Bobrova, Larissa. and Militarev, Alexander. (1993). "From Mesopotamia to Greece: On the
Origin of Semitic and Greek Star Names." In: Galter, Hannes. and Scholz, Bernhard. (Editors).
Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. [Note: A philological study of
constellation and star names.]
Genuth, Sara. (1997). "Constellations." In: Lankford, John. (Editor). History of Astronomy: An
Encyclopedia. (Pages160-164). [Note: Excellent short article.]
Genuth, Sara. (1997). "Globes, Celestial." In: Lankford, John. (Editor). History of Astronomy.
(Pages 235-238).
Kunitzsch, Paul. and Smart. Tim. (1986). Short Guide to Modern Star Names and Their
Derivations. [Note: An excellent English-language summary of 254 Western star names. See the
(English-language) book review by Deborah Warner in Isis, Volume 78, 1987, Page 275.]
Orr, Mary. (1913; Revised edition 1956). Dante and the early astronomers. [Note: Includes a
short critical discussion of the "void zone" theory of constellation origins. The author was a solar
astronomer and was also a Director of the Historical Section of the British Astronomical
Association. She was married to the noted British solar astronomer John Evershed. See the
(English-language) book review by Robert Forbes in Archives Internationales d'Histoire des
Sciences, 1957, Page 141.]
van der Waerden, Bartel. (1974). Science Awakening II: The Birth of Astronomy. [Note: A
generally excellent overview of Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, and Persian astronomy and star
lore.
Webb, Edmund. (1952). The Names of the Stars. [Note: Still important for debunking many
constellation myths such as Taurus being the leading constellation of the zodiac and marking the
vernal equinox circa 3000 BCE. Argues a case for the Greeks inventing most of their
constellations, and not largely borrowing their constellations from Babylonian uranography.]
Brendel, Otto. (1977). Symbolism of the Sphere. [Note: English translation (by Maria Brendel)
and re-publication of the author's earlier German-language essay.]
Clifford, Richard. (1972). The Cosmic Mountain in Canaan and the Old Testament. [Note: A
revision and expansion of the author's 1970 doctoral dissertation.]
Giedion, Sigfried. (1964; Reprinted 1981). The Eternal Present: The Beginnings of Architecture.
[Note: Includes a discussion of Mesopotamian and Egyptian astral concepts and the involvement
of such ideas in architecture.]
Goldziher, Ignaz. (1877; Reprinted circa 1970). Mythology Among the Hebrews and its
Historical Development. [Note: More sun-myth school in its approach to mythology than truly
astronomical.]
Harding, Arthur. (1935). Astronomy: The Splendour of the Heavens Brought Down to Earth.
[Note: The fact that the author was an astronomer did not prevent him from holding the view that
the zodiac was invented circa 26,000 BCE.]
Krupp, Ed. (1991). Beyond the Blue Horizon: Myths and Legends of the Sun, Moon, Stars, and
Planets. [Note: Comprehensive and excellent.
L'Orange, Hans. (1953; Reprinted 1982). Studies on the Iconography of Cosmic Kingship in the
Ancient World. [Note: Heavily focussed on Persian astronomical symbolism but also discusses
Mesopotamian, Hebrew, and Greek, and Christian astronomical symbolism.]
McBeath, Alaistair. (1998). Sky Dragons and Celestial Serpents. [Note: An interesting study of
constellations having draconic and serpentine characteristics, and related star lore.
O'Neill, John (1893-1897; Reprinted circa 1995). The Night of the Gods: An Inquiry into Cosmic
and Cosmogonic Mythology and Symbolism. 2 Volumes. [Note: The author at his eccentric best.
Useful, but needs to used with caution. The author was obsessed with explaining all world
mythology and symbolism as referring to the revolution of the heavens around the celestial pole.
Phyllis Ackerman considered this book to be an extension of the Jean Biot-Léopold de Saussure
school of thought. Due to the authors sudden death volume 2 was basically an assembly of his
rough notes
Reiner, Erica. (1995). Astral Magic in Babylonia. [Note: Excellent.
Smith, Earl. (1950; Reprinted 1971). The Dome: a Study in the History of Ideas. [Note:
Discusses celestial aspects of the dome in early architecture.]
Smith, Earl. (1956). Architectural Symbolism of Imperial Rome and the Middle Ages. [Note:
Discusses celestial aspects of the Ancient Near-Eastern city-gate concept. The manuscript was
completed by the author when he was terminally ill. Ensure you refer to the 4 pages of Errata
Corrige.]
St Clair, George. (1898). Creation Records Discovered in Egypt.
St Clair, George. (1907). The Secret of Genesis.
Temple, Robert. (1991). He Who Saw Everything. [Note: The author attempts to show that the
Gilgamesh epic is actually astronomical mythology.]
Ungnad, Arthur.and Gressmann, Hugo. (1911). Das Gilgamesh-Epos. [Note: An important study
at the time of its publication. Includes a lengthy discussion of possible astronomical elements in
the Gilgamesh epic.
Worthen, Thomas. (1991). The Myth of Replacement: Stars, Gods and Order in the Universe.
[Note: Similar in speculation to the tenets of "Hamlet's Mill," by Giorgio De Santillana and
Hertha von Dechend (1969). See the (English-language) book reviews by Anon in Scientific
American, September, 1991, Volume 265, Number 3, Page 136; and by Raymond Mercier in
Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 23, 1992, Pages 303-305.
Evans, James. (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. [Note: An excellent
general study.
Manuel, Frank. (1963). Isaac Newton Historian. [Note: Includes a two chapter discussion of
Isaac Newton's investigations into the origin of the Greek constellations.]
Krupp, Ed. (1977; 1984). "Astronomers, Pyramids, and Priests." In: Krupp, Ed. (Editor). In
Search of Ancient Astronomies. (Pages 203-239 (1977 edition); Pages 186-218 (1984 edition)).
[Note: The paper is Chapter 5.]
Neugebauer, Otto. and Parker, Richard. (1960-1969). Egyptian Astronomical Texts. (3 Volumes).
[Note: A monumental study and likely to remain the standard work.
Parker, Richard. (1974). "Ancient Egyptian Astronomy." In: Hodson, Frank. (Editor). The Place
of Astronomy in the Ancient World. (Pages 51-65).
van der Waerden, Bartel. (1974). Science Awakening II: The Birth of Astronomy.
von Bomhard, Anne-Sophie. (1999). The Egyptian Calendar: A Work for Eternity.
Maunder, Edward. (1908). The Astronomy of the Bible. [Note: Needs to be used with some
caution. Contains a supportive discussion (Book II, Chapter I, Pages 149-161) of the flawed
"void zone" theory of constellation origins. Edward Maunder (1851-1928) was a sun-spot
specialist at the Royal Greenwich Observatory.
McKay, John. (1973). Religion in Judah under the Assyrians. [Note: In Chapter VI "Astral
Beliefs in Judah and the Ancient World," the author capably discusses the issue of Assyrian astral
beliefs in Judah circa 732-609 BCE.
Schiaparelli, Giovanni. (1905). Astronomy in the Old Testament. [Note: A revised and corrected
version of the author's lengthy Italian-language essay "L'Astronomia Nell' Antico Testamento"
which was first published in 1903 (by Ulrico Hoepli: Milan). The book contains an extensive
discussion of constellations and star names in the Old Testament. The author's discussion was not
influenced by the ideas of Panbabylonism. All of the author's publications on ancient astronomy
remain valuable. Giovanni Schiaparelli (1835-1910) was an Italian astronomer.
Kunitzsch, Paul. (1989). The Arabs and the Stars.
!
Articles
Baity, Elizabeth. (1973). "Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy So Far." (Current
Anthropology, Volume 14, Number 4, Pages 389-431). [Note: Comments immediately follow the
article from pages 431-439. The authors reply immediately follows the comments from pages
439-449. World-wide in scope, a little dated in some areas, and still very useful.]
Hamp, Eric. (1972). "The Principal (?) Indo-European Constellations." In: Heilman, Luigi.
(Editor). Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Linguists. (2 Volumes, Pages
1047-1055). (Note: The paper is in Volume II.]
Krupp, Ed. (2000). "Night Gallery: The Function, Origin, and Evolution of
Constellations." (Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of Astronomy in Culture, Volume XV, Pages
43-63). [Note: The best summary study to date. Originally presented at Oxford VI, June, 1999.
Supportive of Willy Hartner's controversial views on the earliest constellations.]
Kurtik, G[?]. (1999). "The Identification of Inanna with the Planet Venus: A Criterion for the
Time Determination of the Recognition of Constellations in Ancient
Mesopotamia." (Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions, Volume 17, Pages 501-513).
Ackerman, Phyllis. (1950; Reprinted but no date (circa 1970?). "The Dawn of Religions." In:
Ferm, Vergilius. (Editor). Forgotten Religions. [Note: An informed article. Both the author and
her husband, Arthur Pope, were experts on Persian art and architecture.]
Griffith, J[?]. (1964/1965). "The Celestial Ladder and the Gate of Heaven (Genesis xxviii. 12 and
17)." (The Expository Times, Volume 76, October 1964-September 1965, Pages 229-230).
Ramsay, William. and Lepsius, Johannes. (1911). "The Symbolic Language of the
Apocalypse." (The Expositor, Eighth Series, Volume 1. Pages 160-180, 210-230, 375-380,
461-475, & 504-519). [Note: Dual articles with William Ramsay offering critical comment to an
article by Johannes Lepsius (translated by Helena Ramsay) on an astronomical interpretation of
the New Testament "Book of Revelation." Pages 210-230, 461-475, & 504-519 are headed "The
Symbolic language of the Revelation." Johannes Lepsius (1858-1926) was a German professor
of religious studies.]
Lee, Virginia. (1985). "Identifying Ancient Egyptian Constellations." (Archaeoastronomy,
Number 9, Pages S102-S104; Supplement to the Journal of the History of Astronomy, Volume
16).
Locher, Kurt, (1981). "A conjecture concerning the early Egyptian constellation of the
Sheep." (Archaeoastronomy, Number 3, Pages S73-S75; Supplement to the Journal of the
History of Astronomy, Volume 12). [Note: The author is a Swiss physics lecturer and astronomer.
His work (and also Virginia Lee's) on the identification of Egyptian constellations is important.]
!
!
An Annotated Bibliography Of
Studies of Occidental Constellations and
Star Names to the Classical Period
!
Compiled by Gary D. Thompson
Copyright © 2001 by Gary D. Thompson
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Contents Page
General References
Books/Pamphlets:
Allen, Richard. (1899, Reprinted 1963). Star-Names and Their Meanings. [Note: The 1963
reprint title was "Star-Names: Their Lore and Meaning." The 1963 reprint was unrevised and
included only grammatical corrections. At the time of his death the author was working on a
revised edition but it remained unfinished. (The original edition is now very scarce. I have also
seen reference to a 1936 edition (which may be an error for 1963).) The book should not be used
as it is an uncritical compilation from out-dated secondary sources and contains numerous errors;
especially regarding Arabic, Mesopotamian, and Egyptian constellations and star names. In the
"Introduction" to his book Richard Allen indicates the main core of his sources as comprising
Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen, by Ludwig Ideler
(1809) (main source of Arabic and other European material); The Cycle of Celestial Objects, by
William Smyth (the edition used is not identified but either 2 volumes 1844, or the revised one
volume edition by George Chambers, 1881) (the main source of Western historical star lore and
general material); The Dawn of Astronomy, by Norman Lockyer (1894) (the main source of
Egyptian material); Observations of Comets: from B.C. 611 to A.D. 1640: extracted from the
Chinese Annals, by John Williams (1871) (a main source of Chinese material); A Dictionary of
the Chinese Language, by Robert Morrison (3 Parts, 1815-1823) (a main source of Chinese
material); and unspecified publications by Johann Strassmaier and Joseph Epping, Archibald
Sayce, Robert Brown Junior, Peter Jensen, and Fritz Hommel (the main sources of
Mesopotamian material, generally circa 1895 latest). Paul Kunitzsch has demonstrated the
unreliability of Ludwig Ideler as a reliable source for Arabic material. For Western constellations
and star names use of Richard Allen's "Star Names" should be replaced with: "Planetarium
Babylonicum," by Felix Gössmann (1950); "Egyptian Astronomical Texts," by Otto Neugebauer
and Richard Parker (3 Volumes, 1960-1969); "Gestirnnamen bei den indogermanischen Völken,"
by Anton Scherer (1953); (importantly) "Le vocabulaire latin de l'Astronomie," by André Le
Boeuffle (3 Volumes, 1973) (who traces both Greek and Babylonian antecedents for Latin
constellation/star names); and "Arabische Sternnamen in Europa," by Paul Kunitzsch (1959); and
for star lore its use can be replaced with "Mythen der Sterne," by Friedrich Norman (1925); "The
New Patterns in the Sky: Myths and Legends of the Stars," by Julius Staal (1988); and
(importantly) "Beyond the Blue Horizon: Myths and Legends of the Sun, Moon, Stars, and
Planets," by Ed. Krupp (1991). Life dates: 1838-1908.]
