Class:
2
2.1
A
1
(
Name:
)
Date:
The cell as the basic unit
of life
Chemicals of life
(Book 1A, p. 2-3)
Inorganic chemical constituents of organisms
(Book 1, p. 2-3)
Water
Water serves many important functions in organisms:
1
as a (1) _____________ (反應物) that takes part in some reactions, e.g. digestion of food
2
as a (2) _____________ for chemical reactions because water is a good
(3) _____________
3
as a medium of (4) _______________ to carry dissolved substances around the body
4
as a (5) ____________ agent to remove heat through evaporation
5
gives (6) _______________ and provides (7) _____________ to organisms,
e.g. cells of young seedlings become turgid when they are full of water,
and provides (8) ______________ (浮力) for organisms in water.
2
Inorganic ions
Example
Nitrate (硝酸鹽)
Function
As a source of (9) ______________ in plants for the
synthesis of proteins
Magnesium (鎂)
Forming (10) ______________ (葉綠素) in plants
Activating some enzymes
(11) ______________ (鈣)
Forming (12) _____________ and teeth
Involving in muscle contraction and blood clotting
Forming (13) ______________ (血紅蛋白) for carrying
Iron (鐵)
oxygen
Activating some enzymes
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
(Second Edition)
-8-
 Oxford University Press 2014
B
Organic chemical constituents of organisms
(Book 1A, p. 2-7)
(14) _______________ (生物分子) are the major organic chemical constituents of organisms.
They all contain (15) _______________ atoms.
Biomolecule
Example
Function
(17) _______________ Provides energy
(葡萄糖)
(16) ____________
Starch (澱粉)
Acts as an energy (18) _____________ in plants
(碳水化合物)
(19) _______________ Forms plant cell walls
(纖維素)
(21) _______________ Act as an energy reserve, reduce heat loss and
(20) ____________ (甘油三酯)
protect internal organs
(脂質)
Phospholipids (磷脂)
Make up (22) _____________ _______________
Structural proteins
Make up body tissues (e.g. hair)
(23) ____________ Enzymes (酶)
(蛋白質)
(24) ____________
(核酸)
Speed up reactions in the body
Antibodies (抗體)
Defend the body against diseases
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Carries (25) ___________ information (遺傳信息)
(DNA 脫氧核糖核酸)
Ribonucleic acid
Takes part in the synthesis of proteins
(RNA 核糖核酸)
2.2
A
1
Studying cells using microscopes (Book 1A, p. 2-9)
Early studies on cells (Book 1A, p. 2-9)
Discovery of cells
In 1665, Robert Hooke examined a thin slice of cork with a microscope.
He named the small irregular boxes he saw ‘cells’, which were actually
the (1) ___________ _____________ of dead cork cells.
Robert Hooke’s drawing of cork ‘cells’ ►
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
(Second Edition)
-9-
 Oxford University Press 2014
2
The Cell Theory
In 1839, Schwann proposed the Cell Theory (細胞學說). The theory states that:
all organisms are made up of one or more (2) _____________
the cell is the (3) _____________ _____________ of life; it is the smallest unit that shows all
the characteristics of life
all cells come from (4) _____________ cells.
B
Modern microscopes (Book 1A, p. 2-12)
Type of microscope
(5) ____________ ____________
(光學顯微鏡)
Feature
Light is used to form an image
Magnification: up to 1600 times
Electron beams pass through the specimen to
(6) ____________
electron microscope
(透射電子顯微鏡)
form an image
Used to study the internal structure of a specimen
Produces (7) _______________-dimensional,
black and white images
Magnification: up to 1 500 000 times
Electron
Electron beams scan over the surface of the
microscope
specimen to form an image
(8) ____________
Used to study the (9) _______________ structure
electron microscope
of a specimen
(掃描電子顯微鏡)
produces (10) ____________-dimensional, black
and white images
Magnification: up to 300 000 times
C
How to use a light microscope? (Book 1A, p. 2-14)
The light microscope is a compound microscope (複式顯微鏡) consisting of two sets of
(11) ___________: an eyepiece (目鏡) and an objective (物鏡).
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
(Second Edition)
- 10 -
 Oxford University Press 2014
Structure of a light microscope:
A
I
B
J
C
K
D
L
E
F
G
M
H
Structure
A
Function
(12) _______________
It is a magnifying glass which the eye can look through.
