation induction is the stimulation of ovulation by hormone medication (injection/pills) in the hopes that it helps the patient fall pregnant easier.
Social parents
Note:
Social Parents = (FASS)
Foster (F)
Adoption (A)
Step Parent (S)
Surrogacy (S)
Adoption
The legal process where all legal rights and responsibilities are transferred from birth parents to adoptive parents.
Legal
- Laws:
- Adoption act 2000
- Family Law Act 1975
- All rights and responsibilities are transferred from the birth parents to the adoptive parents. The birth certificate is amended.
- The change is permanent and any form contact must be arranged with the family court
- Any child older than 12 must consent to the adoption
- In NSW adoptions are made legally binding by the Supreme Court
Technological
- Improvements in reproductive technologies have impacted the number of children adopted
- Access to medical and health information on the birth parents made available
- Improvements in contraception could be a leading factor as to the lack of children that can be adopted
- Those undertaking fertility treatments are not eligible to apply to adopt a child
Social +
- Open adoption à child and parent benefit from open communication
- Has become more acceptable thanks to celebrities such as Angelina Jolie giving it positive attention in the media
- Social acceptance of gay couples means more children can be adopted
Social –
- Process is long and exhausting à governing bodies must ensure that the child’s wellbeing and needs can be met.
- Generally not accepted within aboriginal communities, though placement within the kinship group is considered
Fostering
An alternative living arrangement for children whose parents are unable to care for them in the family home.
Legal
-Apply with a non-government agency
- Carer allowances
- Child and young persons act 1998 à carers have certain rights and responsibilities
- Children and young persons regulation (2012)
- Must consult with Family and Community Services about issues such as schooling
- Cannot make certain decisions such as schooling
Technological
- Social media and technology, such as Skype, make it easier for children and their birth parents such as Skype
Social +
- More socially acceptable
- Can create cultural connections between children and their foster family
- Families feel they are giving back to the community
- Parents want to make a difference in the lives of other children
Social –
- Issues may arise with the contact of the young person’s birth parents and the potential return to the family
- At times families may be split up as children cannot be accommodated and stay together
- New schools, family rules and situations may put unnecessary stress on the child
- Negative stigma attached to fostering as young people often have a troubled family background
Step-parenting
A man or a woman who marries or forms a de facto relationship with a partner who has a child or children from a previous relationship.
Legal
- No legal responsibility for the child
- Can apply to the Family Court for a Parenting Order through the Federal Magistrate’s court
- Guardianship
- Child’s name may be changed to that of a stepparent. Pending permission.
Technological
- Stepparents would probably face the same or similar issues as biological parents in regards to the safety and costs associated with technological changes
- Different rules of use for technology can cause conflict amongst families
Social +
- Socially acceptable and therefore quite common
Social –
- Conflict between children and stepparents is apparent
- Tradition between the two families can cause conflict
- Rules set by the stepparent may cause undue stress
- Original nuclear family is more superior to any variety of blended family
Surrogacy
An arrangement between a couple who cannot have a baby and a woman who gets pregnant on the couple’s behalf; the child is handed to the couple after
delivery.
Legal
- Surrogacy Act 2010 made commercial surrogacy illegal with a fine of up to $110, 000 and a max of 2 years imprisonment
- Altruistic surrogacy is legal in NSW, ACT, Qld, VIC, WA and TAS
Technological
- Issue of ‘social infertility’: some women choose to freeze their viable eggs in the hopes they will find a suitable partner. If natural conception is not
possible the frozen eggs may be used.
Social +
- Very specific criteria need to be established between the parties on an honour agreement that is not legally binding
Social –
- Mixed views
- Many religions are still against any form of intervention of natural conception
- Mixed ideas as in some states in Australia are against IVF for gay couples
Carers
Primary
A person who provides the most informal assistance, in terms of help or supervision to a person with one or more disabilities or who is aged 60 years and
over. The assistance has to be ongoing for at least 6 months and be provided for one or more core activities (communication, mobility and self-care). 12% of
the Australian population are made up of carers and 3.4% of these are primary carers. Four in ten primary carers provide care for their dependant for over
40 hours of their week. Often they are the partner of the dependant or a parent/close family member. Young carers, children or young family members
whose dependants are their ill or disabled family member, make up a significant portion of primary carers; 4% of all children in Australia are young carers.
More often than not, their caring duties are performed while simultaneously completing study and/or working.
Informal and formal
Informal carer
An informal carer as any person, such as a family member, friend or neighbour, who is giving regular, ongoing assistance to another person without
payment. More often than not, these carers are women. One example is a grandmother who cares for her granddaughter twice a week while her parents
work. A large number of informal carers are also the primary carer for an individual. 63% of primary informal carers perform their duties out of a sense of
family responsibility. 50% did so because they believed their care was better than anyone else’s. 41% felt an emotional obligation to take the role.
