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A Summary of the Latin Verb as Presented in Unit 1 of the Cambridge Latin Course
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Every Latin verb includes a personal ending that indicates both the person of the verb and
the number of the verb.
There are three persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural), and
so there are six personal endings.
Each personal ending may be understood as a personal pronoun supplying a built-in
subject for the verb.
There are two distinct sets of personal endings, one for the perfect tense alone, the other for
all the other tenses.
The Three Persons, Singular and Plural
First Person Singular:
Second Person Singular:
Third Person Singular:
First Person Plural:
Second Person Plural:
Third Person Plural:
I
you
he / she / it
we
you
they
Personal Endings
Present and Imperfect Tenses
-ō / -m
(I)
-s
(you) [singular]
-t
(he / she / it)
-mus
(we)
-tis
(you) [plural]
-nt
(they)
Number
Person
Singular
-ī
-istī
-it
-imus
-istis
-ērunt
(I)
(you) [singular]
(he / she / it)
(we)
(you) [plural]
(they)
The Verb to be
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
1
sum
I am
eram
I was
2
-m
es
you are
erās
you were
-s
3rd
est
he is
erat
he was
-t
1st
sumus
we are
erāmus
we were
-mus
2nd
estis
you are
erātis
you were
-tis
3rd
sunt
they are
erant
they were
-nt
st
nd
Plural
Perfect Tense
1 Grammar . Latin . Verb . Latin I.A
Copyright 2013
The Lancaster Center for Classical Studies
910 Marietta Avenue
Lancaster, PA 17603
Personal Ending
The Regular Verb
PRESENT TENSE: describes simple, continuous, or emphatic action in the present. The
present stem of the word in the example below is porta- . We affix the personal ending to the
present stem in order to form the present tense of the verb.
Number
Singular
Plural
Person
1
Verb
Personal Ending
Meaning
porto
-o
I carry, am carrying, do carry
2
nd
portās
-s
you carry, are carrying, do carry
3rd
portat
-t
he carries, is carrying, does carry
1st
portāmus
we carry, are carrying, do carry
2nd
-mus
portātis
-tis
you carry, are carrying, do carry
3rd
portant
-nt
they carry, are carrying, do carry
st
IMPERFECT TENSE: describes incomplete action in the past, including past actions that
were continuous, repeated, persistent, habitual, or beginning. The constant sign of the imperfect
tense is -ba-. In the example below, the present stem is porta-. To form the imperfect tense, we
affix the -ba- to the present stem of the verb, then we affix the personal ending to the -ba-.
Number
Singular
Plural
Person
1
Verb
Personal Ending
Meaning
st
portābam
-m
I was/began/kept carrying, used to carry
2nd
portābas
-s
you were/began/kept carrying, used to carry
3rd
portābat
-t
he was/began/kept carrying, used to carry
portābāmus
-mus
we were/began/kept carrying, used to carry
2nd
portābatis
-tis
you were/began/kept carrying, used to carry
3rd
portābant
-nt
they were/began/kept carrying, used to carry
1st
PERFECT TENSE: describes unique or completed action in the past. In the perfect tense, the
stem of the word usually changes from its present-tense form. In the example below, the present
stem, porta-, has changed, with the addition of a -v-, to become the perfect stem, portav-. To form
the perfect tense, we affix to the perfect stem of the verb the perfect-tense personal ending.