Bobrova, Larissa. and Militarev, Alexander. (1993). "From Mesopotamia to Greece: On the
Origin of Semitic and Greek Star Names." In: Galter, Hannes. and Scholz, Bernhard. (Editors).
Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. [Note: A philological study of
constellation and star names.]
Boll, Franz. and Bezold, Carl. (1918). Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne. [Note: A study of
colored stars in both Mesopotamia and Greece. See the (German-language) book review by Otto
Schroeder in Theologische Literaturzeitung, Volume 44, Number 7/8, 26 April, 1919, Columns
73-74.]
Condos, Theony. (1997). Star Myths of the Greeks and Romans: A Sourcebook. [Note: An
English-language translation of the "Catasterismi" of the Pseudo-Eratosthenes and the "De
Astronomia" attributed to Hyginus. Based on her doctorate thesis and needs to be used with
some caution. See the (English-language) book reviews by Roger Ceragioli in Journal for the
History of Astronomy, Volume 30, Part 3, 1999, Pages 313-315; and by John McMahon in
Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of Astronomy in Culture, Volume XVI, 2001, Pages 98-99.]
Davis, Junior., George. (1944; republished 1963). "Pronunciations, Derivations, and Meanings of
a Selected List of Star Names." (Popular Astronomy, Volume 52, Number 1, January, Pages
8-30). [Note: Republished as a pamphlet in 1963 by Sky Publishing Corporation. The author was
an American lawyer, amateur astronomer, and Arabic scholar. An excellent resource though not
absolutely reliable on the derivation of Western star names from Arabic sources.]
Genuth, Sara. (1997). "Constellations." In: Lankford, John. (Editor). History of Astronomy: An
Encyclopedia. (Pages160-164). [Note: Excellent short article.]
Genuth, Sara. (1997). "Globes, Celestial." In: Lankford, John. (Editor). History of Astronomy.
(Pages 235-238).
Gundel. Hans. (1992). Zodiakos Tierkreisbilder im Altertum. [Note: A revision and expansion of
the author's 1972 article (which was also contributed to by Robert Böker) in Paulys
Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft. An excellent reference on the subject.
(Hans Gundel was the son of the classical philologist Wilhelm Gundel.) See the (Frenchlanguage) book review by Frank van Wonterghem in L'Antiquité Classique, Tome XLII, 1973,
Pages 679-680.]
Ideler, Ludwig. (1809, Reprinted 1994). Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung
der Sternnamen. [Note: A landmark study for its time but now thoroughly outdated. Mostly
concerned with the European use of Arabic star names (derived from Ptolemy's star catalaogue).
The author was an astronomer, mathematician, chronologist, and philologist. Life dates:
1766-1846.]
Kunitzsch, Paul. and Smart. Tim. (1986). Short Guide to Modern Star Names and Their
Derivations. [Note: An excellent English-language summary of 254 Western star names. See the
(English-language) book review by Deborah Warner in Isis, Volume 78, 1987, Page 275.]
Langdon, Stephen., Fotheringham, John. and Schoch, Carl. (1928). The Venus Tablets of
Ammizaduga. [Note: Somewhat dated; especially since the work of the Swiss statistician Peter
Huber. For an (English-language) obituary of Carl Schoch by John Fotheringham see The
Observatory, Volume 53, May 1930, Pages 83-85. For a (German-language) obituary of Carl
Schoch by Paul Neugebauer see Astronomische Nachrichten, Volume 237, November 1929February 1930, Number 5676, Columns 221-224. For an (English-language) obituary of John
Fotheringham by John Myres see the Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume XXII, 1937,
Pages 551-564. Life dates for Carl Schoch: 1873-1929. Life dates for Stephen Langdon:
1876-1937. Life dates for John Fotheringham: 1874-1936.]
O'Neil, William.(1986). Early Astronomy: from Babylonia to Copernicus. [Note: The author
taught psychology at University of Sydney (New South Wales) but also had a deep interest in
ancient astronomy and ancient calendars. See the (English-language) book review by R[?].
Grognard in Search, Volume 18, Number 5, September/October 1987, Page 271.]
Orr, Mary. (1913; Revised edition 1956). Dante and the early astronomers. [Note: Includes a
short critical discussion of the "void zone" theory of constellation origins. The author was a solar
astronomer and was also a Director of the Historical Section of the British Astronomical
Association. She was married to the noted British solar astronomer John Evershed. See the
(English-language) book review by Robert Forbes in Archives Internationales d'Histoire des
Sciences, 1957, Page 141.]
Partridge, Archibald. (1936). The Story of the Heavens: How the 48 Ancient Constellations got
their Names 5000 Years Ago. [Note: Uncritical and unreliable. The author was an astrologer and
also appears to have been an occultist. Largely based on the book "Phainomena, or the Heavenly
Display of Aratos" by Robert Brown Junior (1885). Contains the complete translation (by Robert
Brown Junior) of the "Phainomena" by Aratus. He also wrote: The Story of the Zodiac, its
Antiquity and its Message.]
Plunket, Emmeline. (1903; Reprinted 1997). Ancient Calendars and Constellations. [Note: A
series of papers having no usefulness. The Aristocratic author (1834-1924) was a minor British
poet and writer, and was a daughter of the 3rd Baron Plunket. Circa 1890 she became an
adherent to astronomical interpretation of mythology. (See: "The Judgement of Paris and Some
Other Legends Astronomically Considered" (1906; Reprinted spiral bound by Ballantrae circa
1995). See (English-language) book reviews of her "Ancient Calendars and Constellations" by
Anon in The Athenæum, Number 3967, November 7, 1903, Page 618; by Anon in Nature,
Number 1773, Volume 68, Thursday, October 22, 1903, Pages 593-594; by Anon in Notes and
Queries, Tenth Series, Volume 1, March 26, 1904, Page 260; by Edward Maunder in Knowledge
& Scientific News, Volume 1, Number 1, New Series, February, 1904, Pages 1-3; by Anon in
The Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Volume XIV, October 1903-September
1904, Number 1, Pages 33-35; and by Clive Davenhall in Journal of Astronomical History and
Heritage, Volume 2, 1999, Pages 164-165.]
Proctor, Mary. (1938). "Origin of the Constellations." In: Proctor, Mary. Everyman's Astronomy.
(Pages 141-157). [Note: Chapter IX of her book. The author was the daughter of the popular
astronomical author/lecturer Richard Proctor by his first marriage. Basically the author supports
the "void zone" argument.]
Sesti, Giuseppe. (1991). The Glorious Constellations. [Note: Unreliable and should not be used.
(Best only for the numerous illustrations.) See the critical (English-language) book review by
Elly Dekker in Annals of Science, Volume 50, Number 5, 1993, Pages 498-499; and also the
somewhat uncritical (English-language) book review by George Lovi in Sky and Telescope,
Volume 83, Number 3, March, 1992, Pages 283 & 286.]
Scherer, Anton. (1953). Gestirnnamen bei den indogermanischen Völken. [Note: Invaluable. See
the (English-language) book review by Ernest Pulgram in Language, Volume 30, 1954, Pages
284-285; and the (German-language) book review by Ernst Zinner in Theologische
Literaturzeitung, Volume 82, Number 9, September, 1957, Columns 674-675.]
Schnabel, Paul. (1923). Berossos und die Babylonisch-Hellenistische Literatur. [Note: The
author was convinced that the Babylonians knew of the phenomena of precession. The book
contains numerous errors.]
van der Waerden, Bartel. (1974). Science Awakening II: The Birth of Astronomy. [Note: A
generally excellent overview of Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, and Persian astronomy and star
lore. The book is an English-language revision of his Die Anfänge der Astronomie (1965;
Republished 1968). For the German-language book see the (German-language) book reviews by
Willy Hartner in Gnomon, Band 44, 1972, Pages 529-537; and Wolfram von Soden in
Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, Dreiundsechzigster Jahrgang, 1968, Columns 350-354; and the
(English-Language) book review by Owen Gingerich in Journal of the American Oriental
Society, Volume 89, 1969, Pages 634-635.]
Wagman, Morton. (2003). Lost Stars. [Note: Not always reliable regarding discussion of early
Mesopotamian constellations.]
Webb, Edmund. (1952). The Names of the Stars. [Note: Still important for debunking many
constellation myths such as Taurus being the leading constellation of the zodiac and marking the
vernal equinox circa 3000 BCE. Argues a case for the Greeks inventing most of their
constellations, and not largely borrowing their constellations from Babylonian uranography.]
Whyte, Charles. (1928). The Constellations and their History. [Note: Unreliable.]
Articles/Entries:
Baity, Elizabeth. (1973). "Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy So Far." (Current
Anthropology, Volume 14, Number 4, Pages 389-431). [Note: Comments immediately follow the
article from pages 431-439. The authors reply immediately follows the comments from pages
439-449. World-wide in scope, a little dated in some areas, and still very useful.]
Carlson, John. and Cherry, Ron. (1966). "Anthropods in Astronomy." (American Entomologist,
Volume 42, Number 3, Fall, Pages 149-158).
Gundel, Hans. and Böker, Robert. (1972). "Zodiakos." In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der
Classischen Altertumswissenschaft. (Band XA, Columns 462-709). [Note: This lengthy article
was also separately published in 1972.]
Gundel, Wilhelm. (1949). "Paranatellonta." In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der Classischen
Altertumswissenschaft. (Sechsunddreissigster Halband Zweites Drittel, Columns 1214-1275).
Hamp, Eric. (1972). "The Principal (?) Indo-European Constellations." In: Heilman, Luigi.
(Editor). Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Linguists. (2 Volumes, Pages
1047-1055). (Note: The paper is in Volume II.]
Heuter, Gwyneth. (1986). "Star Names - Origins and Misconceptions." (Vistas in Astronomy,
Volume 29, Pages 237-251). [Note: Not always reliable.]
Ideler, Ludwig. (1838). "Über den Ursprung des Thierkreises." (Abhandlung der Königlichen
Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Pages 1-24).
Krupp, Ed. (2000). "Night Gallery: The Function, Origin, and Evolution of
Constellations." (Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of Astronomy in Culture, Volume XV, Pages
43-63). [Note: The best summary study to date. Originally presented at Oxford VI, June, 1999.
Supportive of Willy Hartner's controversial views on the earliest constellations.]
Kunitzsch, Paul. (1997). "Star Names." In: Lankford, John. (Editor). History of Astronomy.
(Pages 489-490).
Kurtik, G[?]. (1999). "The Identification of Inanna with the Planet Venus: A Criterion for the
Time Determination of the Recognition of Constellations in Ancient
Mesopotamia." (Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions, Volume 17, Pages 501-513).
[Note: Interesting.]
Linnartz, Harold. (1997). "Nachtvoorstelling: sterren en sterrenbeelden." (Natuur & techniek,
Volume 65, jaarg., aug, Pages 76-85). [Note: This (Dutch/Flemish-language?) article is on the
origin of the constellations in use today.]
Maunder, Edward. (1885). "An Old Monument: or the Story of the Constellations." (Sunday
Magazine, April, Pages 158-162). [Note: One of his earliest article on the origin of the
constellations and unreliable. Obviously influenced by the ideas of the classicist and linguist
Frances Rolleston (1781-1864) in her "gospel in the stars" book "Mazzaroth, or The
Constellations" (4 Volumes, 1862-1865). The later articles (1898 onwards) by the Evangelical
astronomer Edward Maunder (1851-1928) on the origin of the constellations were influenced by
the ideas of the Swedish amateur astronomer Carl Swartz (1757-1824) in his "Le Zodiaque
explique" (1809) published in Paris.]
Miller, Roy. (1988). "Pleiades Perceived: Mul.Mul to Subaru." (Journal of the American Oriental
Society, Volume 108, Pages 1-25).
Mouser, Robert. and Forbes, Eugene. (1949). Star Names. [Note: Privately published.]
Renson, Pierre. (1997). "Les constellations." (Ciel et Terre, Voume 113, Number 1, JanvierFévrier, Pages 3-8; Number 2, Mars-Avril, Pages 47-52; Number 3, Mai-Juin, Pages 111-115;
Number 4, Juillet-Août, Pages 147-152; Number 6, Novembre-Décembre, Pages 193-200).
[Note: The series of five (French-language) articles comprises a comprehensive overview of the
origin and history of the Western constellations. The journal is published in Belgium by the
Observatoire Royal de Belgique.]
Rumrill, H[?]. (1936). "Star name pronunciation." (Publications of the Astronomical Society of
the Pacific, Volume 48, Pages 139-154).