Formal carer
Formal carers include trained professionals who provide care through formal agencies or institutions and are paid for by the receiver. Examples include an
aged carer, a nurse, palliative carer, childcare worker, preschool teacher, day care worker, primary and high school teachers, nanny, doctor or any other
specialised individual who receives monetary income for their caring role.
The Roles of Parents or Carers
Note:
The Roles of Parents and Carers = (Peanut Butter Sandwich)
Promoting the wellbeing of the dependant (P)
Building a positive relationship with the dependant (B)
Satisfying the specific needs of the dependant (S)
Satisfying the specific needs of the dependant
- Meet adequate standard of living
- Parents expected to provide food (wholesome, appropriate), clothing (clean) and shelter (safety and security)
- Encourage healthy habits e.g. hydration
- Choices in clothing impact identity
- Assist with hygiene via physical assistance or prompting
- Care for medical health needs
- Education should be provided and assisting in the encouragement in further education
Building a positive relationship with the dependant
- A relationship where both grow as a result of the interaction
- Can occur from birth through love and affection
- Parents provide opportunities for dependants to develop independence and resilience
- Model appropriate behaviour
- Carers can help by providing assistance when needed but still allowing for independence
- It can be difficult when the dependant used to be of equal higher status (spouse/parent becoming dependant)
Promoting the wellbeing of the dependant
- Wellbeing affected by how well needs are met
- Parents and carers should provide opportunities to develop and support positive wellbeing
Preparations for Becoming a Parent or Carer
Note:
Preparations for becoming a Parent or Carer = (COME)
Changing health behaviours, eg nutrition, physical activity, social or spiritual connections (C)
Organising finances, eg budgeting, saving, support payments (O)
Modifying the physical environment, eg housing, amenities, equipment (M)
Enhancing knowledge and skills, eg education, information, training (E)
Changing health behaviours, eg nutrition, physical activity, social or spiritual connections
Parent
Carer
- Eat healthier, nutritious foods, avoiding the listeria bacteria
- Drink 2+ litres of water a day
- Increase folic acid intake
- Participate in regular exercise during pregnancy, avoiding impact sports
- Attend antenatal courses
- Get 7-8 hours sleep a night
- Attending prenatal classes
- Eating a variety of healthy, fresh foods and making them available to
their dependants when appropriate
- Engaging in physical activity and assisting in maintaining a healthy
lifestyle for the dependant
- Investigating local support groups to interact with other carers
- Meeting with other carers to be more exposed to the role
- Engaging in relaxation techniques
- Inquiring into mother’s groups
- Practicing relaxation techniques
- Inquiring into child-friendly social activities.
Enhancing knowledge and skills, eg education, information, training
Parent
Carer
- Education and training can begin with prenatal and postnatal classes
- Information can be gained from sources from reputable professionals
(reliable parenting books e.g. What to expect when you’re expecting)
- Magazines (Practical parenting)
- Websites (Raising Children Network)
- Important to use reliable sources
- Be aware of inaccurate media
- Informal carers may take an online course or workshop
- Universities offer degrees on nursing, early childhood and aged care
- Family and Community Services (Gov.) and The Benevolent Society
(NGov.) offer training
- Counselling, self-help and community health agencies can also provide
help
Modifying the physical environment, eg housing, amenities, equipment
Parent
Carer
- Moving from a one bedroom studio to a larger 2 or 3 bedroom house
or unit
- Adding change facilities and creating safe play areas
- Rails, ramps, non-slip flooring for aged individuals
- Cots, baths, safety gates, highchairs for babies
- Prepare their living arrangements to suit the better care of the
dependant
- Find places to safely store wheelchairs, walking frames and other
specialised equipment
Organising finances, eg budgeting, saving, support payments
Parent
Carer
- Budgeting and saving
- Investigate potential costs such as an obstetrician, hospitalisation,
medical expenses, equipment, clothing, nappies, etc.
- Budgeting and saving
- Potential costs of modifying the environment, education and training,
specialised equipment, etc.
- Savings to cater time off work
- Utilise and budget maternity pay and other support payments
- Savings to cater time off work
- Utilise and budget support payments e.g. carers allowence
Core Study 3: Factors Affecting the Roles of Parents or Carers
Characteristics of the Dependant
Note:
Characteristics of the Dependant = (ASS)
Age (A)
Skills/capabilities (S)
Special needs, eg illness, disability (S)
Age
Parent
When the child is a baby, they need their parents to cater to every single
need, making the role more extensive. As the child grows, they need
their parent less and less and may grow a wanting bond rather than a
needing one as they start to fulfil their own needs. No matter the age,
every child requires a loving relationship to be able to give it themselves
later.
