International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 5 Issue 2, January-February 2021 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
Regional Determinants of Central Asian Development
Dr. U. Khasanov PhD
Associate Professor, Chair of International Relations Department, Head of Regional
Security & Conflicts Lab, University of World Economics & Diplomacy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
How to cite this paper: Dr. U. Khasanov
"Regional Determinants of Central Asian
Development"
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of Trend in Scientific
Research
and
Development (ijtsrd),
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IJTSRD38501
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February 2021, pp.655-661, URL:
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ABSTRACT
Contemporary complex international challenges demonstrates inability for
many nations to solve a large range of issues of internal development solely or
independently. This situation has a many aspects and the search for ways to
build socio-economic resilience and stability remains actual for most of them.
Existing controversies or even negative past experience of the former Soviet
administrative management have proven the necessity to preserve and
develop intensive efforts to counterbalance the prolonged "collapse" of the
former unitary system.
KEYWORDS: Central Asia, Cooperation & Economics, Regional Politics, CIS, BRI,
Russia, China, Korea
Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development Journal. This
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INTRODUCTION:
The search of optimal forms of cooperation was largely
determined and still remains relevant by the realization that
in the extremely complex and ambiguous conditions of
globalization, as well as the clash of interests of leading
external players, institutional mechanisms of regional
cooperation are an important component of stability and
security and have acquired a special sound.1
Most of the countries in the region had no experience in
creating their own statehood, armed forces, financial and
fiscal systems, sovereign foreign and domestic policies, and
managing socio-political processes. Accordingly, not only the
convergence of countries that are close in level, but also the
gradual smoothing of "sharp corners" can be much easier at
different stages in a narrow format than in the framework of
the system as a whole. The emerging transition to the
rapprochement of a whole range of relations between the
countries of the region indicates that a certain limit has been
set to dangerous fragmentation in this part of the post-Soviet
space, and that are small, but real prerequisites for
developing opportunities for closer cooperation.
As you know, the Central Asian region consists of five Central
Asian republics that were part of the USSR: Kazakhstan,
Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan with a
1Khasanov
U. Some Aspects of the Central Asian Economic
Development /EMERiCs, Emerging Countries Knowledge
Information / Korea Institute for International Economic Policy on
April
10,
2020.
https://www.emerics.org:446/issue.esmid=a10200000000&syste
mcode=04
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total area of 4 million square kilometers, with a population
(in the early 90's) of more than 50 million people.2
Regional Interactions
Today, relations with highly developed Western countries,
primarily the United States, the European Union, China and
South Korea, and others, play an increasingly important role
among the current vectors of the foreign policy of the Central
Asian States. If maintaining close ties with Russia is an
objective reality for almost all Central Asian countries,
existing due to the continuity of economic ties that remained
after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The search for the
maximum possible benefit from industrially developed
Western nations also pushed the Central Asian leaders to
pursue a balanced policy, taking into account various
political and socio-economic factors.3
In the context of mutual interest in developing economic ties
with the leading Asian powers, on the one hand, and the
2Kulipanova E. International Transport In Central Asia:
Understanding The Patterns of (Non-) Cooperation Institute of
Public Policy And Administration / University Of Central Asia /
Working
Paper
No.2,
2012
(https://www.ucentralasia.org/Content/downloads/UCA-IPPAWP2-International%20Transport%20in%20Central%20AsiaEng.pdf).
Also
read:
https://www.ca-c.org/journal/081997/st_02_esenov.shtml)
3Khasanov U. Some Aspects of the Central Asian Economic
Development /EMERiCs, Emerging Countries Knowledge
Information / Korea Institute for International Economic Policy on
April
10,
2020.
https://www.emerics.org:446/issue.esmid=a10200000000&syste
mcode=04
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geopolitical "views" of China itself, certain factors play a significant role. Three Central Asian nations - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
and Tajikistan-border the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region of China, where about 60% of the population is made up of Turkic
peoples, close tribesmen of the Central Asian peoples. Accordingly, the most significant issue in the relationship between China
and the Central Asian States from the very beginning of their appearance on the political map of the world was the issue of
borders and trans-border security.