(13) ___________ ___________
It holds the eyepiece and the nosepiece, and can be
(鏡筒)
raised or lowered to focus.
(14) _______________
It carries different objectives and can be rotated to
(物鏡轉換器)
choose the required objective.
D
(15) _______________
It is the magnifying lens pointing to the specimen.
E
Stage (載物台)
The slide is placed here for observation.
F
(16) _______________ (聚光器)
G
(18) _______________ (光欄)
H
Mirror
B
C
I
It is a lens to (17) _______________ light onto the
specimen.
It regulates the amount of (19) _______________
passing through the condenser.
It (20) _______________ light to the slide from a light
source.
(21) ___________ ___________
It is used to raise or lower the body tube to get a
___________ (粗調節器)
(22) _______________ focus.
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
(Second Edition)
- 11 -
 Oxford University Press 2014
J
(23) ___________ ___________
It is used to raise or lower the body tube to get a
___________ (微調節器)
(24) _______________ focus.
We hold this to carry the microscope from place to
K
Arm
L
(25) _______________
It holds the slide in position of the stage.
M
Base
It supports the microscope.
place.
The image observed under the microscope is upside down and (26) _______________
inverted.
The total magnification (總放大率) of the microscope can be calculated by:
Total magnification of
a microscope
=
magnification of
eyepiece
×
magnification of
objective
size of the (27) ____________
Magnification =
OR
size of the (28) ____________
Go to
Practical 2.1
Observation with a light microscope
(Book 1A, p. 2-16; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 2-1)
2.3 The basic structure of a cell
A
(Book 1A, p. 2-19)
What is the structure of animal cells? (Book 1A, p. 2-19)
cytoplasm (細胞質)
cell membrane (細胞膜)
mitochondrion (線粒體)
nucleus (細胞核)
rough endoplasmic
reticulum (粗糙內質網)
ribosome (核糖體)
smooth endoplasmic
reticulum (光滑內質網)
vacuole (液泡)
▲ Structure of an animal cell
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
(Second Edition)
- 12 -
 Oxford University Press 2014
Animal cell structure
Feature and function
Thin and flexible
(1) _______________
_______________
Encloses the cell and separates the cell contents from the
outside environment
(2) _______________ _______________ (差異透性的) to
control the movement of substances in and out of the cell
A jelly-like fluid consisting of mainly water and
(4) _______________
(3) _______________
Holds (5) _______________ (細胞器) and provides a site for
(6) _______________ reactions to take place
Allows the movement and transport of materials inside the cell
Spherical and bounded by the (7) _______________
Nucleus
_______________ (核膜)
Contains the genetic material – (8) _______________
Controls activities of the cell
Bounded by a (10) _______________ membrane
(9) _______________
Inner membrane folded into finger-like projections
Releases energy through (11) _______________
A network of interconnected membrane-bounded sacs
Continuous with the nuclear membrane
(12) _______________
Rough ER (with (13) _______________ attached) is involved
_______________ (ER)
in the synthesis of (14) _______________
Smooth ER (no ribosomes attached) is involved in the
synthesis of (15) _______________
Small or even not present in most animal cells
(16) _______________
Bounded by a single membrane
Contains water and dissolved substances (e.g. food and
enzymes)
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
(Second Edition)
- 13 -
 Oxford University Press 2014
B
What is the structure of plant cells? (Book 1A, p. 2-22)
rough ER
cell membrane
nucleus
smooth ER
chloroplast
(葉綠體)
vacuole
cytoplasm
mitochondrion
cell wall (細胞壁)
▲ Structure of a plant cell
Plant cells are generally (17) _______________ (larger / smaller) than animal cells and have a
more (18) _______________ (regular / irregular) shape.
