1. A state of consciousness characterised by deep relaxation and suggestibility, experiences
include age regression; change in pain reception; ability to recall memories into
consciousness and localised changes in the brain
a. Meditation
b. Hypnosis
c. Religious experience
d. Alcohol
2. sensation is not a passive process that occurs when the amount of stimulation exceeds a
critical threshold; rather, experiencing a sensation means making a judgement about
whether a stimulus is present or absent is which theory
a. absolute threshold
b. signal detection theory,
c. just noticeable difference
d. signal acknowledge theory
3. Which stimulant increases norepinephrine and dopamine (hyper arousal), has dramatic
contrast between euphoric high and depressive lows (increased dosages and frequency of
uses) and after chronic use can lead to depletion of NE and Dopamine, diminished judgments,
inflated sense of one’s ability, paranoia, anxiety and panic
a. Amphetamines
b. Coffee
c. Nicotine
d. Cocaine
4. A mental process that is fast and efficient, supports adaptive responses to external stimuli,
can operate simultaneously and influence behaviour (fight or flight)
a. Unconscious
b. Preconscious
c. Conscious
d. Priming
5. This hallucinogenic distorts time and perception, Disrupts concentration and action of
serotonin in the brain, Changes in mood, repression of libido and appetite, mental
stimulation, increased body temperature and psychological problems
a. Ecstasy
b. Cocaine
c. Meth
d. Morphine
6. Theta waves are seen stage (i) and have (ii)cps, the speed is (iii) and the (iv) are low, in this
stage (v), (vi) and (vii) are all evident
a. 1, 3-7cps, slow, amplitude, fast eye movements, muscles relax and blood pressure drops
b. 1, 3-6cps, slow, amplitude, slow eye movements, muscles relax and blood pressure
drops
c. 1, 3-7cps, slow, amplitude, slow eye movements, muscles stiffen and blood pressure
drops
d. 1, 3-7cps, slow, amplitude, slow eye movements, muscles relax and blood pressure
drops
7. Which stimulant has a molecular structure similar to dopamine and norepineprhne, produces
hyper arousal, feelings of speeding euphoria, increased motor activity, but induces psychosis
in vulnerable individuals, death by overdose and or ill health?
a. Caffeine
b. Amphetamines
c. Cocaine
d. Nicotine
8. The (i) and (ii) are important for sleep and arousal
a. Dorsolateral cortex and hindbrain
b. Hindbrain and midbrain
c. Both a and d
d. Midbrain and prefrontal cortex
9. A baby named adam is placed in front of a mirror and a mark is placed on the mirror, adam
successfully touches the mirror where he is. This is mirror test is testing
a. If adam can perceive the mirror
b. If adams working memory can actively understand the mark
c. Ability to recognise oneself and be consciously aware
d. Ability to be unconsciously aware
10. Young adults sleep for (i) hours a day and (ii) in NREM and (iii) in REM
a. 7-8 hours, 90%, 10%
b. 9-11 hours, 75%, 25%
c. 10 hours, 70%, 30%
d. 7-8 hours, 75%, 25%
11. Mark states that about 2-3 hours into his sleep, he is waking up with intense panic, he
explains to the doctor that he has never experienced trauma to bring this on though, what
could mark be experiencing’
a. Nightmares
b. Somnambulism
c. Night terrors
d. Sleep Apnea
Hint: happens in stage 4 and characterised by intense automatic arousal and feelings
of panic, not indicative of trauma
12. Which hypothesis views sleep as NREM sleep evolved to refresh organism’s energy when not
searching for food (survival)
a. Evolutionary
b. Restorative
c. Conservative
d. Insomnia
13. Which wave is this (Hint awake (consciousness), 14 cps and low amplitude)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Alpha
Theta
Beta
Delta
14. What two experience sampling techniques are used to measure consciousness
a. Beeper studies and fmri
b. Beeper studies and Think aloud protocols
c. Self-report scales and think aloud protocols
d. None of the above
15. Carie visits a psychologist to talk about common dreams she is experiencing past trauma
making her feel helpless and out of control, the psychologist realises this is all happening in
REM sleep towards the morning and states she may be experiencing
a. Night Terrors
b. Somnambulism
c. Insomnia
d. Nightmares
Hint – more frequent in children than adults and also individuals who have