Wilson, Edith. (1913). "The Story of the Zodiac." (Popular Astronomy, Part 1, Volume XXI,
March, Number 3, Pages 151-158; Part 2, Volume XXI, April, Number 4, Pages 216-225). [Note:
Outdated and unreliable.]
Zhitomirsky, S[?]. (1999). "Archaeoastronomy and Aratus' Phaenomena." (Astronomical and
Astrophysical Transactions, Volume 15, Pages 293-294). [Note: Argues that Aratus is describing
the skies circa 2000 BCE.]
Zhitomirsky, S[?]. (1999). "Aratus' "Phaenomena": Dating and Analysing its Primary
Source." (Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions, Volume 17, Pages 483-500). [Note:
Argues that Aratus is describing the skies circa 2000 BCE.]
!
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Mythology, Symbolism, and Religion
Books/Pamphlets:
Andrews, Tamra. (1998). Legends, of the Earth, Sea, and Sky. An Encyclopedia of Nature
Myths. [Note: The author is a university reference librarian turned full-time writer. The entries
on astronomical topics are very general in nature and not always reliable.]
Ackerman, Phyllis. (1950; Reprinted but no date (circa 1970?). "The Dawn of Religions." In:
Ferm, Vergilius. (Editor). Forgotten Religions. [Note: An informed article. Both the author and
her husband, Arthur Pope, were experts on Persian art and architecture.]
Ackerman, Phyllis (1960; Reprinted 1968). "Stars and Stories." In: Murray, Henry. (Editor).
Myth and Mythmaking. [Note: An interesting article on Mesopotamian star lore. The author
shows a lack of understanding of the origins of Panbabylonism.]
Boll, Franz. (1914). Aus der Offenbarung Johannis: hellenistische Studien zum Weltbild der
Apokalypse. [Note: See The Classical Review, Volume XXX, 1916, Page 22, for an (Englishlanguage) book review by W. K. Lowther-Clarke; and see Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 19
Jahrgang, Juni 1916, Number 6, Columns 187-188 for a (German-language) book review by
Ferdinand Bork; and see Theologische Literaturzeitung, Vierzigster Jahrgang, Number 12, 1915,
Columns 273-276 (for a (German-language) book review by [?] Bouffet. For a critical booklength rebuttal of Boll's ideas in his book see Die Apokalypse des Apostels Johannes und die
hellenistische Kosmologie und Astrologie, by (the Catholic theologian/(later) bishop) Joseph
Freundorfer (1929).]
Bousset, Wilhelm. (1960). Die Himmelsreise der Seele. [Note: A reprint of the author's lengthy
1901 article.]
Brendel, Otto. (1977). Symbolism of the Sphere. [Note: English translation (by Maria Brendel)
and re-publication of the author's earlier German-language essay.]
Burnham, Junior., Robert. (1966; Revised edition 1978). Burnham's Celestial Handbook. (3
Volumes). [Note: 2 volumes were published in 1966 and 3 volumes were published in 1978. This
latter edition also comprised a revision of the first 2 volumes. The volumes are unreliable
regarding discussion of the history of constellations and the meaning of star names.]
Burrows, Eric. (1935). "Some Cosmological Patterns in Babylonian Religion." In: Hooke,
Samuel. (Editor). The Labyrinth: Further Studies in the Relation Between Myth and Ritual in the
Ancient World. (Pages 45-70). [Note: The ideas in the article have been subject to criticism.]
Chevalier, Jacques. (1997). A Postmodern Revelation: Signs of Astrology and the Apocalypse.
[Note: Full of interesting material but the validity of its basic thesis has been criticized. At times
the author handles the astronomical material uncritically. See the (English-language) book
review by Roger Beck in Revue canadienne, Volume 28, Number 1, 1999. Life dates: 1949- .]
Clifford, Richard. (1972). The Cosmic Mountain in Canaan and the Old Testament. [Note: A
revision and expansion of the author's 1970 doctoral dissertation.]
Collingwood, William. (1886). Astrology in the Apocalypse, An Essay on Biblical Allusions to
Chaldæan Science. [Note: Interesting but dated and unreliable. Life dates: 1854-1932.]
Cook, Arthur. (1914-1940). Zeus: a Study in Ancient Religion. (3 Volumes). [Note: A standard
study. Includes frequent discussions of astronomical themes. See the (English-language) book
reviews by Arthur Pickard-Cambridge in The Classical Review, Volume XXIX, 1915, Pages
80-85; William Crooke in Folk-Lore, Volume XXVI, 1915, Pages 220-223; Herbert Rose in
Folk-lore, Volume XXXVII, Number 3, September, 1926, Pages 305-310; and the (Frenchlanguage) book review by Franz Cumont in L'Antiquité Classique, Tome XI, 1942, Pages
165-168.]
Drews, Arthur. (1923). Der Sternhimmel in der Dichtung und Religion der Alten Völker und des
Christentums. [Note: An astronomical interpretation of religion and mythology. Unreliable but
also interesting.]
Drews, Arthur. (1928). Das Markus-Evangelium.als Zeugnis Gegen die Geschichlichkeit Jesu.
[Note: A detailed astronomical interpretation of the life of Jesus as set out in the Gospel of Mark.
Unreliable but also interesting.]
Eisler, Robert. (1910). Weltenmantel und Himmelszelt: Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen
zur Urgeschichte des Antiken Weltbilds. (2 Volumes). [Note: An interesting collection of
material. See the (English-language) book review by Francis Burkitt in The Classical Review,
Volume XXV, 1911, Pages 145-147.]
Engnell, Ivan. (1943, Revised edition 1967). Studies in Divine Kingship in the Ancient Near
East. [Note: Supports the "Myth and Ritual" School of Samuel Hooke and his associates.
Discusses astral interpretations of material.]
Fries, Carl. (1910-1911). Studien zur Odyssee. (2 Volumes). [Note: An astronomical
interpretation by a Panbabylonist and adherent of the star-myth school. See the (Germanlanguage) book review by Wolfgang Schultz in Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, Number 8,
August, 1911, Columns 350-357; and Number 4, April, 1913, Columns 173-177.]
Fries, Carl. (1911). Die griechischen Götter und Heroen: Vom astralmythologischen Standpunkt
aus betrachtet. [Note: An astronomical interpretation of the Greek gods and goddesses by a
Panbabylonist. See the (German-language) book review by Wolfgang Schultz in Orientalistische
Literaturzeitung, Number 4, April, 1913, Columns 173-177.]
Frobenius, Leo. (1904). Das Zeitalter des Sonnengottes. [Note: Unreliable.]
Giedion, Sigfried. (1964; Reprinted 1981). The Eternal Present: The Beginnings of Architecture.
[Note: Includes a discussion of Mesopotamian and Egyptian astral concepts and the involvement
of such ideas in architecture.]
Goldziher, Ignaz. (1877; Reprinted circa 1970). Mythology Among the Hebrews and its
Historical Development. [Note: More sun-myth school in its approach to mythology than truly
astronomical.]
Gressmann, Hugo. (1925). Die hellenistische Gestirnreligion. [Note: The author was an authority
on the Ancient Near East.]
de Gubernatis, Angelo. (1872; reprinted 1968). Zoological Mythology or The Legends of
Animals. (2 Volumes).
Gundel, Guilelmus. [Gundel, Wilhelm.] (1907). De stellarum appellatione et religione Romana.
[Note: This was the authors doctorate thesis written in Latin. For a critical (English-language)
book review by F[?]. Granger see The Classical Review, Volume XXIII, 1910, Page 53.]
Gundel, Wilhelm. (1922; Reprinted 1981). Sterne und Sternbilder im Glauben des Altertums und
der Neuzeit. [Note: See the (German-language) book review by Anon in Orientalistische
Literaturzeitung, Siebenundzwanzigster Jahrgang, 1924, Number 2, Columns 71-72. The 1981
reprint has some additional bibliographic material by (the author's son) Hans Gundel.]
Harding, Arthur. (1935). Astronomy: The Splendour of the Heavens Brought Down to Earth.
[Note: The fact that the author was an astronomer did not prevent him from holding the view that
the zodiac was invented circa 26,000 BCE.]
Hewitt, James. (1894-1895). The Ruling Races of Prehistoric Times. (2 Volumes). [Note: James
Hewitt (1835(36?)-1908) was an Indian Civil Servant. (He was born in Ireland and had retired
circa 1900 and returned to Britain.) In 1863 he went to Chota Nagpore (Bengal) as Deputy
Commissioner and eventually replaced Colonel Dalton (East India Company) as the
Commissioner of the Province. Similar to Colonel Dalton he engaged in anthropological
investigations of the local culture. His books are not reliable (and probably neither are his
numerous published articles). He was a friend of the civil servant John O'Neill who authored
"The Night of the Gods" (2 Volumes, 1893-1897), and ensured the publication of Volume 2 after
the author's untimely death. Similarly to John O'Neill he saw an astronomical basis in almost
every ancient "Aryan" myth and rite. The author becomes more mystical in tone in his later
books. Surprisingly his ideas still find some support in some "academic" quarters. For interest
see James Hewitt confidently used by Elsdon Best in his 1922 pamphlet "The Astronomical
Knowledge of the Maori."]
Hewitt, James. (1901). History and Chronology of the Myth-making Age. [Note: Unreliable. See
the English-language) book review by Anon in The Journal of the British Astronomical
Association, Volume XII, Number 3, 1901-2, Page 140.]
Hewitt, James. (1907). Primitive Traditional History. (2 Volumes). [Note: Unreliable. See the
(English-language) book reviews by Anon in Nature, Volume LXXVII, January 30, 1908, Pages
291-292; and by William Flinders Petrie in Man, Volume IX, 1909, Pages 94-96.]
Jackson, Howard. (1985). "The Meaning and Function of the Leontocephaline in Roman
Mithraism." (Numen, Volume XXXII, Pages 17-45).
Jankovic, Nenad. (1951). Astronomija u predanjima, obicajima i umotvorinama Srba. [Note: The
book is written in Serbo-Croation (Cyrillic). The English translation of the title is: Astronomy in
the lore, customs, and the folk wisdom of the Serbs.]
Jensen, Paul. (1900; reprinted 1901). Assyrisch-babylonische Mythen und Epen. [Note: The
author was a competent Assyriologist and also a Panbabylonist, and includes some astronomical
interpretations of the epic material. See the brief (German-language) book review by Charles
Fossey in Revue de l'Histoire de Religions, Vingt-Troisiè Année, Tome Quarante-Sixième, 1902,
Pages 449-450.]
Jobes, Gertrude. and Jobes, James. (1964). Outer Space: Myths, Name Meanings, Calendars,
From the Emergence of History to the Present Day. [Note: An uncritical compilation that needs
to be used with caution.]
Jonsson, Bjorn. (No date but (circa) 1994). Star Myths of the Vikings: A New Concept of Norse
Mythology. [Note: Bjorn Jonsson (1920-1995) was a physician of Icelandic descent residing in
Canada. The book is riddled with errors and showing little understanding of the material. The
author could not distinguish the American freemason Robert Hewitt Brown, author of "Stellar
Theology" (1882), from the English solicitor Robert Brown Junior, author of "Researches into
the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of Greeks, Phoenicians and Romans," (2 Volumes,
1899-1900). See the (English-language) book review by Ed Krupp in Journal for the History of
Astronomy, Volume 28, 1997, Pages 353-354 for a summary of its fundamental weaknesses.]
Kane, Matt. (1999). Heavens Unearthed in Nursery Rhymes and Fairy Tales. [Note: Speculative.]
Krichenbauer, Anton. (1881). Theogonie und Astronomie. [Note: Interprets Homer's Iliad as an
astronomical allegory. The German author was a classical philologist. Life dates for author:
1825-1884. See the (English-language) book review by Anon in Nature, Volume XXVI, 1882,
August 10, Page 341.]
Krupp, Ed. (1991). Beyond the Blue Horizon: Myths and Legends of the Sun, Moon, Stars, and
Planets. [Note: Comprehensive and excellent. See the (English-language) book review by Von
del Chambelain in Sky & Telescope, Volume 83, Number 1, January 1992, Pages 40-41.]
Krupp, Ed. (2000). "Sky Tales and Why We Tell Them." In: Selin, Helaine. (Editor). Astronomy
Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy.
Kugler, Franz. (1904). "Die Sternenfahrt des Gilgamesh: Kosmologische Würdigung des
babylonischen Nationalepos." (Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, Volume XXVI, 1904, Pages 432-449,
and 547-561). [Note: An examination of the Gilgamesh epic as astronomical mythology.]