Over the past few years, China has become a major importer in three of the five Central Asian countries: Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
and Uzbekistan. In 2015, 56% of all imports to Kyrgyzstan came from China. The situation is not much different in Tajikistan,
where imports from China amounted to 41%. China is also the leader in imports to Uzbekistan - about 20%. Only in Kazakhstan
and Turkmenistan, the PRC concedes the palm to other countries-Russia and Turkey, respectively.
For example, China has become the main export destination for Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. China's share of Turkmenistan's
exports is now a record 68%. At the same time, Ashgabat's exports to China consist almost exclusively of hydrocarbons. As for
Kazakhstan, the share of its exports to China is 15%. Here again, oil and gas prevail, but in General, Kazakhstan's exports are
more diversified than Turkmenistan's. China is the second most important export partner of Uzbekistan.4
A feature of economic cooperation between the Central Asian countries and China in recent years has been the mutual
coordination of programs for the development of national economies. This is done, among other things, to maximize
opportunities for attracting Chinese financial resources.
Tackling Economic Hurdles
According to confirmed data, the total volume of oil reserves in Central Asia reaches 15-31 billion barrels, and the total volume
of natural gas reserves is 230-360 trillion.m2, which is 7.2% of the world's oil reserves and 7% of gas resources. The region
ranks 10th in the world in coal production and electricity generation. It accounts for large reserves of ferrous, non-ferrous and
rare metals, and in total gold production (Uzbekistan - about 90 tons, Kyrgyzstan - just over 20 tons, Kazakhstan - less than 19
tons) ranks 9th.
In terms of oil production, Kazakhstan ranks 1st (80 million tons), Turkmenistan-2nd (6 million tons) and Uzbekistan-3rd (5
million tons). Turkmenistan is rich in natural gas deposits, which ranks 2nd in the CIS after Russia in reserves. Coal deposits are
available in all republics except Turkmenistan. The energy sector in Central Asia is relatively well developed. Kazakhstan
produces up to 90 billion kW/h, and Uzbekistan-52-54 billion kW/h.5
The metallurgy industry is no less developed. Kazakhstan is allocated, smelting up to 2.0 million tons of steel per year, and
Uzbekistan-700 thousand tons). Polymetallic products in the economy of countries are represented quite variously: lead, zinc,
copper, chrome (Kazakhstan); lead, zinc, copper, gold, silver, etc. (Uzbekistan). Herewith the Chart of CA countries GDP level6:
The last 3 years, the leader of the region of Kazakhstan GDP in dollars. US falls. This is due to both the fall of the national
currency and the problems in the economy of the Republic. The second largest economy – Uzbekistan-on the contrary, is
growing steadily7. Herewith the CA nations GDP dynamics8:
4Alexander Vorobyov, researcher, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kitaj I CentralnajaAzija: rastushajadruzhba pod
bokomRossii / (Published on the website of the Russian Council on Foreign Affairs, July 4, 2017 https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-andcomments/analytics/kitay-i-tsentralnaya-aziya-rastushchaya-druzhba-pod-bokom-rossii-/)
5Khasanov U. Some Aspects of the Central Asian Economic Development /EMERiCs, Emerging Countries Knowledge Information / Korea
Institute for International Economic Policy on April 10, 2020. https://www.emerics.org:446/issue.esmid=a10200000000&systemcode=04
6Centralnij Bank Uzbekistana – Uzbekistan’s Central Bank Annual Report for 2018
7Khasanov U. Some Aspects of the Central Asian Economic Development /EMERiCs, Emerging Countries Knowledge Information / Korea
Institute for International Economic Policy on April 10, 2020. https://www.emerics.org:446/issue.esmid=a10200000000&systemcode=04
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If you look at GDP growth, you can see that Kazakhstan has the smallest amount of growth, which is due to the large volumes of
this country, while small economies can more easily achieve high growth because of the "low base".9
The above chart is GDP per capita in CA nations10.
If you look at GDP per capita, you can also see that the leaders are exporters Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. Although
Uzbekistan is also an oil exporter, its GDP per capita is lower due to both lower production and larger population.