experienced trauma, happens on average 0.48 times per month
16. Subjective experiences of altered consciousness which It is simultaneously cultural and
psychological phenomenon’s in which individuals gain a sense of security, enlightenment and
oneness with something greater then themselves and groups gain sense of solidarity
cohesiveness and certainty in shared values and beliefs
a. Religious experience
b. Hypnosis
c. Meditation
d. All of the above
17. Jimmy enters a help clinic stating he has been trying to stop taking drugs but his emotional
and motivational impulses in his body keep making him crave the drug, he says this occurs in
the absence of his addiction and has noticed his life now centres around the drug and his is
unable to perform normal social functioning, what is he experiencing
a. Addiction
b. Physiological dependence
c. Heroin overdose
d. Psychological dependence
18. Dale has had trouble falling asleep at night, he goes to his doctor and says he is unable to
remain asleep and has persistent early morning awakenings, what would the doctor diagnose
a. Narcolepsy
b. Sleep apnea
c. Somnambulism (sleepwalking)
d. Insomnia
Hint- is subjective in which 38% of people reported they had it but actually didn’t,
while 43% said they didn’t when they actually did have it
19. An individual who develops a deep state of tranquillity by altering the normal flow of
conscious thoughts, focusing on simple stimulus (breathing) and shutting down the normal
flow of self-conscious inner dialogue is participating in what (i.e. mindfulness)
a. Hypnosis
b. Religious experience
c. Drugs
d. Meditation
20. On average how many cycles happen per night
a. 2-6
b. 4-6
c. 9-11
d. 5-6
21. This stimulant is addictive; mimics the action of natural chemicals in the brain while also
increasing heart rate and blood pressure (sympathetic nervous system) and decreasing
emotional arousal (parasympathetic system)
a. Cocaine
b. Meth
c. Nicotine
d. Cocaine
22. What age do foetuses begin to show rhythms of sleep and activity?
a. 7months
b. 6 months
c. 5 months
d. 8 months
23. Psychoactive drugs affect mental processes and behaviour by changing conscious awareness
of reality how is this achieved?
a. Affect neural communication by blocking or stimulating activity at the synapse
b. Affect neural communications by blocking and stimulation activity at the synapse
c. Affect brain chemistry
d. Affect synaptic cleft from receiving neurotransmitters
Hint continued use leads to greater tolerance which leads to greater dosages to
achieve same effect
24. Which hypothesis views sleep as our brain works hard during waking status and subsequently
sustains cells damage, NREM fixes that damage while REM is necessary for normal
development of visual, sensory and motor system in infants and learning and memory in
adults
a. Restorative
b. Conservative
c. Evolutionary
d. Functionalism
25. Diane has recently begun having mild adaptive mind wondering outcomes, resulting in low
moods and cognitive failure, this daydreaming has resulted in her feeling more negative
about herself and even experiencing depression, which daydreaming is she doing
a. Poor dysphonic
b. Guilty dysphonic
c. Poor attentional
d. Positive constructive
26. What view sees dreams as things that are constructed from the daily issues of the dreamer
a. Biological
b. Cognitive
c. Psychodynamic
d. Humanistic
27. Mental events that are inaccessible to consciousness and actively kept out of awareness
because they would be too anxiety provoking to acknowledge
a. Working memory
b. Preconscious
c. Unconscious
d. Procedural knowledge
Hint biggest driver in behaviour and feelings
28. What drug slows down mental and physical activity by inhibiting neural transmitters in the
central nervous system and facilitate the transmission of GABA (cause sedative effects and
amnesia)
a. Stimulants
b. Opiates
c. Hallucinogenic
d. Depressants
Hint: Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, GHB, Alcohol, Rohypnol
29. What is the purpose of consciousness
a. Mental events that are inaccessible to awareness and we actively keep out of awareness
b. Monitor mental events, keeps us on track with thoughts, motivation and our
environment and provides regulation of thought and behaviour
c. Mental events of which you are aware of
