176 OOgyG
-
l_MZ9B G_QT98c G_G9lgc?
G F G J9ZMz|
)gGQ(AvOyG - Q+ATF9CG(
‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻤﻲ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻣﺎﺭﺓ‬
?+g|9Gy { 9SQy
:‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
1998 - 1972 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻗﺔ‬
Q
,v v v}v v vS9v v vtv v vyG Ov‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
v v}v v vJv v v|‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬
#v v v<‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ‬
f9v v va-v v‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‬
vzv v vS ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﻼﺀ ﻋﻄﺎﺍﷲ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺴﻰ‬
,v v p ,v v p9v v tv v Dv v yGh j(v v <Qv v Av v yG gQhOh
‫ ﻧﺬﻳﺮ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺍﻭﻯ‬
)1998 - 1972( (‫ﺣﺴﻴﻨ)ﻤﺸﺮﻑ‬
?v v v vsQ9v v v vWv v v vyG IQ9v v v v|E
176‫ ﻉ‬,46‫ﺱ‬
Q+AT‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
F9| ?‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ‬
y9S ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ‬
*
ŠOIÇ üÇUD Áš ºÏÇbÅ
sO5 ÑU4 dc ®Ï®Ã ºáLjÅ
:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﻤؤﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬
:‫ﻣؤﻟﻔﻴﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻌﻢ‬
:‫ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬
2020
:‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ‬
443 - 449
O :‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ‬
lA
: cK
l c;rAT:G b_f 9K_aZJ Og= IOJAl_G ?c=Qg_G1061763
BGQ9lDG ?_aO B_jW :MD ‫ﺭﻗﻢ‬
HaF9t ‫ﻋﺮﻭﺽ‬
Hl dF9D_G dp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ‬
9cF9acQ= ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬
B9TTCl_Ga HcDJ9=_G m9lAJG ,1971 caFG ‫ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
?cT9cT_G 9KAaWFC dp EcOJAa ?gcQT ?]KF Hl \ArrArabic
J 9l_ ;?crGQg_G ?clcO9tFG :‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
?cFlR UHumanIndex
cc9rl= ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:Ga
?raFl caOa dlc_rDG bcJl_G Br9pEcoLink,
:‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
.bTaFG sQW_G
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺗﻰ‬،‫ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻤﻰ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻢ‬
:‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ‬
gQaOa dlT9r_G OlJl H= H9a_T ?cZMW BQcAMG s_aFl_G GPJ Hl
http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1061763
:‫ﺭﺍﺑﻂ‬
?_9TQ_ 9k fa]al )1998-1972( ?rQ9W_G IQ9lE dp dp9rD_Ga ja=QA_G
?clJC Hl \_Dlc 9l_ ?_9TQ_G HlR_ ?cGO= 1972 m9f Q9cAMG mAa ,QcATG9l_G
H
?c_t U_Gl b_E dTcr_G mcJGQ=E K=Z \__G9af A;f >_9a_G 9K= mOrA ?_9TQ *
NcQ9A_G dp QcATG9l_G ?GQO ccF B9=_aAl Hl ARG dJa ,OGOj= ?gl9G ,>GO6G
.‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬
.QZ9g‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬
l_Ga E.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬
cOJ_G ‫ ﺩﺍﺭ‬2021 ©
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬،‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬
‫ ﻭﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬،‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
.‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ( ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬
443
176 OOgyG
-
l_MZ9B G_QT98c G_G9lgc?