Kugler, Franz. (1927; English translation 1980). Sibyllinischer Sternkampf und Phaëthon in
Naturgeschichtlicher Beleuchtung. [Note: A literal interpretation of the story as a natural
catastrophic event. The 1979 (spiral bound) English translation by Guenter Koehler was titled
"The Sibylline Starwar and Phaethon In the Light of Natural History." See the (Germanlanguage) book review by Wilhelm Gundel in Gnomon, Band 4, 1928, Pages 449-451; the
(French-language) book review by Hugh Bévenot in Isis, Volume XII, 1929, Pages 156-157; and
the (English-language) book review by Arthur Nock in The Journal of Theological Studies,
Volume XXXIII, 1932, Pages 77-78.]
Lamb, John. (1848). The Phenomena and Diosemeia of Aratus, Translated into English Verse
with Notes.
Larbordus, Leonardus. (1946). De Astronomische Mythen in de Griekse Literatuur van Homeros
tot Aratos. [Note: This is a Dutch-language publication. See the (Duthch-language) book review
by R[?]. van Pottelbergh in L'Antiquité Classique, Tome XV, 1946, Pages 377-378.]
Leach, Marjorie. (1992). "Stellar Gods: Constellations, Planets, Stars." In: Leach, Marjorie.
Guide to the Gods. (Pages 145-169). [Note: Chapter 10 of her book. Brief entries and world-wide
coverage.]
Lewy, Hildegard. (1965). "Istar-Sad and the Bow Star." In: Güterbock, Hans. (Editor). Studies in
Honor of Benno Landsberger on his Seventy-fifth Birthday. (Pages 273-281).
Lloyd-Jones, Hugh. (1978). Myths of the Zodiac.
L'Orange, Hans. (1953; Reprinted 1982). Studies on the Iconography of Cosmic Kingship in the
Ancient World. [Note: Heavily focussed on Persian astronomical symbolism but also discusses
Mesopotamian, Hebrew, and Greek, and Christian astronomical symbolism.]
Lum, Peter. (n.d. but 1951). The Stars in our Heaven.
MacKenzie, Donald. (1926; Reprinted 1968). The Migration of Symbols and their Relations to
Beliefs and Customs. [Note: Interesting material. See the (English-language) book review by H.
D. [H. Dodwell] in Bulletin of The School of Oriental Studies, London Institution, Volume IV,
Part III, 1927, Pages 660-661.]
Marchal, Edmond. (1906). "Le "Puits de la verite" issu du symbole de l'astronomie
chaldeenne." [Note: The author was Secrétaire perpétuel de l'Académie Royale de Belgique.]
Malina, Bruce. (1997). On the Genre and Message of Revelation: Star Visions and Sky Journeys.
[Note: The authors argument is weakened by an uncritical reliance on the outdated and errorriddled "Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of Greeks, Phoenicians and
Romans," by Robert Brown Junior. (2 Volumes, 1899-1900). Also, the author seems not to
appreciate the forced arguments of Franz Boll in his "Aus der Offenbarung Johannis:
hellenistische Studien zum Weltbild der Apokalypse," (1914).]
Malina, Bruce. and Pilch, John. (2000). Social-Scientific Commentary on the Book of
Revelation.
Massey, Gerald. (1883; reprinted numerous times since). The Natural Genesis. (2 Volumes).
[Note: Completely unreliable.]
McBeath, Alaistair. (1998). Sky Dragons and Celestial Serpents. [Note: An interesting study of
constellations having draconic and serpentine characteristics, and related star lore. The author is
an astronomer (Vice-President of the International Meteor Organization, and Meteor Section
Director to the Society for Popular Astronomy. See the critical (English-language) book review
by Clive Davenhall in Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, Volume 2, December, 1999,
Pages 163-164.]
McDonald, Marianne. (1996). Star Myths: Tales of the Constellations.
Meijer, Diederik. (1992). Natural Phenomena: Their Meaning, Depiction and Description in the
Ancient Near East. [Note: Proceedings papers of the Colloquim, Amsterdam, 6-8 July 1989.
Contains numerous interesting (and critical) papers. Especially worth reading is "The Moon as
Seen by the Babylonians" by Marten Stol (Pages 245-277).]
Morosow, Nikolaus. (1912). Die Offenbarung Johannis. Eine astronomish-historische
Untersuchung.
Nilsson, Martin. (1920; Reprinted 1960). "The Stars." In: Nilsson, Martin. Primitive TimeReckoning. (Pages 109-146). [Note: Chapter IV of his book. Brief, world-wide coverage of star
lore. See the (English-language) book reviews by William Rouse in The Classical Review,
Volume XXXV, 1921, Page 31; by A. C. B. in Man, Volume XXII, 1922, Pages 31-32; by Gladys
Reichard in American Anthropologist, Volume 24, 1922, Pages 381-383; and the (Germanlanguage) book review by Ludwig Borchardt in Orientalistische Literaturzeitung,
Achtundzwanzigster Jahrgang, 1925, Number 9/10, Columns 618-621.]
Normann, Friedrich. (1925). Mythen der Sterne. [Note: Comprehensive and world-wide in
coverage but not always critical.]
Nuttall, Zelia. (1901; Reprinted 1970). The Fundamental Principles of Old and New world
Civilizations. [Note: Originally published as Volume II of the "Archaeological and Ethnological
Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University. Zelia Nuttall (1857-1933) was an
archaeologist and diffusionist, and became an honorary Professor of Anthropology at the
National Museum of Mexico. In her book the author believes that astronomical parallels exist
between ancient Near Eastern and American civilizations. The author is uncritical with her use of
secondary sources and the book needs to be used with caution. See the (English-language) book
review by Thomas Wilson in American Anthropologist, New Series, Volume 3, 1901, Pages
360-365. See the biographical obituary "Zelia Nuttall" by Alfred Tozzer in American
Anthropologist, Volume 35, 1933, Pages 475-482; and also the biographical entry in
"International Dictionary of Anthropologists," edited by Christopher Winters, (1991), Pages
513-514. Life dates: 1857-1933.]
Oberhuber, Karl. (1977). (Editor). Das Gilgamesch-Epos. [Note: A marvellous collection of
essays dating from 1903 to 1975. Included are essays which explore the astronomical
interpretation of the Gilgamesh epic.]
Olcott, William. (1911). Star Lore of All Ages. [Note: Interesting but not always reliable. The
author was a Lawyer who became interested in astronomy in 1905 and became an enthusiastic
variable star observer in 1910. See the (English-language) obituary by Anon in Monthly Notices
of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 97, (February, Number 4), November 1936 - October
1937, Pages 278-279. Life dates: 1873-1936.]
Olcott, William. (1914). Sun Lore of All Ages. {Note: Reprinted by Health Research in 1985 as a
spiral-bound book.]
O'Neill, John (1893-1897; Reprinted circa 1995). The Night of the Gods: An Inquiry into Cosmic
and Cosmogonic Mythology and Symbolism. 2 Volumes. [Note: The author at his eccentric best.
Useful, but needs to used with caution. The author was obsessed with explaining all world
mythology and symbolism as referring to the revolution of the heavens around the celestial pole.
Phyllis Ackerman considered this book to be an extension of the Jean Biot-Léopold de Saussure
school of thought. Due to the authors sudden death volume 2 was basically an assembly of his
rough notes edited and prepared for publication by James Hewitt (another eccentric astronomical
mythologist). See John O'Neill's obituary by his friend Gustave Schlegel in T'oung pao, Volume
VI, 1895, Pages 77-78. See also the (English-language) book reviews by Gustave Schlegel of
Volume 1 in T'oung pao, Volume IV, 1893, Pages 444-452; and Volume 2 in T'oung pao, Volume
VIII, 1897, Pages 231-232. Life dates: 1837-1895.]
Pichon, Jean-Charles. (1963). Les Cycles du Retour Éternel: Essai d'une histoire thématique des
religions. (2 Volumes). [Note: The author, a French occultist, argues for a common astronomical
origin of religious themes based on an early zodiac.]
Plunket, Emmeline. (1906; Reprinted spiral bound by Ballantrae circa 1995). The Judgement of
Paris and Some Other Legends Astronomically Considered. [Note: See the (English-language)
book reviews by Anon in English Mechanic and World of Science, Number 2276, November 6,
1908, Page 319; by Anon in Notes and Queries, Tenth Series, Volume 11, June 26, 1909, Pages
520; by Harry [Harold] Hall in Nature, Number 2047, Volume 79, January 21, 1909, Page 335;
and by Anon in The Athenæum, Number 4255, May 15, 1909, Page 589.]
Prinz, Hugo. (1915). Altorientalische Symbolik. [Note: Scholarly overview of both Egyptian and
Babylonian astral symbolism. See the (German-language) book review by Hugo Gressmann in
Theologische Literaturzeitung, Volume 40, Number 23, November, 1915, Columns 481-485.]
Quispel, Gilles. (1979). "Astrology." In: Quispel, Gilles. The Secret Book of Revelation. (Pages
21-24). [Note: The section "Astrology," is contained in the chapter "New Light on the Secret
Revelation" of his book. Attempts a succinct and balanced summary. The author was a Catholic
scholar.]
Reiner, Erica. (1995). Astral Magic in Babylonia. [Note: Excellent. See the (English-language)
book reviews by Nick Veldhuis in Archiv für Orientforschung, Vierundvierzigster und
Fünfundvierzigster Band, 1997/1998, Pages 417-419; and by Mark Geller in Orientalistische
Literaturzeitung, Volume 93, Numbers 4/5, 1998, Columns 455-458.]
Richer, Jean. (1994). The Sacred Geography of the Greeks. [Note: Speculative arguments for
astrological alignments of classical Greek temples. Unreliable.]
Rougier, Louis. (1959). La Religion Astrale des Pythagoriciens.
Schultz, Wolfgang. (1912). Die Anschauung vom Monde und seinen Gestalten in Mythos und
Kunst der Völker. [Note: A lunar interpretation of mythology and iconography. The author was a
member of the German "star myth" school.]
Scott, Oral. (1942). The Stars in Myth and Fact. [Note: A popular survey. The author gives no
indication of his sources.]
Siecke, Ernst. (1892). Die Liebesgeschichte des Himmels Untersuchungen zur indogermanischen
Sagenkunde. [Note: This publication originated the German star-myth school which eventually
resulted in Panbabylonism. The author was Professor of Philology at Lessing-gymnasium,
Berlin.]
Smith, Earl. (1950; Reprinted 1971). The Dome: a Study in the History of Ideas. [Note:
Discusses celestial aspects of the dome in early architecture.]
Smith, Earl. (1956). Architectural Symbolism of Imperial Rome and the Middle Ages. [Note:
Discusses celestial aspects of the Ancient Near-Eastern city-gate concept. The manuscript was
completed by the author when he was terminally ill. Ensure you refer to the 4 pages of Errata
Corrige.]
St Clair, George. (1898). Creation Records Discovered in Egypt. [Note: As it is extremely
difficult to obtain any biographical information on George St. Clair I have chosen to go into
some detail here. He was neither an Archaeologist or Egyptologist as some persons popularly
maintain. He was born in Spirtalfields (London). (It has been stated that he was an orphan.)
George St. Clair (1836-1908) appears to have originally been a Baptist (= non-conformist)
minister who later in life, circa 1890 or earlier, became a Unitarian minister. (In becoming a
Unitarian he was possibly influenced by Charles Dawson who had considerable sympathy for the
Unitarian position.) He is indicated as being a Unitarian at least by 1893. (His article "Rational
Views of Heaven and Hell" in Arena, Volume 5, 1892, has him designated as Rev. George St.
Clair D.D. In the Census of United Kingdom 1881 he is listed as a Free Church Minister, Edward
Street Chapel. In the Census of United Kingdom 1901 he is listed as a Clergyman. I cannot find
him in any listing of 19th-century English Unitarian ministers (but at least one source
specifically identifies him as a Unitarian minister). It would seem he only very rarely used his
title.) It would appear he derived his basic income from his role as a minister and also from
public lectures. (The earliest address indicated for him is Banbury, Oxfordshire, in 1869. It was
the address from which he wrote a letter to Charles Darwin.) When and why he went to live in
Birmingham, and eventually chose to leave there, is unclear. Until leaving Birmingham, circa
1900 or earlier, he appears to have retained his close connection with the cross-denominational
Church of the Saviour in Edward Street, Birmingham, which was founded in 1847 by the
charismatic Baptist pastor George Dawson (1821-1876). (Following the death of his close friend
George Dawson he regularly delivered weekly sermons at the Church of the Saviour throughout
1877. His sermons there continued through to (at least) 1883. He was still presenting and writing
on theological topics into circa the mid-1890s.) (His wife Emma was also born in 1836(37?) (in
Islington (London)). Circa 1880 he resided in the Birmingham suburb of Edgbaston,
Warwick(shire). (In the 1881 Census of the United Kingdom his Dwelling is given as: 61 Bristol
Road; and his Census Place is given as: Edgbaston, Warwick, England. Jean Kelly has pointed
out to me that Edgbaston is not connected with the town of Warwick which is some 40
kilometres away. It seems then that the census entry Warwick intends to mean Warwickshire
County.) After leaving Birmingham he seems to have moved frequently. Circa 1900, or earlier,
he resided in Eastbourne, Sussex. At this time his son Oswald, who authored several books on
economic issues, was residing (in Balham) and working in London as an Insurance Clerk.