d. Detailed thinking to help us survive
30. REM EEG patterns are similar to (i) waves, (ii), speed varies from (iii) and amplitude varies
from (iv), the physical characteristics of REM are (v), (vi), (vii)
a. Beta and alpha, 14(beta) 8-12 (alpha), fast to medium, high to medium, automatic
activity increases, Blood pressure rises and respiration increases, motor paralysis (except
diaphragm)
b. Beta and alpha, 14(beta) 8-12 (alpha), fast to medium, high to medium, automatic
activity increases, respiration increases, motor paralysis (except diaphragm)
c. Beta and alpha, 14(beta) 8-12 (alpha), fast to medium, high to medium, automatic
activity increases, Blood pressure rises and respiration increases, motor paralysis of the
whole body and dreaming occurs
d. Beta and alpha, 14(beta) 8-12 (alpha), fast to medium, high to medium, automatic
activity increases, Blood pressure rises and respiration increases, motor paralysis (except
diaphragm) and dreaming occurs
31. Sleep spindles and K-complex waves are seen in stage (i), (ii)cps, Sleep spindles have (ii)
amplitude bursts of activity and k-complex have (iv) amplitude waves, the (v) waves help (vi)
and (vii)
a. 2, 12-14cps, low, high, k-complex, supress cortical levels and memory consolidation
b. 2, 12-14cps, low, high, k-complex, supress (stop) cortical levels (stay asleep) and
dreaming
c. 2, 12-13cps, high, low, sleep spindles, supress cortical levels and memory consolidation
d. 1, 12-14, low, high, K-complex, supress cortical levels and memory consolidation
Hint sleep spindles believed to inhibited processing and generated by reticular nucleus
of the thalamus
32. Mental events that can be brought into awareness such as the feeling of a shirt on you is
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
a. Explicit memory
b. Priming
c. Working memory
d. Preconscious
The lowest level of stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred is
an example of what
a. Absolute threshold
b. Just noticeable difference
c. Fechnar’s law
d. Webers law
Electromagnetic spectrum ranges from
a. Gamma rays to tv waves
b. Gamma rays to radio waves
c. K complex to sleep spindles
d. Delta waves
Hint first one are short wavelengths second ones are long wavelengths
Judgements about the presence or absence of stimulus reflect the observer’s sensitivity to
the stimulus and the observer’s response bias.
a. Signal detection theory
b. Just noticeable difference
c. Webers Law
d. Difference threshold
Random firing of neurons, or psychological factors such as expectations, motivation, stress
and fatigue are examples of what noise
a. External
b. Internal
c. Explicit
d. Sensation
There are three different types of cones which are characterised by short, middle and long
wavelengths and are
a. Blue, red, green
b. Red, blue,green
c. Blue, green, red
d. Green, blue, red
Sensory cells can detect a flame of a candle from (i) away on a clear night
a. 40km
b. 60km
c. 50km
d. 45km
As the perceived intensity of a stimulus grows arithmetically, the actual magnitude of the
stimulus grows exponentially (squared, cubed etc)
a. Stevens power law
b. Webers law
c. Webers fraction
d. Fechner’s law
40. These cells are less sensitive, only respond when light conditions are strong, detailed vision,
responds to wavelength and can see colour
a. Rods
b. Cones
41. When a rod or (i) in activated by (ii) energy, it generates an electrical signal that (iii) the next
layer up, which contains (iv), these cells synapse to other cells which allows for multiple
factors. Once a single (v) cell is activated it activates the (vi). (vii) of the (viii) cells form (ix)
which carries visual information from (x) to (xi)
Cone (i), light (ii), stimulates (iii), bipolar cells (iv), bipolar (v), ganglion cells (vi), Axons (vii),
ganglion (viii), optic nerve (ix), Retina (x), brain (xi)
42. The retina contains two types of cells that transduce light generating an action potential
when struck by light waves
a. Fovea, cones
b. Cones, pigmented epithelium
c. Rods, cones
d. Rods, fovea
43. What is the evolutionary theory for colour being an adaptive trait
a. See colour to find food to survive
b. Able to see wild beasts
c. Sexy times
d. To fornicate aggressively
44. (i) a form of electromagnetic energy that moves in waves with (ii)(iii) and (iv) (v)
