Basic Oleochemical
and its Derivative
- Theories
-Process Involves
NURUL AFIFAH BINTI MOHD YUSOFF
EH110 4A
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Production of fatty acids & glycerine starting from
vegetable & animal oil and fats
 Hydrolysis is the basic production step, the fats and oils are
split into crude glycerine and a mixture of crude fatty acids,
under the combined action of water, temperature and pressure.
Fats & oils crude glycerine + crude fatty acids + water
 The temperature exceeds 200°C and the products are kept
under pressure for more than 20 minutes..
• A process for the esterification of a triglyceride.
• The process comprises forming a single phase solution of said
triglyceride in an alcohol selected from methanol and ethanol,
the ratio of alcohol to triglyceride being 15:1 to 35:1.
• The solution further comprises a co-solvent in an amount to
effect formation the single phase and a base catalyst for the
esterification reaction.
• After a period of time, ester is recovered from the solution.
• Esterification is rapid and proceeds essentially to completion.
• The esters may be used as biofuel or biodiesel
 Glycerine (also called glycerin or glycerol) is an alcohol
which is used as a moisturizer in soaps and lotions.
 Glycerine has a sweet taste, and it can be used as a food
preservative and a non-sugar sweetener.
Lubricants
(jet engine,
refrigeration)
Polyurethane
Foam
Glycerine
Explosives
Plasticizer
for Polyvinyl
Butyral (PVB)
Examples of Derivative
Process involves
1. A fatty acid or fatty acid
mixture is esterified in a
column reactor.
4. As the liquid flows down the
trays it encounters
progressively drier lower
alkanol.
2. Relatively dry lower alkanol
vapour (water content not more 5. The ester product
than 5 mole %) is injected into the recovered from the bottom
bottom of the column reactor.
of the reactor has an ester
content of at least 99 mole
3. Water of esterification is
% (calculated on a lower
removed from the top of the
alkanol free basis).
column reactor in the vapour
stream, whilst ester product is
recovered from the sump of the
reactor.
6. This ester product is
then subjected to
vapour phase
hydrogenation, using
typically a reduced
copper oxide-zinc oxide
catalyst.
8. This is distilled to yield a fatty
alcohol fraction which contains a
minor amount of a lower alkyl (e.g.
methyl) fatty acid ester or esters.
7. The resulting mixture contains, in
addition to at least about 0.5
mole % up to about 5 mole % of
unreacted ester, product fatty
alcohol or alcohols and lower
alkanol, there being no need to
separate the lower alkanol from
the ester if the lower alkanol is
methanol.
9. The fatty alcohol
fraction is subjected
to transesterification
to convert
substantially all of
any lower alkyl ester
present to wax ester
or esters.
Process Derivatives of Fatty Alcohol
The present invention includes a process for producing
esters from a feedstock that includes a fat or an oil.
The process includes mixing the feedstock with an
alcohol and a catalyst to form a reaction mixture.
The catalyst includes a mixture of calcium acetate
and barium acetate.
The reaction mixture is heated to a temperature
effective for making esters.
This process is unique with respect to a conversion of
high free fatty acid oil to oil with less than 10% free
fatty acids by weight in a single step.
Methyl Ester 165 is a low
viscosity fatty ester that offers
superior metal wetting
characteristics and boundary
lubricity compared to
conventional animal-based
fatty additives
Methyl Ester 165 is
recommended for use in
precision operations such
as drilling, tapping, form
grinding, and Swiss-Type
Automatics. The treat
levels for these
applications would be 515%, depending on the
severity.
 Methyl esters can be produced from either natural oils (coconut, palm
kernel, tallow) or from fatty acids.
 Today, most esters are produced directly from the oils.
 The process involves reacting the oils with methanol (wood alcohol) in
the presence of an acid or base catalyst.
 As we saw earlier, oils like coconut oil are composed of chemicals called
triglycerides which themselves are compounds of fatty acids and
glycerol (another alcohol).