Carer
Depending on the caring situation, the way in which the dependant is
cared for will change by their age. For example, a young patient of a
doctor/nurse will need to be talked to in a way that relaxes them in a
scary environment for a child, however, as they grow older the
terminology and way information and actions is presented to them will
become more routine and less concerned for their mental state (though
it is still a factor)
Skills/capabilities
Parent
Children are able to assist parents in their raising with the development
of skills such as the knowledge to eat well and exercise regularly to
promote their physical wellbeing, rather than relying on their parents to
do all the work for them. This means parents’ roles will become more
guiding rather than manhandling to nurture their still growing children.
Special needs, eg illness, disability
Carer
The carer’s role will depend on how capable their dependant is in
working with the carer to promote their own wellbeing. For instance,
young children and people with disabilities that restrict motor skills
require help with bathing and dressing themselves.
Parent
Parents with children who are particularly gifted or have disabilities may
require assistance from other people or organisations to either meet the
intellectual capabilities of a mentally gifted child, or to help understand
and give the knowledge to properly care for their child with a disability
of any description.
Carer
Carers who care for dependants who are in a disability position are more
often than not experts in caring for people in that situation, however
they may need to modify the way they care for the person depending on
the severity of the case. Teachers, for instance, may need to modify
their teaching methods for an intellectually gifted child.
Influences on Parents or Carers
Personal
Note:
Personal Influences on Parents or Carers = (CROPMESS)
Culture, customs and tradition (C)
Religion/spirituality (R)
Own upbringing (O)
Previous experience (P)
Multiple commitments, eg work, study, sport, family (M)
Education (E)
Socioeconomic status (S)
Special needs, eg illness, disability (S)
Culture, customs and tradition
Parenting
Sharing cultural beliefs (e.g. attending cultural festivals with the family)
can have a positive effect on parenting as it creates bonding time
Caring
Language barriers in some cultures may negatively effect the caring
relationship as carers may struggle to gather information regarding care
for an elderly dependant.
Religion/spirituality
Parenting
Parents who share a religion with their children are able to not only
Caring
Carers don’t always share the dependant’s religion, and some may be
understand and accept the beliefs of the child but are able to share in
them, positively affecting the parent/child bond
rather open about their dislike of the religion, negatively influencing the
caring experience for both parties
Education
Parenting
An educated parent is more likely to be aware of support services such
as parenting groups. This can have a positive effect on parenting as the
parent will have others around them to give advice.
Caring
A carer such as a babysitter lacks experience, this may have negative
effect on the care the child receives such as if the babysitter allowed
dangerous play to occur, resulting in injuries.
Previous experience
Parenting
Parents who have not had any children before are less likely to be
knowledgeable about how to raise their own, causing them to overreact
or underreact about things, which could be a negative influence on the
child
Caring
Carers who have been in their profession for some time and have
experience in caring for their dependants, allowing them to be more in
tune with understanding what their dependants want from them,
creating a more positive caring experience.
Own upbringing
Parenting
Parents who experience a very privileged upbringing my look back to see
that they were overly spoilt and then decide to be stricter in their
parenting. This may cause the child to feel as though their parents’
methods are lacking in affection, negatively affecting the relationship.
Caring
Carers who were brought up with neglecting parents and little affection
not only may be the reason they became carers, but may motivate them
to demonstrate more care and affection in their work, making the caring
experience more positive for the dependant and carer.
Multiple commitments, eg work, study, sport, family
Parenting
Parents may enrol their child in extra curricular activities or use paid
carers to supervise their child while they work. This may have a negative
effect on the parent/child relationship from lack of bonding.
Socioeconomic status
Caring
Carers may try to involve family members or use formal supports, such
as respite and community transport. This may have positive effect on
the carer/dependant relationship as the carer has time to recharge and
give the most to the dependant when they return.
Parenting
Parents with a high socioeconomic status and who are able to shower
their children with gifts and holidays may not be spending quality time
with them, negatively effecting their relationship.
Caring
Carers, such as teachers, who come from a high socioeconomic status of
their own making are able to teach their dependants how to work hard
for themselves and either improve upon their status or maintain it for
their future.