a. Light, wavelength=brightness, amplitude=colour
b. Sound, wavelength=brightness, amplitude= colour
c. Sound, amplitude= brightness, wavelengths= colour
d. Light, amplitude=brightness, wavelength= colour
Hint: both colour and brightness are psychological experiences
45. If object one weighs 200g and the jnd is noted at 206 what is the WF?
a. 0.04
b. 0.05
c. 0.02
d. 0.03
Hint webers fraction is 1/50
46. The first broad principle of sensation and perception is:
a. Sensation and perception are active processes
b. There is no one-to-one correspondence between physical and psychological reality
c. Sensation and perception are adaptive
d. Sensation and perception is fixed
Hint- this is the realm of psychophysics
47. What is the third thing that is common to all 5 senses
a. Sensing the world requires the ability to detect changes in stimulation
b. Efficient sensory processing requires supressing redundant information
c. Sensation requires constant decision-making (hum of a fan)
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
d. Each sensory system requires a minimum amount of energy to active the system
(threshold)
Rods are distributed in the (i) vision, while cones are mainly located in the (ii)
a. Central, fovea
b. Fovea, periphery
c. Periphery, fovea
d. Fovea, central
When one of the colour cones are missing and colour is reduced to two dimensions such as
most common red-green colour blindness and rare blue-yellow colour blindness
a. Trichromacy
b. Dichromacy
c. Monochromacy
d. Colour blindness
Taste cells can taste 1 (i) of sugar in (ii) litres of water
a. Tablespoon, 4
b. Teaspoon, 5
c. Tablespoon, 5
d. Teaspoon, 4
What is a test that uses 38 plates to report the number you see to help determine if and what
colour-blindness you are
a. Weber test
b. Ishihara test
c. Ichihara test
d. Suchihara test
At what age does language develop into vocabulary of about 1000 words, with longer
sentences and fewer errors
a. 1 year
b. 2 year
c. 3 year
d. 4 year
The smallest units of sound that constitute speech (th, s, a)
a. Morphemes
b. Phrases
c. Sentences
d. Phonemes
mental sentences that represent the unambiguous meaning of assertion
a. Morphemes
b. Semantics
c. Pragmatics
d. Propositional representations
Original sequence of words that express a thought or intention
a. Phrases
b. Phonemes
c. Morphemes
d. Sentences
56. Objects in two situations being compared in an analogy do bear resemblance to each other,
like burdock fur and Velcro
a. Relational similarity
b. Analogical reasoning
c. Well-defined problem
d. Surface similarity
Hint – This factor can affect analogical restraints
57. At what age does language develop into more distinct babbling
a. 6 months
b. 1 year
c. 1 ½ year
d. 2 year
58. What part of the brain is involved in associating complex ideas, allocating attention, making
plans, and forming and executing intentions?
a. Ventromedial
b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
c. hindbrain
d. midbrain
59. Kevin has just been upset and decides that he now wants to leave the party, what part of the
brain is being activated
a. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
b. Frontal lobes
c. Somatosensory cortex
d. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Hint- Ventromedial prefrontal cortex is involved in emotional control over decision
making and many aspects of social functioning.
60. Two major regions in the frontal lobes involved in thinking
a. Hindbrain
b. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
c. Prefrontal cortex and frontal lobe
d. Cerebrum and cerebellum
Hint- ventromedial is on the bottom, dorsolateral is on the top
61. What is a central role in working memory and explicit manipulation of representation of
conscious though
a. Frontal lobes
b. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
c. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
d. Somatosensory cortex
62. An idea that we have of an abstraction formed using the shared features or functions of an
object across many instances
a. Concept
b. Prototype
c. Category
d. Mental images
Hint- the more stereotypical a bird the more quickly it will be to recognise it as a
bird, while penguins take longer
63. Problem solving refers to the process by which we transform one situation into another to
meet a goal and has 4 components which are?
a. Initial state, operators, goal state
b. Operators, initial state, goal state
c. Goal state, operators, initial state
d. Operates, goal state, initial state
64. Calling a rabbit and cat and frog ‘animals’ is a form of what
a. Overextension
b. LAD
c. Language development
d. Under extension
65. A disruption of language due to brain damage is called
a. Syntax
b. Aphasia
c. Discourse
d. Chomsky
66. At what age does language develop into two-word phrases
a. 3 months
b. 2 years
c. 4 years
d. 3 years
67. The mental rehearsal of the steps needed to solve a problem, like trying to move a fridge
effectively in a house
a. Mental simulation
b. Means-end analysis
c. Well-defined problems
d. Algorithm
Hint- students who envisioned the steps for study did better than students who
merely thought positive
68. At what age does language develop close to adult speech competence
a. 3 year
b. 2 year
c. 1 year
d. 4 year