Khasanov, U. A. (2019) "BRI in Changing Central Asian Economics," International Relations: Politics, Economics, Law: Vol. 2019: Iss. 2,
Article
4.
Available
at:
https://uzjournals.edu.uz/intrel/vol2019/iss2/4https://uzjournals.edu.uz/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=intrel
9Ibid.
10 Ibid.
8
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The above chart is illustrating the inflation rate in CA countries11.
The inflation rate in the region is quite high. An average of 6-7% in the period under review. It is also necessary to note the
volatility of price dynamics. So in 2016 there was a sharp jump in prices in Kazakhstan and in the same period the fall in prices
in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Herewith, the foreign trade & economic activity of CA countries:12
The leader in terms of foreign trade is Kazakhstan. Although in 2014-2016, there was a decline in this indicator due to the fall in
the exchange rate of the national currency to the dollar and the fall in prices for the main export commodity of Kazakhstan – oil.
In second place in terms of foreign trade are industrialized Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. At the same time, this indicator is the
most stable in Uzbekistan (about $ 25 billion). USA.) The lowest volumes of foreign trade are observed in the countries with
less developed industries and economies in the region: Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.13
As for the relations of the Central Asian States with Europe is still poorly visible, according to some experts. However, this does
not exclude the activity of a number of European players in projects related to hydrocarbon resources and the development of
transport and communications, which is of vital interest for Europe to connect with Asia. The presence of the United States in
Central Asia in the region is quite noticeable, it is being strengthened and almost all major projects involve American capital. On
the one hand, until 2001. US interests were mainly related to the construction of alternative oil and gas pipelines and the
development of raw material deposits. The main problem for the Americans since the collapse of the Soviet Union here has
been finding ways to export bypassing the territory of Russia and Iran. This task was extremely difficult, especially when you
consider that such opportunities in the region, even geographically and hypothetically, are very limited.
In the current conditions, strengthening economic and political relations remains extremely important for the Central Asian
region and its geopolitical interests. At the same time, there are obvious differences in approaches to the development of such
relations in General. None of these countries is ready or willing to lose at least some of their sovereignty in favor of closer
cooperation, especially since relations with major non-regional actors are different for each of these republics. At the same
time, the interest in such relations is primarily dictated by the difficulties of ensuring internal and external security in the face
of internal and external threats.
In Search of Optimum
Today, the significance of the Central Asian region is determined by its unique geopolitical location, having a strategic transit
and logistics potential that connects the Far East with Europe, and the South of Eurasia with the North. South Korea, for
example, could help develop the region's technological potential, drawing on its vast experience in this area. Private companies
in the country of morning freshness could participate in the modernization and construction of infrastructure, as well as the
development of natural resources.
Chinese and Russian companies are still actively using the region's cooperative potential, participating in a number of energy
and infrastructure projects. The strengths of the South Korean economy in the field of advanced information technologies,
industrial manufacturing and development of railway networks, and especially innovative projects in the agricultural sector
and rational use of water resources are particularly in demand in the countries of the region and have become the focus of their
investment policy. It is obvious that China attaches particular importance to the Central Asian segment of its Belt & Road
Initiative. Russia is no less interested in this region within the framework of the Eurasian economic Union, whose activities are
in some sense politicized, and to a certain extent aimed at curbing China's economic presence in the region. The industrial base
of the EEA States is poorly diversified and significantly dependent on imports. In addition, the absence of protective tariff
barriers for Chinese goods creates significant obstacles in overcoming the technological lag of these countries. All these factors
raise the development of partnership with South Korean business to a special level and optimal.
Ibid.
Ibid.
13 Ibid.
11
12
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Some countries in the region, namely Uzbekistan and
Turkmenistan, which are not members of the EAEU and do
not have strict obligations to it, conduct more flexible foreign
economic activities, supporting the policy of most favored
South Korean business. In particular, the Republic of Korea
and Uzbekistan have established mutually friendly relations,
and investment by South Korean companies is growing
rapidly. The South Korean government provides long-term
loans and official development assistance.