G F G J9ZMz|
)gGQ(AvOyG - Q+ATF9CG(
?+g|9Gy { 9SQy
Q
,v v v}v v vS9v v vtv v vyG Ov v v}v v vJv v v| #v v v< f9v v vav v vzv v vS
,v v p ,v v p9v v tv v Dv v yGh j(v v <Qv v Av v yG gQhOh
)1998 - 1972( ?v v v vsQ9v v v vWv v v vyG IQ9v v v v|E
Q+ATF9| ?y9S
*
ŠOIÇ üÇUD Áš ºÏÇbÅ
sO5 ÑU4 dc ®Ï®Ã ºáLjÅ
O lA
: cK
l c;rAT:G b_f 9K_aZJ Og= IOJAl_G ?c=Qg_G BGQ9lDG ?_aO B_jW
B9TTCl_Ga HcDJ9=_G m9lAJG ,1971 caFG HaF9t Hl dF9D_G dp 9cF9acQ=
?cT9cT_G 9KAaWFC dp EcOJAa ?gcQT ?]KF Hl \ArrJ 9l_ ;?crGQg_G ?clcO9tFG
?raFl caOa dlc_rDG bcJl_G Br9p ?cFlR Ucc9rl= ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:Ga
.bTaFG sQW_G
gQaOa dlT9r_G OlJl H= H9a_T ?cZMW BQcAMG s_aFl_G GPJ Hl
?_9TQ_ 9k fa]al )1998-1972( ?rQ9W_G IQ9lE dp dp9rD_Ga ja=QA_G
?clJC Hl \_Dlc 9l_ ?_9TQ_G HlR_ ?cGO= 1972 m9f Q9cAMG mAa ,QcATG9l_G
H
?c_t U_Gl b_E dTcr_G mcJGQ=E K=Z \__G9af A;f >_9a_G 9K= mOrA ?_9TQ
NcQ9A_G dp QcATG9l_G ?GQO ccF B9=_aAl Hl ARG dJa ,OGOj= ?gl9G ,>GO6G
.QZ9gl_Ga EcOJ_G
443
*
Q AtO_G
)gG a
-
|ATG9*G( ?cgl9G_G c89TQ_G B9ZM_l
T9cT_G MQTl_G b_f dlT9r_G OlJl H= H9a_T ?cZMW RQ=C \FF ;IQc=t
k
b_E QrApA \AQ9lE BF9t PE ;?r9W_G \AQcTl BCO= 9FJ Hla .?rQ9W_G IQ9lD 9lt9J
;dp9rD_Ga ja=QA_G >F9G_G 9KFla ,B:9Gl_G q_AMl dp ?cQ9]J_G B9larl_G
B9caATl_G b_f 9JQaO RGQ=Ea \AQ9lE ?_tcJ IO9fE dp mKTAo baM h]a QQrp
mc_gA_G HGOcl dp ?p9agFG 1998 m9f ctW HcJ dp .?c_aO_Ga ?c=Qg_Ga ?clc_rDG
)atTFac_G( ?p9rD_Ga ma_g_Ga ?c=QA__ IOJAl_G mlFG ?ldFl BpQAfG \cpp ;?p9rD_Ga
.?c=Qg_G ?p9rD__ ?lZ9f ?rQ9W_G IQ9l@=
H= H9a_T NcW_G Y9aATG qct :dJ ?_9TQ_G 9KWr9FA dA_G ?c_9tWDG
?rQ9W_G RGQ=D 9JOlAfG dA_G BGaaM_G 9la ?\AQ9l@= ^aKF_G dlT9r_G OlJl
NcW_G ?cZMW_ H9t cJa ?HaFp_Ga ?p9rD_Ga mc_gA_G B:9Gl dp 9k cQ9]J
Hl LaQM_9= HccrQ9W_G Y9FrE Y9aATG qcta ?u_P dp cf9p_G QaO_G H9a_T
?c_9tWDG u_A Hf ?=9GDG EJ9=_G ca9Jc ?M;ZDGa A9F=_G aJF q_MAl_G mKgrGa
.?_9TQ_G ?aM 9KAFl]A ?cGKFl ?_8TC \JQa=
dZrA_G 9KT9TC ,?cMcQ9A ?cGKFl spa \ATGQO Ya]al_G ?gc=a B]ArG
o
b_E ?_9TQ_G BlTq r \c_f .?r;g_G BGP hGGQl_Ga QO9Zl_G b_f Y;a:Ga EJ=_Ga
.EJ9=_G 9Kc_E cZaA dA_G B9GA9AFAT:G mJ.= ?lA9Ma caZp ?g=QCa ?lOrl
m9f bAJ ?rQ9W_G IQ9lE dp dp9rD_Ga ja=QA_G b9WF_G caFG cZp_G h=AA
,dpGQjG_G ?rQ9W_G hral_ ?cMcQ9A_G ?clJFG caFG EJ=l_G \cp bafC ,1972
.?rQ9W_G dp mc_gA_G QaKd_ b_aFG B9cGO=_G dF9D_G \DJ=l dp dajc_ crAFGa
dp ?rQ9W_G IQ9lD dv v v p9rD_G b9WF_G OFf E_9D_G \DJ=l dp cZp_G qraAa
.IQt=l_G \_JGQl
dlT9r_G OlJl H= H9a_T ?cZMW ?TGQO_ dF9D_G cZp_G [ZMa
\AQcTa \A.WFa \=TF \Fl caFG EJ=l_G ca9FA ,dp9rD_Ga jQtp_G \FcatAa
H9a_T g9GAG IQa_= dp ?cT9cT_G BGQ9cA_G QDC dF9D_G EJ=l_G K]aa .?clc_gA_G
sQaA HcJ dp ,1972 m9f ?rQ9W_G mtJ \l_TA bAJ dp9rD_Ga jQtp_G dlT9r_G
d
444
........
