Transmuta)on of Radioac)ve Wastes
Transmutación de Residuos Radiac)vos
Introduc)on
Master de Ciencia y Tecnología Nuclear @ European Master SARENA
J. Manuel Perlado
Director
Ins4tuto Fusión Nuclear “Guillermo Velarde”
Departamento de Ingeniería Enérge4ca
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
2020
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February-May 2020
P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
AREAS covered in the COURSE PARTITIONING AND TRANSMUTATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
Why P&T? Defini)ons and Iden)fica)on of the PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
General Understanding of Radioac)vity Genera)on in Nuclear Fission Cycle
CLASIFICATION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES
Poten)al Alterna)ves of Radioac)ve Wastes Manipula)on depending in their
ACTIVITY and LIFETIME
5. Basic Theory of Transmuta4on: Types of Par4cles Irradia4on and its efficiency
6. Methods of PARTITIONING of Radioac)ve Wastes: Aqueous and Pyro
7. Nuclear Systems for Transmuta4on: Cri4cal (Reactors) and Subcri4cal
(Accelerator Driven Systems, ADS)
8. Advanced Reactors for New Efficient Fuel Cycle: Present and Future of
Genera4on IV
9. Accelerator Driven Systems and Subcri4cal Systems and Laser driven Neutron
Sources: basic theory, models, experiences and efficiency.
10. Na4onal and Interna4onal Programs
11. Poten)al Nuclear Prolifera)on due to the manipula)on in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
in P&T
12. Illicit Traffic of Radioac)ve Materials.
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February-May 2020
P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
EUROPEAN UNION
Approximately 2500
about 25
tons of spent fuel containing
tons of plutonium and
3.5 tons of ‘‘minor ac)nides’’ (MAs) neptunium,
americium, and curium,
as well as 3
tons of long-lived Fission Products
(FPs) (out of a total of about 100 tons of FPs)
are produced ANNUALLY in the European Union
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February-May 2020
P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
Volume and
Ac)vity of Solid,
Liquid and
Gaseous
Radioac)ve RAA
Wastes
HIGH
RBMA
MEDIUM/LOW
VERY LOW
ACTIVITY
RBBA
•Opera)on
365 days/year
1/3 Recharge per
year
Core: 100 tonnes of
enriched Uranium,
30 MW per tonne
33 GW.day / tonne
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February-May 2020
P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
Radiotoxicity of natural uranium including daughter products = 20 Sv/kg
We need to use
20.5 tonnes
of Natural Uranium
to extract
1 TWhe in a LWR with
burn-up of
50 GWd/tHM
20 Sv/kg x 20500 kg/TWhe = 4.1 x
February-May 2020
105
Sv/TWhe
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
Permanent Repository =
Yucca Mountain (USA)
Yucca Mountain is comprised of "tuff," a rock
made from compacted volcanic ash formed
more than 13 million years ago. Yucca Mountain
has a desert climate and receives about six to
seven inches of rain and snow per year. The
Mountain has a deep water table. The repository
would be built approximately 1,000 feet below
the land surface and 1, 000 feet above the water
table.
Retain the dose
limit of 15
millirem per year
for the first 10,000
years aker
disposal;
Temporal Repositories of High Ac)vity Wastes
in the World
February-May 2020
Establish a dose
limit of 100
millirem annual
exposure per year
between 10,000
years and 1 million
years;
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
NUCLEAR FISSION
E = mc2 / 200 MeV
Energy + Fuel ….. And also Radioac4ve Wastes
+ CHAIN REACTION !!! but ……………..
FISSION ALSO CAN BREAK (FRACTION) THE RADIOACTIVE
WASTES !!!!!!.... Not all well done ….
That’s OK for heavy elements … no for
Fission Product…..