Special needs, eg illness, disability
Parenting
Parents who share a special need such as deafness are able to
communicate with each other, and perhaps interpret if the child is gifted
in lip-reading, making their bond stronger and positively affecting their
relationship
Caring
Carers who have dependants with special needs and are uneducated in
the care required for such a person may have a hard time satisfying their
needs and wellbeing, forming a negative bond
Social
Note:
Social Influences on Parents or Carers = (Melbourne Cricket Ground)
Media stereotypes (M)
Community attitudes (C)
Gender expectations (G)
Community attitudes
- The ‘norms’ of the area
- Families who choose to home school are questioned, as the norm is to utilise schools
- Vaccinations are another topic of question that creates hostility between parents with different opinions
- Dependants should receive care based on priority and circumstances e.g. wheelchair reliability or able to walk with minor assistance
- Community attitude is that government funding should be directed towards health, childcare etc. however not enough is provided (e.g. carer numbers
insufficient)
Gender expectations
- A child’s concept of being ‘male’ or ‘female’ comes from them observing their parent and carer’s behaviours
- By demonstrating flexibility in gender roles leads to less conflict and greater cooperation in parenting and caring
- As there are usually more females than males in the caring industry, such as nursing, this reinforces a gender role that females are more nurturing and
‘belong’ in a caring role
Media stereotypes
- Advertising and tv shows more often than not depict females in nursing/caring job ads and males in trade and corporate roles
- Dramas often depict mothers and fathers in traditional gender roles
- Media has enabled carers and dependants to access financial support, which makes the caring role easier and allows for a stronger bond with the
dependant.
Styles of Parenting or Caring
Note:
Styles of Parenting or Caring = (People Always Need Deodorant)
Permissive/Indulgent (P)
Authoritarian (A)
Negligent (N)
Democratic (D)
Authoritarian
Being demanding and inflexible on all matters, only caring about one opinion; their own. They have their own ideas about how to parent and will stick to
these no matter what anyone else tells them.
Positive
In a caring relationship, for the carer to be authoritarian if they were, for
instance, a social worker with a foster child dependant who was a rough
case, it would make it easier to have the child submit to behaving and
going on to lead a better life later on, which will improve the social,
economic, emotional and physical areas of wellbeing.
Negative
The dependant may feel like they have no voice and are not valued as a
person despite the fact that the carer is there to uphold their wellbeing.
This could cause a decline in emotional wellbeing in the dependant.
Democratic
Parenting/caring style that allows for the children/dependants to put in their opinion and views before a decision is made.
Positive
In a caring relationship the dependant feels as though their wellbeing is
actually being considered as theirs, as they’re given a voice in how
they’re cared for, boosting physical and emotional wellbeing.
Negative
The dependant may think they then have a voice in every decision,
whereas some things are for the professional carer to decide for them,
such as medication the dependant doesn’t know anything about.
Permissive/indulgent
Parents/carers who indulge (give in and spoil) their children/dependants in a way similar to buying love and being excessively lenient.
Positive
The child will be given anything they need or want, making it easier for
the parent to feel loved by their children or for the child to feel loved by
their parents, promoting emotional wellbeing.
Negative
The child will not, or most likely will not, develop any skills they need to
succeed later in life such as self-management, saving money, not overindulging themselves and so on which may be detrimental to social or
physical wellbeing.
Negligent
Severely lacking in a necessary item of living such as clothing, shelter, food or safety that results in the decline of the child/dependant’s wellbeing.
Positive
Parents who neglect their child in some way are, in a very negative way,
teaching their children to be more independent and authoritarian over
their own life, which can be a boost to social and physical wellbeing once
they’ve learnt how to do this.
Negative
Children who are neglected will feel insignificant and worthless, like they
don’t matter, which would cause poor physical, emotional and social
wellbeing.
Rights and Responsibilities in Parenting and Caring
Legal rights of parents, carers and dependants
Rights of Parents (DEALM)
- Discipline the child through responsible means
- Ensure access to education
Rights of Carers
- Be recognised or acknowledged in their role
- Receive financial assistance for their service
- Consent to the child’s adoption
- Take Legal Proceedings on behalf of their child
- Take control in major Medical Decisions
- Up to 63 days of respite per year
- Be covered by the Anti-Discrimination Amendment (Carers
Responsibilities) Act 2000
- Request flexible work arrangements and carers leave under the Fair
Work Act 2009
- Act as their dependant’s advocate when required
- Access support through the National Carer Counselling Program
Rights of Children
- Autonomy of Children – right to make their own decisions
- Medical treatment – Children over 14 can make their own medical
decisions
- Inheritance – Have no right to their parents’ money or property after
their death, but are entitled to claim it legally under family law
provisions
- Non-discrimination against children
- Actions regarding children are in the child’s best interests
- All children have the right to live, survival and development
- Children have the right to have their views expressed and heard
Rights of Dependants
- Participate in decisions that affect their life
- Adequate care, compassions and understanding
- Dignity, by way of the carer supporting hygienic needs
- Be protected from neglect and abuse
- Be a part of the community
- Receive help, such as medical support, spiritual comfort and access to
relevant supports
Impact of Legal Rights on Wellbeing
HEALTH AND MEDICAL
It is the legal right of a parent to attend to the child’s medical treatment