v9rD_Ga
ja
=~_G gQaOa
d
lT9r_G OlJl
H
=
H
9a_T
A9p_Cl b_f 9KA9T9tgFGa ?=9At_G dp dlT9r_G H9a_T ?cGKFl b_E E_9D_G EJ=l_G
.d=OFG \G9AFa ?cl_g_G
IOl__ dlT9r_G H9a_T NcW_G mtJ cd dp ?c=QA_G E_9D_G cZp_G Xr9F
OaKGa ?rQ9W_G dp mc_gA_G QaaA ?D;D_G \DJ9=l= H_9f PE ;)1998-1972(
k
.B9gl9G_G UcT.A dp \A9l9KTE Hf ;]p ,d_9g_G mc_gA_G b9WF hcTaA dp 9Klt9J
OKf dp ?rQ9W_G IQ9lD ?cQ9]J_Ga ?cp9rD_G ?clFA_G h=GQ_G cZp_G UQO
\A9l9lAJG caFG EJ=l_G H_9f .)1998-1972( IOl__ dlT9r_G H9a_T NcW_G
dF9D_G EJ=l_G ^QgATGa ,?rQ9W_G IQ9lD ?cFp_Ga ?cp9rD_G B:9Gl_G dp
E_9D_G EJ=l_G b_Ta ,dpQ9gl_G >F9G_G QcaaA dp H9a_T NcW_G B9l9KTE
.?rQ9W__ ?cQ9]J_G >FGaG_G RGQ=E dp gOaKG b_f Aa]_G QcMFG
\
:
QO9Z*G cc_JA
B9la_gl Bp9]C dA_G QO9Zl_G Hl ?faFAl ?falGl b_f ?_9TQ_G BOlAfG
q
:?clJFG EcJ Hl 9KAlOrl dp dA.A ?lcr
Q WFl_G ?clTQ_G s89Da_G
:I a
k
-
:aC
?p9rD_Ga ,mc_gA_Ga ?c=QA_G :9KAGQGRa= IOJAl_G ?c=Qg_G BGQ9lDG ?_aO BQOZC
BGR9GFE Hl ?_aO_G \ArrJ 9l b_E 9Kcp BrQaA ?caFT QcQ9rA bcaMA_Ga m;fDGa
m9lAJG BTtf B9F9c=a caGOG= IRRgl ,?p9rD_Ga mc_gA_Ga ?c=QA_G iaATl b_f
?c=Qg_G BGQ9lDG EcOJA U9TC 9KFF ;>FGaG_G gPJ dp HccAGQ9lDG Hc_aCTl_G
:s89Da_G gPJ mJC Hla .?_aO_G QaATO 9JOtC dA_G 9KA]KFa
?vcv=Qvgv_G BGQ9vlDG ?v_aOv_ javFvTv_G >9vAvtv_G ,IOvJvAvlv_G ?vcv=Qvgv_G BGQ9vlDG ?v_aO *
.1974 d=da=C ,m;fDGa ?p9rD_G IQGRa ,1974 IOJAl_G
m9vgv_ javFvTv_G QvcQvrvAv_G ,mvcavrvAv_Ga bvcvavMvAv_G Y9vavr ,mvcv_vgvAv_Ga ?vcv=QvAv_G IQGRa *
.1986 d=O ,EaJ=_Ga B9la_gl_G QGO ,1986-1985
m9vgv_ javFvTv_G QvcQvrvAv_G ,mvcavrvAv_Ga bvcvavMvAv_G Y9vavr ,mvcv_vgvAv_Ga ?vcv=QvAv_G IQGRa *
