Biology Frist Semester Review Biology Fall Final Review-Answer Key Goal 2: Learner will develop an understanding of the physical, chemical and cellular basis of life. The chemistry of living things. 1. What element makes all things “organic?” _____Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen__________________ (Question 2) 2.01 Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the following organic molecules: Macromolecules Function Subunits Carbohydrates Quick Energy Monosaccharides Proteins Lipids Build and Repair cells Speed up chemical reactions Long term energy Amino acids Nucleic Acids Provide template for traits Glycerol and fatty acids nucleotides Specific Molecule Starch Type of macromolecule Polysaccharide/ carbohydrate Elements CHO Cellulose Starch/ Polysaccharide/ carbohydrate CHO Glycogen Starch/ Polysaccharide/ carbohydrate CHO Glucose Monosaccharides/ Carbohydrate CHO Enzymes Protein CHON Fats Lipids CHO DNA Nucleic Acid CHONP RNA Nucleic Acid CHONP 3. Describe the following nutrient tests: Nutrient What is used to test for them? Starch Iodine Positive Test Black or purple Example of…? Corn/potato Lipids Paper towel test Translucent Oil Monosaccharides Benedicts Sugar Protein Biurets Green, yellow, orange, red Purple, pink Jello, meat Biology Frist Semester Review 2.02 Investigate and describe the structure and function of cells including cell organelles, cell specialization, and communication among cells within an organism. Cell theory and Organelles. 4. What does the term “membrane bound organelles mean?” What cell type are they found in? Organelles with a membrane surrounding them found in Eukaryotic organisms 5. What are the three parts of cell theory? 1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of life 3. New cells come from old (preexisting) cells The diagram below shows many proteins and other molecules embedded in a cell membrane. 6. What is the function of the cell membrane? To keep homeostasis of the cell by allowing things in and out of the semipermeable membrane 7. What are some of the functions of these proteins and other molecules? Proteins allow large or charge molecules to pass through the cell membrane Carbohydrates are receptors that allow things to bind to the cell membrane. 11. Put the following in order from smallest to largest: Organ systems Cells Organs _____cells______ ___tissue________ Tissues ____organs_______ _____organ system__ 12. Fill in this chart. Also give the letter or number of the part as seen in the diagrams below. Cell Part and Letter Function Letter/Number Nucleus Controls cell activities B, 6 Plasma Membrane Cell wall Mitochondria Vacuoles Chloroplasts Ribosomes Allows things in and out of the cell aka cell membrane Gives structure and protects K, 10 Site of cellular respiration. Where ATP (energy) is made Stores water and nutrients L, 1 Site of photosynthesis. Where sugar is made Site of protein synthesis I J G, 3 M, 13 13. Which cell is the plant cell (left or right)? ___left_______________________ Biology Frist Semester Review 14. Which structures are found only in the plant cell? cell wall, chloroplast, large central vacuole 15. Which structures are found only in the animal cell? Lysosomes and centrioles _____________________________ Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left. 16. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left? There is a membrane keeping them from crossing 17. How is the semi-permeable membrane like a cell membrane? Allows some things thru and not others 18. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)? left 19. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first? left 20. In osmosis, water moves from an area of ___High _______ to an area of _____low____ concentration. (higher/lower) 21. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why? To the left so that it becomes equal amounts on both sides 22. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of _high _______ to an area of ___low_____ concentration. (higher/lower) 23. What is osmotic pressure? The amount of water needed to keep water from moving into the cell. 24. Which way water will move in each of the following situations: a. Salt inside the cell 65% and outside the cell 40%. _________water moves in ___________________ b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%. _________water moves out_____________________ 25. What is homeostasis? Keeping something at a stable internal environment 26. How do cells maintain homeostasis? Cell membrane 27. Comparison of active and passive transport PASSIVE TRANPORT Requires energy? No energy needed Low to high concentration or high to low concentration? Examples 2.4 ACTIVE TRANSPORT Energy required High to low Low to high Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion Endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis Investigate & describe the structure & function of enzymes & explain their importance in biological systems. Biology Frist Semester Review 28. What is the function of enzymes in cells? (Or, what is a catalyst?) They speed up chemical reactions 29. Explain the importance of shape to enzyme function. “Work like _lock______ and ___key_______.” There is a specific enzyme for a specific substrate 30. Explain what determines the shape of an enzyme. It depends on the sequence of _____amino acids___. 31. Explain why enzymes are specific. (That is, one enzyme per type of reaction.) They fit like a lock and key so their shapes must match up to work properly 32. Explain why enzymes can be reused over and over again. Enzymes are not changed in the reaction therefore they can be used over and over again. 33. How do extreme pH and temperature extremes affect enzymes? (What is denature?) They denature (change the shape of the enzyme) causing it to not work properly because the substrate cannot bind to it anymore. 34. Label the picture of the following enzymatic reaction: Substrate, Product(s), Enzyme-substrate complex, Enzyme All (save for a few) enzymes end in what suffix? ___-ase__________ What are some examples of enzymes? Helicase, polymerase, lactase, sucrase 35. At what temperature is the best for this enzyme to work? ___38oC_______ How can you tell? That is where the rate is the highest. 36. At which numeral (I, II, III, or IV) does this particular start to denature? ___III How can you tell? 37. Which enzyme (X or Y) would be used in acidic conditions? __X________ How can you tell? X work best below pH of 7 38. What pH is the best for activity for X? 3 Y? ___10________ How can you tell? That is where each arch is the highest. \ Biology Frist Semester Review Goal 3: Learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of organisms over time. 30-35% 3.01: Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including: DNA replication, Protein Synthesis (transcription and translation), and gene regulation. 39. Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix – what needs to be added to it to make it a double helix? Give the complementary nucleotide sequence. ___C__ __T____ _G_____ __G____ __C____ ___T___ 40. Describe the structure of DNA. What are the black pentagons? _____Deoxyribose (sugar) What are the nitrogen bases? __A,T,G,C________ What weak bonds hold the complementary bases together? _____Hydrogen bonds______ 41. If the strand of DNA above undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be? _____CUGGCU______________ 42. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this section of mRNA? (read from right to left) __Leu Ala_________________________________________________ 43. What is a codon? Three letter on mRNA 44. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table. RNA DNA Sugars Ribose Deoxyribose Bases AUGC ATGC Strands Single strand Double strand Where Nucleus to cytoplasm Nucleus In Cell Function Makes protein Codes for RNA 45. What kind of bond holds the amino acids together in the protein that is formed? ______________Peptide bonds__ 46. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions? 1) _mRNA- messenger RNA- is important for taking message from nucleus to ribosome on codons________ 2) _tRNA- transfer RNA- brings in amino acids to the Ribosome with its corresponding anti-codon_________ 3) _rRNA- Ribosomal RNA- ribosome itself. ___________________________________________ 47. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together? ______hydrogen bonds_________ 48. Why is it important that these bonds be weak? Biology Frist Semester Review So they can break easily and form back together easily during replication and transcription. 49. Describe the process of DNA replication. What enzyme breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between bases? Helicase comes in a breaks the hydrogen bonds (unzips) DNA polymerase adds complementary bases and proofreads. We end with two copies of DNA each have a new side and an old side of DNA. 50. How many pieces of DNA are made? ___2________ What does semi-conservative mean? two copies of DNA each have a new side and an old side of DNA 51. Describe the process of protein synthesis: What is transcription? The change of DNA to mRNA 52. What is translation? The change of mRNA to a chain of amino acids 53. What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs? DNA sequence is changed. 54. How does this affect the mRNA? Will change to order of bases 55. How can this affect translation? It might or might not change the amino acid. 56. How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein? _____The sequence of amino acids codes for different proteins and this gives them different shapes as well. ___ Cell Cycle Look at the diagram of the cell cycle. 57. When does the replication of DNA occur? What is this phase called? S (synthesis) phase of interphase 58. What do GI and G2 represent? Growing and duplication of organelles 59. What stage does the cell spend most of its life in? ___Interphase____________ What does the cell do during this time? Grows and replicates needed material 60. Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)? (Y/N?) No only prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase 61. If all the cells in an organism (cells with nuclei) have the same DNA, explain, in terms of genes, how a nerve cell functions differently from a muscle cell. Biology Frist Semester Review Cell differentiation- different genes are turned on and off depending on the function of that cell. This changes the shape and function of the cell but not the DNA 62. What is cancer? What are some causes of cancer? Cancer is a cell not being able to control its growth rate. This can be caused by a mutation during replication, mutagens such as smoke, radiation etc. 3.02 Compare and contrast the characteristics 63. Complete the following Chart of Mitosis and Binary Fission Binary Fission Type of reproduction Asexual (Asexual or sexual) Types of Cells Bacteria MITOSIS asexual Somatic or body cells Chromosome number of daughter cells Number of cell divisions Same as parent Same as parent One One Number of cells produced Two Two SOURCES OF VARIATION Mutation during replication Mutation during replication 64. Put the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order. Then Name them. 1st: __C__ called __interphase_______________ 2nd: ___B called ___Prophase_____________ 3rd: ____E_ called ___metaphase_________ 4th: ____A_ called ____Anaphase________ 5th: ____D_ called ____Telophase___________ 65. How many chromosomes do humans have in their… __46______ Body cells? 66. What does Diploid mean? Having a set of chromosomes from each parent To the left is an electrophoresis gel, showing evidence from a rape case. 67. Could the defendant be the rapist? (Y/N) ___NO_______ Banding pattern does not match 68. Which fragments of DNA are the longest? Explain. Ones at the top because they cannot travel as far. Explain your answer. Biology Frist Semester Review 69. What other ways can DNA fingerprinting be useful? Finding biological parents, identifying a body etc. 70. Since DNA has a (+/-) charge, which way will it go in a gel? _________negative__________ 71. Which type of fragments move the fastest? (Big/Small) ____Small______________ Which move the slowest? (Big/Small) _______Big____________ . 72. Compare the following two types of cells. Prokaryotic Membrane-bound organelles No Ribosomes Yes Types of chromosomes 1 single loop of DNA Size Smaller Eukaryotic Yes yes Depends on species larger 73. How do organisms, species, populations, communities, ecosystems and biomes relate to each other? They all build upon each other. Groups of the previous words are used to to create the next category. 74. What is an organism’s habitat? What is its niche? Habitat is where an organisms lives. A niche is the organisms role in the environment it lives in. 75. In the following chart, explain the symbiotic relationships. Relationship Definition Example Mutualism Both organisms benefit from the relationship Bee and flower Commensalism Parasitism One organism benefits while the other is not helped or harmed One organism benefits and the other is harmed Person and shade tree Tick on a dog. Predator-Prey Relationships 76. In the graph below, which organism is the prey? ____hare_________ Which is the predator? ______Fox________ 77. Which population increases (or falls) first and why? Hare because the fox population depends on the hare population for food. 78. Which population increases (or falls) second and why? Fox because it eats the hare. 79. Why are predator/prey relationships important in an ecosystem? It keeps the populations from growing to high in number or from completely whipping out a species. 80. What is carrying capacity? Number of individuals that can live in an ecosystem and survive on limiting factors. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biology Frist Semester Review 82. List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment. Producer, animal, insect 83. List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment. Water, soil, temperature 84. Give an example of how biotic & abiotic factors act together to limit population growth and affect carrying capacity. The amount of water and shelter can limit the number of individuals in a given population. Graph 1: Rabbits Over Time 85. What kind of growth curve is shown by the graph to the right? S curve 86. What is the carrying capacity for rabbits? 65 rabbits 87. During what month were rabbits in exponential growth? June 5.02 Analyze the flow of energy and the cycling of matter in the ecosystem (relationship of the carbon cycle to photosynthesis and respiration and trophic levels – direction and efficiency of energy transfer). Carbon cycle Diagram 88. Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? __________cellular respiration______________ 89. Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? __________photosynthesis_________________ Biology Frist Semester Review 90. How does photosynthesis and cell respiration relate to Carbon cycle? Photosynthesis takes CO2 out of the atmosphere and cell respiration adds it back. 91. Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Increase in carbon in atmosphere causing an increase in temperature. 92. What effect might increase atmospheric carbon dioxide have on the environment? Increase in temperature causing droughts 93. How do bacteria play a role in the Carbon Cycle? Return carbon to the soil from decaying organisms for plants to use. Primary and Secondary Succession 94. What is Primary Succession? Changing in an ecosystem that starts with bare rock caused by volcanos and glacial melt. 95. What is Secondary Succession? Changing in an ecosystem that starts with barren soil caused by deforestation, fires etc 96. What is a Climax Community? End community of succession. Such as a red wood forest. 97. What is a pioneer species? How are they important? The first species to show up during succession. Start a community. Food Webs 98. What are the producers in this food web? Blossoms, nuts, bark, leaves, blossoms 99. What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web? Bees, deer, mice, rabbit, insects 100. What are the secondary consumers in this food web? Wolf, Bear, red fox, toad, birds, 101. What are the highest level consumers in this food web? Quaternary 102. How does energy move through a food web? 10% rule 103. How does matter move through a food web? Eaten and them decomposers give back to producers 104. What is a food chain? Give an example of one from this food web. How energy moves thru ecosystem. leaves insects birds redfox bear 105. Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: leaves insects birds redfox bear 106. Where is the most energy in this pyramid? Bottom level or producers 107. Where is the least energy in this pyramid? Top level 108. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web? It becomes 10% of what it was before Biology Frist Semester Review 109. Assume there are 10,000 kcal of energy in the leaves? Estimate the amount of energy in each of the other levels of the energy pyramid. 110. What percent of energy is lost? 90_% 111. How much is passed on? 10_% 112. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? THE ______________________! Sun 113. What are the other two types of pyramids? Explain. Energy pyramid showing amount of energy at each trophic level Biomass pyramid showing the amount of matter at each trophic level. 114. What is a biome? What are the two limiting factors in a biome? All the habitats (ecosystems) in a given geographic area. Food and water 115. What are the effects of bioaccumulation (biomagnification) of pesticides on a food web? Spray pest, before the pests dies they are eaten killing the animal that ate the pest and up the food chain. 116. Why do some species become resistant to pesticides? Mutation to one passed on to others. 117. What are some pros and the cons of bio-controls (like lady bugs) as alternatives to pesticides? There is no bio-magnification anymore, however, there are more lady bugs. 118. Explain the effect each of the following may have on the environment. Factor Effect on Environment Population Size Increase use of resources causing damage to environment Population Density Increase population in a given area causing habitat destruction Resource Use Increase use of resources causing damage to environment Acid Rain Kills plants Habitat Destruction Introduced non-native species Kills plants, habitats, homes etc They will take needed resources from native species Pesticide use Kills pests but could also kill things that eat those pest (bio-magnification) Deforestation Kills plants, habitats homes etc. 119. What is the role of carbon emissions and other emissions as causes of global warming? Increase in emissions causes the ozone layer to thicken creating a hotter atmosphere and raising the temperature. 120. What are some ways that carbon production can be decreased? Plants can take it in and not using fossil fuels 121. What effect do volcanoes have on the atmosphere? Put ash and other hydrocarbons into the atmosphere. 122. What are some examples of sustainable practices and stewardship that can protect the environment? Recycling, not cutting down trees but replanting etc. 123. What is an invasive or non-native species? How can they cause negative effects on an ecosystem? These are species that are not normally from the habitat that they are placed in. They do not have any known predators so many times have a high survival rate because nothing is hunting and killing them. Also they take many foods, shelter and other needed things from the native species that are living there. This could cause native species to become fewer and possibly die out.