69. At what age does language develop into random vocalisation
a. 1 year
b. 2 year
c. 3 months
d. 6 months
70. Zac is tasked with improving company morale and so decided to set up small sub problems by
having daily meetings and checking everyone’s mental health, this is a form of what problem
a. Well-defined
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
b. Ill-defined
c. Analogical
d. Algorithm
Who suggests that unconscious motives and emotions impact on problem-solving and
decision-making
a. Psychodynamic
b. Behaviourist
c. Humanist
d. Cognitive
events and situations that can be recalled easily are common and typical, ex. planes being
more life threating then cars since more reports on plane crashes
a. representative heuristic
b. confirmation bias
c. availability heuristic
d. functional fixedness
Mick is a judge at the dog show and needs to know exactly what breed the dog is, what level
of categorisation would be correct to use
a. Superordinate
b. Subordinate
c. Basic
d. Superbasic
a system for generating acceptable language utterances and identifying unacceptable ones
a. grammar
b. pragmatics
c. semantics
d. nonverbal communication
hint- according to textbook this also includes syntax
Which one of the following is an example of renewal effect
a. See spider in garden and develops phobia, gets extinguished in clinical setting, see
spider in clinical setting and re develops phobia
b. See spider in garden and develops phobia, gets extinguished in clinical setting, see
spider in garden and re develops phobia
Hint- will re appear if extinguished environment is different to acquisition
environment
What is the process called of new association between stimuli and response and can take 5 or
6 attempts to fully learn
a. Conditioned stimulus
b. Conditioned responses
c. Acquisition
d. Taste aversion
Behaviour is rewarded after a set amount of time
a. Ratio fixed interval
b. Variable interval
c. Fixed intervals
d. Variable ratio
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
Hint- this exists in hourly paid jobs, not matter how much extra work you do
(behaviour), you will be paid the same (reinforcement)
Michael is able to quickly discern that an ice cream truck is playing the same song it used to
play 30 years ago and now he really wants one, why is this?
a. Prior history
b. Interstimulus interval
c. Latent inhibition
d. None of the above
The presentation of a pleasant stimulus after a behaviour makes the behaviour more likely to
occur and therefore response were strengthened because it is followed by presentation of a
rewarding stimulus’
a. Negative reinforcement
b. Reinforcement
c. None of the above
d. Positive reinforcement
When Emily walks past a bowling alley she does not get sick, she always gets sick now though
when she passes golfing areas, why does she not get sick at the bowling alley
a. Discrimination
b. Stimulus generalisation
c. Renewal effect
d. Phobia
People who view negative events as internal are said to have (i) attitude, people who view it
as external and unstable have an (ii) attribution style
a. Optimistic, pessimistic
b. Pessimistic, pessimistic
c. Pessimistic, optimistic
d. Optimistic, optimistic
Hint individuals who become depressed more likely to have pessimistic attribution
style and increases likelihood of learned helplessness
Skinner was able to systematically observe operant behaviours emitted by a subject (rat and
pigeon) with what device
a. Operant simulation chamber
b. Operant stimulation chamber
c. Operant generalisation chamber
d. Operant conditioning chamber
Hint- cumulative recorder creates graphic record of responses, rats and button
presses, also called Skinner box
Association with physical sickness to taste aversion and tactile sickness (shock) to aversion of
audio is known as what
a. Biology
b. Evolution
c. Preparedness to learn
d. Rats just wanting to have fun
Hint- this experiment was done with rats but humans use physical sickness with
taste aversion for survival advantages,
84. biologically wired readiness to learn some associations more easily than is called what
a. evolution
b. prepared learning
c. biology
d. taste aversion
85. the form of condition in which CR is actually the body’s attempt to counteract the effects of a
stimulus that is about to occur
a. operant
b. taste aversion
c. paradoxical conditioning
d. controlled response
hint- drug paraphernalia in heroin addicts can activate physiological reactions that
reduce the effect of the heroin they are about to inject conditioned tolerance, or
decreased sensitivity, to the drug with repeated use as the body counteracts
dosages that were previously effective
86. What form of relationship schedule (temporal relations) is this
a.
b.
c.
d.
Forward conditioning
Backward conditioning
Simultaneous conditioning
None of the above
Hint- CS begins just before UCS
87. Failure of a stimulus to elicit a conditioned response when it is combined with another
stimulus that already elicits the conditioned response is called
a. Prior history
b. Interstimulus interval
c. Latent inhibition
d. Blocking
88. An icecream truck frequently goes past Chase’s suburb. Chase loves his ice cream. Now
everytime Chase hears the song from the icecream truck his mouth starts watering.