It is the legal right of a carer to act as an advocate for the dependant when required
It is the legal right of children to make their own medical decisions (over the age of 14)
It is the right of a dependant to be able to participate in decisions that affect their life
Impact on Parent’s Wellbeing
Positive:
- Physical wellbeing by reducing stress as they can access treatment
- Emotional wellbeing by knowing they can access the best treatment to
Impact on Children’s Wellbeing
Positive:
- Physical wellbeing as they’re able to be proactive about their health
- Emotional as they feel they’re being heard and have a voice in their
help their child
Negative:
- Economic as they need to spend money on appointments, treatments
and driving costs
- Physical if the parent becomes sick from catching the child’s illness
Impact on Carer’s Wellbeing
Positive:
- Emotional knowing they are helping their dependants improve their
health via their assistance
- Educational as, while learning what is going on with the dependant and
their needs, you learn about it
Negative:
- Physical as they may become stressed and frustrated when the solution
to a problem they’re advocating against is not easy to come by
- Social as the time involved in being an advocate may take them away
from their families for a long period of time
own life
Negative:
- Emotional in regards to the pressure or stress involved in making the
bigger health decisions
- Economic as, while you have the right but if you are unable to pay for
treatment or medication, you cannot utilize the right
Impact on Dependant’s Wellbeing
Positive:
- Emotional as they are able to make decisions for themselves, with an
advisor nearby if needed
- Physical as they can make the decision to improve their own health
without someone else deciding for them
Negative:
- Physical as their decision could lead to the further deterioration of
their health
- Education as if a dependant wants to go to a school with a poor special
needs program they will be unable to learn properly and will be behind
the other students.
EDUCATION AND SCHOOLING
It is the legal right of a parent to ensure the child has access to education
It is the legal right of a carer to access support through the National Carer Counselling Program
It is the legal right of a child to receive free education
It is the right of a dependant be able to pursue a grievance and use an advocate to communicate on their behalf if needed
Impact on Parent’s Wellbeing
Positive:
- Spiritual if they send their child to a school that supports the spiritual
upbringing they have for their children
Impact on Children’s Wellbeing
Positive:
- Economic they don’t have to worry about family finance or lack of
funds to continue the education
- Emotional as they can watch their children grow and learn and find
their passions through the education system
Negative:
- Economic if they want to send their child to a school that costs more
than they can afford it can cause financial difficulties
- Emotional as the parent may have to experience problems their
children face in regards to learning difficulties or their child simply not
coping with the work required of them
- Social they are able to attend school and meet new people, make
friends and learn through social interaction with their peers
Negative:
- Emotional/Social as they could have a negative experience in their
education with a learning difficulty or problems with the other people
around them
- Physical as some children with certain conditions find it difficult to keep
up with the physical challenge of being able to go to school and being
involved in sporting events etc.
Impact on Carer’s Wellbeing
Positive:
- Emotional as they can talk about any problems they may be facing with
their dependants and seek advice to better cope with their position
- Economic as this service is free of charge and therefore gives them a
coping and assistance strategy that will not impact upon their already
tight budget
Negative:
- Economic having to drive to the site, use the phone, utilize internet
services and a computer may be something outside the carer’s financial
limits
- Physical as the stress from the job and the limitations of the service
may not be adequate.
Impact on Dependant’s Wellbeing
Positive:
- Emotional as they know they have the right to change things they are
not comfortable with
- Cultural as the problem in question may be related to the blatant
disrespect for the dependant’s cultural beliefs or values
Negative:
- Economic as pursuing a grievance can lead to legal action, which costs
money
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
- Carers have a legal right to receive financial assistance as many of them are unable to work through Centrelink, Family And Community Services (FACS)
provides carers with a Carer’s Payment and Carer’s Allowance that can assist the person to meet their economic needs.
- Children have a right to receive free education.
- A dependant has the right to be protected by the Age Discrimination Act 2004 regarding discrimination in areas of employment, education,
accommodation, and the provision of goods and services
Impact on Parent’s Wellbeing
Positive:
- Emotional as, if they are receiving financial assistance to care for their
child, they know they have some resources to do so
- Physical as any financial assistance received will lead to an
improvement in nutrition from the purchasing of groceries
Negative:
- Social as the need for assistance means they will need to reorganise
their budget to cut many social activities from the schedule
Impact on Children’s Wellbeing
Positive:
- Social as they are able to attend a school and grow and learn around
other children their own age
- Physical as receiving an education through a school also comes with a
sporting requirement and a class that entails health information to
improve their own lives
Negative:
- Emotional as, being entitled to free education though their family is not
well off may attract unwanted negative behaviour from peers
- Spiritual as the education they have access to may not be supportive of
their religious beliefs or background
Impact on Carer’s Wellbeing
Positive:
- Economic as they are able to support themselves while still performing
their caring duties
- Emotional as they are able to access these services through their own
roles not only for their financial assistance but for anything else e.g.