Oswald (born 1869 in Banbury, (Oxford[shire]) Oxon) later, after the death of his father in 1908,
emigrated to South Africa. Between 1881 and 1889 his other son Norman (1863(66?)-1912, born
in Birmingham (or Banbury, Oxford?), Warwick(shire)), who had studied architecture and
worked as a Draughtsman, emigrated to the United States of America, and worked first as an
Architect and later as an Artist.) George St. Clair made at least one trip to the United States of
America (probably to visit Norman). He also had a daughter Ruth who was born in Bishopham,
Norfolk, 1879; and it is indicated he had a second daughter Florence who was born in 1884.
George St. Clair died at Balham, London, in 1908. At this time his wife Emma was possibly
deceased and he was probably living in in retirement in Oswald's house. From circa 1885
onwards George St. Clair directed much of his effort to his belief that ancient religions had an
astronomical basis. He was possibly influenced by the appearance of Gerald Massey's two early
books: A Book of the Beginnings (1881, 2 Volumes), and The Natural Genesis (1883, 2
Volumes). He became a close friend of Gerald Massey, who was a Poet, Spiritualist, and amateur
Egyptologist. George St. Clair could basically be classed as a precessional mythologist. His later
books on the origin of mythology are based on fundamentally mistaken ideas about calendars
and the antiquity of the zodiac and have little value. (He was a Fellow of the Geographical
Society, a Member of the Society for Biblical Archaeology, a Member of the Anthropological
Institute, for over a decade a Lecturer for The Palestine Exploration Fund, and a Member of the
Society of Authors.) He is briefly discussed on Page 587 (Volume 2) of "Old and New
Birmingham" by Robert Dent (2nd Edition, 3 Volumes, 1880). See the (English-language) book
reviews by Anon in Notes and Queries, Ninth Series, Volume 1, January-June, 1898, Pages
499-500; by Anon in Nature, Volume LVIII, August 4, 1898, Pages 315-316); and by Anon in
Folk-Lore, Volume XLIV, 1899, Pages 109-110; and the (French-language) book review by (the
Egyptologist) Gaston Maspero in Revue de l'Histoire des Religions, Vingtième Année, Tome
Quarantième, 1899, Pages 124-126.]
St Clair, George. (1901). The Myths of Greece. (2 Volumes). [Note: See the (English-language)
book review by Anon in Folk-Lore, Volume XLVIII, 1901, Pages 362-364; and the authors reply
in Folk-Lore, Volume XLVIII, 1901, Pages 469-471.]
St Clair, George. (1907). The Secret of Genesis. [Note: See the (English-Language) book review
by Stanley Cook in The Journal of Theological Studies, Volume IX, 1908, Pages 455-456.]
Staal, Julius. (1988). The New Patterns in the Sky: Myths and Legends of the Stars. [Note: A
revised edition of the authors "Patterns in the Sky." (1961).]
Stucken, Eduard. (1907, limited edition reprint (100 copies) 1995). Astralmythen:
Religiongeschichtliche untersuchungen. [Note: The author was a principal proponent of
Panbabylonism. The book's 5 chapters were originally published in 5 parts between 1896 and
1907. The author attempts to argue his case, that all mythology has an astronomical basis, by
defining myths by their motifs. He was criticized for knowing no restraint for his ideas. Life
dates: 1865-1936. See the (German-language) book reviews by Carl Niebuhr in Orientalistische
Literatur-zeitung, 1 Jahrgang, April, Number 4, Columns 114-118; Alfred Bertholet in
Theologische Literaturzeitung, Volume 33, Number 8, April, 1908, Columns 230-233. Also see
the critical (French-language) article "Fantaisies biblico-mythologiques d'un chef d'école." by
Emmanuel Cosquin in Revue Biblique, Nouvelle Série, Deuxième Année, Number 1, Janvier,
1905, Pages 5-38]
Temple, Robert. (1991). He Who Saw Everything. [Note: The author attempts to show that the
Gilgamesh epic is actually astronomical mythology.]
Ungnad, Arthur.and Gressmann, Hugo. (1911). Das Gilgamesh-Epos. [Note: An important study
at the time of its publication. Includes a lengthy discussion of possible astronomical elements in
the Gilgamesh epic. See the (German-language) book review by H[ugo?] G[ressmann?] in Revue
d'Assyriologie, Volume VIII, Number 3, 1911, Pages 159-160.]
Worthen, Thomas. (1991). The Myth of Replacement: Stars, Gods and Order in the Universe.
[Note: Similar in speculation to the tenets of "Hamlet's Mill," by Giorgio De Santillana and
Hertha von Dechend (1969). See the (English-language) book reviews by Anon in Scientific
American, September, 1991, Volume 265, Number 3, Page 136; and by Raymond Mercier in
Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 23, 1992, Pages 303-305.]
Articles/Entries:
Brendel. Otto. (1936). "Der Schild des Archilles." (Die Antike, Volume 12, Pages 272-288).
Brett, George. (1926). "Astronomical Symbolism." (The Journal of the Royal Astronomical
Society of Canada, Volume XX, Numbers 9-10, November-December, Whole Number 160,
Pages 335-350). [Note: The contents of the article are wide-ranging but lack any real detail or
depth. George Brett (1879-1944) was a lecturer in the Psychology Department at the University
of Toronto, Canada. He was the author of the highly acclaimed work The History of Psychology
(3 Volumes).]
Burrow, Ian. (1975). "Star-spangled Avalon: the Glastonbury Zodiac." (Popular Archaeology,
Volume 4, Number 8, Pages 28-31). [Note: A definitive debunking of Katherine Maltwood's
fantasy of an ancient terrestrial zodiac marked out by shaping of landscape features around the
town of Glastonbury, England. Ian Burrow is an archaeologist.]
Daressy, Georges. (1915). "L'Egypte Céleste." (Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie
Orientale du Caire, Volume XII, Pages 1-34). [Note: A discussion of late Egyptian celestial
geography. For a short English-language discussion of the article see "Egyptian Astronomy and
the Zodiac," by Joseph Clifford (Nature, Volume XCVIII, September 1916 to February 1917,
Number 2445, September 7, Pages 7-8).]
Faulkner, Raymond. (1966). "The King and the Star-religion in the Pyramid Texts." (Journal of
Near Eastern Studies, Volume XXV, Pages 153-161).
Griffith, J[?]. (1964/1965). "The Celestial Ladder and the Gate of Heaven (Genesis xxviii. 12 and
17)." (The Expository Times, Volume 76, October 1964-September 1965, Pages 229-230).
Haekel, Josef. (1957). "Astralmythologie." In: Lexicon für Theologie und Kirche (Erster Band,
Columns 963-964).
Jensen, Peter. (1928). "Astralmythen." In: Reallexikon der Assyriologie (Erster Band, Pages
305-309). [Note: The author was was a noted Assyriologist and also a radical Panbabylonist.]
Landsberger, Benno. (1923). "Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit
babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit." (Archiv für Keilschriftforschung, Erster Band, Pages 43-48).
Lehmann, Karl. (1945). "The Dome of Heaven." (Art Bulletin, Volume 27, Pages 1-27).
Lehmann-Nitsche, Robert. (1926). "Aus ethnologischen Sternbilderstudien." (Philologus, Band
LXXXI, (N. F. Band XXXV), Pages 202-207).
Lehmann-Nitsche, Robert. (1934). "Der apokalyptische Drache. Eine astralmythologische
Untersuchung über Ap Joh 12." (Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Fünfundsechzigster Jahrgang, 1933,
Heft 4/6, Pages 193-230).
Ramsay, William. and Lepsius, Johannes. (1911). "The Symbolic Language of the
Apocalypse." (The Expositor, Eighth Series, Volume 1. Pages 160-180, 210-230, 375-380,
461-475, & 504-519). [Note: Dual articles with William Ramsay offering critical comment to an
article by Johannes Lepsius (translated by Helena Ramsay) on an astronomical interpretation of
the New Testament "Book of Revelation." Pages 210-230, 461-475, & 504-519 are headed "The
Symbolic language of the Revelation." Johannes Lepsius (1858-1926) was a German professor
of religious studies.]
Roth, Ann. (1993). "Fingers, Stars, and the 'Opening of the Mouth': The Nature and Function of
the NTRWJ-blades." (The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Volume 79, Pages 57-79).
Strong, S[andford]., Arthur. Mrs. [= Sellers, Eugénie]. (1916). "A Bronze bust of a IulioClaudian Prince (? Caligula) in the Museum of Colchester; with a Note on the Symbolism of the
Globe in Imperial Portraiture." (The Journal of Roman Studies, Volume VI, Pages 27-46). [Note:
The globe in imperial portraiture is identified as having a celestial significance. The author was
at the British School at Athens prior to 1914, and was later Assistant director of the British
School at Rome.]
Sullivan, Lawrence. (1983). "Astral Myths Rise Again: Interpreting Religious
Astronomy." (Criterion, Volume 22, Number 1, Winter, Pages 12-21). [Note: Well researched
article. Unfortunately the author does not reference his sources.]
Wainwright, Gerald. (1936). "Orion and the Great Star." (The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology,
Volume XXII, Pages 45-46).
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Related Studies
Books/Pamphlets:
Boll, Franz. (1950). (Edited by Victor Stegemann). Kleine Schriften zur Sternkunde des
Altertums. [Note: A valuable collection of the authors major (and now difficult to access)
articles. See the (English-language) book reviews by Stefan Weinstock in The Journal of Roman
Studies, Volume XLI, 1951, Page 167; and Arthur Nock in Gnomon, Band 24, Heft 3, 1952,
Pages 162-163; and the (German-language) book review by W[?]. Foerster in Theologische
Literaturzeitung, Volume 79, Number 11, November 1954, Column 684.]
de Callataÿ, Godefroid. (1996). Annus Platonicus: A Study of World Cycles in Greek, Latin and
Arabic Sources. [Note: The best book on the subject of the "World Year."]
Evans, James. (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. [Note: An excellent
general study. See the (English-language) book reviews by Benno van alen in Isis, Volume 91,
Number 3, September 2000, Pages 580-581; and James Voelkel in Journal for the History of
Astronomy, Volume 32, 2001, Pages 82-84.]
Manuel, Frank. (1963). Isaac Newton Historian. [Note: Includes a two chapter discussion of
Isaac Newton's investigations into the origin of the Greek constellations.]
Zinner, Ernst. (1931). Die Geschichte der Sternkunde von den Ersten Anfängen bis zur
Gegenwart. [Note: A world-wide general history that includes discussions of constellations, star
names, and star lore. The author was an expert on the history of astronomy but the book has its
critics. See the critical (German-language) book review by Alexander Pogo in Isis, Volume XVI,
1931, Pages 161-167.]
Articles/Entries:
Gundel, Wilhelm. and Gundel Hans. (1950). "Planeten." In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der
Classischen Altertumswissenschaft. (Volume XX, Part 2, Columns 2017-2185).
Palter, Walter. (1993). "Black Athena, Afro-centrism, and the History of Science." (History of
Science, Volume 31, Pages 227-287). [Note: Contains an interesting discussion of Egyptian
astronomy.]
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An Annotated Bibliography Of
Studies of Occidental Constellations and
Star Names to the Classical Period
!
Compiled by Gary D. Thompson
Copyright © 2001 by Gary D. Thompson
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Contents Page
Egyptian
Books/Pamphlets:
Antoniadi. Eugène. (1934). L'Astronomie Egyptienne. [Note: Based on (late) Greek texts and
somewhat unreliable, especially regarding the identification of Egyptian constellations. An
English-language translation by (Sir) Patrick Moore remains unpublished. See the
Correspondence in The Observatory "Egyptian Astronomy" comprising a letter by Eugène
Antoniadi (Volume 63, 1940, Pages 13-14), and a reply by Herbert Chatley (Volume 63, 1940,
Pages 14-15). See the (English-language) biographical entry by Giorgio Abetti in Dictionary of
Scientific Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, Volume 1, Page 17; and the "Historical Note"
by Reginald Marriott in Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Volume 101, Number 3,
June, 1991, Page 195. Life dates: 1870-1944.]