UCS – ice cream
UCR – salvation
NS – ice cream truck song
CS – ice cream truck song
CR –salvation
89. What form of relationship schedule (temporal relations) is this
a. Forward conditioning
b. Backward conditioning
c. Simultaneous conditioning
d. None of the above
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
Hint- UCS and CS begin and end together)
Initial exposure to neutral stimulus without the UCS slows later learning of CS-UCS and
developing CR
a. Blocking
b. Latent inhibition
c. Prior history
d. None of the above
What is most effective in achieving disciplinary goals, punishing undesirable behaviour or
reinforcing desirable behaviour
a. Punishment
b. Reinforcement
How many trials does it take to develop a taste aversion after eating bad chicken
a. 2
b. 6
c. 7
d. 1
Hint – not a certainty since could be classified as a bad batch, changes include
behaviour (avoid prawns), physiological (muscle tenses(, emotion (I hate prawns),
Cognition (law of prediction, if I eat prawns I will get sick)
Tim has his notifications on loud. Recently Tim has been getting notifications from Olivia on
snapchat. Every time he gets a message from her his heart skips a beat. Now everytime his
phone buzzes his heart skips a beat.
UCS - message
UCR – rapid heartbeat
NS – notification sound
CS – notification sound
CR – rapid heartbeat
The four key principles for observational learning are
a. Attention, retention, reproduce and motivation
b. Attention, retention, reproduce and introspection
c. locus, retention, reproduce and motivation
d. learning, retention, reproduce and introspection
Complex behaviour is trained by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired
response
a. Continuous reinforcement
b. Shaping
c. Extinction
d. Discriminative
Hint- training a dog to fetch paper and reinforcing each small action
What are the 3 key things in learning
a. Rigid, fixed, not necessary
b. Enduring, change/adaption, fixed
c. Change/adaption, enduring, necessary for survival
d. Fixed, necessary for survival, helps to sleep
Hint- learning cannot be observed overtly, it is inferred from behaviour that is
observed
97. Organism that has learnt a response to the specific stimulus responds in the same way to a
new stimuli that are similar
a. Renewal effect
b. Extinction
c. Stimulus generalisation
d. Spontaneous recovery
Hint- acronym is CC, also little albert, from loud hammer noise became afraid of
rat, then other white furry things (rabbits, coats)
98. If the unconditioned response is not presented the conditional stimulus will gradually lose its
ability to elicit a conditional response
a. Temporal relations
b. Renewal effect
c. Stimulus generalisation
d. Extinction
Hint- not an unlearning of the conditional response, it is a learned inhibition of
responding, used in phobia treatment
99. Smoker may repeatedly try and fail to quit. He may grow frustrated and come to believe that
nothing he does will help, and therefore he stops trying altogether. This is an example of
what
a. Operant conditioning
b. Learned helplessness
c. Classical conditioning
d. Social learning
100. When we encode the meaning of a word and relate it to similar words with similar meaning
a. Semantic
b. Structural
c. Phonemic
d. Shallow
Hint- this level involves elaboration rehearsal, which leads to better recall
101. When trying to remember the word phonemic, you begin to imagine a phone ringing and
creating noises, this is an example of what encoding method
a. Self-referent encoding
b. Visual imagery
c. Elaboration
d. None of the above
Hint- create these mental pictures to represent remembered words useful for
concrete words but not for abstract words
102. The way information is changed so that it can be stored in the memory via structural,
phonemic and semantic in sensory memory
a. Encoding
b. Capacity
c. Duration
d. Echoic memory
Hint- structural=visual (pictures), phonemic=acoustic (sound), semantic=meaning
103. Which memory is able to store 25+ stimuli simultaneously
a. Input
b. Long term
c. Sensory
d. Short term
104. Being able to better recall words at beginning of a list is called
a. Recency
b. Primacy
105. Cindy wishes to express her telephone number and begins to automatically dance in
excitement when she is done, what memories processes are these
a. semantic and episodic
b. explicit and implicit
c. recall and recognition
d. declarative and semantic
106. Vivid memories of exciting or highly consequential events
a. flashbulb memories
b. episodic memories
c. declarative memories
d. procedural memories
107. The ease of retrieval of a memory depends on a match between the way information was
encoded and how it is later retrieved is referred to as what
a. Encoding specificity principle
b. Enriching encoding
c. Deep processing
d. Working memory
Hint- poor recall if shallow learning is examined using deep processing technique
108. Which technique is used to record sensory memory by trying to accurately guess all 12
numbers/letters shown at once
a. Partial report technique
b. Whole report technique
109. What form of memory holds approximately 7 items (give or take 1-2 items)
a. Long term memory
b. Sensory memory
c. Iconic memory
d. Short term memory
110. Damian is walking past a store and quickly scans the stores name, when trying to remember
it later he is only able to remember that the words were cursive and the colour was purple,
what form of processing was he doing
a. Phonemic
b. Deep
c. Structural
d. Intermediate
Hint- this form of processing is shallow level and only involves maintenance
rehearsal which leads to short-term retention of information
111. The process of memory is
a. Storage, retrieval, encoding
b. Encoding, storage, retrieval
c. Retrieval, encoding, storage
d. Encoding, retrieval, storage
112. Information that is stored in terms of interconnected ideas or nodes in which concepts are
connected based on meaning and relationship that you have learned through your personal
experiences are called what
a. Spreading activation
b. Structural processing
c. Phonemic processing
d. Semantic network theory
The
tendency to forget things one does not want to think about
113.
