Jabla, Jason Kim I.
BSEE-22A1 (COMM 001)
General Model of Communication System
1) Linear Model of Communication
In linear model, communication is considered one way process where sender is
the only one who sends message and receiver doesn't give feedback or response. The
message signal is encoded and transmitted through channel in presence of noise. The
sender is more prominent in linear model of communication.
Example: Shannon-Weaver’s Model
Originally developed by Shannon & Weaver in 1948, this model describes
communication as a linear process. This model describes how a sender, or speaker,
transmits a message to a receiver, or listener. More specifically, the sender is the source
of the message. A message may consist of the sounds, words, or behaviors in a
communication interaction. The message itself is transmitted through a channel, the
pathway or route for communication, to a receiver, who is the target or recipient of the
message. There may be obstacles in the communication process, or noise. Noise refers
to any interference in the channel or distortion of the message. This is a fairly simple
model in which a message is simply passed from sender to receiver.
2) Interactional Model of Communication
Interaction models view the sender and the receiver as responsible for the
effectiveness of the communication. One of the biggest differences between the action
and interaction models is a heightened focus on feedback.
Example: Osgood-Schramm Model
Osgood-Schramm’s model of communication is known as a circular model
because it indicates that messages can go in two directions. Hence, once a person
decodes a message, then they can encode it and send a message back to the sender.
They could continue encoding and decoding into a continuous cycle. This revised
model indicates that: 1) communication is not linear, but circular; 2) communication is
reciprocal and equal; 3) messages are based on interpretation; 4) communication
involves encoding, decoding, and interpreting. The benefit of this model is that the
model illustrates that feedback is cyclical. It also shows that communication is complex
because it accounts for interpretation. This model also showcases the fact that we are
active communicators, and we are active in interpreting the messages that we receive.
3) Transaction Model of Communication
The transactional models differ from the interactional models in that the
transactional models demonstrate that individuals are often acting as both the sender
and receiver simultaneously. Basically, sending and receiving messages happen
simultaneously.
Example:
Types of Electronic Communication
Electronic communication takes many forms, each with its own applications, benefits
and drawbacks. Though some electronic media may seem more familiar than others, each can
instantly connect people whether they’re a few miles away or a few thousand miles away
1. Email
Perhaps one of the most well known and most ubiquitous forms of electronic
communication, email provides a channel for exchanging messages in much the same
method as traditional mail. One user generates a message, addresses it to a recipient,
sends it and, if one is warranted, waits for a reply. The asynchronous nature of email
makes it ideal for users who do not want to become involved in, or do not have time
for, a lengthy conversation.
2. Text and Instant Messages
Text messaging uses cellular airwaves and protocols to deliver textual messages
from one cellular phone to another or from one phone to a group of other phones. Text
messaging is usually intended as near-instant communication and can be quicker than
a phone call because the sender doesn't have to wait for the recipient to answer before
delivering a message. Because text messaging is informal and easy, it's sometimes
called chatting. Text messaging can also facilitate private discussions when there is a
chance that a phone call could be overheard. Instant messaging is similar to text
messaging but is carried over the Internet rather than over cell phone airwaves.
3. Websites
Websites can take many forms and serve as a wide variety of electronic
communication channels. In their most basic form, websites simply disseminate
information to visitors who access and read information on the site. Other websites,
like forums, facilitate communication by allowing you to post a public message and
then check later to see if the message received any replies. Social media websites take
a similar approach, allowing you to share aspects of your life and then read follow-up
comments from friends.
4. Audio
Electronic audio communication dates back to the 1876 invention of the
telephone, a device that converts sounds into electrical impulses and sends them over
copper wires to a remote unit that converts them back into sound. Today, though, audio
traverses an array of electronic channels that includes radio, television, mobile phones
and even Internet-connected electronic devices.
5. Video
Like instant messaging, most video chatting is conducted over Internet protocols
that stream images from one device to another. At times, nothing beats a face-to-face
conversation. Video chats provide an immediacy to a conversation. Because a person's
tone is often easier to read when you can see his face, businesses often use
videoconferencing to aid in virtual meetings.
6. Blogging
At present, blogging is the most preferable communication method. This is a
type of online journaling, which can be updated daily, or many times a day. It covers
all the information or a particular topic.
By using such blogs, one can share, follow, or even post comments. This kind of
communication is extremely suitable. This is the reason why people utilize blogs very
often. Additionally, by using the internet, people can access, read & follow it
worldwide.
Analog Signal
 These type of electronic signals are time-varying
 Minimum and maximum values which is either positive or negative.
 It can be either periodic or non-periodic.
 Analog Signal works on continuous data.
 The accuracy of the analog signal is not high when compared to the digital signal.
 It helps you to measure natural or physical values.
 Analog signal output form is like Curve, Line, or Graph, so it may not be meaningful
to all.
Digital Signal
 Digital signal are continuous signals
 This type of electronic l signals can be processed and transmitted better compared to
analog signal.
 Digital signals are versatile, so it is widely used.
 The accuracy of the digital signal is better than that of the analog signal.
Analog Signal
Digital Signal
An analog signal is a continuous signal that
Digital signals are time separated signals which
represents physical measurements.
are generated using digital modulation.
It is denoted by sine waves
It is denoted by square waves
It uses a continuous range of values that help you to
Digital signal uses discrete 0 and 1 to represent
represent information.
information.
Temperature sensors, FM radio signals, Photocells,
Computers, CDs, DVDs are some examples of
Light sensor, Resistive touch screen are examples
Digital signal.
of Analog signals.
The analog signal bandwidth is low
The digital signal bandwidth is high.
Analog signals are deteriorated by noise throughout
Relatively a noise-immune system without
transmission as well as write/read cycle.
deterioration during the transmission process and
write/read cycle.
Analog hardware never offers flexible
Digital hardware offers flexibility in
implementation.
implementation.
It is suited for audio and video transmission.
It is suited for Computing and digital electronics.
Processing can be done in real-time and consumes
It never gives a guarantee that digital signal
lesser bandwidth compared to a digital signal.
processing can be performed in real time.
Analog instruments usually have s scale which is
Digital instruments never cause any kind of
cramped at lower end and gives considerable
observational errors.
observational errors.
Analog signal doesn't offer any fixed range.
Digital signal has a finite number, i.e., 0 and 1.
The EM spectrum
Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their frequency f or, equivalently,
according to their wavelength λ = c/f. Visible light has a wavelength range from ~400 nm to
~700 nm. Violet light has a wavelength of ~400 nm, and a frequency of ~7.5*1014 Hz. Red
light has a wavelength of ~700 nm, and a frequency of ~4.3*1014 Hz.
Visible light makes up just a small part of the full electromagnetic spectrum.
Electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies include ultraviolet
light, X-rays, and gamma rays. Electromagnetic waves with longer wavelengths and lower
frequencies include infrared light, microwaves, and radio and television waves.
Type of Radiation Frequency Range (Hz) Wavelength Range
gamma-rays
1020 - 1024
< 10-12 m
x-rays
1017 - 1020
1 nm - 1 pm
ultraviolet
1015 - 1017
400 nm - 1 nm
4 - 7.5*1014
750 nm - 400 nm
1*1014 - 4*1014
2.5 μm - 750 nm
1013 - 1014
25 μm - 2.5 μm
microwaves
3*1011 - 1013
1 mm - 25 μm
radio waves
< 3*1011
> 1 mm
visible
near-infrared
infrared