Brugsch, Heinrich. (1978). Astronomical and Astrological Inscriptions on Ancient Egyptian
Monuments. [Note: The book is a translation by George Chamberlain of "Thesaurus
Inscriptionum Aegyptiacarum," (Volume 1, 1883), by Heinrich Brugsch. The translation was
originally published as a series of 18 articles (from April 1978 through January 1980) in the
monthly journal the Griffith Observer (published by the Griffith Observatory). As the title
indicates the book does not deal with issues of astronomical alignments in monumental
architecture. Volume 2 of "Thesaurus Inscriptionum Aegyptiacarum" dealt with calendars (and
has never been translated into English).]
Budge, Ernest. (1904, Reprinted 1969). The Gods of the Egyptians. (2 Volumes). [Note:
Unreliable regarding the identification of Egyptian decans. Ernest Budge was a leading
Egyptologist and Keeper of the Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities in the British Museum. Life
dates: 1857-1934.]
Clagett, Marshall. (1995). Ancient Egyptian Science. Volume II. Calendars, Clocks, and
Astronomy. [Note: See the (English-language) book review by Leo Depuydt in Journal of the
American Oriental Society, Volume 118, Number 1, 1998, Pages 75-76.]
Eisler, Robert. (1935). "Das Astrologische Bilderbuch." (Orientalistische Literaturzeitung,
Volume XXXVIII, 1935, Number 11, Columns 665-667.) [Note: The author argues for the
Babylonian origin of the Egyptian constellation the "Bull's Leg."]
Giedion, Sigfried. (1964; Reprinted 1981). The Eternal Present: The Beginnings of Architecture.
[Note: Includes a brief discussion of Egyptian constellations and astral concepts. See the
(English-language) book review by André Leroi-Gourhan in American Anthropologist, Volume
65, 1963, Pages 1180-1181.]
Gillispie, Charles. and Dewachter, Michel. (1987). (Editors). The Monuments of Egypt: The
Napoleonic Edition. [Note: Contains many illustrations (made during the period of Napoleon's
Egyptian expedition) of astronomical ceilings involving constellations, stars, and late zodiacs.]
Gundel, Wilhelm. (1936; Reprinted 1969). Dekane und Dekansternbilder ein Beitrag zur
Geschichte der Sternbilder der Kulturvölker. [Note: Largely concerned with late astrological
texts. See the (German-language) book review by Willy Hartner in Isis, Volume XXVII, 1937,
Pages 344-348.]
Krauss, Rolf. (1997). Astronomische Konzepte und Jenseitsvorstellungen in den
Pyramidentexten. [Note: See the (English-language) book review by Kurt Locher in Journal for
the History of Astronomy, Volume 30, 1999, Pages 75-76.]
Krupp, Ed. (1977; 1984). "Astronomers, Pyramids, and Priests." In: Krupp, Ed. (Editor). In
Search of Ancient Astronomies. (Pages 203-239 (1977 edition); Pages 186-218 (1984 edition)).
[Note: The paper is Chapter 5.]
Leitz, Christian. (1991). Studien zur Ägyptischen Astronomie. [Note: An attempt to rebutt Otto
Neugebauer's remarks concerning the absence of a scientific astronomy in Egypt. See the critical
(English-language) book review by Anthony Spalinger in Orientalistische Literaturzeitung,
Siebenundachtzigster Jahrgang, Number 1, Columns 23-26.]
Leitz, Christian. (1995). Altägyptische Sternuhren. [Note: A rather controversial (eccentric) study
of Egyptian decans/constellations See the (German-language) book review by Jürgen von
Beckerath in Orientalia, Volume 66, 1997, Pages 99-102.]
Locher, Kurt. (1992-1993). "New arguments for the celestial location of the decanal belt and for
the origin of the s3h-hieroglyph." In: Congresso internazionale di egittologia. (Editor). Atti di
sesto congresso internazionale di egittologia. (2 Volumes). [Note: See Volume 2 pages 279-284.]
Lockyer, Joseph. (1894; Reprinted 1964). The Dawn of Astronomy. [Note: Unreliable. See the
(English-language) book reviews by M. W. H. in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the
Pacific, Volume VI, 1894, Pages 126-132 (Reproduced from the New York Sun, March 11,
1894); and by Robert Brown Junior, in The Academy, March 31, 1894, Number 1143, Pages
271-272. See also the "Preface to this Edition" by Giorgio de Santillana in the 1964 reprint,
pages vii-ix. Life dates: 1836-1920.]
Neugebauer, Otto. and Parker, Richard. (1960-1969). Egyptian Astronomical Texts. (3 Volumes).
[Note: A monumental study and likely to remain the standard work. Does not deal with issues of
astronomical alignments in monumental architecture, or astral themes in mythology. For Volume
1: See the (English-langauge) book reviews by Olaf Schmidt in Centaurus, Volume 9,
1963-1964, Pages 57-60; C[?]. Spaull in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Volume 48, 1962,
Pages 166-168; by Evert Bruins in Isis, Volume 53, 1962, Pages 523-525; by Asger Aaboe in
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Volume XVII, 1962, Pages 204-205; and
the (German-language) book reviews by Siegfried Schott in Orientalistische Literaturzeitung,
Siebenundfünfzigster Jahrgang, 1962, Nummer 11/12, Columns 592-598; and by Kurt Vogel in
Archiv für Orientforschung, Einundzwanzigster Band, 1966, Pages 109-111. For Volume 2: See
the (English-language) book reviews by C[?]. Spaull in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology,
Volume 51, 1965, Pages 217-218; by David Pingree in Isis, Volume 57, 1966, Pages 136-137;
and the (German-language) book reviews by Erich Lüddeckens in Zeitschrift der Deutschen
Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Band 116, 1966, Pages 181-182; and Siegfried Schott in
Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, Volume 62, 1967, Nummer 5/6, Columns 244-247. For Volume
3: See the (English-language) book reviews by C[?]. Spaull in The Journal of Egyptian
Archaeology, Volume 57, 1971, Pages 215-217; by Asger Aaboe in Journal of the History of
Medicine and Allied sciences, Volume XVII, 1962, Pages 106-107; by Owen Gingerich in
Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 3, 1972, Page 217; and the (German-language)
book review by Philippe Derchain in Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, Volume 66, 1971,
Nummer 1/2, Columns 22-24. Otto Neugebauer (1899-1990) was a pioneer of studies of ancient
mathematical astronomy. For 30 years he was Professor of the History of Mathematics at Brown
University. See the Eloge by David Pingree in Isis, Volume 82, Number 1, 1991, Pages 87-88.
Richard Parker headed the Department of Egyptology at Brown University from 1949-1972.]
Parker, Richard. (1974). "Ancient Egyptian Astronomy." In: Hodson, Frank. (Editor). The Place
of Astronomy in the Ancient World. (Pages 51-65). [Note: The papers comprising the volume
originated from a joint symposium on ancient astronomy held by The Royal Society and The
British Academy. They were also published in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London," Volume 276 A, Number 1257. See the (English-language) books reviews by
Colin Renfrew in Archaeology, Volume 26, Number 1, January, 1973, Pages 222-223; and by
A[lexis?]. Brookes in The Classical Review, New Series Volume XXVII, (Volume XCI of the
Continuous Series), 1977, Pages 95-96.]
Petrie, William. (1940). Wisdom of the Egyptians. [Note: The discussion of Egyptian
constellations is not reliable. The charts of Egyptian constellations are interesting.]
Schott, Siegfried. (1936). "Die Altägyptischen Dekane." In: Gundel, Wilhelm. (1936; Reprinted
1969). Dekane und Dekansternbilder ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Sternbilder der
Kulturvölker. (Pages 1-26). [Note: The essay, which is included as "Erster Teil," has been
criticized for its lapses.]
van der Waerden, Bartel. (1974). Science Awakening II: The Birth of Astronomy. [Note:
Contains a brief discussion of Egyptian decans/constellations based largely on Egyptian
Astronomical Texts (3 Volumes, 1960-1969) by Otto Neugebauer and Richard Parker.]
von Bomhard, Anne-Sophie. (1999). The Egyptian Calendar: A Work for Eternity. [Note: An
excellent book which includes frequent discussions of the decans. See the book review by Kurt
Locher in Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 31, Part 4, 2000, Page 349.]
Articles/Entries:
Anonymous. (1937). "The Circular Zodiac of Denderah." (Griffith Observer, October).
B[?], L[?]. (1923). "An Ancient Egyptian Astronomical Ceiling-Decoration." (Bulletin of the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, Volume XVIII, December, Number 12, Pages 283-286).
Böker, Robert. (1984). "Über Namen und Identifizierung der ägyptischen Dekane."(Centaurus,
Volume 27, Pages 189-217).
Chatley, Herbert. (1939). "Notes on Ancient Egyptian Astronomy." (The Observatory, Volume
62, Number 779, Pages 100-104).
Chatley, Herbert. (1940). "The Egyptian Celestial Diagram." (The Observatory, Volume 63,
Number 790, Pages 68-72).
Chatley, Herbert. (1940). "Egyptian Astronomy." (The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Volume
26, Pages 120-126). [Note: A discussion of Egyptian constellations.]
Chatley, Herbert. (1943). "Ancient Egyptian Star Tables and the Decans." (The Observatory,
Volume 65, Number 817, Pages 121-125). [Note: See also the Correspondence in The
Observatory "Ancient Egyptian Star Tables and the Decans." comprising a letter by Herbert
Chatley (Volume 65, 1944, Pages 144-145), and a letter reply by Duncan MacNaughton (Volume
65, 1944, Pages 145-146), and a reply by Herbert Chatley (Volume 65, 1944, Pages 146).]
Christiansen, H[?]. (1992). "Decanal Star Tables for Lunar Houses in Egypt?" (Centaurus,
Volume 35, Pages 1-27).
Conman, Joanne. (2003). "It's About Time: Ancient Egyptian Cosmology." (Studien zur
Altägyptischen Kultur, Band 31, Pages 33-71). [Note: An extensive study of the Egyptian decan
system by a competent amateur Egyptologist who rejects Otto Neugebauer's ideas on such.]
Degreef, J[ohn?]. (2001). "Three Archaic Egyptian Constellations used as Seasonal
Markers." (?). [Note: I have not yet sighted this article and have no publication details. It would
appear that the author is an amateur Egyptologist. The ideas in the article would appear to be
based on the acceptance of the (erroneous) ideas presented in Willy Hartner's 1965 article "The
Earliest Constellations ...." It would appear that the author translated from German the 1865
publication by Richard Lepsius "The Ancient Egyptian Cubit and Its Subdivision." It is published
by The Museum Bookshop (specialising in ancient near eastern archaeology) which has no
connection with the The British Museum.]
Desroches-Nobelcourt, Christiane. (1993). "Le Zodiaque de Pharaon." (Archéologia, Number
292, July, Pages 20-45). [Note: The publication is a French Revue. The author of the article is a
French Egyptologist and considered to be an outstanding authority on ancient Egypt.]
Eisler, Robert. and Chatley, Herbert (1941). "Egyptian Astronomy: Letters from Dr. Eisler and
Dr. Chatley." (The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Volume 27, Pages 149-152). [Note: A
discussion of Babylonian and Greek influences on Egyptian zodiacs.]
Gingerich, Owen. (1983). "Ancient Egyptian Sky Magic." (Sky and Telescope, Volume 65,
Number 5, May, Pages 418-420).
Krupp, Ed. (2001). "The Sphinx Blinks." (Sky and Telescope, Volume 101, Number 3, March,
Pages 86-88).
Krupp, Ed. (2001). "Unlimited Ceiling." (Sky and Telescope, Volume 102, Number 4, October,
Pages 86-88).
Lee, Virginia. (1985). "Identifying Ancient Egyptian Constellations." (Archaeoastronomy,
Number 9, Pages S102-S104; Supplement to the Journal of the History of Astronomy, Volume
16).
Locher, Kurt, (1981). "A conjecture concerning the early Egyptian constellation of the
Sheep." (Archaeoastronomy, Number 3, Pages S73-S75; Supplement to the Journal of the
History of Astronomy, Volume 12). [Note: The author is a Swiss physics lecturer and astronomer.
His work (and also Virginia Lee's) on the identification of Egyptian constellations is important.]
Locher, Kurt. (1985). "Probable Identification of the Ancient Egyptian Circumpolar
Constellations." (Archaeoastronomy, Number 9, Pages S152-S153; Supplement to the Journal of
the History of Astronomy, Volume 16).
Locher, Kurt. (1990). "The Ancient Egytian Constellation Group 'The Lion Between Two
Crocodiles' and the Bird." (Archaeoastronomy, Number 15, Pages S49-S51; Supplement to the
Journal of the History of Astronomy, Volume 21).
Lockyer, Joseph. (1891). "On some points in ancient Egyptian astronomy. I." (Nature, Volume
45, Number 1161, January 28, Pages 296-299).