educational resources they need
Negative:
- Physical as the payment they receive may only allow for the basic cover
of rent/mortgage/minimal staple foods and bills and little else to sustain
nutrition
- Social as the lack of finance available may require them to take up a
second paying job during any of their free time
Impact on Dependant’s Wellbeing
Positive:
- Economic as they are able to obtain a job without the negative stigma
attached to several positions of dependency or causes of dependency
- Social as they are able to enter the work force and meet new people
and make new friends whilst also earning a living to contribute to caring
for themselves
Negative:
- Emotional as some dependants may feel their application acceptance
was a handout because employers feel they cannot decline the applicant
in fear of being seen as a discriminator
Responsibilities of parents and carers
Note:
Responsibilities of Parents and Carers = (Don't Stop Dancing)
Duty of care (D)
Setting limits (S)
Discipline (D)
Duty of care
Parents
How does fulfilling responsibilities as a parent contribute to building a
positive relationship with the dependant?
- Fulfilling the duty of care required from parents allows the child to
grow and develop so they will eventually reach the stage where they
realise and appreciate everything their parents do for them, leading to
the child wanting their parents in their lives.
How does neglecting responsibilities as a parent contribute to building
a negative relationship with the dependant?
- Not fulfilling a duty of care could lead to physical, social and emotional
malnourishment which, once they’re able to care for themselves, may
make them feel as though they do not want to be in their parent’s lives.
Carers
How does fulfilling responsibilities as a carer contribute to building a
positive relationship with the dependant?
- If a sporting coach is fulfilling a duty of care by tending to a sporting
injury and then going above and beyond a doctor recommendation and
giving them time off and then a slow reintroduction to training, the
player will feel more cared for rather than just another player in the
club
How does neglecting responsibilities as a carer contribute to building a
negative relationship with the dependant?
- A babysitter who doesn’t feed their dependant at mealtimes or at all
will make the child not want to use that babysitter any more, and will
possibly make them play up if they do end up with them again
Setting limits
Parents
How does fulfilling responsibilities as a parent contribute to building a
positive relationship with the dependant?
- Setting limits with children show them that their parents are allowing
them to do something, to an extent, which develops a respecting bond
How does neglecting responsibilities as a parent contribute to building
Carers
How does fulfilling responsibilities as a carer contribute to building a
positive relationship with the dependant?
- A doctor who sets limits for their patient who is unable to do some
things from an injury allows for the patient to feel a sense of gratitude
towards the doctor and will make further treatment easier/less
awkward
a negative relationship with the dependant?
- If limits are not set then children can get hurt from something they do
such as going out late and getting into a fight, which may lead to the
child resenting the parent for letting them be out so late and getting
hurt
How does neglecting responsibilities as a carer contribute to building a
negative relationship with the dependant?
- If a sporting coach doesn’t set limits for their players, such as don’t
stress your muscles with too much exercise or don’t play in the sun for
more than a couple hours without a lot of water and cover, the player
may injure themselves or become sick, which may lead to them
resenting their coaches non-advisory methods
Discipline
Parents
How does fulfilling responsibilities as a parent contribute to building a
positive relationship with the dependant?
- Disciplining children shows them that their parents have their best
interests, not their gluttonous desires, in mind and are only trying to
teach them how to behave properly
How does neglecting responsibilities as a parent contribute to building
a negative relationship with the dependant?
- Without discipline the child can get into all sorts of problems outside of
the home which could land them in trouble with the law, where the
parent may then get in an argument with their parent about how much
trouble they are for them and how much they paid to get them out,
causing a feeling of resent and general uneasiness.
Parenting and Caring - Support for Parents or Carers
Types of Support
Informal
Carers
How does fulfilling responsibilities as a carer contribute to building a
positive relationship with the dependant?
- A day care worker who disciplines a child for hitting another child
teaches them that it is something you cannot do and when the child is
no longer punished for misbehaving as such they will be able to feel
more comfortable and loved with the teacher
How does neglecting responsibilities as a carer contribute to building a
negative relationship with the dependant?
- A teacher who doesn’t set consequences for not doing work shows the
student they have no interest in their work or if they do well at school or
not, making them feel bad and blaming the teacher for this feeling.
Informal support for parents and carers is not backed by an organisation or service. Without informal support, parents and carers may not be able to carry
out their role successfully and fulfil their responsibilities. Informal support can come from relatives, friends and neighbours.
Relatives, friends, neighbours
Explain how relatives can assist parents and carers to:
Prepare for their role:
- Relatives who have had their own children can provide advice on how to prepare for a baby based on their experiences with children in their family
- Relatives can play a role in assisting with financial difficulty where formal means of doing so are unavailable
- Relatives can support both parents and carers through changing their own health behaviours to show their support.