.1991 d=O ,EaJ=_Ga B9la_gl_G IQGOE ,1991-1990
445
Q AtO_G
)gG a
-
|ATG9*G( ?cgl9G_G c89TQ_G B9ZM_l
:
k
k
?cr89Da_G >At_G
:
k
?c=Qg_G
9cF9D
-
- C
OaKG_G Hl]A 9cr89Da 9=9At 1997 m9f ?c=Qg_G B9TGQO__ HOF_ RtQl QWF
?c=Qg_G BGQ9lDG ?_aO NcQ9A :HaFgl_G BGQ9lDG QcaaA_ HacF9acQ=_G 9K_P= dA_G
d_Rc_ :?lGQA ,)1965-1797( ?cF9acQ=_G s89Da_G mJC Hl BGQ9AMl ,IOJAl_G
BlAa .)1965-1945( E_9D_G O_Gl_G ,\__GO=f dTQl OlJl :scrJA ,Hc_ta_t9l
mc_gA__ b_aFG B9cGO=_G cav v v v J ?v v v v _9TQ_G Hl caFG cv v v v Zp_G dp \Fl IO9pAT:G
.?rQ9W_G dp
,H9l_T_G HTJ OWGQ bFla OcWQ_G d_f OlJl ?FlB >9At >F9G b_E
?c_lg_G QaaA Kc]aA dp mKTC jP_G ,)?cr89Da ?TGQO m_g_G IO8GQ( ?rQ9W_G
:?rQ9W_G IQ9lE dp ?cp9rD_Ga ?ca=QA_G
:
?cRc_tFDG
-
Selections From the Records of the Bombay Government, :>9At
>
Ogc
Hc_M_G NcQ9A_ ?cTc8Q_G QO9Zl_G OJC New Series, No.XXIV, Bombay, 1856
dp EJ9= jF Htlc :a ,QWf hT9A_G HQr_G Hl caFG qZF_G dp d=Qg_G
Hc_l9g_G HccF9acQ=_G Hc_aCTl_G QcQ9rA \8GaAJ: \Ff A9FjAT:G ?raFl_G HaCW
.j9=la= ?latJ b_E ?lOrl_Ga Hc_M_G dp
?cZMW_G BGQtPl_G
:
k
-
9D_9D
B9la_gl= ?_9TQ_G dlT9r_G OlJl H= H9a_T NcW_G BGQtPl BgpO
A9F= 9KA9caAJl BFl]A PE ;Ya]al_9= IQW9=l ?r;f 9K_ s89rJ BJ]a
BGQ9lDG ?_aO HcatA cJGQla ?cp9rD_Ga ?clc_gA_G dlT9r_G H9a_T ?cZMW
:dJ >At_Ga 9JQcaaA_ Bg]a dA_G ?calFA_G baM_Ga
.1971 m9f bAJ IO:a_G PFl \A9cJ Hf \cp EOJA jP_G ,B P_ OQT *
m9vf bv_E 1971 m9vf Hvl AGOvAv=G ;AGRvGC ?vD;vD Hvl qv_.vAvca , Q t P _ E O J *
bv_aFG B9vcGOv=v_G PvFvl dvT9vcvTv_G BGQ9vlDG ?v_aO NvcQ9vA bv_E 9vKvcvp sQvavA 2004
G
I vv G vv G
G
vvc vv
446
........