Effective experience in countries such as South Korea, the
United States, Austria, and Germany in supporting small and
medium-sized businesses through various startup projects is
important for the development of a market-based
entrepreneurial culture and the environment of the region's
national markets. The competitive advantages of existing
Korean companies are well known: they include experience,
a developed production base, qualified personnel, and an
excellent system for training new personnel, and state
support for business. According to a study by Bloomberg
Global Index Innovation14, South Korea leads the world in a
number of basic indicators. Among them, the level of R&D,
labor productivity, the level of technology implementation
and activity in patent activity. In terms of the number of
patents per capita, it is in the first place in the world. It
indicates a serious level of penetration of high technologies
and the importance of applied science in this country,
creating the foundations of a "creative economy". Such
criteria bring the importance of partnership with Korean
business to the fore for almost all Central Asian States.15
On the other hand, the economy of one of the largest States
in the region, the Republic of Uzbekistan, is undergoing quite
serious transformational shifts and a real departure from the
previous command and administrative system. For example,
over the past few years in Uzbekistan started its activities
more than 800 new enterprises with foreign capital, among
which some of the companies with Russian participation of
more than 130 enterprises, Chinese - 120, Kazakh - 90, and
South Korean - 65, and more than 320 rest of the world.16
In the annual report of the International monetary Fund
"Doing Business 2019"17 in the ranking of ease of doing
business among 190 countries, Uzbekistan has entered the
top ten reformer countries over the past five years (from
166 (2012) to 69 (2019)), which certainly defines the
country as the most favorable for doing business. This is
actively promoted by comprehensive interaction with
Russian partners in priority sectors of investment activity, in
14 Ganiev, Bahodir. 2019. The Belt and Road Initiative in Uzbekistan.
In China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Potential Transformation of
Central Asia and the South Caucasus, ed. Harinder S. Kohli, Johannes
F. Linn, and Leo Zucker. New Delhi, Thousand Oaks, London and
Singapore: Sage.Google Scholar
15Khasanov U. Some Aspects of the Central Asian Economic
Development /EMERiCs, Emerging Countries Knowledge
Information / Korea Institute for International Economic Policy on
April
10,
2020.
https://www.emerics.org:446/issue.esmid=a10200000000&syste
mcode=04
16 Devonshire-Ellis, Chris. 2018. Uzbekistan Re-Energizing as
Central Asia’s Traditional Hub for the Silk Belt and
Road. https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2018/07/05/uzbe
kistan-re-energizing-central-asias-traditional-hub-silk-belt-road/.
17 Doing Business provides objective measures of business
regulations for local firms in 190 economies.
https://www.doingbusiness.org/
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particular, the involvement of Russian experience in the
development of national engineering projects R&D, research
and technology parks, innovative cities and zones. Such
targeted projects could also solve the problem of joint
development of a marketing strategy in the investment
segment, which would significantly reduce the disparity in
the placement and promotion of investments in advanced
innovative technologies.
Preferential priority in deepening industrial cooperation
with leading innovations and technology companies will
ensure significant export growth in the basic sectors of the
economy of Uzbekistan. World Bank analysts predict that
investment activity and the creation of new joint ventures
will expand by about 2 times by 2025, which will directly
strengthen the export potential of the Republic's foreign
trade turnover.18
According to the Report of National Statistics Committee19,
the main foreign trade partners among CIS countries are
Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and
Tajikistan, which accounted for 29.4% of foreign trade
turnover, among other countries - China, Republic of Korea,
Turkey, Germany, USA, Afghanistan, Latvia, Japan, India,
France and Italy, which accounted for 44.4% of the total
foreign trade turnover20.
In Lieu of Conclusion
Having said that, we may conclude that Central Asia today is
a region that is being rediscovered by the outside world. In
the near future, the region will remain a place where the
interests of global and regional centers of power clash. For
their part, the States of the region have long ceased to be
passive witnesses of the changes taking place in the world,
and we can observe the activation of their policies, and this
process, I think, will increase proportionally as their
economic and political situation strengthens.
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@ IJTSRD
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Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38501
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Volume – 5 | Issue – 2
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January-February 2021
Page 661