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o Question one
Describe the significance of glycolysis pathway.
o Answer
It is important for the production of energy
In skeletal muscle glycolysis provide ATP in the absence of oxygen, muscles survive
under anaerobic conditions.
It is used for synthesis of biomolecules. Example Phosphoglycerate is used for synthesis
of serine.Glucose-6-phosphate is used for synthesis of glycogen.
It may be considered as the preliminary step before complete oxidation.
It provide carbon skeletons for the synthesis of nonessential Amino acids as well as
glycerol as part of fat.
Most of the reactions of glycolysis pathway are reversible which are also used for
gluconeogenesis.
It is the only pathway that is take part in all cells of the body.
QUESTION 1B
B . Explain why the reactions that is
considered the main rate determine step
of glycolysis is regulated?
Answer
o The rate determine steps of
glycolysis are:
 Step (1). 2. Steps (3). 3. Step (9)
 But step (3) is the most important
step in which the
phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is
the most important rate limiting
enzyme for glycolysis pathway.
It convert fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose1,2-bisphoohate . ATP and citrate are the
man at important inhibitors and AMP acts as
an activator and fructose-1,2- bisphosphate.
QUESTION IC
C. Where does gluconeogenesis take
place? Explain the first reaction in
gluconeogenesis.
Answer
It take place in the Liver to leaser into the
Kidney.
The first step of gluconeogenesis take place
in the mitochondria matrix. In this reaction,
pyruvate is phosphorylate to Oxaloacetate,
catalysed by pyruvate carboxylase. ATP is
been phosphorylate to ADP with the help of
H2O and Carbon dioxide.
QUESTION 1d
d. Name two gluconeogenesis Amino acids
and explain how they are gluconeogenic.
Answer
o The two Amino acids are; Alanine
and Aspartate.
o Alanine: from pyruvate in the
transamination reaction, pyruvate
then undergoes the gluconeogenic
pathway. In this reaction, alpha
Ketoglutarate combined with the
Alanine to form glutamate and
pyruvate, with the help of enzyme
called Alanine transaminase
o Aspartate: forms Oxaloacetate in
the transamination reaction.
Oxaloacetate then undergoes the
gluconeogenic pathway. Where the
alpha Oxaloacetate combined with
the aspartate to form glutamate and
Oxaloacetate with the help of
aspartate transaminase.
Biochemistry 2016 by Alhaji Alpha
Kamara
Question 3
Using the Karyotype below Answer the
following question
[a] Outline the karyotype found in down
syndromes
Ans In down syndrome the karyotype shows
can extra chromosome number 21
will present with;
[1] Hypogonadism
[2] Poor facial hair growth
[3] Tall status and usually gynecomastia
[4] Shyness
[5] Infertility
[6] Stress and behavioral
[C] Describe four common chromosomal
mutations and give examples
Ans
[1] AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
DISORDER; Individual requires two copies
of defectives chromosome from both
parents, to show symptom of the disease. Eg
ALBINISM.
[2] x-LINKED RECESSIVE
DISORDERS; Transmitted by a defective
X-chromosome, including to male children.
Eg HEAMOPHILIA
[3] AUTOSOMAL DOMININT
DISORDER; Individual used only one copy
of defective chromosomic from either
parents to syndromes of the disease. Eg
POLYDATYLE
[4] X-LINKED DOMINANT
DISSORDER; Transmitted by a defective
X-chromosome especially to male and
female child. Eg ALPORT SYNDROME
QUESTION 3d
b. How would you diagnose this patient?
Klinefelter syndrome; the person has an
extra sex chromosome’’ X’’
NOTE; A person with Klinefelter syndrome
[D] WHAT ARE CHROMOSOMA
ABERRATIONS? HOW CAN THEY
CAUSED
Ans
These abnormalities in chromosome number
or structure which may result in defective
fractions individuals
CAUSES OF CHROMOSOMAL
ABERRATIONS.
NOVEMBER 2016 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS by ABDUL HAMID
 A teenage girl was brought to the
medical center because of her
complaints that she used to get too
tired when asked to participate in
gym classes. A consulting
neurologist found muscle weakness
in girl’s arms and legs. When no
obvious diagnosis could be made,
biopsies of her muscles were taken
for tests. The tests revealed greatly
elevated amounts of triglycerides
esterified with primary long chain
fatty acids. Pathology reported the
presence of significant numbers of
lipids vacuoles in the muscle
biopsy.
 (a) What is the probable
diagnosis?
 Ans: Carnitine deficiency
 (b) What is the cause for these
observed symptoms? Explain your
answer in detail including the
process involved.
 Ans: Individuals have problem with
the oxidation of fatty acids. When
the fatty acids is in the cytosol of the
adipose cells, it’s going to be
activated by the enzyme thiokinase
(fatty acyl synthase) to fatty acyl
CoA. When it has been activated, it
needs to be transported by a carnitine
enzyme into the matrix of the
mitochondria, however, if this
enzyme is deficient, the activated
fatty acyl CoA will not be
transported into the mitochondria,
and hence medical abnormalities
may start to occur.
QUESTION 5c & 5d
5c. Four (4) steps in beta-oxidation
reactions
Ans:
 Dehydrogenation
 Hydration
 Oxidation
 Thiolysis or cleavage
QUESTIONS 5d
(d) Outline the oxidation reactions for
odd number fatty acids
Ans:
 Synthesis of D-Methyl malonyl
CoA
 Conversion of D-isomer to Lisomer
 Conversion of L-Methyl malonyl
CoA into succinylCoA CoA