Lockyer, Joseph. (1892). "On some points in ancient Egyptian astronomy. II." (Nature, Volume
45, Number 1164, February 18, Pages 373-375).
Lockyer, Joseph. (1892). "The Astronomy and Mythology of the Ancient Egyptians." (The
Nineteenth Century, Volume XXXII, July-December, Pages 29-51).
Lockyer, Joseph. (1893). "The astronomical history of On and Thebes. I." (Nature, Volume 48,
Number 1240, August 3, Pages 318-320).
Lockyer, Joseph. (1893). "The astronomical history of On and Thebes. II." (Nature, Volume 48,
Number 1242, August 17, Pages 371-372).
Müller, Max. (1903). "Zur Geschichte der Tierkreisbilder in Ägypten." (Orientalistische
Litteratur-zeitung, Volume 7, Number 1, Columns 8-9).
Neugebauer, Otto. (1955). "The Egyptian "Decans." (Vistas in Astronomy, Volume 1, Pages
47-51).
Offord, Joseph. (1916). "Egyptian Astronomy and the Zodiac." (Nature, Volume 98, Number
2445, September 7, Pages 7-8).
Parker, Richard. (1978). "Egyptian Astronomy, Astrology, and Calendrical Reckoning." In:
Gillespie, Charles. (Editor in Chief). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Volume XV.
Supplement I. (Pages 706-727).
Pogo, Alexander. (1930). "The Astronomical Ceiling-decoration in the Tomb of Semut." (Isis,
Volume XIV, Pages 301-325). [Note: The author was a professional astronomer. Life dates:
1893-19??.]
Pogo, Alexander. (1931). "Zur Problem der Identifikation der nördlichen Sternbilder der alten
Aegter."(Isis, Volume XVI, Pages 102-114).
Pogo, Alexander. (1932). The Astronomical Inscriptions on the Coffins of Heny." (Isis, Volume
XVIII, Pages 7-13).
Pogo, Alexander. (1936). Three unpublished calendars from Asyut." (Osiris, Volume I, Pages
500-509).
von Spaeth, Ove. (2000). "Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star Map." (Centaurus, Volume 42, Pages
159-179). [Note: A controversial interpretation of the Senmut star map. The Danish author, who
describes himself is an "independant scholar," seeks to accomplish considerable chronological
revision (as part of his re-intepretation of the biblical figure of Moses). A number of critics on the
Hastro-L (History of Astronomy) discussion list (January, 2002) have shown his astronomical
interpretation of Senmut's star map to be seriously flawed.]
Symons, Sarah. (2002). "Two Fragments of Diagonal Star Clocks in the British
Museum." (Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 33, Pages 255-260).
Wainwright, Gerald. (1936). "Orion and the Great Star." (The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology,
Volume XXII, Pages 45-46).
Waldron, Richard. (1973). "The Kingdom of Amon-Re: The Egyptian Sky, 3,000-300
B.C." (Griffith Observer, June).
Zinner, Ernst. (1931). "Die Sternbilder der alten Aegypter." (Isis, Volume XVI, Pages 92-101).
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Jewish
Books/Pamphlets:
Grimme, Hubert. (1907). Das israelitische Pfingstfest und der Plejadenkult. [Note: The author
was strongly influenced by the ideas of Panbabylonism.]
Maunder, Edward. (1908). The Astronomy of the Bible. [Note: Needs to be used with some
caution. Contains a supportive discussion (Book II, Chapter I, Pages 149-161) of the flawed
"void zone" theory of constellation origins. Edward Maunder (1851-1928) was a sun-spot
specialist at the Royal Greenwich Observatory. See the (English-language) biographical entry by
Deborah Warner in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, Volume IX,
Pages 183-185; and the (English-language) obituary by H.P.H. in Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society, Volume LXXXIX, 1929, Pages 313-318.]
McKay, John. (1973). Religion in Judah under the Assyrians. [Note: In Chapter VI "Astral
Beliefs in Judah and the Ancient World," the author capably discusses the issue of Assyrian astral
beliefs in Judah circa 732-609 BCE. The book formed part of his doctorate thesis.]
Ness, Lester. (1999). Written in the Stars: Ancient Zodiac Mosaics. [Note: The book is based on
the authors 1990 doctorate thesis "Astrology and Judaism in Late Antiquity."]
Schiaparelli, Giovanni. (1905). Astronomy in the Old Testament. [Note: A revised and corrected
version of the author's lengthy Italian-language essay "L'Astronomia Nell' Antico Testamento"
which was first published in 1903 (by Ulrico Hoepli: Milan). The book contains an extensive
discussion of constellations and star names in the Old Testament. The author's discussion was not
influenced by the ideas of Panbabylonism. See the (English-language) review by Anon of
"Astronomy in the Old Testament," in Nature, Volume LXXIV, August 23, 1906, Pages 410-411.
The author's original Italian-language essay also appears in Volume 1 (Pages 153-300) of "Scritti
Sulla Storia della Astronomia Antica" (3 Volumes, 1925-1927; Reprinted 1997-1998). These
volumes contain the collected Italian-language publications of the author on ancient astronomy,
basically Babylonian, Greek, and Medieval. The essay "L'Astronomia Nell' Antico Testamento"
was quickly translated into both German ("Die Astronomie im Alten Testament", translated and
edited by the librarian Willy Lüdte (1904), who added additional notes); and English
("Astronomy in the Old Testament", by Anon (1905)), the latter of which included many
corrections and additions by the author. (Spanish-language editions appeared in 1945 and 1969.)
All of the author's publications on ancient astronomy remain valuable. Giovanni Schiaparelli
(1835-1910) was an Italian astronomer. See the (French-language) book review in Revue
Biblique, Nouvelle Série, Deuxième Année, Number 4, Octobre, 1905, Pages 634-635. See the
(English-language) biographical entry by Giorgio Abetti in Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edited by Charles Gillispie, Volume XII, Pages 159-162; the (English-language) obituary by
E.B.K. in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume LXXI, 1911, Pages
282-287; and the (English-language) obituary by Robert Aitken in Publications of the
Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Volume XXII, 1910, Pages 164-165.]
Articles/Entries:
Clerke, Agnes. (1907). "Astronomy in the Bible." In: The Catholic Encyclopedia. (Volume 2).
Blau, Ludwig. (1901-1906). "Orion." In: The Jewish Encyclopedia. (12 Volumes).
Grund, Alexandra. (2002). "'Auf die ganze Erde geht ihre Messschnur aus' - Die Ordnung des
Himmels in Ps 19,5a und der babylonische Sternenkatalog BM 78161." (Biblische Notizen,
Volume 110, Pages 66-75).
Hirsch, Emil. (1901-1906). "Constellations." In: The Jewish Encyclopedia. (12 Volumes).
Jastow Junior, Morris., Jensen, Peter., Jastrow, Marcus., Blau, Ludwig., Gottheil, Richard., and
Jacobs, Joseph. (1901-1906). "Astronomy." In: The Jewish Encyclopedia. (12 Volumes).
Maunder, Edward. (1915; Revised edition 1929, & 1979-1988). "Astronomy." In: Orr, James.
(General editor). The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia. Volume 1. (Pages 300-316).
Quainton, Cecil. (1926). "The Astronomy of the Bible." (The Journal of the Royal Astronomical
Society of Canada, Volume XX, Number 6, July-August, Whole Number 157, Pages 193-197).
Sidersky, David. (1931). "La Désignation Biblique de Certaines Constellations." (Journal
Asiatique, Volume MDCCCCXXXI, Pages 354-356). [Note: David Sidersky was a [French?]
Chemical Scientist whose hobby was ancient Oriental astronomy, mathematics, and chronology.]
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Persian
Books/Pamphlets:
Hertel, Johannes. (1936). Der Planet Venus im Awesta.
Articles/Entries:
Henning, Walter. (1942/43). "An Astronomical Chapter of the Bundahishn." (Journal of the
Royal Asiatic Society, Pages 229-248).
Maunder, Annie. (1912/1913). "The Zoroastrian Star-Champions." (The Observatory, Volume 35,
November, Pages 393-396, & 438-443; Volume 36, April, Pages 136-141). [Note: See the
(English-language) obituary by P.J.M. in The Observatory, Volume 67, 1947, Pages 231-232.]
Maunder, Annie. (1916). "Iranian migrations before history." (Scientia, Volume 19, Pages
115-124).
Maunder, Annie. (1931). "When the snow-white bull with the gilded horns ushers in the
year." (Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Volume 41, Pages 127-133).
Maunder, Annie. (1931). "The four star champions of Iran." (Journal of the British Astronomical
Association, Volume 41, Pages 425-429).
Panaino, Antonio. (1986). "Tistrya e la stagione delle plogge." (Acme, Volume XXXIX,
Fascicolo I, Gennaio-Aprile, Pages 125-133).
Pingree, David. and Brunner, C[?]. (1987). "Astrology and Astronomy in Iran." In: Yarshater,
Ehsan. (Editor). Encyclopaedia Iranica (Volume II, Pages 858-871).
Panaino, Antonio. (1987). "The Decans in Iranian Astrology." (East and West, Volume 37,
Numbers 1-4, December, Pages 131-137).
Panaino, Antonio. (1988). "Tistrya e Mithra." (Acme, Volume XLI, Fascicolo III, SettembreDicembre, Pages 229-242).
Panaino, Antonio. (1990). "Tistrya, Part 1: The Avestan hymn to Sirius." (Instituto Italiano per il
Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Roma [= Serie orientale Roma, Volume 68, Number 1]). [Note:
Approximately 150 pages. The authors two books on Tistrya earned him, in 1998, the "R. et T,
Ghirsham" prize from the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres of Paris.]
MacKenzie, D[?]. (1992). "Constellations." In: Yarshater, Ehsan. (Editor). Encyclopaedia Iranica
(Volume VI, Fascicle 2, Pages 147-150). [Note: The author holds a position at the Georg-AugustUniversität in Göttingen.]
Panaino, Antonio. (1995). "Tistrya, Part 2: The Iranian myth of the star Sirius." (Instituto Italiano
per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Roma [= Serie orientale Roma, Volume 68, Number 2]). [Note:
Approximately 150 pages. See the (English-language) book review by P[?]. Skjærvø in Journal
of the American Oriental Society, Volume 117, Number 1, 1995, Pages 215-216.]
Panaino, Antonio. (1995/1996). "Uranographica Iranica II: Avestan hapta.sru- and merezu-: Ursa
Minor and the North Pole?." (Archiv für Orientforschung, Volume XLII/XLIII, Pages 190-207).
Tuman, Vladimir. (1983). "The Cerberus Slab of Hatra may represent Important Astronomical
Events." (Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 24, Pages 14-23).
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Arabic
Books/Pamphlets:
Higgins, W[?]. (1882). The names of the stars and constellations: compiled from the Latin,
Greek, and Arabic: with their derivations and meanings. [Note: This is a very small book of 57
pages.]
Kunitzsch, Paul. (1959). Arabische Sternnamen in Europa. [Note: The best and most reliable
study of Western use (i.e., adaptions) of Arabic star names. It critically traces the histories if
approximately 210 constellations/star names. For Arabic star names in Western use it should be
used in preference to "Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning," by Richard Allen. See the
(German-language) book review by Ernst Bannerth in Anthropos, Band 55, 1960, Page 603; and
the (Spanish-language) book review by Juan Vernet in Oriens, Volume 13-14, 1961, Pages
387-388.]
Kunitzsch, Paul. (1961). Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber. [Note: A study of
indigenous Arabic constellations and star names. See the (German-language) book review by
Ernst Bannerth in Anthropos, Band 57, 1962, Page 235. (See also the (German-language) book
review in Anthropos, Band 73, 1978, Page 272.) Also, see the (Spanish-language) book review
by Juan Vernet in Oriens, Volume 16, 1963, Page 339.]
Kunitzsch, Paul. (1977). "Arabische Sternnamen - Sternnamen der Araber." In: Sudhoffs Archiv
61 (Pages 105-117).
Kunitzsch, Paul. (1986). Peter Apian und Azophi: Arabische Sternbilder in Ingolstadt im frühen
16. Jahrhundert. [Note: Historically wide-ranging. See the (English-language) book reviews by
David Pingree in Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, Volume 37, Number 119,
Décembre, 1987, Page 371; Robert DeKosky in Annals of Science, Volume 45, Number 4, July,
1988, Page 440; and by C[?]. Burnett in Isis, Volume 80, Number 303, September, 1989, Pages
525-526.]
Kunitzsch, Paul. and Smart. Tim. (1986). Short Guide to Modern Star Names and Their
Derivations. [Note: An excellent English-language summary of 254 Western star names. I
understand it was reviewed in Sky and Telescope, February, 1987, Page 157. See also:
"Pronunciations, Derivations, and Meanings of a Selected List of Star Names," by George Davis
Junior (Popular Astronomy, Volume 52, Number 1, January, 1944, Pages 8-30), which was also
issued as a pamphlet (and reprinted recently). Paul Kunitzsch still had concerns with its
treatment of Arabic star names. See: "Star Names and Other Updates," by George Lovi (Sky and
Telescope, Volume 73, Number 4, April, 1987, Page 407.]
