DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
“HERMENEUTIKA”
PRESENTED BY :
Group 8
1. ENDANG DWI NDRIAWATI
2. ANDI NURHIKMAYANI.AB
3. NURPIDA
4. SISKA PRASASTI
5. NOVI INDAH SARI
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
ALAUDDIN ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
2020
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PREFACE
Thanking God, thanks to the mercy of Allah SWT, the compilers can complete this paper.
This paper is structured to fulfill the task of making papers in the Discourse analysis. In
compiling this paper, there were no obstacles that the constituents faced, but with enthusiasm and
cooperation between the drafting team and assisted by all parties and finally the preparation of
this paper was resolved.
On this occasion the compilers expressed their gratitude to the lecturers who have helped
direct and limit the preparation of paper material, as well as thanks to fellow students who helped
provide information.
The compilers are very aware that the preparation of this paper is very far from perfect,
so that the constructive criticism and suggestions of the compilers hope that this paper will
become a complete one. Also this paper is useful for constituents in particular and can benefit
many people in particular.
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CONTENTS
PREFACE .............................................................................................................................2
CONTENTS........................................................................................................................ .3
A. Introduction .............................................................................................................4
B. Definition of Hermeneutics………………………………………………………..5
C. History of Heremeneutics………………………………………………………....5
D. Dimensions In Hermeneutics……………………………………………………...6
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………10
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A. INTRODUCTION
Literary works are created not only to be read, but also to understand their
meaning. From the author's point of view, literary works are created to be published and
disseminated with the hope that the content and message of the literary work can be
understood. From the reader's point of view, a literary work is to be read and examined in
the hope that the content and message of the literary work can be enjoyed and
understood. However, the horizons of authors and readers often encounter obstacles in
understanding literary works. Although it cannot be enforced that the understanding of
the author and the reader must be in understanding literary works. In the process of
literary communication, as stated by Dicter Tanik in Segers (2000: 15), one layer of
communication in understanding literary works is the author, the text, and the reader.
In this case, the author and reader are the two poles of the literary communication
process that is currently playing a role in dealing with literary works (literary texts).
Literary text is a set of signs or symbols that are transmitted through a channel (poetry,
prose, or drama) to the reader. The code chosen by the author must be known and
partially known by the reader so that it allows the reader to recognize textual signs and
relate meaning to the text material. Seagers (2000: 17) confirmed the difference between
channel and code. Channels allow the reader to read literary text, whereas code allows the
reader to interpret literary text. The purpose of the communication process is to
understand the message. From Dicter Tamik's opinion it can be concluded that the
purpose of the literary communication process is to read and interpret literary texts in the
form of messages that contain messages. As it is known that the reading and
interpretation of literary texts is very open to every reader. If the substance of meaning is
only literature, it is full of possibilities in accordance with the nature and essence of
multi-interpretative literature. Therefore, various theoretical ideas have been put forward
by literary experts to assist readers in understanding literary works. Theoretical ideas that
are used as approaches or methods of literary studies, such as expressive structuralism,
mimetics, pragmatics, semiotics, and so on. Although it is not considered new,
hermeneutics as an approach or method of studying literary texts is considered
appropriate to assist readers in their efforts to study and interpret the meaning of a literary
text.
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B. Definition of Hermeneutics
What is meant by hermeneutics? Etymologically, the word hermeneutic comes
from the Greek hermeneutin which means to interpret the noun hermeneia, literally
interpreted as interpretation (Sumaryono, 1999: 23). Hermeneutics in general can be
defined as a theory or philosophy of meaning interpretation (Atho and Arif Fahruddin,
2002: 14). Hermeneutics is the study of understanding, especially text comprehension
(Palmer, 2003: 8). Judging from its history, hermeneutics is associated with the god
Hermes in Greek mythology. Hermeneutic association with Hermes, according to Amin
Abdullah, is nothing but to describe the importance of the interpretation process in
understanding a text (Saenong, 2002: xxi). In relation to the task of Hermes which carries
a noble mission and message, namely as a mediation and process of bringing the message
"to be understood", choosing three basic meaning forms and hermeneuum and hermeneia
in their original usage, namely (1) expressing words (2) explaining, like explaining a
situation, and (3) translating, as in foreign language transliteration (Palmer, 2003: 15) the
three basic meaning forms can be interpreted as "to interpret" or interpretation. Palmer
(2003: 16) asserts that interpretation can refer to three different problems, spoken
pronunciation, rational explanation, and transliteration of other languages. But that
different issue ultimately leads to understanding.
Hermeneutics is consequently tied to two things, especially to ascertain the
content and which of a word, sentence, text, and so on. Second, understand the
instructions contained in symbolic forms (Bleicher, 2003: 5). Thus, hermeneutics is
closely related to the activities of interpretation and understanding of meaning.
C. History of Heremeneutics
In the development of hermeneutics, experts have concluded six limitations or
definitions that cover hermeneutics as a science of interpretation, namely (1)
hermeneutics as a theory of interpretation of scripture or exegosis of the Bible; (2)
hermeneutics as a philological methodology; (3) hermeneutics as a science of linguistic
understanding; (4) hermeneutics as a basis or methodological foundation for the historical
sciences - Palmer terms geisteswissenschaften, namely all disciplines that focus on
understanding art, action, and human writing -; (5) hermeneutics as a recommendation for
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design and existential understanding; and (6) hermeneutics as an interpretive system.
(Palmer, 2003: 38-47, and Atho and Arif Fahruddin, 2002: 18-21).
Hermeneutics are arranged in at least three very important units, namely (1) the
presence of a sign, a news message which is often in the form of text, (2) there must be a
group of recipients who are wondering or feel “foreign” to the message. (3) there is an
intermediary or courier between the two parties.