a. Proactive interference
b. Decay theory
c. Motivated forgetting
d. Retroactive interference
114. Memory for general concepts and knowledge
a. explicit memory
b. recognition
c. semantic memories
d. procedural memories
Hint- knowing what coffee is
115. How long is the duration of sensory memory
a. 2 – 3 seconds
b. ½ - 2 seconds
c. ¼ - 2 seconds
d. 1 - 2 seconds
116. Which memory is theoretically limitless
a. Sensory
b. Short term
c. Iconic
d. Long term
117. Memory is thought to be comprised of a number of modules which are discrete but
interdependent true or false
a. True
b. False
Hint- mind works in parallel processing, visual and auditory are not one thing
118. memory for facts and events which can be stated are called
a. episodic memories
b. flashbulb memories
c. semantic memories
d. declarative memories
119. What are the 3 separate memory stores
a. Sensory memory, working memory, long term memory
b. Sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory
c. Sensory register, long term memory, sensory memory
d. Sensory register, sensory buffer, sensory memory
120. What happens to information that is not attended to in any of the memory stores
a. Decays rapidly and is lost
b. Decays and is retrieved
c. Retrieved
d. Is held forever
121. Controls the flow and processing of information
a. Episodic buffer
b. Iconic
c. Echoic
d. Central executive
122. The temporary storage and processing of information to help solve problems, respond to
environmental demands and achieve goals is called what
a. Working memory
b. Sensory memory
c. Long term memory
d. Echoic memory
Hint- information stays in this memory as long as person is consciously processing,
examining information or manipulation information
123. Patient comes into the doctor and states when looking at a menu he orders from every day
he can easily process the 9 digits and call them, yet has trouble remembering this information
and so has to look at the menu every time, what deficit is he experiencing
a. LTM
b. Working memory
124. Being able to better recall words at the end of a list is called
a. Recency
b. Primacy
125. Which technique shows 12 letters/numbers and afterwards will give a low, middle or high
tone to dictate which row of 4 you need to accurately guess
a. Partial
b. Whole
Hint= on average it records 3.3/4 and is estimated capacity of 9.9 (3.3x3)
126. London is the capital of England, zebras are animals, and the date of your mum's birthday
are examples of what memory
a. Episodic
b. Flashbulb
c. Declarative
d. Semantic
127. you have spent years not riding a bike and you decide one day to jump back on, you easily
are able to ride the bike without having to consciously think about your body movements,
this is an example of what memory
a. procedural
b. flashbulb
c. recall
d. recognition
Hint- when needing to consciously think about this memory however, your
performance drops considerably
128. short response tests involves which form of memory
a. Semantic
b. Recognition
c. Recall
d. Episodic
129. When looking at cars on the bridge we are able to register the further cars are the same size
as the closer ones, and we know they are further since they are smaller than the closer ones
a. Relative size
b. Familiar size
c. Arial perspective
d. Linear perspective
Hint- assume object is usual size
130. Which gestalt law is this
a. Law of familiarity
b. Law of similarity
c. Law of proximity
d. Law of closure
131. When sitting on a bus you focus on a car then quickly re focus onto the small grid on the
window this is a form of what
a. Retinal disparity
b. Convergence
c. Occlusion
d. Texture gradient
Hint- 33 degree muscles work harder, 1m away is 3.5 degree, 4m away less than 1 degree,
brain can extrapolate how far away object is (like putting your finger near your eye to
accurately see it)
132. Rotating mask illusion, what process is knowledge of real faces always point out, so it stops
you from viewing the reverse side of face
a. Bottom up
b. Top down
133. Which gestalt law is this
a.
b.
c.
d.