v9rD_Ga
ja
=~_G gQaOa
d
lT9r_G OlJl
H
=
H
9a_T
Bv v v v v v v vvvgvv]a dvvAvv_G Hv v v v v vvvlGQvv=vv_Ga B9vvcvvZvvMvvWvv_G RQv v v v v vvv=Ca O9v v v vvvJvvA:G cvvcvvtvvWvvAvv_
.?_aO_9= ^aKF__
QaO RGQv v v v v v v vvv=Ea dv v v v v vv vp9vvrvvDvv_G \vva9vvWvvF ^QvvgvvAvvTG \vvcvvpa , T _ O9 Z J
cvZvpv_G dvp g9vFOvlvAvfG jPv_G QOvZvlv_G avJa ,9k vcv=Qvfa 9k vcvlvcv_vrE dvp9vrvDv_G ?v v v v v vvrQ9vWv_G
.?_9TQ_G Hl h=GQ_G
HvvvvcvvvvFvvvv
vvvv G
vvvv
vvvv
*
k
? =Qg_G >At_G
: c
-
9g=GQ
l O= : ?_9TQ_G HGaFg= IQW9=l ?r;f 9K_ dA_G QO9Zl_G cc_JA c=r
UCQ aC ?rQ9W_G dp AGaT mTGar_G NcQ9A ?rcrJ ?pQgl OcQc Hl HE :car_G
B_Za 9lcp 9JQDCa 9Kcp GaQrATG dA_G ?8c=_Ga I.WF_Ga cZFG EcJ Hl ?lcM_G
P9ATFG >9At Hf A9FjAT:G Htlc : ,mOrA_Ga QaaA_G Hl ?_JQl Hl BGQ9lDG \c_E
H _M_ p mT r_ Q O( :HaFgl_G )\__G \lJQ( O=9g_G OlJl K_9Z QaAtO_G
=Qg_
caFG Hc_Zp_G B9JpZ ^g= dp g9FOlAfG u_P_ ;)
EJ9= jC b_f ?_aKT_G Hl Uc_ QO9Zla s89Da b_f \A9la_gl O9lAf: dF9D_Ga
l 9 9a Q= qr l( :dF9D_G \=9At u_Pta ,9Kc_f caZJ_G Q]9J_G Bra_G dp
dp g9FlOMATG jP_G )
=Qg_ H _M_
p T Qp_ b9W _
dlT9r_G H9a_T B9p_Cl dp BOQa dA_G A9lTFGa hrGal_G ^g= Kc]aA
.dF9D_G cZp_G Hl E_9D_G EJ=l_G dp ?cMcQ9A_G
QaAtO_G B9p_Cl dA.Ap ,?_9TQ_G dp BOlAfG dA_G ?c=Qg_G QO9Zl_G mJC 9lC
N Q9A p ?8 ]l B9JpZ O lJl_ :dJa ,9KAlOrl dp Qa=9a_G \__GO=f
H
c
G
d
Ga
G
a
1820-1747
H
cF
c
d
c
caFG ccfQ_G c89TQ
,1L
G
a
1810-1798
c
d
a
)1L
k
G G
,1L I
G
c
G
d
d
F
G
F G
G(
BGQ9lDG NcQ9A
BGQ9lDG NcQ9A dp c9GQ
k
d
d
p c9GQ
,I
OJAl_G ?c=Qg_G BGQ9lDG
OJAl_G ?c=Qg_G BGQ9lDG dp ?drc_G OGaQ Hl
cZp_G IO9l_ 9lKl Op Q B_Dl dA_G ?falGl_G , al_ O _rA_ m _gA_
Hln hl B;=9rla s89Da b_E BOFATG dA_G 9KA9la_gl ?clJF ;?_9TQ_G Hl caFG
.?rQ9W_G IQ9lE dp mc_gA_G ?_JQl Hl IQAp_G gPJ QZ9f
H9a_T NcW_G \rrJ 9lf B9la_gl= EJ9=_G BOaR dA_G ?lKl_G >At_G Hla
447
Ya
Ga
j c
G
c
Ga
Q AtO_G
)gG a
D;D :QcM_G Oarf( :
Ha
-
|ATG9*G( ?cgl9G_G c89TQ_G B9ZM_l
>9At ?rQ9W_G IQ9lE OcgZ b_f BGR9GFE Hl dlT9r_G
NcW_G QclT \p_Cl_ lT9r_ OlJl = 9a_T N W__ 9ag_ 9 =_ l 9l9f
?ca=QA_G \AGR9GFEa dlT9r_G H9a_T NcW_G IQcTl_ 9k lKl 9k gGQl Ogc PE ;HcTJ