D. Dimensions In Hermeneutics
There are two major dimensions in hermeneutics, namely intentionalism
hermeneutics and gadamerian hermeneutics. The two differ from each other in placing
meaningful positions: in "production" or in "viewers". Mediation and the process of
carrying the message "to be understood" associated with the god Hermes is contained in
the three basic meaning forms of hermēneuien and hermēneia in their original usage.
These three forms use the verb form of hermēneuein, namely: to say, to explain, and to
translate or to interpret. There are at least six definitions of modern hermeneutics which
also mark the history of the development of hermeneutics itself.
Hermeneutics aims to explore the meaning contained in texts and symbols by
endlessly digging up hidden or unknown meanings in a text.
In principle, there is no difference between hermeneutics and interpretation. As an
interpretation method, both of them seek to understand the text to find relevant meanings.
Therefore, a text is not born in a cultural vacuum. Hermeneutics seeks to reveal the
meaning pervading the text. In interpretation, what covers the text is reflected in the
sabab alnuzul and sabab al-wurud. What distinguishes the two is theological basis.
Therefore, interpretation is usually aligned with the practice of exegesis, whereas
hermenutics refers to the objectives, principles and criteria of the practice. In other words,
hermenutics is a theory of interpretation.
Classical literary works generally contain language with a high degree of
ambiguity. To know the meaning more deeply, interpretation of the language in the
literary work is needed. Language when interpreted can occur multiple interpretations.
According to Gadamer, this is because language never has a single meaning. Language
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has always had multiple meanings, and that must be acknowledged and celebrated.
Various meanings in language indicate the existence of something that is essential,
permanent, and universal in the language itself. This means that language has something
that is unique to itself, and is independent of the human mind. In language there is an
understanding, and the task of hermeneutics is to understand this meaning, and open the
possibility for new understandings.
Classical literary texts can be studied using Gadamer's hermeneutic study to
further examine their meaning by applying four concepts of understanding, namely
bildung (to form), communist census, consideration, taste or taste. By interpreting the
literary text, it is hoped that it will be equipped to understand and summarize everything
that appears in history and all of time.
The term understanding (Verstehen) in hermeneutics refers to the process of
capturing meaning in language or, more broadly, what is the target of understanding are
symbolic structures or texts. In everyday life we talk with other people and try to
understand what message that person is conveying. Understanding is the process of
capturing the meaning or meaning of the words spoken by the communicator. The object
of understanding is nothing other than language, but language cannot be separated from
the minds of its speakers. It should be added that humans do not think about the same
things, even if they use the same words.
Scheilermacher's
strong
reason
for
revealing interpretation as an art is seen as the process of entry and exit between thought
and writing. A writer reveals what is on the mind and then vomits into writing. In the
analogy, a process from within the human being is expressed outward.
While the interpreter always puts the beginning outside the mental self of man, then tries
to enter the human mental world. So it can be argued that the interpreter tries to reveal
what is in the mental side of the writer's mind through the content of his writing.
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Schleiermarcher asserts that the meaning of a word stated in a text can only be
understood in its consistency with what surrounds it: specific things, certain atmosphere,
color and nuance.
Understanding is certainly different from knowing. Sometimes we know someone
but don't understand that person. If you know someone from a glance, but understanding
is a deeper process. Sometimes memorizing is only temporary, while to understand is
long term.
The term "hermeneutic circle" sticks closely to Schleiermacher's thought.
According to him, a text is produced using a "word" or "language" which describes an
event at a time. All understood language refers to symbolic grammar and vocabulary, but
in terms of understanding, we can use various methods. Example: The language of poetry
is certainly different from scientific language. Language tends to be more individual,
while scientific and conversational language such as talking about weather, climate is less
individual in nature. That way, a text cannot be separated from its circle of context. When
it has been made into a written work, the text still leaves traces of the thoughts and
feelings of the author (mens auctoris).
In his book entitled The Rule of Metaphor (1969), Ricouer argues that
hermeneutics encompasses many disciplines related to interpretation and understanding.
Interpretation is the activity of distinguishing hidden meaning (sens cache) from
discourse with sens apparent meaning. To achieve this goal, the initial step that must be
taken by a hermeneutic expert in fulfilling his / her task is to compare the dual meaning
of discourse and the function of different interpreters due to the use of different
disciplines, such as semiotics, psychoanalysis, phenomenology, history of comparative
religion and literary criticism. .
Ricouer's Hermeneutics views that understanding or interpretation is not just an
activity with respect to language, but also as an act of meaning and interpretation.
Nobody reads a text with the intention of understanding its content who does not interpret
and interpret it during the reading process.
Text refers to something like(author, spatial context, time and history) so that the
text is always open to interpretation. References like (ideological criticism,
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deconstruction and play analogy) are limits to avoid arbitrariness in interpretation and
discourse is free from the shackles of its narrow dialogical situation.
Distance provides a hermeneutic principle that interpreting the text is not to find
the objective meaning intended by the author, but allows various interpretations that have
multiple meanings (polysemy).
Through distance, we are not looking for something hidden behind the text, but
are confronted by various open possibilities that exist in the text. Whereas appropriation
is in line with the spirit of distancy that in interpreting the text, we take a distance from
the author's intention so that the interpreter / reader is able to understand the text
creatively.
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REFERENCES
http://sawerigading.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/sawerigading/article/view/54
https://sites.google.com/site/indonesiasportscience21/home/filsafatat-olahraga/makalah-modelhermeneutika
https://bagawanabiyasa.wordpress.com/2016/01/29/berkenalan-dengan-hermeneutika/
https://metateoricomm.wordpress.com/hermeneutika/
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