1. What must organisms do to sustain their life processes? 2. What condition affects the rate of exchange of substances? concentration difference, distance to diffuse over, surface area 3. Why are exchange surfaces needed? in multicellular organisms they have a much lower surface area to voulume ratio so exchange surfaces help increase rate of diffusion 4. Which 3 factors affect the rate of diffusion and how? surface area, larger surface area means more surface for molecules to pass through concentration, larger conc on one side means more molecules to diffuse accross along gradient distance, faster for the molecules to move when its shorter and thinner exchange surface is the same SHORTER DIFFUSION PATHWAY 5. What is Fick's law? rate of diffusoion is directly proportional to (surface area x concentration difference) / thickness of membrane 6. What is the function of the lungs? Remove waste carbon dioxide from blood and absorb oxygen into blood 7. What happens in the alveoli? gas exchange 8. What are the adaptations of alveoli? large surface area, moist lining for gases to dissolve into as gasses must be dissolved for the molecules to diffuse through walls, thin walls, sufficient blood supply to remove oxygen and bring co2 to keep conc gradient high, 9. What are the main functions of the circulatory system? transport food and oxygen to cells in the body, collect co2 and urea and transport them away to be removed 10. What makes up the circulatory system? blood, veins/arteries, heart 11. What is blood and what is its function? mostly liquid containing red and white blood cells and plasma containing platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen w haemoglobin, white blood cells fight deseise and platelets cause scabs 12. What is the function of red blood cells? to transport oxygen from the lungs to cells around the body 13. What are the adaptations of red blood cells? biconcave to increase surface area for absorbing oxygen, red pigment haemoglobin to carry oxygen and contains iron, no nucleus to leave more space for haemoglobin 14. How is oxygen transported around the body? In the lungs oxygen is diffused from the air through the alveoli into the blood. It combines with haemoglobin to become oxyhaemoglobin. blood is pumped around the body and at cells oxyhaemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes haemoglobin 15. What is the function of white blood cells? To defend against pathogens 16. What are the two types of white blood cell? phagocytes and lymphocytes 17. What is the function of a phagocyte? they change shape to engulf and digest microorganisms 18. What is the function of a lymphocyte? b lymphocytes produce antibodies 19. What are platelets? cell fragments, helps blood clot around a wound to prevent loss of blood and microorganisms from entering 20. What is the function of platelets? helps blood clot around a wound to prevent loss of blood and microorganisms from entering 21. What is plasma? straw coloured liquid 22. What is the function of plasma? carries everything in the blood such as red and white blood cells , also carries nutrients, glucose and ammino acids, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, protiens, antibodies and antitoxins 23. What is an artery? blood vessel going away from heart 24. What are the adaptations of arteries? thick, elastic, muscle walls to deal with high pressure 25. What is a capillary? where an artery branches off 26. What is the main function of a capillary? carries blood to tissue to reduce diffusion distance to supply nutrients and o2 and take away co2 27. What are the adaptations of capillaries? permeable walls so substances can easily leak out, one cell thick walls to reduce diffusion pathway, very narrow and large surface area to volume ratio 28. What is a vein? a blood vessel leading towards the heart (capillaries join back to form veins) 29. What is the function of the vein? carry blood away from tissue/ muscle and towards the lungs to get rid of co2 and absorb oxygen 30. What are the adaptations of veins? 31. What is necessary in all circulatory systems? 32. What is a double circulatory system and which animal class has it? 33. What occurs in the first circuit of a double circulatory system? 34. What occurs in the second circuit of a double circulatory system? 35. What happens in a single circulatory system and which animal class has it? 36. Where is oxygen picked up in a single circulatory system? 37. What are the differences in pressure between single and double circulatory systems? 38. What are the four chambers in the mammalian heart? 39. What are the four main blood vessels which take blood into and out of the mammalian heart? 40. What are the heart walls made up of largely? 41. What purpose do valves serve in the heart? 42. What path in the heart does deoxygenated blood take? 43. What path in the heart does oxygenated blood take? 44. How does blood flow through the heart? 45. Why are the walls of the atria relatively thin? 46. Why are the walls of the ventricles relatively thick? 47. Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle? 48. What is the equation for cardiac output? 49. What are heart rate and stroke volume? 50. Where does respiration take place? 51. What is respiration? 52. What is the purpose of respiration? 53. What are the two types of respiration? 54. What is aerobic respiration? 55. Where do most of the reactions in aerobic respiration take place? 56. What is the word and symbol equation for aerobic respiration? 57. What is anaerobic respiration? 58. Why do organisms use anaerobic respiration? 59. What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration? 60. Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient than aerobic respiration? 61. What are the problems caused by anaerobic respiration? 62. What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants? 63. What variable can we measure to calculate rate of respiration? 64. What are the apparatus needed to measure the rate of respiration? 65. What does this experiment measure? 66. Why are soda lime granules placed in the bottom of each test tube? 67. Why is cotton wool used to cover the soda lime granules? 68. Where do we place the woodlice and glass beads? 69. What will occur in the test tube containing the woodlice and why? 70. What will we see in the manometer and why? 71. What do we measure to be able to calculate the rate of respiration? 72. What must we be careful of in regards to temperature? 73. What are the ethical issues of such an experiment?