- Relatives may have connections to where an individual can be educated to become a carer
Fulfil their responsibilities:
- Relatives, particularly parents or grandparents of the new parent, can assist providing duty of care by acting as a respite to ensure the parent gets
adequate rest time now and then
- Relative can assist parents with discipline by upholding the discipline enforced by the parents such as not letting the child go out if they’re babysitting
because the parent grounded them.
- Relatives of carers can instil disciplinary qualities in the individual through their own upbringing that they can then apply to their practice in disciplining
their dependant/s
Maintain their own wellbeing:
- Relatives acting as a respite to allow for rest also maintain the new parent’s physical wellbeing
- Relatives of both parents and carers assisting via allowing the parent/carer to live with them or provide some other form of financial assistance will
improve both emotional and economic wellbeing as it takes the stress out of monetary matters and allows money to be used elsewhere where needed.
- Relatives of carers may provide a means of letting off steam through being supportive in conversations whereby the carer discusses difficulties they face at
work, supporting the stability of their emotional health.
Explain how friends can assist parents and carers to:
Prepare for their role:
- Friends organising a baby shower to obtain the more expensive and necessary items for new parents can take some of the strain of organising finances to
e diverted to baby items.
- Friends can also provide hand-me-downs to use in modifying the environment such as cribs, baby gates, baby locks, etc.
- Friends who are already carers can provide assistance in locating the best places to be trained and further their education as well as provide support
during this education
Fulfil their responsibilities:
- Friends can help by babysitting while parents go out and attend to necessary things such as groceries without the hassle of a small child
- Friends can provide limits at their house for the parent’s child, teaching them that other peoples’ homes are not like their own and have their own set of
rules
- Friends within the same caring industry can provide advice on discipline techniques that have worked with their dependants to ensure their safety and
development.
Maintain their own wellbeing:
- Friends can drive them to the doctor’s to ensure their physical wellbeing as they may feel too ill to drive or can babysit while the parent attends their
appointment
- Friends who are in the same caring industry can uphold emotional health by sharing experiences and being a source of support and comfort through
mutual experience
- Friends can ensure the parent/carer stays grounded and in touch with their spiritual connections, should that be an important factor in their life,
promoting spiritual wellbeing
Explain how neighbours can assist parents and carers to:
Prepare for their role:
- Much like friends they can provide clothes and other items to modify the environment
- Neighbours with small children can provide a form of education by having the soon to be parent over to see how their child behaves and interacts
- Neighbours can look after new carer’s own children or pets in order to allow for possible long shifts in which their children/pets will be left alone and need
someone to watch them
Fulfil their responsibilities:
- Neighbours can keep an eye on children who wander outside and ensure they stay within their limits (such as not getting too close to the road, not
bringing certain toys outside, not talking to strangers, etc.)
Maintain their own wellbeing:
- Neighbours are also an option for providing a respite for new parents via babysitting to improve physical and emotional wellbeing
- Neighbours, if they live in a culture based community, can help parents stay in touch with their culture as well as educate their children in their experience
of the culture, maintaining both the parent and child’s cultural wellbeing
- Neighbours can assist in a carer’s physical wellbeing by perhaps picking up some bread or milk from the shops when they go so that the carer can spend a
little time just relaxing
Formal
Formal support for parents and carers includes support from a recognised agency or organisation. Individuals can gain access to these types of support
through different means.
- Government agencies
NSW Department of Family and Community Services
Australian Government Department of Human Services that delivers Centrelink services.
- Community organisation
May receive financial support from the government, but they are administrated by the organisation itself, including:
Salvation Army, Anglicare, Barnardos, The Smith Family, Catholic Care of the Aged, St Vincent de Paul Society.
Government agencies
Explain how Government Agencies can assist parents and carers to:
Prepare for their role:
- Centrelink can provide information and payments for parental leave
- Centrelink can provide information and payments for carers allowance
- Department of health can provide antenatal information and care
- Commonwealth Home and Community Care (HACC) can provide information about available resources for carers
Fulfil their responsibilities:
- Paid Parental leave fulfils the financial responsibilities of the family whilst the parent is on leave
- The Family and Community Services can assist carers in accessing resources or information about where they may need to go for treatment or care
- Parents with children who have special needs are able to, if they are eligible, access payment to assist them to care for their child and their specific needs
Maintain their own wellbeing:
- Parents on parental leave can focus solely on nurturing their child, knowing they are on leave from their job = increases emotional wellbeing
- Family and Community Services offer workshops and parent/child camps for foster families to allow them to bond and understand aspects of their
situation through discussions with the employees of the organisation = increased emotional wellbeing
- The financial assistance available to carers = increased financial wellbeing
Community organisations
Explain how Community Organisations can assist parents and carers to:
Prepare for their role:
- Organisations such as the Salvation Army and St Vincent de Paul offer items of donated furniture (e.g. cribs and baby gates) at a low price some new
parents may be able to utilise
- Mothers groups organised by the community for pregnant woman to share their experiences and feel more grounded in the sense they aren’t the only
one in their circumstance
- Childcare services can inform parents of what they need to know prior to enrolling their child in their centre and how they care for children in their charge
Fulfil their responsibilities:
- It is within a parent’s duty of care to ensure children receive education and social interaction, both of which can be provided by playgroups or day care
centres
- Seeing how other children interact with others and their parents in playgroups can teach children limits and discipline in how the parent then reacts to
their child’s behaviour, showing whether an action was good or bad.