Number
Person
Singular
1
portāvi
I carried, have carried, did carry
2
-ī
portāvistī
-istī
you carried, have carried, did carry
3rd
portāvit
-it
he carried, has carried, did carry
1st
portāvimus
-imus
we carried, have carried, did carry
2nd
portavistis
-istis
you carried, have carried, did carry
3rd
portavērunt
-ērunt
they carried, have carried, did carry
st
nd
Plural
Verb
Personal Ending
Meaning
2 Grammar . Latin . Verb . Latin I.A
Copyright 2013
The Lancaster Center for Classical Studies
910 Marietta Avenue
Lancaster, PA 17603
The First, Second, Third, and Fourth Conjugations of the Regular Latin Verb
Present, Imperfect, and Perfect Tenses, All Persons and Numbers
A Basic Study-Chart for the Tense-forms of the Verb Introduced in Unit 1 of the Cambridge Latin Course
Tense
Number Person First Conjugation Second Conjugation Third Conjugation Fourth Conjugation
to carry
to teach
to drag / pull / draw to hear / listen to
Present
Singular
Plural
Imperfect Singular
Plural
Perfect
Singular
Plural
1st
portō
doceō
trahō
audiō
2nd
portās
docēs
trahis
audīs
3rd
portat
docet
trahit
audit
1st
portāmus
docēmus
trahimus
audīmus
2nd
portātis
docētis
trahitis
audītis
3rd portant
docent
trahunt
audiunt
1st
portābam
docēbam
portābam
audiēbam
2nd
portābās
docēbās
portābās
audiēbās
3rd
portābat
docēbat
portābat
audiēbat
1st
portābāmus docēbāmus
portābāmus audiēbāmus
2nd
portābātis
docēbātis
portābātis
audiēbātis
3rd portābant
docēbant
portābant
audiēbant
1st
portāvī
docuī
trāxī
audīvī
2nd
portāvistī
docuistī
trāxistī
audīvistī
3rd
portāvit
docuit
trāxit
audīvit
1st
portāvimus
docuimus
trāximus
audīvimus
2nd
portāvistis
docuistis
trāxistis
audīvistis
3rd portāvērunt docuērunt
trāxērunt
audīvērunt
3 Grammar . Latin . Verb . Latin I.A
Copyright 2013
The Lancaster Center for Classical Studies
910 Marietta Avenue
Lancaster, PA 17603
The Present, Imperfect, and Perfect Tenses of the Latin Verb to be
In All Persons and Numbers
A Basic Study-Chart for the Tense-forms of the Verb to be Introduced in Unit 1
Nota bene: This chart includes the perfect tense of the Verb to be. That form of the verb to be is not
introduced in Unit 1 of the Cambridge Latin Course, but it is easy to learn. The perfect stem of the verb to
be is fu-. As with the perfect tense of all verbs, in order to form the perfect tense of the verb to be, you
affix the common perfect-tense personal endings (-ī,-istī, -it, -imus, -istis, -ērunt) to the perfect stem fu-.
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
Perfect Tense
Number
Person
Singular
1st
sum
I am
eram
I was
fuī
I have been
2nd
es
you are
erās
you were
fuistī
you have been
3rd
est
he is
erat
he was
fuit
he has been
1st
sumus
we are
erāmus
we were
fuimus
we have been
2nd
estis
you are
erātis
you were
fuistis
you have been
3rd sunt
they are
erant
they were
fuērunt they have been
Plural
Study Tips
Study all persons, numbers, and tenses of all four conjugations of the regular verb
and of the verb to be, as exhibited in the two foregoing charts. Conduct your study by
periodically reviewing all of the forms in a thoughtful, observant manner, first 1.)
mentally (reading them silently to yourself), then 2.) orally (reading them aloud to
yourself or to a parent or sibling), and finally 3.) in writing (writing them out in an
organized manner, including the labels). Rather than trying to learn the two charts at
once, in their entirety, work at them a section at a time, gradually building your command.
Learn the present tense of the first conjugation, then move to the imperfect tense of the
first conjugation, and so on. Or, learn the present tense of the first conjugation, then move
to the present tense of the second conjugation, and so on. Quiz yourself periodically on
the sections that you have been working on recently, and reinforce your gains by going
back to quiz yourself on earlier sections as well. Study by reviewing the forms in a given
section of the charts thoughtfully and attentively, doing so now mentally, now orally, now
in writing, until you truly know the details of each section thoroughly, not by rote, but by
heart. Build up your mastery steadily, section by section, until you have gained control of
the entire system of both the regular verb and the verb to be As you conduct your periodic
reviews, always be thinking of the meaning and function of each word in each of its
particular forms. Make a game of your learning! A Latin word for school is ludus, which
also means a game. Enjoy your work. 4 Grammar . Latin . Verb . Latin I.A
Copyright 2013
The Lancaster Center for Classical Studies
910 Marietta Avenue
Lancaster, PA 17603
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