 In the ester making process, the fatty acids attached to the glycerol are
released and become attached to the methanol.
 This results in a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (sometimes
abbreviated to FAME) with the glycerol (glycerine) freed.
 The crude, whole-cut methyl esters have the catalyst neutralised with
acids or alkalis, depending on which catalyst was chosen for use, and
excess methanol removed by distillation.
 The methanol is returned to the process to produce more methyl esters.
Derivatives of Methyl Ester
1. An oil/fat is transesterified
(a reaction between ester and
alcohol ) with methanol to
produce methyl esters.
2. The methyl esters are then
saponified with sodium
hydroxide to produce soap
with methanol as by-product.
3. The soap base and additive
are mixed in a primary
blend with a scroll type
mixer for 4 to 6 minutes.
4. The mixture is passed
through a series of rollers to
homogenize it. A thin sheet of
soap is produced.
5. Under high pressure , the
mixture is churned along the
length of the screw and extruded
through a perforate dend palte.
Several thin layers of soap are
produced.
6. The homogenized soap is compressed by a
large worm screw extruder or plodder. A
single large continuos bar of soap Is
produced, the diameter of which is adjusted
to fit the dimensions of the final product.
7. The continuos bar of extruded soap is
cut and stamped into the final soap bars.
8. The soap bars are individually
wrapped for the market.
Process Involves
1. Fatty acid reacts with
ammonia to form ammonium
soap, which then dehydrates to
the corresponding fatty amide at
temperatures above 423K.
2. At 523K, this fatty amide dehydrates
again, in the presence of suitable
catalyst(eg, ZnO for a continuos process
and bauxite for a batch process), to
form the fatty nitrile.
4. Secondary fatty amines can
be prepared directly from
primary amines by the
removal of ammonia at
reduced pressure, passing the
hydrogen through the
reaction mixture, and using
suitable catalysts ( nickel or
copper based) at temperature
between 423K and 493K.
3. Hydrogenation of the nitrile at high pressures and
temperatures between 323K and 473K, again by using
suitable catalysts, for example, based on nickel or
noble metals, provides the primary fatty amines.
• Ethoxylates are made through ethoxylation process. In this process,
glycerol, fatty acids and amines such as fatty amines, tallow amines,
coco amine, oleyl amine and stearyl amine are made to react with
ethylene oxide. The ethoxylation process occurs in the presence of
potassium hydroxide catalysts which increases the speed of the
reaction.
• Fatty amines are prepared by distilling fatty acids and are nitrogen
derivatives of fatty acids. Amines can also be prepared by reacting
ammonia with fatty alcohols.
• Gyclerine ethoxylate products are manufactured by reacting
glycerin with ethylene oxide.
• The amount of ethylene oxide added to amines and other
compounds affect the chemical properties such as emulsification,
surface tension and ability to dissolve in other solvents. The ability
to control most of the properties makes ethoxylate compounds
applicable in many industrial processes.
Examples Of Derivatives
• Fatty amine ethoxylates are nonionic surfactants used as
wetting and dispersing agents, stabilizers, sanitizers and
defoaming agents in various industries like textile, paper,
drilling, chemical, paint, metal etc.
• The fatty amine ethoxylates are used as emulsifiers and can
also be employed in formulation of emulsifier blends.
• They play an important role as emulsifiers in agrochemical
industries, cleaners in industrial processes especially in metal
industry, oil field chemicals, fabric softeners, petroleum
additives and for applications in textile and leather
processing, paper de-inking, mining & drilling.
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fKEHa1P9M%253A%3BiJAJfEU03BAZyM%3Bhttp%253A%
252F%252Fwww.unctad.info%252Fupload%252FInfocom
m%252FImages%252FPalm%252520oil%252FBoiethanol_
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NFo7s9KxCKR12yJn3fh8B4WBThuA&ust=1424695096694771
That’s All
THANK YOU ^_^