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FISSION PRODUCTS
P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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February-May 2020
P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
TRANSMUTATION OF NUCLEAR ISOTOPES
• Descrip)on of the PROBLEM: SPENT FUEL
– Severe increase of the Radio toxicity at end of life
• Already jusIfy
• RADIOTOXICITY
– Poten)al pernicious effects by energy deposi)on in the
human living and other life forms
– Measured by the dose expressed in Sievert (rem)
– Depending on Ac)vity, Type of Emired Par)cle and its
Energy, Exposure Time
•
•
•
•
February-May 2020
Ac)vity depends on decay constant: property of each isotope
Par)cle: charged par)cle (α, β-, β+), neutron, radia)on, gamma)
Energy: Higher Energy
Higher dose
Time: Higher Time
Higher dose
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
Transmuta)on Objec)ves
• Eliminate or reduce the amount of Long lived
and High Ac)vity Radioac)ve Wastes by
bombarding the nucleus with adequate
par)cles to arrive to a stable or a low life)me
isotope.
• In our case the problem comes from Ac4nides
or Long Lived Fission Products.
• MAIN USEFUL NUCLEAR REACTION: FISSION !!
– This is a problem with Fission Products destruc)on
• Remember always that when using Fission we
have a product that is ... Energy.
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
R = N. σ.φ
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
FAST REACTORS. FINAL SOLUTION ?
ESTIMATED REDUCTION OF PLUTONIUM
These are CEA (France)
es)ma)on of how Fast
Neutron Reactors (FNR)
can reduce Pu Inventory
when used in their mode
of burners
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February-May 2020
P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
A comment on Fast Breeder Reactor modes opera)on:
Fast Reactors can be working as
ISOGENERATOR mode when it produces much fissile material
(plutonium) as it consumes (e.g. Astrid Reactor); they could
operate only with depleted Uranium
BREEDER mode when it produces more fissile material than it
consumes, periodically allowing the start-up of new reactors
(India); the areas with excess of fissile mainly named Fer)le
Blankets.
BURNER, when it operates consuming more fissile material that
it produces. If we desire to simply reduce for example the
amount of plutonium avoiding storage or bad use of sensi)ve
materials.
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
Pu239 Fission
Pu240 Fission
Pu239 Capture
Pu240 Capture
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
Am 241 Fission
Am 241 Capture
Am 243 Fission
Am 243 Capture
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
Np-237
Fission
Capture
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February-May 2020
P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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February-May 2020
P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
1524,2 kg FP
96.7 kg MA
406.2 kg Pu
1442 kg FP
76.5 kg MA
399.2 kg Pu
1797.5 kg FP
147.5 kg MA
81.5 kg Pu
7120 kg FP
NO REPROCESSING
1797.5 kg FP
147.5 kg MA
81.5 kg Pu
NON-PROLIFERATION
6919.6 kg FP
2005.3 kg FP
4.6 kg MA
14 kg Pu
MINIMIZE ACTIVITY
2206.3 kg FP
4.6 kg MA
14 kg Pu
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
OPEN cycle
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
French Nuclear Power Plants / 63 GWe
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
French Stockpile of depleted Uranium in 2040 = 450.000 t
(7000 t/year)
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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February-May 2020
P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
By 2030, 3800 t spent MOX stockpiled.
1 % Pu
10 % Pu
12 t Pu/1500 MWe
Core inventory
25 t Pu/1500 MWe
Cycle Inventory
February-May 2020
6% Pu
7 t/year
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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February-May 2020
P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
Actually Le Hague (UP3 + UP2 800) ≈ 1600 tHM/year,
up to 8000 tHM/year in 2050 / Reprocessing
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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February-May 2020
P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
ALLEGRO REACTOR
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
Accelerator Driven System (1993-95) / ENERGY
Carlo Rubbia (CERN)
also team of Ins4tuto Fusion Nuclear
AMPLIFIER
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
Accelerator Driven System (1993-95) ENERGY AMPLIFIER
Carlo Rubbia (CERN)
also team of Ins4tuto Fusion Nuclear
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
1997-1999
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
RUSSIA
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
MITSUBISHI
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"
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P&T of Radioac)ve Wastes: Introduc)on/ J.M. Perlado, N.C. Santamaría, Ins)tuto Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde"