Determination of Blood
Glucose Level
Hyperglycemia
• technical term for high blood glucose (blood sugar).
• Caused by:
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Diabetes mellitus
stress from an illness, such as a cold or flu
stress such as family conflicts or other emotional problems
Dawn phenomenon
Hyperglycemia
• Signs and symptoms include:
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High blood sugar
High levels of sugar in the urine
Frequent urination
Increased thirst
Hyperglycemia
• may lead to ketoacidosis (diabetic coma). Symptoms include:
• Shortness of breath
• Breath that smells fruity
• Nausea and vomiting
• Very dry mouth
Diabetes mellitus
• refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood
sugar (glucose).
• Can be grouped as:
• chonic which include:
• Type I
• Type 2
• Reversible which include:
• prediabetes
• Gestational
Diabetes mellitus
• Some of the signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are:
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Increased thirst
Frequent urination
Extreme hunger
Unexplained weight loss
Presence of ketones in the urine (ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that
happens when there's not enough available insulin)
Fatigue
Irritability
Blurred vision
Slow-healing sores
Frequent infections, such as gums or skin infections and vaginal infections
Diagnosis and Tests for Diabetes
• Fasting plasma glucose test
• Random plasma glucose test
• A1c test
• Oral glucose tolerance test
Diagnosis and Tests for Diabetes:
Fasting plasma glucose test
• Px is required to fast for at least 8 hours.
• Usually done first thing in the morning.
Result
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Normal
Prediabetes
Diabetes
less than 100 mg/dl
100 mg/dl to 125 mg/dl
126 mg/dl or higher
Diagnosis and Tests for Diabetes:
Random Plasma Glucose Test
• Blood check at any time of the day
• Blood sugar equal or greater than 200 mg/dl may suggest diabetes.
Diagnosis and Tests for Diabetes: A1C
• measures your average blood sugar for the past two to three months
• Px does not have to fast or drink.
Result
A1C
Normal
Prediabetes
Diabetes
less than 5.7%
5.7% to 6.4%
6.5% or higher
Diagnosis and Tests for Diabetes: Oral Glucose
Tolerance Test (OGTT)
• two-hour test that checks your blood sugar levels before and two
hours after you drink a special sweet drink
• Checks how the patient’s body processes sugar
Result
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
(OGTT)
Normal
Prediabetes
Diabetes
less than 140 mg/dl
140 mg/dl to 199 mg/dl
200 mg/dl or higher