The basic structure of plant cells is similar to animal cells. They both have a cell membrane,
cytoplasm, a nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
Structures in plant cells that are not found in animal cells:
Plant cell structure
Feature and function
Thick and rigid
(19) _______________
Made up of (20) _______________
_______________
(21) _______________ permeable
Protects, supports and gives shape to plant cells
Large central
(22) _______________
Contains cell sap (細胞液)
The vacuole becomes turgid when it is full of water, thus
providing support to the plant
Present in some plant cells only
(23) _______________
Bounded by a double membrane
Contains (24) _______________, a green pigment which absorbs
light energy for (25) _______________
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
(Second Edition)
- 14 -
 Oxford University Press 2014
Go to
Practical 2.2
Preparation of temporary mounts of animal cells and tissues
(Book 1A, p. 2-24; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 2-7)
Practical 2.3
Preparation of temporary mounts of plant cells and tissues
(Book 1A, p. 2-25; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 2-10)
2.4
Levels of body organization (Book 1A, p. 2-29)
(1) _______________
cell
e.g. smooth muscle tissue
e.g. smooth muscle cell
Similar cells group
together to form a…
Different tissues group
together to form an…
(2) _______________
organism
e.g. stomach
Several organs work together
to form a…
Different systems work together
to support the life of an…
(3) _______________
e.g. digestive system
2.5
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (Book 1A, p. 2-30)
Cells containing a true nucleus (i.e. a nucleus surrounded by the (1) _______________
_______________) are called (2) _______________ _______________ (真核細胞). Organisms
consisting of these cells are called (3) _______________ (真核生物).
Plant cells and animal cells are examples of eukaryotic cells.
Cells which do not have a true nucleus are called (4) _______________ _______________
(原核細胞).
Organisms consisting of these cells are called (5) ______________ (原核生物)
Bacteria are examples of prokaryotic cells.
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
(Second Edition)
- 15 -
 Oxford University Press 2014
(6) _______________
cell wall
(7) _______________
cytoplasm
_______________ (DNA)
cell membrane
▲ Basic structure of a prokaryotic cell (e.g. a bacterium)
Both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are bounded by a cell membrane. Their genetic
material is DNA.
Differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells:
Prokaryotic cell
Size
Eukaryotic cell
Usually smaller
Usually larger
True nucleus
Absent
Present
Genetic material
DNA lying free in the
DNA enclosed in the
(8) _______________
Cell wall
(9) _______________
May be present or absent
Present in (10) ___________ cells;
Does not contain cellulose
absent in (11) ____________ cells
Contains cellulose
Organelles bounded
Absent
Present
Absent
Present
Lying free in the cytoplasm
Some attached to
by a double membrane
(e.g. mitochondria,
chloroplasts)
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
(12) ______________
_______________, some lying
free in the cytoplasm
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
(Second Edition)
- 16 -
 Oxford University Press 2014
Answers
Ch 2
The cell as the basic unit of life
2.1
1
reactant
2
medium
3
solvent
4
transport
5
cooling
6
shape
7
support
8
buoyancy
9
nitrogen
10
chlorophyll
11
Calcium
12
bones
13
haemoglobin
14
Biomolecules
15
carbon
16
Carbohydrates
17
Glucose
18
reserve
19
Cellulose
20
Lipids
21
Triglycerides
22
cell membranes
23
Proteins
24
Nucleic acids
25
genetic
1
cell walls
2
cells
3
basic unit
4
pre-existing
5
Light microscope
6
Transmission
7
two
8
Scanning
9
external
10
three
11
lenses
12
Eyepiece
13
body tube
14
Nosepiece
15
Objective
16
Condenser
17
focus
18
Diaphragm
19
light
20
reflects
21
Coarse adjustment knob
22
rough
23
Fine adjustment knob
24
sharp
25
Clip
26
laterally
27
image
28
object
1
Cell membrane
2
Differentially permeable
3
Cytoplasm
4
proteins
5
organelles
6
chemical
7
nuclear membrane
8
DNA
9
Mitochondrion
10
double
11
respiration
12
Endoplasmic reticulum
13
ribosomes
14
proteins
15
lipids
16
Vacuole
17
larger
18
regular
19
Cell wall
20
cellulose
21
Fully
22
vacuole
23
Chloroplast
24
chlorophyll
25
photosynthesis
tissue
2
organ
3
system
2.2
2.3
2.4
1
2.5
1
nuclear membrane 2
eukaryotic cells
3
eukaryotes
4
prokaryotic cells
5
prokaryotes
6
ribosome
7
genetic material
8
cytoplasm
9
nucleus
10
plant
11
animal
12
endoplasmic reticulum
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
(Second Edition)
- 17 -
 Oxford University Press 2014