Law of similarity
Law of closure
Law of good continuation
Law of common fate
Hint – stimuli tend to be organised into continuous lines or patterns rather than
being perceived as discontinues elements
134. A stroop test is best described as
a. A test designed by mr stroop
b. Participants are presented a word printed in colour and then have to name the colour
quickly while ignoring the word.
c. Participants are presented a colour and a word
d. Participants quickly scan a page and try to guess how many numbers they saw before it
disappears
135. Every stimulus pattern completed such that any gaps are seen as a whole figure is which law
a. Good continuation
b. Closure
c. Common fate
d. Familiarity
136. Things that are related are grouped together is which gestalt law
a. Law of familiarity
b. Law of common fate
c. Law of similarity
d. Law of proximity
137. You are playing billiards and line up a shot, however when looking at the ball you notice the
closer one seems larger than the further one near the pocket, this represents what depth cue
a. Familiar size
b. Relative size
c. Arial perspective
d. Linear perspective
138. In signal detection theory, what two processes are at work for detecting a stimulus?
a. initial sensory process and decision process
b. decision process and judgment process
c. initial sensory process and detection process
d. judgment process and detection process
139. describe ways that we organise parts of a visual scene by grouping them to
interpret/perceive a whole, complete form and reflect the regularities of nature
a. Depth perception principles
b. Gestalt principles
c. Perceptual constancies
d. Transduction
140. Gestalts laws of perceptual organisations are used by the brain how
a. Consciously and with effort
b. Consciously
c. Unconsciously
d. Automatically and unconsciously
141. light scatters as it passes through space, and especially through moist or polluted air, objects
at greater distances appear fuzzier than those nearby which cue is this
a. familiar size
b. Arial perspective
c. Relative size
d. Occlusion
Hint- such as seeing mountains with blue hue
142. Baddeley and Hitch’s Memory Model has tended to supersede Atkinson and Shiffrin’s
Memory Model because it was found that…
a. Storage capacity and processing capacity are two separate aspects of working memory.
b. Storage capacity and processing capacity are ultimately the same thing; they are highly
interdependent.
c. Short-term memory is too limited to involve working on two tasks simultaneously.
d. While storage capacity in STM is unlimited, processing capacity is limited to a small
number of tasks.
143. When the cost of missing a signal is high, for example a surgeon missing a tumour,
individuals are more likely to make more what?
a. False alarms
b. Hits
c. Correct rejections
d. Misses
144. Which of the following is false about just noticeable difference (JND)
a. JND refers to changes/differences in the amount of stimulation
b. JND is constant
c. JND is greater for heavy than for light objects
d. JND is sensitive to different intensity levels
Hint- that is more for webers law, fraction has to be constant
145. Identify the gestalt principle involved in people sitting in a stadium appearing to be clusters
of colours
a. Similarity
b. Proximity
c. Closure
Simplicity
Hint-cluster helps show that it is proximity
146. Bridget has a dramatic dream where she tries desperately to reach a child in canoe but
cannot. She lost the child and was deeply upset. Bridget called out to others, but no one
could hear her. The dream was interpreted as being of significance, representing Bridget’s
concern that her life is passing by too quickly and her belief that she needs to relax more and
take life a bit easier. Which perspective does this interpretation belong to?
a. Psychodynamic perspective
b. Cognitive perspective
c. Biological perspective
d. Behaviourist perspective
Hint- the dream represents dominant thought, however this seems way more like a
psychodynamic perspective
147. Memories for events that have already occurred is called what
a. Flashbulb
b. Prospective memory
c. Retrospective
d. Procedural
Hint- like trying to remember a shopping list you left at home
148. memory for things that need to be done in the future
a. flashbulb
b. prospective
c. retrospective
d. procedural
Hint- like remembering you need to get bread on your way home from work for
dinner tonight
149. Mental state of consciousness in which a person performing an activity is fully absorbed in a
feeling of energised focus, complete involvement and intrinsic enjoyment of the activity.
a. Meditation
b. Religious experience
c. Hypnosis
d. Flow
150. Rocky is a snake, rocky likes to play fetch, therefore all snakes like to play fetch. This is an
example of?
a. Deductive reasoning
b. Inductive reasoning
c. Belief bias
d. Syllogism
Hint- making generalised reasoning, not all snakes like this, but if you were the say rocky
slithers to a ball, rocky is slithering, a ball is there, this is deductive
151.