THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
ZAMBIA INSTTUTE OF SPECIAL EDUCATION
GUIDANCE AND COUSELLING IN SPECIAL EDUCATION
LECTURE NOTES/ HANDOUTS
Lecture one
ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELLING
BY
Mrs Chikwanka H.K.C
Mrs Chikwanka H.K.C
ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
 The origin and development of guidance and counseling’s can
be looked at from two fronts; the first being origin of guidance
and counselling at the global level and the second front being
the development of guidance and counselling in Zambia.
 According to Kocchar (2013), world-wide guidance is considered
to be as old as human civilization. In the primitive society,
guidance was offered to the young by elders in the family and to
persons in distress by the clergy, also medicine men and women
using supernatural forces to help the client.
 The origin of guidance as an organized professional service,
dates back to 1905, and credit for its development goes to Frank
Parsons of Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Parsons is also known
as the father of guidance. Parsons worked in Boston Settlement
House, where he worked directly with young people struggling
to find work in order to earn a living. He helped found the
vocation Bureau and wrote his classic book, choosing a
Vocation, which was published posthumously in 1909. These
two achievements made him pioneer in the Guidance Movement
in America.
Mrs Chikwanka H.K.C
FACTORS
THAT
NECESSITATED
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING IN AMERICA
 The development of guidance and counselling was necessitated
by several factors
a) Need for vocational guidance
People wanted to understand themselves and the world of work. As a
results, vocational guidance and the world of work. As a results,
vocational guidance was born.
b) Need for mental health clinic
The desire to help in preventing mental illness resulted in the
development of mental health clinics.
c) Need for child guidance
The desire to help in the physical and psychosocial needs for children
brought the growth of child guidance.
d) Need for development of standardized tests
Due to the need to help people with mental retardation or intelligent
quotient (IQ). This need resulted in the evolution of the testing
movement.
The work of Alfred Binet created a foundation where
other scholars sprung from. His intelligent scale of 1905 was a big
step forward in the evolution of measurement techniques that gave a
greater degree of objectivity to the process of educational and
vocational planning for children and young adults.
Mrs Chikwanka H.K.C
Development of guidance and counselling in Zambia
 In Zambia guidance and counselling has development from
career guidance.
In 1967, the idea of setting up careers
guidance was initiated by the Ministry of Education. In 1970,
secondary schools were directed to provide career guidance. In
1981, the Psychological Services Unit was transferred to the
Examination Council of Zambia and in its place, the Guidance
Unit was created with restricted responsibility for careers
Guidance, and it operated as a separate entity.
 In the early 1980’s the Lusaka Province Careers Masters
Association was formed in Lusaka by Mr Penius Penyani, Mr.
Lewis Sauti, Mr Danniel Ndhlovu, Ms Angella Chombolola and
others.
 Formal training in Guidance and counselling began in 1987 at
the Technical and Vocational Teachers College (TVTC) in
Luanshya, which led to an award in Guidance, Counselling and
placement Diploma.
Mrs Chikwanka H.K.C
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Mrs Chikwanka H.K.C