B9la_gl_G b_f eJ;l_Ga .?rQ9W_G IQ9lE dp ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:Ga ?cp9rD_Ga
HaO Hl EGOJFGa h89ra_G OQT ?rcQa OlAfG \p_Cl HC >9At_G GPJ dp IOQGa_G
.9K_c_JA aC 9JOrF
Q9 M_ HaFgl_G XaQ=J_G \__GO=f ?la9p ?cAGQ9lDG IQaAtO_G >9At_ H9t
dp gQa]J
lT9r_ 9a_T Q AtO_
Q Wl B R 9G
p9rD_
9Fl ?cl_g_G ?F9lFG >_aAA dA_G Ht9lFG dpa ,?_9TQ_G Hl h=GQ_Ga E_9D_G Hc_Zp_G
dp ?fRal_G \A9la_gl Hl OcOg_G HC >9At_G b_f PMCc 9lla .\c_f O9lAf:G
:HGaFf clJ \Fl h=GQ_G cZp_9p .>9At_G HGaFf hl s=aFA : ?g=QFG \_aZp
?fGQR_Ga B9lOM_Ga c9jWFGa IQGODG c9Gl dp H9a_T NcW_G BGR9GFE(
NcW_G ?aM( :Hl]A Orp E_9D_G cZp_G 9lC .)?c_=rATl_G \A9g_aAa O9ZAr:Ga
)IOgZFG q_AMl dp \AGR9GFE hcTaA_ ?c_=rATl_G dlT9r_G OlJl H= H9a_T
dp9rD_G c9Gl_G dp EJ9=_G 9KFl O9pATG B9la_gl hl 2004 m9f Og= 9lcT :a
.HcQWg_G HQr_G B9cFcF9lD [MA
k
)d
c
G
H
H
c
A
Ga A F
G H
G
FE ,d
G(
)2009-1972 d
G H
a
:
G Ya
?cZMW_G B;=9rl_G
G
k
-
9Tl9M
l hlAGl_G dp 9JQaOa B9cZMW_G ?TGQO Ya]al Q9cAMG Ogc
B9la_gl_G [cJlAa ?rO_G dMaA EJ9=_G b_f >Gc dA_G ?=gZ_G B9fa]al_G
H= H9a_T ?cZMW [MA QO9Zl_ ?crGQg_G 9FA9=Atl Q9rAp:a ,9KFcaOA c=r
?_aO b_E QpT_G EJ9=_G b_f >GaA ,?rQ9W_G IQ9lE dp \AGR9GFEa dlT9r_G OlJl
Hl B9la_gl_G A9rAT: ?rQ9W_G IQ9lE 9lcT :a IOJAl_G ?c=Qg_G BGQ9lDG
,Ya]al_G [MA B9la_gl mKcO_ HcP_G [9MWFG ?_=9rla ?c_ZFG 9JQO9Zl
mt9J dlT9r_G H9a_T NcW_9= A9r__G EJ9=_G b_f QPgA IOf B:a9Jl Og=a
H9tp ,\cQ9WATl hl brA_G 9JOFf ,u_P= KlTA : dA_G ?cJZ_G \paQd_ ?rQ9W_G
H
448
........
v9rD_Ga
ja
=~_G gQaOa
d
lT9r_G OlJl
H
=
H
9a_T
K]a jP_G ,H9a_T NcW__ dp9rD_G Q9WATl_G d=GOcf qTac QaAtO_G hl A9r__G
^aKF__ 9Klt9J B9KGaAa ?rQ9W_G IQ9l@= ?cp9rD_G ?tQJ_G dp QaOc 9lf >9GCa
k
.9Kcp dp9rD_G Q9Tl_G Bc=DAa 9cp9rD IQ9lD9=
?cp9rD_G ?tQJ_G QWF dp 9JQaOa ?rQ9W_9= m;fDGa ?p9rD_G IQ8GO ?clJFa
B9TGQO_Ga EaJ=_G mTr Uc8Q RcRg_GO=f Qlf QaAtO_G hl ?_=9rl AGQGE mA
^Q9gla MQ9Tl_Ga HaFp_G ?l9rEa ?c9fQ dp IQ8GO_G QaO 9Kcp K]a ,IQ8GO_9=
BGQWF QGOZE dp IQ8GO_G QaO Hf ;k ]p ,\G9AJA 9l= B9=Atl_G mfOa >9At_G
.?rQ9W_G IQ9l@= dp9rD_G clg_G [MA ?caFTa ?cQKW B;Gla
449
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