Maintain their own wellbeing:
- Mothers groups improve emotional wellbeing
- MyTime for grandparents can assist fulltime caring grandparents financially, improving economic wellbeing
Types of Services Provided Through Formal Support
Note:
Types of Services Provided Through Formal Support = (CHEF Roasts Chicken)
Counselling (C)
Healthcare (H)
Financial Support (F)
Education (E)
Respite Care (R)
Childcare Services (C)
Health care
The health services available to parents and carers cover all dimensions of health, including physical, emotional, social, mental and spiritual.
Local Public Hospital --> Any Australian citizen with a Medicare card can access mostly free of charge
Education
Education for parents can include formal support at all stages of their role. A variety of services are available to assist with skills and knowledge surrounding
parenting and caring.
There are also a variety of helpful publications of online sources that parents and carers can access to learn more about their role
Tresillian --> Provides advice/assistance in regards to caring for a baby including sleep routines, controlled crying, etc
Financial support
Financial support for parents and carers can be gained from two main sources – The government (though Centrelink) and welfare agencies.
Some examples of government financial support include Parental Leave Pay, Child Care Benefit, Child Care Rebate and Carers Allowance. Centrelink also
provides a Basics Card, which allows people to buy essential goods and services at approved businesses. The card cannot be used to pay for alcohol,
gambling or cigarettes
Centrelink --> A government agency that provides welfare payments/benefits for people such as the carer’s allowance and paid parental leave
Childcare
The role of child care and early learning services is to provide certified and safe child care for parents who are working, studying, taking care of other
dependants – including other children with disabilities – and taking time out for themselves. Examples of childcare and early learning services include
preschools, kindergarten, long day care, occasional care, family day care, in-home care, out-of-school hours (before and after school care) and vacation
care.
Childcare services are essential for working parents. Childcare can be expensive and a decision to return to the workforce must be made with an
understanding of the costs of childcare.
While childcare services should not replace the role of apparent, they are fantastic facilities that allow children to learn, grow, socialise, explore and create.
There are strict guidelines and accreditations attached to childcare services. This includes the Australian Government approving services for Child Care
Benefit purposes if a service meets certain standards and requirements.
The Australian Government’s MyChild website is a very useful tool for parents to gain information and explore appropriate childcare services for their
children, although it may provide conflicting views or data about particular services
OOSH --> Allows parents to leave child under the supervision of qualified carers before and after school and during vacation
Respite care
Respite care is the temporary care of an aged, ill or disabled person, usually in an institution. It is designed to give carers a break from the demands of their
daily routine. Respite care can occur in a hospital, nursing home, aged care facility, hospice or day centre. It can also occur in the dependant’s home. The
carer may have a break for a few hours, overnight, for a number of weeks or in an emergency situation.
Respite care is often provided by community care services, such as those provided by the Home and Community Care Program, the National Respite for
Carers Program, and by residual care homes. An Aged Care Assessment Team must assess an aged dependant to established eligibility. Commonwealth
Respite and Carelink Centres provide a link to a vast range of community, aged care and support services available locally and across Australia. These
centres provide information about services available for older people, people with a disability, and those who provide care. Many carers benefit from
respite care as it gives them a well-deserved break from the demanding role that is caring. This break can benefit both the dependant and the carer and
help them to build a positive relationship. It is important to recognise that the demand for respite care is greater than what is available
Summit Care --> A private organisation that provides qualified carers to offer respite to the primary carer
Counselling
A counsellor is someone trained to offer a talk-based therapy. They are different from psychiatrists. Psychiatrists are medical doctors who have had extra
training specialising in mental health. They can prescribe mood-altering medications to help manage the symptoms of mental illnesses, such as severe
depression or anxiety.
It is important for parents and carers to be aware that not all counsellors are professionally qualified. In Australia, some individuals without training or skills
can call themselves counsellors or psychotherapists – there is no law to protect against this.
A professionally trained counsellor would generally have spent three or more years studying counselling at university, often at postgraduate level, or in
another accredited higher education institution.
Parent line --> Counsellors provide psychological and emotional assistance to those who require it