Kunitzsch, Paul. (1987). "An Unknown Arabic Source for Star Names." In: Swarup, Govind.,
Bag, A[?]. and Shukla, Kripa. (Editors). History of Oriental Astronomy. (Pages 155-163).
Kunitzsch, Paul. (1989). The Arabs and the Stars. [Note: "This collection of previously published
articles contains "A Note on Star Names, Especially Arabic, and their Literature" (Quarterly
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1979) a critique of the reliability of Arabic star names
in "Star-Names and Their Meanings" by Richard Allen (1899, reprinted 1936 & 1963 as "Star
Names: Their Lore and Meaning." See the (English-language) book reviews by Julio Samsó in
Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, Volume 41, 1991, Pages 149-150; and Ellt
Dekker in Annals of Science, Volume 50, Number 5, 1993, Pages 497-498.]
Kunitzsch, Paul. (1986-1991). Der Sternkatalog des Almagest: die arabische-mittelalterliche
Tradition. (3 Volumes). [Note: See the (German-language) book review by Gotthard Strohmaier
in Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, Sechsundachtzigster Jahrgang, Number 2, 1991, Columns
183-185.]
Samaha, Abdel. (1944). The Arabic Names of the Stars. [Note: Bulletin Number 39, Helouan
Observatory, Cairo.]
Articles/Entries:
Davis, Junior., George. (1944). "Pronunciations, Derivations, and Meanings of a Selected List of
Star Names." (Popular Astronomy, Volume 52, Number 1, January, Pages 8-30). [Note: George
Davis was an expert on Arabic star names. Some 180 star names are covered in this article.
George Davis died on June 4th, 1961.]
Gore, John. (1899). "The Names of Stars." (The Gentleman's Magazine, Volume CCLXXXVI,
January to June, Pages 17-23).
Henninger, Joseph. (1954). "Über Sternkunde und Sternkult in Nord- und
Zentralarabien." (Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Volume 79, Pages 82-117). [Note: A study of preIslamic Arabian astronomy and astral beliefs. See also the article by Paul Kunitzsch on the prescientific popular Arabic astronomy in "Science in Western and Eastern Civilization in
Carolingian Times" edited by Paul Butzer et. al. (1993).]
Hommel, Fritz. (1891). "Ueber den Ursprung und das Alter der arabischen Sternnamen und
insbesondere der Mondstationen." (Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft,
Fünf und vierzigster Band, Pages 592-619).
Hostetter, Homer. (circa 1980?). "On the Track of the Cat." (McDonald Observatory News,
Pages 4-5). [Note: A dicussion of the origins of the Bedouin constellation "Al-Asad" described
by the astronomer Al Biruni circa 1000 CE. The author kindly sent me a copy of the article but
did not include publication details.]
Kunitzsch, Paul, (1983). "How we Got Our "Arabic" Star Names." (Sky and Telescope, Volume
65, Number 1, January, Pages 20-22).
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Astronomy
6. Astronomer Jim Kaler's extensive (and expanding) web site which contains extensive
information on constellations and individual stars:
HYPERLINK "http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/sow.html" http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/
~kaler/sow/sow.html
8. Steven Gibson's web site on Western star names and their definitions:
HYPERLINK "http://www.ras.ucalgary.ca/~gibson/starnames/" http://www.ras.ucalgary.ca/
~gibson/starnames/
9. A (PDF file) copy of "Constellations and Star Names: A Handbook of Pronunciations," by the
American linguist Linnea Lagerquist:
HYPERLINK "http://www.sdaa.org/Docs/ConstellationStarNames.pdf" http://www.sdaa.org/
Docs/ConstellationStarNames.pdf
10. Bruce Perrault's web page on the pronunciation of constellation names:
HYPERLINK "http://www.perr.com/constellation.html" http://www.perr.com/constellation.html
11. Lynne Stockman's web page on (Un)Common Star Names:
HYPERLINK "http://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/misc/name.html" http://www.obliquity.com/
skyeye/misc/name.html
12. Jordanian Astronomical Society web site containing an extensive listing and detailed
explanation of Arabic Star Names:
HYPERLINK "http://www.jas.org.jo/" http://www.jas.org.jo/
13. Easy access to the new location of the HASTRO-L (History of Astronomy) discussion group
archives:
HYPERLINK "http://listserv.wvu.edu/archives/hastro-l.html" http://listserv.wvu.edu/archives/
hastro-l.html
14. A Finding List of Obituary Notes of Astronomers (1900-1997):
HYPERLINK "http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/obit/index.html" http://
www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/obit/index.html
16. Extensive "History of Astronomy" website created by Wolfgang Dick:
HYPERLINK "http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/astoria.html" http://www.astro.unibonn.de/~pbrosche/astoria.html
17. A (PDF file) copy of the article "Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia," by Enn
Kasak and Raul Veede in Folklore, Volume 16, 2001:
HYPERLINK "http://haldjas.folklore.ee/folklore/vol16/planets.pdf" http://haldjas.folklore.ee/
folklore/vol16/planets.pdf
19. Articles by Michael Rappenglüeck identifying Paleolithic Period constellations in the
Lascaux Cave (France), and also in the Cueva di El Castillo (Spain), are accessible at his
extensive web site:
HYPERLINK "http://www.infis.org" http://www.infis.org
20. "The Constellations on Archilles' Shield (Iliad 18.485-489" by Robert Hannah in Electronic
Antiquity:
HYPERLINK "http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ElAnt/V2N4/hannah.html" http://
scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ElAnt/V2N4/hannah.html
21. T. Buggey's web site dedicated to astronomical symbols on ancient coins:
HYPERLINK "http://www.people.memphis.edu/~tjbuggey/astro.html" http://
www.people.memphis.edu/~tjbuggey/astro.html
23. Excellent web site of physicist Dennis Duke containing (PDF file) copies of his recent
articles on the history of ancient astronomy:
HYPERLINK "http://www.csit.fsu.edu/~dduke" http://www.csit.fsu.edu/~dduke
24. Excellent web site established by the British Museum on the astronomers of ancient Babylon:
HYPERLINK "http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/astronomer/indxmain.html" http://
www.mesopotamia.co.uk/astronomer/indxmain.html
25. Pictures illustrating Egyptian astronomy (part of web site on ancient astronomy established
by Professor Alexander Jones, University of Toronto, for students):
HYPERLINK "http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ajones/cla206/egypt.html" http://
www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ajones/cla206/egypt.html
26. Excellent website by Henry Zee dedicated to an extensive astronomical analysis of the
Astronomical Diaries:
HYPERLINK "http://www.caeno.org" http://www.caeno.org
Astrology
27. Very extensive bibliography of ancient astronomy and astrology posted at Universidad de
Málaga website:
HYPERLINK "http://webdeptos.uma.es/dep_griego/astrol1.htm" http://webdeptos.uma.es/
dep_griego/astrol1.htm
HYPERLINK "http://webdeptos.uma.es/dep_griego/astrol2.htm" http://webdeptos.uma.es/
dep_griego/astrol2.htm
HYPERLINK "http://webdeptos.uma.es/dep_griego/astrol3.htm" http://webdeptos.uma.es/
dep_griego/astrol3.htm
HYPERLINK "http://webdeptos.uma.es/dep_griego/astrol4.htm" http://webdeptos.uma.es/
dep_griego/astrol4.htm
HYPERLINK "http://webdeptos.uma.es/dep_griego/astrol5.htm" http://webdeptos.uma.es/
dep_griego/astrol5.htm
28. Comprehensive historical astrological/astronomical bibliography posted by The Warburg
Institute, University of London:
HYPERLINK "http://www.sas.ac.uk/warburg/mnemosyne/orientation/astrobib/
astro_biblio1.htm" http://www.sas.ac.uk/warburg/mnemosyne/orientation/astrobib/
astro_biblio1.htm
HYPERLINK "http://www.sas.ac.uk/warburg/mnemosyne/orientation/astrobib/
astro_biblio2.htm" http://www.sas.ac.uk/warburg/mnemosyne/orientation/astrobib/
astro_biblio2.htm
HYPERLINK "http://www.sas.ac.uk/warburg/mnemosyne/orientation/astrobib/
astro_biblio3.htm" http://www.sas.ac.uk/warburg/mnemosyne/orientation/astrobib/
astro_biblio3.htm
HYPERLINK "http://www.sas.ac.uk/warburg/mnemosyne/orientation/astrobib/
astro_biblio4.htm" http://www.sas.ac.uk/warburg/mnemosyne/orientation/astrobib/
astro_biblio4.htm
HYPERLINK "http://www.sas.ac.uk/warburg/mnemosyne/orientation/astrobib/
astro_biblio5.htm" http://www.sas.ac.uk/warburg/mnemosyne/orientation/astrobib/
astro_biblio5.htm
29. Extensive ancient and modern astrology and astronomy bibliographic list by Associazione
Cielo e Terra:
HYPERLINK "http://www.cieloeterra.it/bibliografia.html" http://www.cieloeterra.it/
bibliografia.html
30. Tim Spalding's web site listing extensive scholarly material on ancient methods of astrology
and divination:
HYPERLINK "http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/astdiv/" http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/
astdiv/
31. "Bibliographie de l'histoire de l'astrologie." An annotated critical (French-language)
bibliography by Patrice Guinard:
HYPERLINK "http://cura.free.fr/02qomha.html" http://cura.free.fr/02qomha.html
32. The latest revised and updated version of the comprehensive "Research Sources for
Astrology," by Lester Ness:
HYPERLINK "http://www.smoe.org/arcana/astrol1.html" http://www.smoe.org/arcana/
astrol1.html
33. An annotated bibliography of Greek astrology by Lester Ness:
HYPERLINK "http://www.smoe.org/arcana/bl-bib.html" http://www.smoe.org/arcana/blbib.html
34. Web version (i.e., 1995 revision) of Lester Ness's 1990 doctoral dissertation "Astrology and
Judaism in Late Antiquity":
HYPERLINK "http://www.smoe.org/arcana/diss.html" http://www.smoe.org/arcana/diss.html
Astronomical Mythology
35. Astronomer Robert H. van Gent's web site page containing his comprehensive "Star of
Bethlehem Bibliography":
HYPERLINK "http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/stellamagorum/stellamagorum.htm" http://
www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/stellamagorum/stellamagorum.htm
38. A copy of Lawrence Sullivan's excellent article on astral mythology "Astral Myths Rise
Again":
HYPERLINK "http://www.lawrenceesullivan.com/Articles/Articles/Finished%20Articles/Astral
%20Myths%20Rise%20Again-%20Interpreting%20Religious%20Astronomy%20fro.rtf" http://
www.lawrenceesullivan.com/Articles/Articles/Finished Articles/Astral Myths Rise AgainInterpreting Religious Astronomy fro.rtf
40. The 22 illustrations from the "Planches de l'Origine des tous les cultes" by Charles Dupuis
(1795):
HYPERLINK "http://www.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/labo/LIRE/cl_retat.htm" http://www.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/
labo/LIRE/cl_retat.htm
Miscellaneous Search Engines
41. University of Karlsruhe multiple-library search engine:
HYPERLINK "http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/hylib/en/kvk.html" http://www.ubka.unikarlsruhe.de/hylib/en/kvk.html
42. K. G. Saur World Biographical Index:
HYPERLINK "http://www.biblio.tu-bs.de/acwww25u/wbi_en/index.html" http://www.biblio.tubs.de/acwww25u/wbi_en/index.html
43. Astronomical articles search engine (NASA Astrophysics Data System):
HYPERLINK "http://adsabs.harvard.edu" http://adsabs.harvard.edu
44. General articles search engine (which also locates articles on the history of astronomy):
HYPERLINK "http://www.findarticles.com" http://www.findarticles.com
45. Oriental Institute Research Archives (and Argos search engine):
HYPERLINK "http://www.oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/RA/ABZU/ABZU.HTML" http://
www.oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/RA/ABZU/ABZU.HTML
or the latest version of ABZU at:
HYPERLINK "http://www.etana.org/abzu/" http://www.etana.org/abzu/
46. BookFinder world-wide search engine for second-hand books (which connects with over
40,000 booksellers):
HYPERLINK "http://www.bookfinder.com" http://www.bookfinder.com
47. UMI Books On Demand catalogue (which has 150,000 out of print titles able to be obtained
as bound photocopies, including many difficult to find history of astronomy titles):
HYPERLINK "http://wwwlib.umi.com/bod" http://wwwlib.umi.com/bod
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